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Seismicity and the coda-Q variation in eastern Indian shield region

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Indian Journal of Geosciences, Volume 65, No. 2
April - June, 2011; pp. 43-50

Seismicity and the coda-Q variation in eastern Indian shield region

Prosanta Kumar Khan*, Biswajit Biswas, Puru Samdarshi and Rajkumar Prasad

Department of Applied Geophysics, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad – 826 004, India
*Corresponding author. Email: pkkhan_india@yahoo.com

Abstract: The study area is located between latitudes 22.5° and 26°N and longitudes 85° and 88.3°E, and consists of composite
batholithic complex of eastern Indian shield. Several hot springs, shear zones, lineaments, faults, and numerous small hills have
characterised the strange tectonic setting of the area. During 2007-08, 160-local-earthquake events recorded by broadband instrument
at Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India were analysed for studying the seismicity of the region. The region mainly documents
small magnitude (Mw) earthquakes predominantly confined between 1.0 and 2.0. Earthquakes with Mw>2.0 are not rare, and even
few with Mw>4.0 also occur occasionally.
Coda Q was analysed based on single back-scattering model using seismograms filtered at frequency bands 1-5, 5-10, and
10-15 Hz for 20 events with less than 250-km epicentral distance and magnitude 1.7 – 4.2 first time for the eastern Indian shield
region. Very low coda Q estimated at all frequencies probably indicates higher heterogeneity or concentrated deformation in the
eastern Indian shield. Comparatively lower coda Q at higher frequency is apparently associated with higher heat-source zones.
Several hot springs lying in the region presumably account for higher thermal regime and invariably support the ductile strain
localisation along shear zones that allows reactivation of fractures and possibly triggers small magnitude earthquakes through brittle
failure of rocks.
Keywords: Seismic wave attenuation, coda Q, eastern Indian shield, broadband, hot spring

