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SUBJECT DESCRIPTION: This course introduces some Applied Social Sciences, namely Counselling, Social Work, and Communication, which draw
their foundation from the theories and principles of Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, and other Social Sciences. The course highlights the
seamless interconnectivity of the different applied social science disciplines while focusing on the processes and applications of these applied
disciplines in critical development areas.
At the end of the course, students shall demonstrate competencies in interacting and reacting with other individuals, groups, and communities; apply
social sciences principles, practices, and tools in addressing the development areas identified by the class; and analyze how processes in these
applied disciplines work in specific life situations.
MODULE 1
CHAPTER 1 Course Introduction (Applied Social Sciences)
1.1 Definition of social sciences
1.2 Definition of applied social sciences
Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of social sciences and applied social sciences.
Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to explain clearly public perceptions about the work of social sciences and applied social
science practitioners.
WEEK 1
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LESSON 1 Defining Social Sciences and the Applied Social Sciences
I. Objectives:
1. To explain the definition of social sciences and applied social sciences through data retrieval chart
2. To differentiate social sciences and applied social sciences through compare and contrast graphic organizer
3. To explain the different disciplines of social sciences and the applied social sciences.
4. To explain clearly public perception about the work of social sciences and applied social science practitioners through infomercial campaign.
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III. Motivation
Act. 2 Data Retrieval Chart Completion
Direction: Complete the data retrieval chart. Classify the following disciplines and categorize them if they belong to the Pure Social Sciences or to the
Applied Social Sciences.
Economics
Counselling History
Geography Social Work
Psychology Anthropology
Sociology Political science
Demography Communication
Applied Social
Sciences
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Pure Social
Sciences
Guide Questions:
1. What are the disciplines under applied social sciences?
2. What are the disciplines under pure social sciences?
3. How do they differ from one another?
IV. Discussion
Defining Social Sciences – is made of several disciplines and these include history, political science, sociology, psychology, economics, geography,
demography, anthropology and linguistics. As a body of scientific knowledge, the social sciences provide diverse set of lens that help us understand and
explain the different facets of human society. The varieties of lens that social sciences study refer to the different fields of the social sciences that
investigate human society.
Branches of the Social Sciences
Economics studies the allocation of scarce resources and the production and exchange of goods and services in society.
Economics has different subfields:
Environmental economics- studies the allocation of natural resources
Labor economics-focuses on the study of the decision- making and behaviors of employees and the relationships between employers and
their employees.
Business economics- examines the behavior of companies and firms by studying the factors that result in profit maximization, price setting,
production goals, and the role of incentives.
Monetary economics- on the other hand, studies the nation’s production, inflation, income, interest rates, and monetary policies.
Anthropology is the scientific study of humans and their cultures in the past and present time.
Anthropologist are trained in the different areas:
Cultural anthropology studies the development of human culture based on ethnologic, linguistic, social, and psychological data analysis. It
explains how people in other societies live and affects their environments to their respective lives.
Physical anthropology studies human biological nature, particularly its beginning , evolution, and variation in prehistory
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Archeology studies human life in the past through the examination of things left behind by the people.
History is systematic study of human past events in order to understand the meaning, dynamics, and relationship of the cause and effects of
events in the development of societies.
History has several subfields:
Political history studies history of political institutions
Economic history studies the development of economic institutions and other economic factors.
Social history studies the history of ordinary lives of people like women, children, ethnic groups, and the different sectors of society from
historical point of view.
Environmental history looks into the history of the interaction of humans with the environment
History of medicine and public health examines the history of public health and human medicine
Business history studies the history of the development of businesses, companies, and industries
Biographies studies the history of great persons in history
Political Science primarily studies human behavior in relation to political systems, governments, laws, and international relations.
Political has several fields of study:
Domestic politics studies public opinion, elections, national and local governments.
Comparative politics studies politics within countries and analyzes the similarities and differences between among countries
International Relations focuses on the study of political relationship and interaction between and among countries
Public administration studies national and local governance and bureaucracy
Public law examines legal systems, civil rights , and criminal justice
Psychology studies how the human mind works in consonance with the body to produce thoughts that lead to individual actions.
Psychology subfields:
Experimental psychology studies of humans and animals examines how and why learning takes place
Developmental psychology studies the ways people change and behave as they go through their life
Personality psychology studies human nature and differences among people
Environmental psychology studies the effects of surroundings on a person’s attitude and behavior
Sociology a systematic study of people’s behavior in groups
Sociology subfields:
Applied sociology focus on the use and proper application of sociological theories, methods and skills to examine data, solve problems and
communicate research to the public.
Urban sociology studies societal life interactions in urban areas through the application of sociological methods like statistical analysis and
ethnographies
Cultural sociology analyzes the development of social institutions, norms and practices.
Rural sociology studies the social life of people in rural areas
Medical sociology examines the societal aspects of health and medicine of people
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Sociology of education analyzes how social forces and institutions like politics, economic systems, and culture affects school and
educational systems.
Political sociology examines how social structure affects and influences politics.
Military sociology is a sociological study of the military organization, the different civilian and military relationships, war experiences, and the
use and control of force
Geography is the study of interaction between people and their environments.
Geography subfields:
Physical geography studies the natural features of the earth , including land, water , and atmosphere
Human geography studies how people create cultures in their natural environments.
Demography according to the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (2016) demography is the scientific study of human populations
across time.
Major subfield:
Population studies or social demography analyze demographic data to define, explain, and foresee social phenomena. It also studies
social – status composition and population distribution.
Defining the Applied Social Sciences-branch of study that applies the different concepts, theoretical models, and theories of the social science
disciplines to help understand society and the different problems and issues. The applied social sciences is utilized to provide alternative solutions to the
diverse problem of the society.
Three main career tracks for applied social scientist:
Counseling is one of the fields of applied social sciences as an application of the social sciences, counseling provides guidance, help, and support
to individuals who are distraught by a diverse set of problems in their lives.
Counseling can be done by the following:
Guidance counselor and life coaching are applications of the social sciences and these professions, expert help are given to individuals
who needed guidance or advice pertaining to their business successes, general conditions and personal life transitions, relationships and
career.
Life coach analyzes the present condition of the client, discovers different obstacles or challenges that a client faces, and provides a certain
course of action to make the client’s life better.
