PHYSIO LEC MIDTERM EXAM RATIONALE
1. True of sympathetic except:
a. it utilizes Acetylcholine as neurotransmitter at the
neuroeffector junction (because sympathetic has
adrenergic and cholinergic type of transmission)
b. it originates from thoracic nerve 1 to lumbar 2.
c. Its post-ganglionic fiber is shorter than its pre-
ganglionic fiber.
d. Its response is generalized (two reasons: because of
the branching that is 1:20, and the participation of
adrenal medulla which actually releases your
norepinephrine to the general circulation)
2. Which of the following is not true on parasympathetic division
of ANS?
a. its pre-ganglionic to post-ganglionic ratio is 1:1
b. its ganglia are located near the effector organ.
c. It exclusively utilizes acetylcholine as neurotransmitter
(acetylcholine is utilized by all somatic, is exclusively
utilized by parasympathetic division.)
d. Its fibers originate from cranial nerve II, VII, IX, X.
(false because sacral I and II should be stated too)
e. its effect is localized
3. Which of the following is not true of the ANS?
a. Its stimulation can bring about either excitation or
inhibition.
b. It innervates all visceral organ.
c. It is a part of peripheral nervous system.
d. None of the above
4. Which of the following about the parasympathetic nervous
system is not true?
a. It has nicotinic and muscarinic receptors at
neuroeffector junction. (nicotinic is found only in the
ganglia of both sympathetic and parasympathetic
division)
b. It is majorly cleared from the cleft by the
acetylcholinesterase.
c. Its stimulation can cause either excitation or inhibition.
d. Its simulates somatic nervous system in the exclusive
use of acetylcholine as neurotransmitter.
5. Which of the following is sympathetic effect?
a. Sweating (exclusively sympathetic)
b. Tachycardia
c. Increased GI motility
6. Which of the following statements refer to the sympathetic
division?
a. Its neurotransmitter is cleared from the cleft by
cathec-O-methyl transferase, and monoamine oxidase
b. Its neurotransmitter is released locally and generally.
(locally norepinephrine in the neuroeffector, and
adrenal medulla in the circulation)
c. It involves the renal medulla.
d. All of the above
e. A and C
7. General effect of sympathetic is due to:
*Two reasons: because of the branching that is 1:20, and
the participation of adrenal medulla which actually releases
your norepinephrine to the general circulation.
8. Which of the following describe/s sympathetic physiological
characteristic?
a. Its generalize effect is secondary to a greater pre to
post-ganglionic ratio as compared to parasympathetic.
(ANATOMIC)
b. It innervates more visceral organs compared to
parasympathetic division. (ANATOMIC)
c. Its neurotransmitter is norepinephrine and
acetylcholine. (BIOCHEMICAL)
d. AOTA
e. A & B only
*BONUS – answer should be NOTA
9. Which of the following statement is true of ANS?
a. It is under the control of higher centers like the cortex,
hypothalamus, and the limbic system.
b. It innervates the visceral organs.
c. Its fibers originate from spinal and cranial nerve.
d. Its stimulation can be excitatory and inhibitory
e. AOTA
10. Which of the following will initiate sympathetic nervous system?
a. Taking the board exam
b. Seeing the person you love
c. Involvement in a fire accident
d. AOTA
e. A and B only
11. Which of the following is true of the A wave of the atrial pressure
curve of the cardiac cycle?
a. It is secondary to the rapid filling of the atria.
b. It is secondary to atrial systole.
c. It is observed during Isovolumic contraction. (C wave –
bulging of AV valve that creates an increase atrial
pressure)
d. It reflects a decrease in atrial pressure. (should be
increase)
12. Which of the following is not true of the ejection phase of the
cardiac cycle?
a. It is the only phase where the ventricular pressure
exceeds the aortic pressure.
b. It is where the ventricular pressure is at its peak.
c. It is when there is a decrease atrial pressure and
volume. (should be increase)
d. It is when the AV valves are closed and the semilunar
valves are open.
e. NOTA
13. Which of the following is not true of the specialized excitatory
and conducting system of the heart?
a. The AV node has the slowest conduction velocity.
b. The SA node membrane is naturally leaky to sodium
ions bringing about its self-excitation. (Also has the
highest frequency of impulse generation)
c. The internodal pathway conducts impulses from the
SA node to the AV node.
d. The Purkinje fiber innervates the whole ventricular
muscle causing simultaneous ventricular contraction
because of its high impulse of conduction velocity.
e. NOTA
14. Which of the following is not true of ventricular action potential?

a. Its duration is several times greater than that of the
skeletal muscle action potential. (when graphed,
plateau is present in ventricular action potential due to
the opening of fast calcium ion channel)
b. Its phase I is due to calcium influx. (should be phase
II)
c. Its repolarization is due to potassium influx. (should
be efflux)
d. Its depolarization is due to the opening of fast sodium
channel leading to sodium influx.
