AEROSPACE VEHICLE PERFORMANCE

PROJECT REPORT OF BOEING 787-8

Submitted by

Moeez Irfan

(170101081)

Submitted to

Assistant professor

Izhar Hussain Kazmi

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad

06-01-2020
 BOEING 787-8

COPYRIGHT © 2020

This document is jointly copyrighted by the author and the Institute of Space Technology (IST).

Both the author and IST can use, publish or reproduce this document in any form. Under the

copyright law no part of this document can be reproduced by anyone, except copyright holders,

without the permission of the author.

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ABSTRACT

Analysis of steady level flight and accelerated flight performance of Boeing 787-8 is done using

analytical and graphical approaches. After researching and collecting its specifications, various

performance parameters are calculated and then analyzed. The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is an

American long-haul, mid-size wide body, twin-engine jet airliner having 3 variants. The variant

Boeing 787-8 is analyzed in this project.

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Contents
COPYRIGHT © 2020 ....................................................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. ii
1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Aim and objective ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Brief Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Reasons for selection of aircraft ................................................................................................... 1
1.4 Brief history ................................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Methodology................................................................................................................................. 2
1.6 Specifications ................................................................................................................................ 2
1.6.1 General specifications ........................................................................................................... 2
1.6.2 Engine Specifications ............................................................................................................ 3
1.6.3 Performance Specifications .................................................................................................. 4
1.7 View diagram ................................................................................................................................ 5
1.8 Drag polar..................................................................................................................................... 6
2. AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE: UNACCELERATED FLIGHT ............................................................ 10
2.1 Thrust Required: ......................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.1. Graphical Approach: ........................................................................................................... 10
2.1.1. Analytical approach: ........................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Minimum Thrust Required .......................................................................................................... 11
2.3 Velocity For Minimum Thrust Required...................................................................................... 12
2.4 Lift To Drag Ratio......................................................................................................................... 12
2.5 Aerodynamic Relations ............................................................................................................... 12
2.5.1. Maximum value of 𝑪𝑳𝟑/𝟐𝑪𝑫............................................................................................ 12
2.5.2. Flight velocity at ( 𝑪𝑳𝟑/𝟐𝑪𝑫 )𝒎𝒂𝒙................................................................................... 13
2.5.3. Maximum value of 𝑪𝑳𝑪𝑫 .................................................................................................. 13
2.5.4. Flight velocity at ( 𝑪𝑳𝑪𝑫 )𝒎𝒂𝒙 ......................................................................................... 13
2.5.5. Maximum value of 𝑪𝑳𝟏/𝟐𝑪𝑫............................................................................................ 13
2.5.6. Flight velocity at ( 𝑪𝑳𝟏/𝟐𝑪𝑫)𝒎𝒂𝒙 ................................................................................... 14
2.5.7. Ratio .................................................................................................................................... 14

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2.5.8. Graphical representation .................................................................................................... 14

2.6 Comparison of Zero Lift Drag and Due to Lift ............................................................................. 15
2.6.1. Zero lift drag and drag due to lift at ( 𝑪𝑳𝟑/𝟐𝑪𝑫 )𝒎𝒂𝒙 .................................................... 15
2.6.2. Zero lift drag and drag due to lift at ( 𝑪𝑳𝑪𝑫 )𝒎𝒂𝒙 ........................................................... 16
2.6.3. Zero lift drag and drag due to lift at ( 𝑪𝑳𝟏/𝟐𝑪𝑫)𝒎𝒂𝒙 ..................................................... 16
2.6.4. Ratio: ................................................................................................................................... 16
2.7 Thrust Available and Maximum Velocity .................................................................................... 17
2.7.1. At sea level .......................................................................................................................... 17
2.7.2. At cruise altitude of 35000 ft .............................................................................................. 18
2.8 Minimum Power Required .......................................................................................................... 20
2.8.1. Graphical approach ............................................................................................................. 20
2.8.2. Analytical approach............................................................................................................. 20
2.9 Velocity At (𝑷𝑹)𝒎𝒊𝒏 ................................................................................................................. 21
2.10 Power Available And Maximum Velocity At 35000 Ft ................................................................ 21
2.11 𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏 At Sea Level ...................................................................................................................... 22
2.11.1. Based on low speed intersection of𝑻𝑨𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝑻𝑹 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐬 .................................................... 22
2.11.2. Based on stalling velocity .................................................................................................... 22
2.12 Climb Flight Parameters At Sea Level ......................................................................................... 23
2.12.1. Climb angle.......................................................................................................................... 23
2.12.2. Velocity at climb angle ........................................................................................................ 23
2.12.3. Rate of climb ....................................................................................................................... 23
2.12.4. Velocity at rate of climb ...................................................................................................... 24
2.12.5. Graphical representation .................................................................................................... 24
2.13 Gliding (Unpowered) Flight ......................................................................................................... 26
2.13.1. Minimum glide path angle at 35000 ft ............................................................................... 26
2.13.2. Maximum range covered over ground at cruise altitude, 35000 ft .................................... 26
2.13.3. Sink rate for minimum glide angle: ..................................................................................... 26
2.13.4. Minimum sink rate .............................................................................................................. 26
2.14 Minimum Time To Climb The Cruise Altitude At 35000 Ft ......................................................... 27
2.15 Maximum Range At 35000 Ft...................................................................................................... 27
2.16 Maximum Endurance .................................................................................................................. 28
3. ACCELERATED FLIGHT PERFORMANCE.................................................................................... 28