Career counseling is needed by people who are in the process of entering the job market, searching for possible career change, or those
wanting career advancements.
Personal growth counseling concentrates on the evaluation of different aspects of a client’s life.
Social work practitioners help individuals, families, and groups, communities to improve their individual and collective well-being.
Communication Studies- Applied social science provide adequate training for careers in the field of journalism and mass communication
because of multidisciplinary knowledge and skills that graduates learn from social sciences.
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Social Science Applied Social
Science
__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
__ __
Guide Questions:
1. What is the connection between social sciences and the applied social sciences?
2. How do they differ from one another?
3. What is the difference between counseling and social work?
4. Why do we consider journalism and communication studies as fields of the applied social sciences?
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V. Application
Produce a group infomercial that will promote awareness to the public about the important work and functions of a social scientist an applied social
science practitioner. The infomercial must also explain the main differences of social scientist and an applied social science practitioner.
An infomercial is a communication strategy that aims to inform the public about an issue / topic. It serves as an information strategy and a promotional
commercial. It is often referred to as paid programming and are usually shown on televisions and the Internet.
Mechanics:
1. The class will divided into 5 groups.
2. Each group must brain storm and discuss the contents of their infomercial.
Guide Questions:
1. What is the difference between counseling and social work?
2. Why do we consider journalism and communication studies as fields of the applied social sciences?
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practitioner.
Reasoning Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation did
explained clearly provided few provided one not provide any
the important work explanations on explanation about information. No
and functions of a the important work the important work inferences were
social scientist and and functions of a and functions of a made.
an applied social social scientist and social scientist and
science practitioner. an applied social an applied social
Numerous science science
inferences were practitioner. A few practitioner.
made. inferences were Inaccurate
made. inferences were
given.
Organization Entire presentation Most of the Some of the Presentation did
was well organized. presentation was presentation was not flow and
Information flowed well organized and well organized or information was
in a logical manner. flowed in logical information was presented in an
manner. presented in an illogical manner.
illogical manner.
Oral Presentation Student presenting Student presenting Student presenting Student
the infomercial the infomercial the infomercial did presenting the
could be easily could be easily not speak clearly infomercial could
understood understood throughout the not be understood.
throughout entire throughout most of presentation. Student displayed
presentation. the presentation. Student displayed poor posture and
Excellent posture Good posture and poor posture and eye contact was
and eye contact. eye contact. eye contact was not established.
not established.
VI. Valuing
What are the importance of knowing the difference of pure social science from applied social science?
How can you say that the applied social science is differ from pure social science?
VII. Generalization
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Social sciences are only applicable in the
academe and not in the workplace.
Applied social scientist use and borrow
different concepts, theoretical models, and
theories from social science and disciplines.
Guidance counselling is a profession that
helps address a person’s specific projects,
business successes , general conditions and
transitions in life , relationships , or
profession
Applied social sciences provide good
theoretical and conceptual foundations for
social work practice.
Psychology studies hoe human mind work in
consonance with the body to produce
thoughts that lead to individual actions.
VIII. Assignment
Research for the following topics:
- Counseling
- Roles ,functions and areas of counseling
- Clientele and audiences in counseling
Act. Take It from the Expert
To be able to appreciate better the counseling profession, the class will be divided into six groups. Each group is required to interview a counselor
from any of the counselor’s work settings: school, mental hospital, private agencies, community, and government. You interview must focus on:
1. Institutional Profile:
The Work Setting (institution or agency where the counselor works) its context, history, the different cases/ problems it handles , the program
implements, and the different approaches and interventions it applies; the problems that the institution face and the victories and successes of
the institution.
2. The counselor
The Counselor as a Professional – Questions may include: When did you start working as a counselor in the institution? What programs do
you handle? What are responsibilities? What skills, values must a counselor possess? How do you see yourself as a counselor? What do you
enjoy doing? What do you avoid doing? What challenges do you encounter as a counselor? What helps you in your work? What education and
training do you need to enhance your work? What other message do you want to convey?
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Results and analysis of data from your interview must be written in a report. Formulate your own title – a title which will embrace the data
collected. The ethics forms (letter of permission, consent from the institution and the counselor) will be submitted together with the report.
References:
Repko, Allen F. (2008). Interdiciplinary Research: Process and Theory.
London, Los Angeles , New Delhi , Singapore: Sage.
WEEK 2
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II. Chapter Pre Test
Act.1
Anticipation Reaction Guide
Direction: The following statements enable you to reflect on or figure – out your level of understanding about counseling. You are required to agree
or disagree with each of the following statements. Before the chapter study. Place a check mark (/) on the Before the Chapter Study column if you
agree with the statement and cross (X) if you do not agree.
After the Chapter Study. Place a check mark (/) on the After the Chapter Study column if you agree with the statement and a cross mark (X) if you do
not agree
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development and adjustment.
The way we perceive or view things, people,
events and our environment, is influenced by
our values.
Counselors treat with confidence personal
information about clients, whether obtained
directly or indirectly by inference.
In view of the theory of utilitarianism in
relation to beneficence, the application of
utilitarianism would be to apply an ethical
decision in the light of costs and benefits for
each participant.
Marriage and family counseling refers to the
efforts to establish an encouraging
relationship with a couple or family and
appreciate the complications in the family
system.
A counselor’s primary responsibility is to
respect the dignity and to promote the
welfare of clients.
Counselors accept employment only for
positions which they are qualified by
education, training, supervised experience,
state and national professional credentials,
and appropriate professional experience.
III. Motivation
Act.2 KWL Chart
Topic: The Discipline of Counseling
What I Know What I Want to Know What I Learned
About Counseling About Counseling About Counseling
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Guide Questions:
1. What are your ideas about counseling?
2. Did you experience counseling? Why?
IV. Discussion
Counseling – For Nystul (2003) defined it as basically an art and a science wherein you endeavor to weigh the objective and subjective facets of the
counseling process.
- As an art is the subjective dimension of counseling. It upholds a flexible and creative process whereby the counselor modifies the approach to
meet the developing needs of the clients.
- As a science, on the other hand, is the objective dimension of the counseling process.
- In practical terms, counseling happens when a person who is distressed asks for help and permit another person to enter into a kind of
connection with him/her. It is indicative with formal of someone in search of counseling requests for time and attention from person who will
listen, who will allow him/her to speak and who will not condemn and criticize him/her.