e. NOTA
15. Which of the following is true of the Bainbridge reflex?
a. Its activation leads to increase in heart rate.
b. Its stimulus is increased atrial filling. (should be atrial
distention)
c. It causes and increase in cardiac output.
d. It does not directly affect the stroke volume. (it does
affect)
e. A and C
16. Which if the following refers to ANF?
a. Its target organ is the kidney.
b. Its effect is decreased circulating blood volume.
c. it causes increase in sodium excretion.
d. It decreases ECF osmotic pressure.
e. AOTA
17. Which of the following is true of Starling’s Law?
a. It represents relationship between end diastolic
volume and stroke volume.
b. It states that the greater the EDV, the greater is the
force of ventricular contraction.
c. An increase in EDV will increase SV.
d. AOTA
e. A and B only.
18. Which of the following about cardio dynamic is not correct?
a. CO increases as HR increases.
b. EDV increases as HR increases.
c. ESV increases as the strength of myocardial
contraction increases. (should be decreased ESV)
d. Sympathetic stimulation increases HR and SV leading
to increased CO.
19. Which of the following will initiate Bainbridge reflex?
*Right atrial distention.
20. All of the following will bring about an increase in blood flow
except:
a. Increase in hydrogen ion concentration. (signifies
greater metabolic activity or poor removal of
metabolic products)
b. Increased oxygen tension.
c. Increased blood vessel diameter
d. Increased temperature. (vasodilation)
21. Which of the following will favor edema formation?
a. High protein diet. (high albumin = high intravascular
oncotic pressure; it will keep the fluid inside the
vasculatures)
b. High water intake. (increases capillary hydrostatic
pressure)
PHYSIO LEC MIDTERM EXAM RATIONALE
c. Increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure. (the force is
towards the intravascular)
d. Competent lymphatic system.
22. Which of the following is true of the heart murmurs?
a. Aortic regurgitation is less heard during systole.
b. Mitral stenosis is best heard at 5th ICS midclavicular
line.
c. Patent ductus arteriosus murmur is heard during
systole and diastole.
d. NOTA.
*no answer
23. All of the following will stimulate renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
axis except:
a. It is stimulated by a prolonged and significant renal
perfusion.
b. Aldosterone released by adrenal medulla causes
increased sodium reabsorption.
c. It causes the releases of renin that causes the
conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
d. Both angiotensin I and II increase TPR and release of
aldosterone.
e. NOTA.
24. Which of the following is not true of the vasomotor center?
a. It is found in the medulla and pons.
b. The vasoconstrictor center is located in the
posterolateral aspect of the upper medulla. (should
be medulla AND pons)
c. The vasodilator inhibits the vasoconstrictor area.
d. Stimulation of vasoconstrictor area brings about
sympathetic stimulation.
25. Which of the following statements is not in agreement with the
Frank Starling’s mechanism?
a. Increase volume of the heart causes an increase in
strength of myocardial contraction
b. Increase EDV will cause an increase in SV.
c. The heart has the intrinsic ability to adapt to increasing
volume of the heart.
d. NOTA
26. Which of the following is not true of ECG.
a. It records cardiac electrical activity.
b. The PR interval records the impulse conduction from
the atrium to the ventricle.
c. The T wave shows ventricular potassium efflux.
d. The distance or the number of squares between two
successive R waves can be used in determining the HR.
(1500 divided by the number of small squares)
e. NOTA
27. When the P wave precedes the QRS complex it means that:
a. The rhythm is sinus
b. The rhythm is regular
c. Both
d. NOTA
28. In the ECG recording, the terminal end that is always negative is:
*right arm
29. Which of the following is not true of the limb lead II?
a. It is part of the Einthoven’s triangle
b. Its terminals or electrodes are RA to LA. (lead I)

c. It is a bipolar lead.
30. The SA node is the pacemaker of the heart because:
a. Its cell membrane is naturally leaky to sodium ions.
b. Its depolarization is secondary to opening if channels
leading to calcium influx.
c. It has the greatest intrinsic impulse generation.
d. It generates its own impulse.
31. Which of the following is not true of the ventricles?
a. Its phase 0 is the depolarization phase.
b. Its phase III is secondary to potassium influx.
c. Its left and right ventricles contract simultaneously.
d. Its simultaneous depolarization is due to it being a
syncytium and fast conduction velocity of the Purkinje
fibers,
*NO ANSWER
32. Which of the following statement about the heart is not correct?
a. Conduction of impulse takes place between the atria
and ventricles. (no, because the only thing that causes
impulse conduction between atrium and ventricle is
through the internodal pathway and AV node; there is
a fibrous tissue between the atria and the ventricle, no
electrical activity can travel.)
b. AV nodal delay is due to its smaller fibers and fewer
gap junctions.
c. Electrical conduction to the ventricles is fast due to
easier ionic flow secondary to the presence of gap
junctions.