Introduction
Studies on seismicity and associated tectonics for the eastern
Indian shield and adjacent regions were carried out by several
workers (Krishnaswamy, 1962; Dasgupta et al., 2000;
Mahadevan, 2002; Rajasekhar and Mishra, 2008; Khan et al.,
2009; Kayal et al., 2009). Mahadevan (2002) classified the
seismicity of this region into two categories: first one was
recognised as more dominant earthquake associated with
tectonics of the Himalayan Frontal part and sinking Ganga
Basin, and the second – less dominant one occurred in the
more stable eastern Indian shield region to the south of the
Himalaya (Fig. 1). He further divided the entire area into five
Seismic Zones I to V. The present study area is mainly located
in Zones III and IV. Significant earthquakes that occurred in
the area are the 1934 north Bihar-Nepal (M 8.1) and 1988
north Bihar (M 6.8) earthquakes. The most damaging 1934
earthquake though has a Himalayan tectonic origin, clearly
distinctive in its damage lines (isoseismals, Fig. 21.3 of
Mahadevan, 2002) extended into large part of the more stable
eastern Indian shield (Krishnaswamy, 1962; Rajasekhar and
Mishra, 2008). Some important damaging earthquakes, viz.
1868 Manbhum (M 5.7), 1868 Hazaribagh (M 5.0), 1958 Bihar,
1963 Ranchi (M 5.0) and 1969 Bankura (M 5.7) presumably
originated by release of built-up stress in the relatively stable
part of the eastern Indian shield region (Kayal et al., 2009).
Khan et al. (2009) explained the less dominant local seismic
activities over the shield areas in the backdrop of strain
localisation along pre-existing fractures/shear zones caused
by either ductile or brittle failure of rocks at shallow level
through several fluid-induced processes at elevated temperature.
Further, they found a positive correlation between seismic
moment (MO) and moment magnitude (Mw), and did not find
any relationship of moment magnitude with stress drop (Ds)
and source radius (r).
Clues to the understanding of seismogenesis of any
region can be linked with a combination of three factors:
44 Prosanta Kumar Khan et al. / Indian Journal of Geosciences, 65(2): 43-50
epicentral parameters/seismicity, frequency of occurrence of
earthquakes and the effect of the wave path of seismic energy.
These factors in general, are used for seismic hazard assessment
and mitigation. Frequency of occurrence is presumably related
with the ageing of the shield areas (Mahadevan, 2002), and
the seismic energy propagation is mainly understood through
analysis of coda Q, seismic stress drop (Ds). Of these, the coda
Q is an interesting geophysical parameter, and reveals a strong
correlation with seismicity in both space (Jin and Aki, 1988)
and time (Jin and Aki, 1989). Results from numerous studies
on coda Q (Singh and Herrmann, 1983; Hoshiba, 1993; Mitchell
et al., 1997; Sato and Fehler, 1997; Baqer and Mitchell, 1998;
Mitchell and Cong, 1998) show that it varies systematically
with the tectonic activity. Geological heterogeneous structures
mainly composed of a complex distribution of elements of
different sizes and properties, like distribution of hot spring,
complex fracture patterns without main directions; intrusion
of magma bodies, hydrothermal activities, etc. affect seismic
wave propagation. Almendros et al. (2002) and Saccorotti et
al. (2001), demonstrated that rough topography and a laterally
varying shallow structure distorted the signal, producing
phenomena like focussing and defocussing of the seismic rays,
wave scattering, amplitude absorption and others. All these
phenomena are parameterised by the Q-parameter (or quality
factor), which accounts for the energy decay as a function of
distance. The Q-factor assumes different values depending on
the geological characteristics of the area under study. Though
the present study involves analysis of single-station broadband
record, the use of local earthquakes offers an opportunity to
study spatial distribution of coda Q with unprecedented high
resolution. The method provides simultaneously valuable
preliminary information about the crustal heterogeneities vis-
à-vis seismogenesis of the area.
Geological Setting and Tectonic Control
The study area is bounded by Himalayan Frontal part in the
north and Singhbhum Thrust Belt in the south. Vast Gangetic
alluvium and the Quaternary sediments of the Bengal Basin
border its eastern part whereas the western part is bounded by
Gondwana sediments of Mahanadi valley and Chhotanagpur
plateau (Figs. 1 and 2). The eastern Indian shield evolved
through interactions of three successive cycles of plate motions
with intervening period of quiescence (Sarkar, 1982). The
cycles were characterised by different subsurface geological
processes viz. uplifts, intrusions of basic dyke swarms, erosion
and paralic sedimentation. During the Precambrian, the
northward movement of the Singhbhum microplate against
the continental margin of the Chhotanagpur microplate
presumably caused compressional stress that resulted in the
upliftment of the Chhotanagpur Gneiss and initiated basement
reactivation and fresh fracture formation (Sarkar and Saha,
1977). This further invoked intrusion of younger K-granites,
pegmatites and Newer Dolerites. It is due to upliftment and
erosion of Chhotanagpur Gneiss that the E-W-trending
intermontane troughs were formed to be filled in later by
freshwater deposits i.e., Gondwana sediments.
The basement of the eastern Indian shield is represented
by unclassified gneissic complex. Sequences of Proterozoic
fold belt occur as isolated patches within the Chhotanagpur
Granite Gneissic terrain. Later, during late Palaeozoic and
Mesozoic, Gondwana sediments were deposited in linear
graben in the Damodar valley. Intermittent sedimentation over
crystalline metamorphic rocks, synchronised subsidence and
interspersed episodic deposition of coal measures greatly
conditioned by climatic variations constitute the Gondwana
basins in the eastern part of the eastern Indian shield (Sarkar,
1982). The maximum thickness of sediments filling the basin
is estimated to be 2.9km in the central part (Verma et al., 1980).
Intermittent periods of faulting and epeirogenic uplift of the
margins of the master basin, into what are high plateaux now,
dismembered the master basin into several smaller sub-basins
(Mahadevan, 2002). A large number of hot springs with
numerous features are broadly distributed over these shield
areas apparently associated very closely with many of the fault
zones (Mahadevan, 2002). N-S basement high represents
Rajmahal Basin developed in fault-bound blocks. East of
Rajmahal Fault across the Ganga River is the Malda-Kishanganj
Fault that defines the western margin of the Rangpur Saddle
(Fig. 2). Towards north of the study area the Gangetic foredeep,
a downwarp of the Himalayan foreland, of variable depth,
converted into flat plains by long, vigorous sedimentation.
This has shown considerable amount of flexure and dislocation
at the northern end and is bounded on the north by the Himalayan
Frontal Thrust (Bilham et al., 2003). The Himalayan Frontal
Thrust, which runs across the border of Nepal, is identified by
several faults (e.g., West and East Patna Fault, Munger-Saharsa
Ridge Fault, Fig. 1) and some have shown evidence of
movement during the Holocene epoch.
Earthquake Data Recording, Analysis and Study
of Seismicity
The seismological observatory of Indian School of Mines
(ISM) in Dhanbad district, Jharkhand, India is located at latitude
23.82°N and longitude 86.44°E on the Archaean basement
(hard rock terrain) of the eastern Indian shield. A three-
component (vertical, north-south and east-west) broadband
digital seismometer (CMG 40T) installed at ISM observatory
records ground particle velocity continuously for both local
as well as teleseismic earthquake events at 100 samples per
second at a high gain since December 2006. The record quality
is very good, and it is one of the best broadband seismic
 Prosanta Kumar Khan et al. / Indian Journal of Geosciences, 65(2): 43-50 45