- Informal helping- is a kin with formal helping in some ways such as presence of good listening skills, empathy, and caring capacity.
- Based on Guidance and Counseling Act of 2004, guidance and counseling is the profession that implicates the application of “ an integrated
approach to the development of a well-functioning individual “ through the provision of support that aids an individual to use his/her potential to
the fullest in accord with his/her interest , needs and abilities. (University of Queensland, 2015).
- At the American Counseling Association (ACA) Conference in Pittsburgh in March 2010, the representatives come to an agreement on a
mutual definition of counseling. They agreed that counseling is a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families and group
to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals (Kaplan, Tarvydas, and Gladding, 2014).
Act.3
I Need Help, Where Will I Go?
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Instruction:
1. If something is bothering about life matters: academics, relationships, family, identity, and financial concerns, with whom do you share your
problem? Will you pursue formal help or a non-formal help? Why or why not? Explain your answer.
2. Write your answer on the box.
Open Notes
Name: ____________________________________________________________
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Goals of Counseling – the key component of individual, group, organizational and community success
-Detailed and expansive counseling goals have been identified by Gibson and Mitchell (2003), which are as follows:
1. Development Goals – assist in meeting or advancing the clients human growth and development including social, personal, emotional, cognitive, and physical
wellness.
2. Preventive Goals – helps the client avoid some undesired outcome.
3. Enhancement Goals- enhance special skills and abilities.
4. Remedial Goals – assisting a client to overcome and treat an undesirable development
5. Exploratory Goals- examining options, testing of skills, trying new and different activities, etc.
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6. Reinforcement Goals- helps client in recognizing, that what they are doing, thinking, and feeling is fine
7. Cognitive Goals-involves acquiring the basic foundation of learning and cognitive skills
8. Physiological Goals – involves acquiring the basic understanding and habits for good health
9. Psychological Goals – aids in developing good social interaction skills, learning emotional control, and developing positive self – concept.
The presented list of counseling goals, some of which are enhancement of the above goals.
Goal Description
Insight Understanding of the origins and development of emotional
difficulties , leading to an increased capacity to take rational control
over feelings and actions
Relating with others Becoming better able to form and maintain meaningful and satisfying
relationships with other people : for example , within the family or
workplace
Self- awareness Becoming more aware of thoughts and feelings that had been
blocked off or denied, or developing a more accurate sense of how
self is perceived by others.
Self- acceptance The development of a positive attitude toward self, marked by an
ability to acknowledge areas of experience that had been the subject
of self- criticism and rejection
Self – actualization Moving in the direction of fulfilling potential or achieving an
integration of previously conflicting parts of self.
Enlightenment Assisting the client to arrive at a higher state of spiritual awakening
Problem- Solving Finding a solution to a specific problem that the client had not been
able to resolve alone. Acquiring a general competence in problem –
solving
Psychological education Enabling the client to acquire ideas and techniques with which to
understand and control behavior
Acquisition of Social Skills Learning and mastering social and interpersonal skills such as
maintenance of eye contact , turn taking in conversations, assertive,
or anger control
Cognitive change The modification or replacement of irrational beliefs or mal adaptive
thought patterns associated with self- destructive behavior
Behavior change The modification or replacement of maladaptive or self- destructive
patterns of behavior.
Systematic change Introducing change into the way in that social systems operate
Empowerment Working on skills , awareness, and knowledge that will enable to
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client to take control of his or her own life
Restitution Helping the client to make amends for previous destructive behavior
Generality Inspiring in the person a desire and capacity to care for others and
pass on knowledge and to contribute to the collective good through
political engagement
Act. 4
In What Way Will Counseling Empower Me?
Instruction:
1. In our discussion on counseling goals, John McLeod contends that: “counseling aims to empower the client by helping him/her make critical decisions in life,
develop ability to cope, enhance effectiveness, and improve quality of life”.
2. What do you think about this statement? Do you accept or support it? How will it empower you? Explain your answer.
3. Write your answer in the box.
Open Notes
Name:__________________________________________________________________________
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Scope of Counseling
_______________________________________________________________________________
The wide ranges of human problems create a widened scope and field of counseling. Broadly, the scope of counseling includes individual counseling,
_______________________________________________________________________________
marital and premarital counseling, family counseling, and community counseling. A more focused subject matter related to scope of counseling is the 4757-
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15 Scope of Practice foe Licensed Professional Counselors. It contains the rights and responsibilities of licensed counselors including the following:
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________--
Licensed Professional Counselors may for a fee, salary, or other considerations
1. Afford counseling services to individuals, groups, organizations, or the general public 17
compromising of: application of clinical counseling principles, methods, or procedures
to assist individuals in realizing effective personal, social, educational, or career
development and adjustment.
Source: http:codes.ohio.gov/oac/4757-15
Core Values- is a key component of an organization. It has significant influence on other organizational components, more specifically, to its
members. It serves as standards that shape the members behavior in their interaction with their clients and other people.
According to Mcleod (2003) ,the founders of humanistic psychology, including Maslows and Rogers ,highlighted the importance of values.
Ethical Principles of counseling which are follows:
Ethical Principles These are the ideas that underpin both personal and
professional codes.
1. Autonomy of individuals
Is based on the right to freedom of action and
freedom of choice in so far as the pursuit of these
freedom does not interfere with the freedom of
others ; counseling cannot happen unless the
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client has made a free choice to participate
3. Principle of Justice
Concerned with the fair distribution of resources
and services , unless there is some acceptable
reason for treating them differently
For counseling , the principle has particular
relevance to the question access
General Moral Theories The BACP Ethical Framework for Good Practice ,
drawing on virtues perspective also identified a set of
personal qualities that all practitioners should possess:
empathy, sincerity, integrity, resilience, respect, humility,
competence, fairness, wisdom and courage
Open Notes
Name:_______________________________________________________________________________ 19
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____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
V. Application
Act. 6 Take It from the Expert! (Presentation)
To be able to appreciate better the counseling profession, the class will be divided into six groups. Each group is required to interview a counselor
from any of the counselor’s work settings: school, mental hospital, private agencies, community, and government. You interview must focus on:
3. Institutional Profile:
The Work Setting (institution or agency where the counselor works) its context, history, the different cases/ problems it handles , the program
implements, and the different approaches and interventions it applies; the problems that the institution face and the victories and successes of
the institution.