33. Blood flow increases with which of the following?
a. Anemia (decreased RBCs = decreased viscosity)
b. Severe LBM (dehydrate = less fluid, more formed
elements)
c. High fat diet (hypercholesterolemia = thick blood)
d. Residence in Baguio City (erythrocytosis present)
34. Which of the following about the sympathetic effect to the
cardiovascular system is not correct?
a. It fires electrical impulse at least 2 times per second.
(no, not the role of sympathetic effect but the role of
vasoconstrictor area)
b. It is responsible for the maintenance of vascular tone.
c. Its activation leads to increased total peripheral
resistance. (as a result of vasoconstriction)
d. It increases cardiac output by increasing heart rate and
stroke volume.
35. Which of the following is true of the vasomotor center?
a. The vasoconstrictor area continuously generates
electrical impulse. (kaya nagkakaroon ng vasomotor
tone)
b. Vasodilation area stimulates the vasoconstrictor area.
(VD area inhibits)
c. Vasoconstrictor area receives impulses from CN IX and
X (no, from sensory area dapat.)
d. Sensory area sends signals to the vasoconstrictor
area.
36. Which of the following is true of the nervous control of blood
pressure?
a. It is activated in acute situations.
b. It involves both baroreceptors and chemoreceptors.
PHYSIO LEC MIDTERM EXAM RATIONALE
c. It is activated when blood pressure falls below 80
systolic pressure.
d. AOTA
37. The following is true of the nervous control of blood pressure
except:
a. The afferent fibers are glossopharyngeal and vagus
nerve.
b. Receptors are located at aortic arch and carotid sinus.
c. The afferent fibers terminate at the vasoconstrictor
area. (sensory area dapat)
d. The stimulation of vasoconstrictor area leads to
activation of sympathetic nervous system.
38. Which of the following is true of the capillaries?
a. It has the greatest diameter.
b. It is the only area where the exchanges of gases,
nutrients happen.
c. Its blood flow is the slowest.
d. Its blood flow can be stopped or regulated by meta-
arterioles.
e. AOTA
39. In the local control of blood flow, the major determinant is
a. Cells metabolic activity. (high metabolic activity will
produce more chemicals that cause vasodilation thus
increasing blood flow.)
40. In the local control of blood flow, blood flow is expected to
decrease in the presence of which of the following?
* yung answer is may Calcium something
41. Which of the following is not true of the lymph?
a. It is considered a part of ECF.
b. It causes edema. (the lymph itself does not cause
edema, obstruction to its flow does)
c. It usually joins the general circulation.
d. It is formed normally.
42. Which of the following increased in pressure gradient favors
movement of fluid into the interstitial space?
a. Capillary hydrostatic pressure
b. Capillary oncotic pressure
c. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
d. Interstitial oncotic pressure
e. A and D
43. The relative permeability of substances determines its access to
the interstitial space. Which of the following has the greatest
permeability? (may table sa Guyton)
a. Urea
44. Which of the following substances will not favor formation of
new blood vessel?
a. Endostatin (an antiangiogenic)
b. Fibroblast
c. Angiogenic
d. AOTA
e. B and C only
45. Which of the following statement about the vasomotor center is
correct?
a. It is located bilaterally in the reticular substance of
the medulla and the lower third of the pons.
 PHYSIO LEC MIDTERM EXAM RATIONALE

b. The vasoconstrictor area is located in the anterolateral 54. Increase in which of the following factors will increase blood
portion of the upper medulla bilaterally. (should be flow?
posterolateral not anterolateral) a. Pressure gradient
c. The sensory area is located in the lower portion of the b. Blood vessel radius
medulla bilaterally. c. Blood viscosity
46. Which of the following statements is not true of the mean d. AOTA
arterial pressure? e. A and B only
a. It is the driving force for the blood to flow 55. Which of the following statements is not true of angiotensin?
continuously. a. It is present in the circulation as angiotensinogen.
b. It is the average pressure in the circulation throughout b. It can cause vasoconstriction and sodium ion
the cardiac cycle. reabsorption.
c. It is about 60% of diastolic and 40% of the systolic. c. It causes the release of aldosterone to effect increase
d. NOTA water and sodium reabsorption.