Fig. 1. Map showing the distribution of historical seismicity in eastern Indian

shield and adjoining regions (after Mahadevan, 2002). Abbreviations:
1, Purnea Basin; 2, Monghyr-Saharsa Ridge; 3, Madhubani Depression;
4, Zamania-Sitamari Ridge; 5, Eastern Part of Gandak Depression and Graben;
6, Belt of Gondwana half Graben; 7, Rajmahal voncanosedimentary Basin;
8, West Patna Fault; 9, East Patna Fault. Zones I to V represent different
seismic zones in these areas.

observatories in the country. Epicentral parameters of 160-

local events recorded by the three-component broadband
digital seismometer were estimated using SEISAN software
considering the velocity model supplied by Indian
Meteorological Department (IMD), New Delhi. The first step
during processing is the identification of locations of
earthquakes. This is done through assessment of P-wave first
motion either as dilatation or compression. Further, the particle
motion recorded in horizontal components (i.e., north-south
and east-west) will allow the SEISAN software for
determination of azimuth (Roberts et al., 1989) as well as
location using the velocity model. The method developed by
Roberts et al. (1989) provides zero RMS error and the minimum
and maximum errors in latitude and longitude are 0.001 and
0.02 for local earthquake, respectively.
The single-station record has constrained the
determination of focal depths of the 160 events. However,
according to the report of Indian Meteorological Department,
Government of India, New Delhi, Dasgupta et al. (2000),
Fig. 2. Map representing the local geology of the study area. SSZ: Singhbhum
Shear Zone, SPSZ: South Purulia Shear Zone, NPSZ: North Purulia Shear
Zone, PF: Pingla Fault, GKGF: Garhmayna-Khandaghosh Fault, RF: Rajmahal
Fault, MKF: Malda Kishanganj Fault, MR: Mahananda River, MSMF; Munger
Saharsa Marginal Fault, MSR: Munger Shasarsa Ridge, EPF: East Patna Fault,
JF: Jangipur Fault.
Mahadevan (2002) and Kayal et al. (2009) the local earthquakes
with magnitude more than 3.0 are predominantly confined in
the crustal part, focal depth not exceeding 40km.
Depth (km) P-wave velocity (km/s)
0.0 5.6
10.0 6.2
32.0 8.1
Histogram plot (Fig. 3) reveals that magnitude (Mw) of ~50%
local earthquake events for the period 2007-2008 mainly lies
between 1.0 and 2.0, and only ~10% events have magnitudes
Mw ³3.0. The small magnitude earthquake events (Mw < 2.0)
are mainly confined in the Damodar Gondwana graben,
46 Prosanta Kumar Khan et al. / Indian Journal of Geosciences, 65(2): 43-50