4. The counselor
The Counselor as a Professional – Questions may include: When did you start working as a counselor in the institution? What programs do
you handle? What are responsibilities? What skills, values must a counselor possess? How do you see yourself as a counselor? What do you
enjoy doing? What do you avoid doing? What challenges do you encounter as a counselor? What helps you in your work? What education and
training do you need to enhance your work? What other message do you want to convey?
Results and analysis of data from your interview must be written in a report. Formulate your own title – a title which will embrace the data
collected. The ethics forms (letter of permission, consent from the institution and the counselor) will be submitted together with the report.
Guide Questions:
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1. Based on your activity did you see the roles, values and principles of counseling? What are those? Explain.
2. For you is it counseling is a big responsibility? Why?
VI. Valuing
1. What are the importance of counseling?
2. If you give a chance to become a counselor what are the characteristics do you think that a counselor should have and why?
VII. Generalization
Direction: The following statements enable you to reflect on or figure – out your level of understanding about counseling. You are required to agree
or disagree with each of the following statements. After the Chapter Study. Place a check mark (/) on the After the Chapter Study column if you
agree with the statement and a cross mark (X) if you do not agree
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events and our environment, is influenced by
our values.
Counselors treat with confidence personal
information about clients, whether obtained
directly or indirectly by inference.
In view of the theory of utilitarianism in
relation to beneficence, the application of
utilitarianism would be to apply an ethical
decision in the light of costs and benefits for
each participant.
Marriage and family counseling refers to the
efforts to establish an encouraging
relationship with a couple or family and
appreciate the complications in the family
system.
A counselor’s primary responsibility is to
respect the dignity and to promote the
welfare of clients.
Counselors accept employment only for
positions which they are qualified by
education, training, supervised experience,
state and national professional credentials,
and appropriate professional experience.
VIII. Assignment
Search for the following:
- Roles , Functions and Competencies of counseling
- Career Opportunities and Areas of Specialization of Counselors
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CHAPTER 2 Discipline of Counseling
2. Professionals and Practitioners in Counseling
2.1 Roles, functions, and competencies of counselors
2.2 Areas of specialization where counselors work
2.3 Career opportunities of counselors
2.4 Rights, Responsibilities, Accountabilities, and Code of Ethics
Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of professionals and practitioners in counseling
Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to undertake participant observation (e.g., a day in a life of counselor) to adequately document and critique
their roles, functions, and competencies
WEEK 3
I. Objectives
1. To show an understanding of the roles and functions of counseling and value rights ,responsibilities , and accountabilities
2. To identify specific areas of specialization of counselors and career opportunities for counselors
3. To distinguish between ethical and unethical behaviors among counselors
4. To demonstrate understanding of values and rights and responsibilities through a debate.
II. Motivation
Recall
Instruction:
1. You recall as many roles and functions of counselors that you are aware off.
2. Write your answers on the notes box below.
3. Choose one role/function and identify the competencies required of role / function.
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Open Notes
Name:_______________________________________________________________________________
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II. Discussion
Roles and Functions of Counselors
According to Gibson and Mitchell (2003) a helping profession is composed of members “who are especially trained and licensed to perform a unique and
service for fellow human beings”.
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confidentiality. Relationship is established between counselor and
client.
Group Counseling and Guidance Groups are means of providing organized and planned assistance to
individuals for an array of needs. Counselor provides assistance
through group counseling and group guidance.
Career Assistance Counselors are called on to provide career planning and adjustment
assistance to clients.
Placements and Follow -Up A service of school counseling programs with emphasis on
educational placements in course and programs.
Referral It is the practice of helping the clients find needed expert assistance
that the referring counselor cannot provide.
Consultation It is the process of helping a client through a third party or helping
system improve its service to its clientele.
Research It is necessary to advance the profession of counseling; it can
provide empirically based data relevant to the ultimate goal of
implementing effective counseling.
Evaluation and Accountability Evaluation is a means of assessing the effectiveness of counselor’s
activities.
Accountability is an outgrowth of demand that schools and other tax-
supported institutions be held accountable for their actions.
Prevention This includes promotion of mental health through primary prevention
using a social – psychological perspective.
Competencies of Counselors
Seven distinct competence areas of counselors. There might be other areas but we will focus on the input of McLeod (2003).
1. Interpersonal Skills –counselors who are competent display ability to listen, communicate ; empathize ; be present ; aware of nonverbal communication; sensitive
to voice quality , responsive to expressions of emotion, turn taking, structure of time and use of language .
2. Personal beliefs and Attitude- counselors have the capacity to accept others, belief in potential of change, awareness of ethical and moral choices and sensitive
to values held by client and self.
3. Conceptual ability – counselors have the ability to understand and assess client’s problem; to anticipate future problems; make sense of immediate process in
terms of wider conceptual scheme to remember information about the client.
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4. Personal Soundness – counselors must have no irrational beliefs that are destructive to counseling relationships, self-confidence ,capacity to tolerate strong of
uncomfortable feelings in relation to the clients, secure personal boundaries, ability to be a client ; must carry no social prejudice, ethnocentrism and
authoritarianism.
5. Mastery of Techniques – counselors must have a knowledge of when and how to carry out specific interventions, ability to assess effectiveness of the
interventions, understanding the rationale behind techniques, possession of wide repertoire of intervention
6. Ability to understand and work within social system – this would be compromise of awareness of family and work relationships of client the impact of agency on
the clients, the capacity to use support networks and supervision ; sensitivity to client from different gender, ethnicity , sexual orientation, or age group.
7. Openness to learning and inquiry – counselors must have the capacity to be curious about client’s backgrounds and problems; being open to new knowledge
Career Opportunities and Areas of Specialization of Counselors
1. Marriage and Family Counseling – refers to the efforts to establish an encouraging relationship with couple or family and appreciate the complications in the
family system.
2. Child and Adolescent Counseling – is a developing area of expertise in counseling profession. The counseling strategies focus on helping children and
adolescents acquire coping skills through promotion of resiliency, positive attachment relationship, emotional and intellectual intelligence, and other qualities that
promote optional development.