47. Which of the following blood vessels has the greatest smooth d. It is converted in a more potent form in the lungs.
muscle content? e. NOTA
a. Arterioles 56. Which of the following information cannot be given by ECG
48. Which of the following statement about turbulent flow is tracing?
correct? a. Heart mechanical activity.
a. It happens when the rate of blood flow is too great. b. Heart enlargement
b. It happens when blood passes to partially obstructed c. Presence of ischemia
vessel. d. Amplitude of electrical activity
c. It happens when it passes through a sharp curve. 57. Which of the following statement about AV node is not correct?
d. It favors the formation of eddies current. a. AV node has the slowest conduction velocity.
e. AOTA b. Its fiber like the SA node is pail, primitive and
49. Which of the following statements is true about afterload? pacemaker in their primary function.
a. It is force the heart has to contract against. c. The AV nodal delay is about 0.13 sec.
b. It is determined by the pressure in the aorta. d. It has the slowest conduction velocity.
c. If it is increased, it causes an increase in ESV. e. NOTA
d. If it is increased, it causes an increase in stroke volume. 58. The following happens when the hypotension takes place:
(it actually decreases SV) a. It causes the release of vasoconstrictor on the
e. AOTA posterior pituitary gland
f. A, B, and C only. b. It causes release of angiotensin.
50. ESD increases in which of the following? c. It causes the release of aldosterone.
a. Release of epinephrine (will cause venoconstriction = d. It causes the release of epinephrine and
increased venous return = increase EDV) norepinephrine.
b. Increase in TPR 59. Bonus. Hindi diniscuss hays.
c. Strength in myocardial contraction 60. Effect on increase pressure applied to the neck on blood
51. Which of the following Is not correct? pressure. Decrease.
a. SV = EDV – ESV 61. Effect of accumulation of CO2 in the area of blood vessel
b. PP = systolic pressure – diastolic pressure diameter. Increase.
c. CO = HR x (EDV – ESV) 62. Effect of hot weather on skin blood vessel diameter. Increase.
2𝐷𝑃 + 𝑆𝑃 63. Effect of increase vessel length on the blood flow. Decrease.
d. MAP =
3 64. Effect of ADH and angiotensin II on blood pressure. Increase.
e. NOTA 65. Effect of high altitude on blood flow. Decrease.
52. Which of the following structure of the CVS has the lowest 66. As fluid passes through a pipe that narrows or widens the
pressure? velocity and pressure and fluid vary. Bernouli’s.
a. Vena cava 67. This law shows the determinant of resistance to flow.
b. Right atrium Poiseuille’s.
c. Veins 68. It describes the relationship between pressure difference,
d. Capillaries tension, radius and thickness of the vessel wall. Laplace’s.
e. Venules 69. It is the difference in pressure that the absolute pressure
53. Increase in which of the following factors that offer resistance determines the rate of flow. Ohm’s.
will increase blood flow? 70. It reflects AV nodal delay. PR interval.
a. Blood viscosity 71. It is normally equal to 0.7 to 0.20 second. P wave.
b. Vessel length 72. It is prolonged in the presence of bundle branch block. QRS
c. Vessel diameter complex.
 PHYSIO LEC MIDTERM EXAM RATIONALE

73. If it is about 0.12 sec in duration, it is considered normal. P wave

and PR interval.
74. It is a measure of atrial depolarization before ventricular
depolarization. PR interval.
75. Its value is 0.26 to 0.45. QT interval.
76. Sub phase ventricular volume is greatest. Atrial systole.
77. Sub phase ventricular incisura is observed. Ejection.
78. Sub phase where atrial pressure is greatest. Atrial systole.
79. There is the least increase in ventricular pressure and volume.
Diastasis.
80. It is preceded by the T wave of ECG. Isovolumic relaxation.
81. Preceded by QRS complex. Isovolumic contraction.
82. Increasing atrial pressure and volume. Ejection.
83. Ventricular pressure is greater than aortic pressure. Ejection.
84. It coincides with the first heart sounds. Isovolumic contraction.
85. Aortic pressure greater than ventricular pressure. All except
ejection.
86. Rapid decline in ventricular pressure. Isovolumic relaxation.
87. Sub-phase where atria and ventricle become a common
chamber. Rapid filling.
88. Greatest increase in ventricular pressure in time. Isovolumic
contraction.
89. Stagnant ventricular volume. Isovolumic contraction and
relaxation.
90. Sub-phase where C wave is observed. Isovolumic contraction.
91. Utilizes nicotinic receptors. All.
92. Part of the peripheral nervous system. All.
93. Cause inhibition. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic.
94. Cause excitation. All.
95. It has nicotinic receptor at neuroeffector junction. Somatic.
96. It utilizes beta & alpha nicotinic, and muscarinic receptors.
Sympathetic.
97. Utilize acetylcholine as neurotransmitters. All.
98. Contraction of the radial muscle of the eye. Sympathetic.
99. Salivation. Parasympathetic.
100. Increase peristaltic movement. Parasympathetic.
*All = Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, and Somatic.