almost in the central part of the study area (Fig. 4). However,
more concentration is noted surrounding Dhanbad extended
not more than 50 km from the ISM observatory. Few scattered
events are also observed occasionally in other parts of the
study area. Similar type of distribution with relatively less
concentration is observed for higher magnitude earthquakes
(2.0 £ Mw < 3.0). Higher magnitude events (Mw ³ 3.0) are also
occasionally observed in all parts of these areas, with a
phenomenal distribution between Dhanbad, Hazaribagh, Ranchi,
Purulia, Bankura, Durgapur and Giridih regions. Instead,
historical seismicity (Figs. 1 and 4) is observed to be distributed
along the periphery of the area. No well-known seismic events
are observed to be associated with the lineaments those
encompassing the eastern part of the study area.
absorption and scattering attenuation redistributes the energy
at random heterogeneities present in the upper-Earth medium.
Therefore, the attenuation of seismic waves in the lithosphere
is an important property for studying the regional Earth structure
vis-à-vis seismicity. The most prominent evidence for the
existence of small-scale random heterogeneities is the existence
of “coda” which is the tail portion of the seismograms of local
earthquakes (Aki, 1969). The coda Q-1 is strongly correlated
with the degree of fractures as well as the seismicity in the
crustal part of the lithosphere (Jin and Aki, 1989; Jin and Aki,
1988).
The total seismic wave attenuation is given by the coda Q
factor, Qc which includes both effects:

Implications and Estimation of Coda Q (Qc)

Seismogenesis of any region is largely dependent on geologic
history, geothermal activities and associated volcanicity, which
alternatively accounts for the degree of subsurface
heterogeneities. Integration of all such properties envisages
the quantification of behaviour of the seismic-energy
propagation in the lithosphere. During propagation of elastic-
seismic wave through the Earth medium, the associated energy
decays due to two distinct physical mechanisms viz. intrinsic
absorption from anelasticity of rocks and scattering loss due
to distributed heterogeneities in the subsurface. Intrinsic
attenuation converts the seismic energy to heat due to anelastic
Qi represents the intrinsic attenuation and Qs accounts for the
attenuation due to scattering phenomena. Thus the attenuation
of coda waves allows the determination of both the anelasticity
(Qi) and heterogeneity (Qs) of crustal material. However, it is
not easy to separate the two effects that contribute to Qc.
Therefore, the single backscattering model is preferred for
coda Q calculation and according to Jin and Aki (1989), the
first order Born approximation of this model includes both the
attenuation due to intrinsic absorption and the loss due to
Saharsa
F
EP