3. Group Counseling – is the dynamic field in the counseling profession. Group counseling as a practice can be located in most counseling programs and became
the essential part of counselor’s system. Group counseling offers the following : opportunities to members to learn from observing other group members ; can
functions as helpers and helps ; opportunities to discover that you others have similar concerns ; members are encouraged to offer help to others ;opportunities to
enhance interpersonal skills; the therapeutic climate created similar as the client’s family origin.
4. Career Counseling –is an evolving and challenging counseling field. This type of counseling aids individual on decisions and planning concerning their career.
The counseling approach includes integrating theory and practice. Adopted Savickas ( 1996 )as cited Nystul ( 20003 ) adopted the model of Wagner ( 1971) on
structural analysis of personality to the realm of vocational psychology. The model consist of vocational career services, occupational placement , vocational
guidance , career counseling , career education , career therapy, and position coaching.
5. School Counseling- refers to the process of reaching out students with concerns on drugs, family and peers or gang involvement. The job requires sensitivity to
individual differences and considers diversity in enhancing educational perspective. The job requires skills on consultation, counseling’s exceptional students and
with the ability to handle problems such as drug abuse, teenage pregnancy, divorced or single parents, dropping out of school.
6. Mental Health Counseling - is manifested in the challenges posed by its clientele with mental disorders. Mental disorders include serious depression,
schizophrenia, and substance abuse. Mental health counselors have to be inventive, and creative to address these problems. The job requires patience, humility,
kindness and compassion.
Rights and Responsibilities, and Accountabilities of Counselors ( MIDTERM)
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Code of ethics help counselors to remind them of their rights, responsibilities and accountabilities in the counseling profession. The rights, responsibilities and
accountabilities of the counselors are based on the counselors associations of Code of Conduct.
The code of ethics of the counselors is divided into seven sections, namely , (a) counseling relationship, (b) confidentiality (c) professional responsibility (d)
relationships with other professionals , (e) evaluation, assessment, and interpretation, (f) teaching ,training and supervision (g) research and publication.( Gladding ,
2000 ). We shall only presenting in details three of the seven areas, namely, counseling relationships, confidentiality, and professional responsibility. The following
three tables below provide a sample code of ethics of the American Counseling Association.
Areas Description
The Counseling Relationships
1. Client welfare Counselor’s primary responsibility is to respect the dignity and
promote the welfare of clients. They are also expected to encourage
client’s growth. Counselors and clients are expected to work together
in crafting individual counseling plans consistent with the client’s
circumstances.
2. Respecting Diversity Counselors do not engage in discrimination based on age, color,
culture, disability, ethnic group, gender, race, religion, sexual
orientation, marital status and socio economic status. Counselors
shall respect differences and understand the diverse cultural
backgrounds of their clients.
3. Client Rights Counselors shall disclose the purposes, goals, techniques,
procedures, limitations, potential risks, benefits of the services to be
performed and other pertinent information to the client throughout the
counseling process. Counselors offer clients the freedom to choose
whether to enter into a counseling relationship and determine which
professional will provide counseling, except when the client is unable
to give consent.
4. Clients Served by others In cases where the client is receiving services from another mental
health professional, with clients consent, inform the professional
person already involved to develop an agreement.
5. Personal Needs and values Maintain the clients and avoid actions that seek to meet their
personal needs at the expense of the clients. Counselors shall be
aware of their values, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior and how these
apply in a diverse society and avoid imposing their values on clients.
6. Dual Relationships Counselors are aware of their influential position over their clients
avoid the exploiting the trust and dependency of the clients.
Counselors should not accept as superiors or subordinates clients’.
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7. Sexual Intimacies with Clients Counselors should not have any type of sexual intimacies with clients
and do not counsel persons with whom they have sexual
relationship. Counselors should not also engage with sexual
intimacies with their former clients within a minimum of two years.
8. Multiple Clients In cases where counselors agree to provide counseling services to
two or more persons who have a relationship, counselors clarify at
the outset which person or persons are clients and the nature of
relationship they will have with each other involved person.
9. Group Work Counselors screen prospective group counseling / therapy
participants to determine those with compatible needs. In group
setting, counselors take reasonable precautions to protect clients
from physical or psychological trauma.
10. Fees Prior to entering the counseling relationship, the counselors clearly
explain the clients all financial arrangements related to professional
fees.
Source: Gladding, 2000
Areas
Confidentiality
1.Right to Privacy Counselors respect a client’s right to privacy and avoid illegal
and unwarranted disclosures of unwarranted information.
The right to privacy may be waived by the clients or their
legally recognized representative.
The general requirement that the counselors keep the
information confidential does not apply when disclosure is
required to prevent clear and imminent danger to the client or
others or when legal requirements demand that confidential
information is be revealed.
Counselors who received information confirming that a client
has a disease known to be communicable and fatal is justified
in disclosing information to an identifiable third party, who by
his/her relationship with the client is at high risk of contracting
the disease.
When court orders the counselors to release confidential
information without client’s permit, counselors request to the
court that the disclosure should not be required due to
potential harm to client or counseling relationship.
2. Group and Families In group work, counselors clearly define confidentiality and
parameters for the specific group being entered, explain its
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importance, and discuss difficulties related to confidentiality
involved in group work.
In family counseling, information about one family cannot be
disclosed to another member without permission.
3. Minor Incompetent client When counseling clients who are minors or individuals who
are unable to give voluntary, informed consent, parents or
guardians may be included in the counseling process as
appropriate.
4. Records Counselors maintain necessary records for rendering
professional services to their clients and as required by laws,
regulations, or agency or institution procedures.
Counselors are responsible for securing safety and
confidentiality of any counseling record they create, maintain,
transfer, or destroy whether the records are written, taped,
computerized, or stored in any other medium.
Counselors recognized that counseling records are kept for
the benefits of the clients therefore provide access to record
and copies of record when requested by competent clients
unless it contains information that may be misleading or
detrimental to the clients.
Counselors obtain written permission from clients to disclose
or transfer records to legitimate third parties unless exception
to confidentiality exists.
5. Research and Training Use of data derived from counseling relationships for
purposes of training ,research , or publication is confined to
content that is disguised to ensure the anonymity of the
individuals involved. Identification of the client involved is
permissible only when the client has reviewed the material
and has agreed to its presentation or publication.
6. Consultation Information obtained in consulting relationship is discussed
for professional purposes only with persons clearly concerned
with the case. Before sharing information, counselors make
efforts to ensure that there defined policies that effectively
protect the confidentiality of information with other agencies
serving the counselors clients.
Source: Gladding, 2000
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Areas Description
Professional Responsibility
1. Standards Knowledge Counselors have a responsibility to read, understand, and
follow the Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice
2. Professional Competence Counselors practice only within the boundaries of their
competence based on their education, training, supervised
experience, state and national professional credentials and
appropriate professional experience. Counselors will
demonstrate a commitment to gain knowledge, personal
awareness, sensitivity, and skills pertinent to working with
diverse client population.
Counselors practice specialty areas new with to them only
after appropriate education, training, and supervised
experience. While developing skills in new specialty area,
counselors take step to ensure the competence of their work
and to protect other from possible harm.
Counselors accept employment only for positions which they
are qualified by education, training, supervise experience,
state and national professional credentials, and appropriate
professional experience.
Counselors continually monitor their effectiveness as
professionals and take steps to improve their skills and
knowledge.
Counselors refrain from offering or accepting professional
services when their physical, mental, or emotional problems
are like to harm clients or others.
IV. Application
Act. 2 Count Me In, Count me Out: Will I Give up My Job or Not?
Instruction:
1. In the area of counseling relationships of the Code of Conduct, it states that “Counselors should not have any type of sexual intimacies with clients and do
not counsel persons with whom they have sexual relationship. Counselors should not also engage with sexual intimacies with their former clients within a minimum
of two years.”
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2. What if you are counselor and you have fallen in love with your client and the client has also fallen in love with you. Since, it is unethical to pursue the
relationship; you will quit your job. Your job is also important to you. Now, what will be your decision?
3. The class will be divided into two. The first group will choose,” quit the job.” The second group will choose, stay on the job”. Why? Which is more ethical?
Why is it more ethical? Support your answer .Explain your answer in form of debate.
Used many facts Used some facts Used few facts Did not present facts to
to support all arguments. to support all to support arguments. support arguments.
arguments.
All arguments were logical and Most arguments were Some arguments Few arguments were
convincing logical and convincing were logical and logical and convincing
convincing
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rate.
Addressed all opponent Addressed most of Addressed some of Did not address opponent’s
arguments with counter- opponent’s arguments opponent’s arguments arguments.
evidence. with counter-evidence. with counter-evidence.
Total Score:
V. Valuing
1. What are the importance of counseling?
2. If you give a chance to become a counselor are you going to grab it? Why or Why not?
VI. Generalization
1. What are roles of counseling?
2. What Careers opportunities and areas of specialization of counselors?
3. What are the roles and functions of counseling?
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Chapter 2 Discipline of Counseling
3. Clientele and Audiences in Counseling
3.1 Characteristics and needs of various types of clientele and audiences
3.1.1 Individuals
3.1.2 Groups and Organizations
3.1.3 Communities
Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of clientele and audiences in counseling
Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to use acceptable research protocols, conduct a survey among young adults (i.e., ages 18-21) on their
counseling needs and present results and recommendation for class discussion.
WEEK 4
I. Objectives
1. To identify and describe the different types of clientele and audience of counseling.
2. To describe the characteristics and needs of the different types of clientele
3. To distinguish the needs of individuals, groups, organizations, and communities
4. To demonstrate appreciation of counseling clientele through a clientele analysis.
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II. Motivation
Modified KUD Chart
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- Women – most men still have less participation in household responsibilities and child care. In this case, women’s advancement is constrained.
What complicates this situation is the women’s perception about themselves and the society’s expectations. Counselors are responsible in
helping women appreciate their own values, abilities, aptitudes, and interests and to utilize these to develop their full potential. ( Gibson and
Mitchel ,2003 )
- Older Adults – a transition from a busy life to retirement stage must be instituted. This is a challenge to the counseling profession. other issues
that require attention of counseling include loss of a partner ,decline of mental capacity and mobility, increased loneliness ,decline in financial
security etc.
- People with AIDS –acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been labeled as the most feared disease due to its incurability. Victims of
this disease are seeking help to improve their quality of life and to handle their emotional stress and low self-esteem. Counseling’s approach
requires sensitivity and appreciation of the intricacies of the disease. Counselors may also help in assisting and educating the victims’ support
system.
- Victims of Abuse – this population represents victims of domestic violence characterized by spouse and child abuses. Spouse abuse is often
associated with poverty, drug abuse and career disappointments. The abuse has also become rampant and has caused psychological damage
to the victims. The counselors are increasingly utilized to help the victims.
- Gay Men and Lesbian Women- they are usually the victims of harassment, violence, discrimination, and isolation. Gays and lesbians, like other
sectors of the society, suffer from peer denial, family clash, health uncertainties and prejudgment. Counseling will focus on self-awareness, self-
acceptance and understanding.
IV. Application
Act. Analyzing the Context of counseling Clients
Instruction:
1. Choose one among the identified counseling clientele. Choose a particular problem that this type of clients ( i.e., youth suffering from depression ) face.
2. Read related cases about this type of clients.
3. Write paper: profile of this type of clients, discuss and analyze their situation, and the difficulties and challenges they face.
V. Valuing
Watch a video clip about RESPECTING OTHERS
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Guide Questions;
1. What is the message of the video clip?
2. How do we relate our topic to this video clip?
3. As a counselor how is it important to respect others?
VI. Generalization
1. Who are the clientele and audiences of counselor?
2. What are their needs and demands?
3. Why they are become the clientele for counseling?
VII. Assignment
Research for the following:
- Counseling and its processes, methods, and tools
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Lesson 4
COUNSELING AND ITS WORK SETTINGS
Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of settings, processes, methods, and tools in counseling.
Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to use the results of the survey conducted, critically evaluate whether the needs of the respondents are
addressed by the practitioners and pertinent institutions.
I. Objectives
II. Motivation
Act. 1 Locating the Counselors
Instruction:
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Use the notes box below for your drawing.