MR
SR

MSM
M
Gan
F
ga

MKF
Saithia

Banka
Nawada
Bahman

RF
i Fault

JF

Dhanbad

Durgapur
Ranchi NPSZ

SPS
Z
Jamshedpur
GKGF
PF
SS
Z

Fig. 4. Map showing the distribution of local (open circle) as well as historical
Fig. 3. Histogram plot showing the distribution of local seismicity that occurred seismicity (open triangle). Other symbols shown in the map are explained in
during the period 2007-2008 in the eastern Indian shield. Fig. 2.
 Prosanta Kumar Khan et al. / Indian Journal of Geosciences, 65(2): 43-50
scattering. The single backscattering model has therefore been
used to analyse the coda Q in the present study.
In the single backscattering model, the coda-wave
amplitudes A(f, t), for a narrow bandwidth signal centred at
frequency f and lapse time t (measured from earthquake origin
time) is expressed as
Where S(f) represents the source function at frequency f and
is considered as constant, and independent of time and radiation
pattern, a is the geometrical-spreading factor and taken as
unity for body waves, and Qc(f) is the quality factor representing
the average attenuation characteristics of the medium.
Rearranging the above equation, we obtain
where C = ln S (f) and slope,
Qc therefore can be estimated at different frequency f from the
slope (b) of the equation (Fig. 5). As the coda waves are
backscattered S-waves and accordingly considered to be
recorded after arrival of all direct phases (Rautian and Khalturin,
1978).
Fig. 5. Plot showing the variation of ln(A(f,t)t) ~ t at central frequency f = 3.5
Hz for estimating , and that alternatively is used for computing QC.
Q C s for other central frequencies were computed in similar fashion.
47
Results
In the present study the Qc values were computed using
seismograms filtered in the frequency bands centred at 3.5,
7.5, and 12.5 Hz with band length of 1-5, 5-10, and 10-15 Hz,
respectively. The analysis was done over 20-local events
distributed uniformly in the area surrounding the observatory
with epicentral distance < 250km and magnitude (ML) range
1.7 – 4.2 recorded by the ISM broadband station (discussed
before) during the period 2007-2008. Coda Q values were
computed considering lapse time t as twice the S-wave travel
time. Analysis shows that the average values of coda Q (or
Qc) are 16.02, 7.15, and 9.57 at the three different central
frequencies 3.5, 7.5, and 12.5 Hz respectively, and thus
phenomenally low for the eastern Indian shield region. In
general the coda Q decreases with increasing central frequency,
however, for few events it is either uniform or increases. The
plots of coda Q against epicentral distance (Fig. 6) indicate no
correlation, and also the plot (Fig. 7) of coda Q against central
frequencies also shows no co-relation exists between these
parameters. Moreover, the coda Q is predominantly very low
at all frequency, and possibly accounts for either higher
heterogeneity distributed widely or concentrated subsurface
deformation in the study area. It may be noted that the lower
coda Q at higher frequency estimated in the present study is
presumably associated with higher heat-source zones (Jin and
Aki, 2005). Occasionally, low coda Q is associated with the
zones of concentrated deformation and alternatively, high
strain-rate areas comprise weak zones. This generally leads to
ductile failure at low stress level, and the fractures are apparently
weakened by fluid (water). Another interesting result from the
variation of coda Q i.e. the low level of Q at all central
frequencies and epicentral distances presumably accounts for
both intrinsic absorption and scattering in these areas.
Previous study (Khan et al., 2009) indicates a positive
correlation between moment magnitude and seismic moment
for the eastern Indian shield. However, no correlation of
moment magnitude with stress drops and source radii accounted
for subsurface lateral heterogeneity. They further interpreted
that the earthquake-size independent stress drops and source
radii were basically due to local changes in the area of faulting
resulting either from different geological processes or varying
character of heterogeneities. Study of Bouguer gravity anomaly
(Khan et al., 2009) indicates several ‘highs’ and ‘lows’ also
corroborates these observations. Present study reveals that the
seismicity is mainly confined to the Damodar Gondwana basin,
and sometimes very few events are associated with hot springs
and shear zones – obviously comply with the earlier study.
Further, several sub-basins, plateau, hills, shear zones,
intervening numerous hot springs, lineaments, intrusions of
basic rocks are very common features in the eastern Indian
48 Prosanta Kumar Khan et al. / Indian Journal of Geosciences, 65(2): 43-50

shield that evolved through geological processes operative

from Precambrian to recent. Thus it may be suggested that
these features either directly or indirectly control the local
seismic activities of these areas. Study on the flexural bulging
of the Indian plate caused by mutual interaction between the
northward moving Indian plate and the rising Himalaya indicates
that the crest of this bulge passes through the eastern Indian
shield (Fig. 3 of Bilham et al., 2003). Bilham et al. (2003)
further reported that the mutual interaction is mainly responsible
for the intraplate seismicity in India. We, therefore, propose
that fault reactivation induced by reactive fluids at higher
temperature cause rock failure producing seismicity in these
areas. The lower coda Q at all frequency for events with
different epicentral distances thus clearly accounts for fluid-
induced fractures, generally occurs due to weakening of the
rocks at lower stress level. Further, the differential stresses
(i.e., s1 - s3, s1: maximum principal compressive stress, s3:
minimum principal compressive stress) causing these failures
are possibly being provided by the flexural response of the
Indian intraplate region.

Discussion and Conclusions

Five major factors viz. lithostatic pressure, state of

stress (depends on orientation of s1 and s3), fluid pressure
(Brace and Kohlstedt, 1980), chemical effects of reactive fluids
(Griggs, 1967; Kirby, 1984), and temperature and duration of
application of differential stress mainly control the failure of