Notes Box
Guide Questions:
1. How can you describe the work setting of a counselor?
2. What would be the surroundings of the counselor work place?
3. What would be your expectations about the work setting of a counselor?
III. Discussion
Counseling and Its Work settings
- Counselors in Schools – has grown rapidly. According to Gibson and Mitchell (2003), counselors are recognized especially in the preventive
interventions and developmental stage. There are elementary school counselors, junior high school counselors, secondary school counselors,
counselors in vocational schools, counselors in higher education, and counselors in community and junior colleges. The counseling service in the
schools is usually located under the student affairs program. It is under the supervision of the Dean of Students Affairs.
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- Counselors in the Community Setting – refers to employment in community, agency, and other non-school professional situations.
Counselors can be found in community and mental health agencies, employment and rehabilitation agencies, correctional settings, and marriage
and family practice. ( Gibson and Mitchell , 2003 )
- Counselors in the Private Sector – refers to counselors who decided to do full time work as private practitioners or engage in part – time
private practice while employed by community agencies. This is feasible if the counselors expertise and specialization matches or relevant to an
adequate client population in the geographic area. ( Gibson and Mitchell , 2003 )
- Counselors in the Government - counselors are also present in various agencies of government or institutions supported by the government
that are into social welfare, health, and education. Relevant agencies or institutions include public schools, public social welfare agencies such as
that for the youth, children, and the aging.
IV. Application
Act. 2 Where are the counselors?
Instruction:
1. Your task is to locate the counselors in Manila through internet.
2. Which work setting can you find many of the counselors? What could be the reason why many of the counselors in that particular setting ? Please explain.
3. Write your answer in the box below
V. Valuing
1. What is the importance to know where the counselors work?
2. If you are going to become a counselor what particular work setting are you going to and why?
VI. Generalization
1. Give the different work settings of counseling.
2. What are the reasons why they are in deploy in different work settings?
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WEEK 5
LESSON 5 COUNSELING AND ITS PROCESSES, METHODS, AND TOOLS
CONTENT STANDARD – the learners demonstrate an understanding settings, processes, methods, and tools in counseling
Performance standard – the learners should be able to use the results of the survey conducted, critically evaluate whether the needs of the respondents are
addressed by the practitioners and pertinent institutions and propose suggestions on how needs can be effectively addressed
Counseling and Its Process
I. Objectives
1. Discuss the different processes in counseling.
2. Illustrate the different processes in counseling.
3. Demonstrate understanding of the processes of counseling.
II. Motivation
Pretest
Matching Type: Match the items in column A with items in column B.
A B
Relationship Building This serves as the window for the counselor to have a thorough
appreciation of the client’s condition.
Assessment and Diagnosis It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client – counselor
relationship.
Formulation of Counseling Goals The essential goal in counseling to witness a client progress on
his/her own without the assistance of the counselor.
Research and Evaluation This stage can be undertaken at any point in counseling stage.
Termination and Follow –up The guidelines include the following : ( a ) the counselor has to
provide a mapping of the different approaches offered , (b) describe
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the role of the counselor and client for each procedure ,(c) identify
Intervention and Problem solving possible risks and benefits that may come and (d) estimate the time
and cost of each procedure.
III. Discussion
There are six stages of the counseling process, namely, relationship building, assessment and diagnosis, formulation of the counseling goals, intervention and
problem solving, termination and follow –up, and research and evaluation.
1. Stage One: Relationship Building
This is the heart of counselling process because it provides the force and foundation for the counselling to succeed.
This stage involves establishing rapport,
promote acceptance of the client as a person with worth,
establishing genuine interaction,
promote direct mutual communication
helping clients understand themselves,
helping client focus and
Slowly promote counselling relevant communication, from the client.
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2. Stage Two: Assessment and Diagnosis
One of the most crucial stages.
This serves as the window for the counsellor to have a thorough appreciation of the client’s condition.
It entails analysis of the root causes of problems.
The data that will be gathered in diagnosis will be utilized in the formulation of goals.
3. Stage Three: Formulation of Counseling Goals
Goals are important as it sets the direction of the counselling process.
It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client-counsellor relationship.
Counselling goals may be treated as a process goal or outcome goal.
The client and counsellor must agree on the counselling goals.
4. Stage Four: Intervention and Problem Solving
Guidelines:
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A. The counselor has to provide a mapping of the different approaches offered.
B. Describe the role of the counselor and client for each procedure.
C. Identify possible risks and benefits that may come.
D. Estimate the time and cost of each procedure.
Kafner and Busemeyer identified the six-stage model for problem solving
Problem detection
Problem definition
Identification of alternative solutions
Decision-making
Execution
Verification
5. Stage Five: Termination and Follow –up
The essential goal in counselling is to witness a client progress on his/her own without the assistance of the counselor.
There are four components of termination which were identified by Quintan and Holahan:
1. Discussion of the end of counselling
2. Review of the course of counselling
3. Closure of the counsellor-client relationship
4. Discussion of the client’s future and post-counselling plan
6. Stage Six: Research and Evaluation
This stage can be undertaken at any point in the counselling stage.
Research and evaluation are fundamental part of the evaluation.
Results of the research provide a scientific appreciation of the counselling situation.
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IV. Application
Creativity The role play is The role play is somewhat The role play shows
And presentation Creative and effectively creative and effective little creativity or
written and is presented and/or the presentation is effectiveness and/or is
well. adequate. not well presented.
Diction The role play having the The role play having the The role having the
appropriate connections appropriate identified inappropriate
between identified problems problems and the concepts connection between
and the concepts studied in studied in class but problems identified and
class somewhat unclear the concepts studied in
class
Visual aids The role play makes The role play The role play
(props) good use of visual aids includes visual aids does not include any
or props. or props, but they do visual aids or props
not significantly
contribute to the
commercial and/or
they are not well done.
Within time The role play is The role play l is The role play is
frame (7minutes ) presented within the time presented slightly outside Presented significantly
frame. the time frame. outside the time frame.
Group Work The group functioned The group functioned The group
exceptionally well. All pretty well. Most functioned fairly well
members listened to, members listened to, but was dominated
shared with and shared with and by one or two
supported the efforts of supported the efforts of members. The group
others. The group (all others. The group (all (all members) was
members) was almost members) was almost almost always on
always on task! always on task! task!