Fig. 6. Plots represent the variation of Qc against epicentral distance. Fig. 7. Plot represents the variation of Qc at different central frequencies.
 Prosanta Kumar Khan et al. / Indian Journal of Geosciences, 65(2): 43-50
rocks of the lithosphere. Further, the relevant rock-failure
processes are thermally activated, and ductile strengths are
reduced with increasing temperatures more than brittle processes
(Paterson, 1978). Observation on intraplate lithospheric
deformation (Kirby, 1985) indicates that ductile strain
localisation is an important phenomenon in rocks
metamorphosed under middle- to shallow- crustal conditions
and subsequently exposed at the surface. A variety of
observations also suggest that large deformations of the
continental lithosphere, such as at plate boundaries, are
accommodated largely by localised deformation along ductile
shear zones as well as along brittle faults. Laboratory
observations show that accumulation of ductile strains into the
shear zones generally provoke ductile faulting, and the processes
may be initiated by the onset of dynamic recrystallisation,
phase changes, hydrothermal alteration and hydrolytic
weakening (Kirby, 1983). This raises the possibility that strain
softening and localisation may control stress differences in the
continental-crust processes, and near-surface faulting and
shallow seismicity are obvious brittle manifestations of strain
localisation in the upper continental crust.
Presence of several hot springs and passing of the crest
of flexural-bulging sector of the Indian plate (Bilham et al.,
2003) below the eastern Indian shield obviously indicate high
thermal regime at shallow level possibly either due to the
presence of shallow heat source or upliftment of Moho or both
(Rao et al., 1976; Rao and Rao, 1983). These observations
undoubtedly support the phenomena of ductile strain localisation
in the shear zones or reactivation of fractures in this area.
Strain localisation and brittle failure occur along zones rich in
layer silicates produced by hydrothermal alteration caused by
fluids (cf. Segall and Pollard, 1983) and this may be a
phenomenon likely to be operative in the eastern Indian shield.
A dynamic geothermal system generally responsible for the
observed fracturing and the geothermal alteration of sediments
has also been suggested by several workers, including Elders
and Bird (1974), Helgeson (1968), Facca and Tonani (1967),
and Elder (1966). In the model, cold, dilute, groundwater
descending along one limb of a convecting cell increases in
temperature. As it does, it precipitates carbonates and sulphates
and dissolves silica, K2O, Na2O, and varying amounts of other
compounds. As the brine moves either upwards or laterally,
along another limb of the cell, it cools and precipitates such
minerals as quartz, chalcedony or silica, adularia, pyrites, and
analcine. In this way, the system forms a self-sealing cap rock.
This cap rock is brittle and subjected to repeated fracturing.
It suggests that the fractures contain information on the past
histories and the current state of the system. Presence of hot
springs in the area viz. Bakreswar, Giridih, Hazaribagh, Asansol,
etc. is the manifestation of cracks and fractures in the eastern
Indian shield. A number of physical mechanisms have been
identified that may be responsible for ductile faulting, including
49
the onset of dynamic recrystallisation, phase changes,
hydrothermal alteration and hydrolytic weakening. Microscopic
evidence for these processes as well as large-scale geological
and geophysical observations suggest that ductile faulting in
the middle to lower crust may greatly influence the distribution
and magnitudes of differential stresses and the style of
deformation in the overlying upper continental lithosphere.
The continental lithosphere has sustained a much longer and
more complex thermal and mechanical history. Continental
collisions, accretion, mountain building, intraplate rifting and
basin formation are among the tectonic processes that have
been important on continents. The continental-collision regime
is undoubtedly the most complicated tectonic environment on
continents because of the very large deformations involved
and because the temperature, with its large effect on rock
strength, is perturbed by the deformation itself through heat
transport. A complex variety of deformation processes are
likely to operate in the middle and shallow crust, and moreover,
the near-surface faulting and shallow seismicity are obviously
the brittle manifestations of strain localisation in the upper
continental crust in the eastern Indian shield region. Therefore,
future research needs to be focussed on the type of faulting
using more data set, and the most obvious is the determination
of focal depth of the microearthquake events. The above
analysis may then shed light on proper understanding of the
subsurface geological processes that trigger rock failure and
seismicity and finally the microzonation of this area can be
achieved compiling all these data set.
Acknowledgements
Authors are thankful to the Director, Indian School of Mines,
Dhanbad for providing the infrastructural facilities. This work
was financially supported by the Ministry of Earth Sciences,
Government of India, New Delhi.
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