Instruction:
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1. We already discussed the six stages of the counseling processes, namely, relationship building, assessment and diagnosis, formulation of counseling goals,
intervention and problem solving, termination and follow –up and research and evaluation. To determine your appreciation of the counseling processes, you are
required to perform a role play depicting the different stages of the counseling processes.
2. Class will be divided into 5 groups. Each group will identify a typical youth counseling case, i.e., victim of bullying, difficulty)
3. Divide the tasks (counselor, client, friends of the client, family of the client, etc.) among your group members. Present at least 5-8 minutes.
4. Develop the plot and story line and present it in class.
V. Valuing
1. Why is it important to know the processes of counseling?
2. For you what is the most important stage of counseling and why?
3. As a student what is the significance of studying the processes of counseling and how can you apply it?
VI. Assessment
Matching Type: Match the items in column A with items in column B.
A B
Relationship Building This serves as the window for the counselor to have a thorough
appreciation of the client’s condition.
Assessment and Diagnosis It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client – counselor
relationship.
Formulation of Counseling Goals The essential goal in counseling to witness a client progress on
his/her own without the assistance of the counselor.
Research and Evaluation This stage can be undertaken at any point in counseling stage.
Termination and Follow –up The guidelines include the following : ( a ) the counselor has to
provide a mapping of the different approaches offered , (b) describe
45
the role of the counselor and client for each procedure ,(c) identify
Intervention and Problem solving possible risks and benefits that may come and (d) estimate the time
and cost of each procedure.
II. Discussion
Methods in Counseling
1. CLASSIC THEORIES -The psychological theories developed by Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung are considered as the classic schools for the
reason that they primed the underpinning of clinical practice.
a. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY -The approach of Freud in counselling and psychotherapy is popularly known as psychoanalysis which is an
analysis of the mind. Its objective is to restructure the personality by resolution of intrapsychic conflict, which focuses in the internal forces such as
unconscious processes .It focuses on personal adjustment through reorganization of internal forces within the person to help him/her become aware of the unconscious
aspect of his/her personality. It focuses on personal adjustment through reorganization of internal forces within the person to help him/her become aware of the
unconscious aspect of his/her personality.
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The following techniques may be used:
1. FREE ASSOCIATION- a method to encourage the patient to discuss whatever comes to his mind in order to release suppressed emotions.
2. DREAM ANALYSIS- a method to explore unconscious process using dreams.
3. CONFRONTATION AND CLARIFICATION- a form of feedback procedure for patients to become aware of what is happening to him/her and to determine
areas for further analysis.
4. INTERPRETATION- a process of giving insights to patients about their inner conflicts which can be reflected in resistance, transference, and other
processes.
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SCRIPT ANALYSIS- looks into the “type of life script the client has developed and how it can be re-written.”
ANALYSIS OF GAMES- comprise of determining “what games the clients play and how the games interfere with interpersonal functioning.”
III. APPLICATION
Let Us Apply Gestalt’s Technique
Instruction:
1. Let us do an exercise applying Gestalt’s techniques: assuming responsibility, and “now I am aware “.
2. For every technique, before completing every sentence, try to close your eyes, listen to your thoughts, and be silent.
3. Use the box below for the exercise.
Open Notes
Name:_______________________________________________________
Assuming Responsibility
1. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________
and I will take responsibility for it.
2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
and I will take responsibility for it.
3._________________________________________________________________________________________________________
and I will take responsibility for it.
I am aware
1. Now I am aware ___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Now I am aware ___________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Now I am aware ___________________________________________________________________________________________
Reflection Question
What did you feel?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
IV. Valuing
1. What are the importance of studying the methods of counselling?
2. As a student it can be helpful to you? Why or Why not?
V. Assessment
Category 4 3 2 1
Coverage of the Captures all important Captures important Captures information Captures information
topic information about the information about the about the issue which about the issue which
issue which will provide issue which will provide will provide the audience will provide the audience
the audience full the audience basic little understanding on poor understanding on
understanding on the understanding on the the issue the issue
issue issue
Accuracy of the All supportive facts are Almost all supportive Most supportive facts Most supportive facts
fact accurate facts are accurate. are accurate. are inaccurate.
Sequencing of Information is organized Most information is Some information is Poor organization of
Information in a clear and logical organized in a clear and organized in a logical information.
way. logical way. way.
Analysis and Provides a discerning Provides a thorough Provides a thorough Poor analysis
evaluation and thorough problem analysis of some of the analysis of some of the
analysis of all the problems identified problems identified
problems analysis of all
the problems presented
Relevance With appropriate With appropriate With inappropriate No connection at all
/Connection to connections between identified problems and connection between
lesson identified problems and concepts studied in class problems identified and
the concepts studied in but somewhat unclear the concepts studied in
class class
Writing Shows clarity , Shows clarity of ideas ; Unclear writing ; poor Very poor writing
mechanics conciseness and Some grammar or grammar , and
correctness ; writing is spelling errors, lacks organization
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free of grammar and organization
spelling errors
Instruction: Please fill out the required information in the table below.
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Rogers Person –
Centered Counseling
Perls Gestalt Theory
Beck’s Cognitive
Theory
Ellis Rational
Emotive Therapy
Berne Transaction
Analysis
References:
Gibson , Robert L. and Mitchell ,Marriane H. Introduction to Counseling and guidance. (Sixth edition). NJ: Merill Prentice Hall, 2003.
Gladding, Samuel T. Counseling: A Comprehensive Profession. ( Fourth Edition) .NJ and Ohio : Merill Prentice Hall,2000.
Kaplan, David M., Tarvydas, Vilia M. and Gladding, Samuel T. “20/20: A Vision for the Future of the Counseling: The New Consensus Definition of
Counseling.” Journal of Counseling and Development. Volume 92, 2014.
Mcleod, John. An introduction to Counseling. (Third Edition). Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open University Press ,2003.
Nystul , Michael. Introduction to Counseling : An Art and Science Perspective.( Second Edition ). USA: Allyn and Bacon, 2003.
Santrock, John W. Psychology. ( Seventh Edition) .USA: Mc Graw Hill,2003
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Chapter 3 Social Work
3.1 The Discipline of Social Work
3.2 Professionals and Practitioners in Social Work
3.3 Clientele and Audiences in Social Work
3.4 Social Work Settings, Processes and Services
3.5 Methods and Tools Of Social Work
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