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3.1 Minimum Turning Radius At Sea Level ....................................................................................... 28

3.2 Maximum Turn Rate, And Corresponding Load Factor And Velocity ......................................... 29
3.3 Pull Up Manoeuvre ..................................................................................................................... 30
3.4 Pull Down Manoeuvre ................................................................................................................ 30
3.5 Corner Velocity ........................................................................................................................... 30
3.6 V-n Diagram ................................................................................................................................ 31
3.7 Energy Height .............................................................................................................................. 31
3.8 Specific Excess Power.................................................................................................................. 31
3.9 Take Off Performance ................................................................................................................. 32
3.9.1. Lift-Off Velocity ................................................................................................................... 32
3.9.2. Calculation of T................................................................................................................... 33
3.9.3. Calculation of 𝑲𝑻 ................................................................................................................ 33
3.9.4. Calculation of zero lift drag coefficient ............................................................................... 33
3.9.5. Calculation of G ................................................................................................................... 34
3.9.6. Calculation of 𝑲𝑨 ................................................................................................................ 34
3.9.7. Ground roll .......................................................................................................................... 35
3.9.8. Approach distance .............................................................................................................. 35
3.9.9. Total take off distance ........................................................................................................ 35
3.10 Landing performance ..................................................................................................................... 36
3.10.1. Flare velocity and touchdown velocity ............................................................................... 36
3.10.2. Approach distance .............................................................................................................. 37
3.10.3. Flare distance ...................................................................................................................... 37
3.10.4. Calculation of 𝑱𝑻 ................................................................................................................. 37
3.10.5. Calculation of zero lift drag coeeficient .............................................................................. 37
3.10.6. Calculation of 𝑱𝑨 ................................................................................................................. 38
3.10.7. Ground roll .......................................................................................................................... 38
3.10.8. Total landing distance ......................................................................................................... 38
CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................................... 39
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 40
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................................ 41

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List of Figures

Figure 1. 1 View diagram of boeing 787-8 ..................................................................................... 5

Figure 2. 1 variation of aerodynamic paramaters ......................................................................... 15

Figure 2. 2 velocity vs drag........................................................................................................... 17

Figure 2. 3 thrust available vs thrust required............................................................................... 19

Figure 2. 4 power required curve .................................................................................................. 20

Figure 2. 5 Relationship between Power Available and Power Required .................................... 21

Figure 2. 6 Thrust Available and Thrust required........................................................................ 22

Figure 2. 7 Rate of Climb ............................................................................................................. 24

Figure 2. 8 hodograph ................................................................................................................... 25

Figure 3. 1 Vn diagram ................................................................................................................. 31

Figure 3. 2 specific excess power curve ....................................................................................... 31

Figure 3. 3 specific power at different heights ............................................................................. 32

Figure 3. 4 takeoff performance.................................................................................................... 32

Figure 3. 5 landing performance ................................................................................................... 36

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List of Tables

Table 1 general specifications ....................................................................................................................... 2

Table 2 engine specification ......................................................................................................................... 3

Table 3 performance specifications .............................................................................................................. 4

Table 4: regression line coefficients ............................................................................................................. 6

Table 5:equivilant friction coefficent ............................................................................................................ 7

Table 6 correlation coefficents ...................................................................................................................... 7

List of abbreviations
𝑏 Wing span
𝐶𝐷,0 Zero Lift Drag Coefficient
𝐶𝐷 Coefficient of Drag
𝐶𝐿 Coefficient of Lift
𝑐 Specific Fuel Consumption
𝐸 Endurance
𝑔 Acceleration due to Gravity
𝐺 Factor effecting induced drag
coefficient (𝑘3)
ℎ Height of Wing
𝐻𝑒 Energy Height
𝐾 Lift Dependent Drag Coefficient
𝐾𝑢𝑐 Flap deflection factor
𝑚 Mass of Aircraft
𝑀∞ Free Stream Mach Number
𝑛 Load Factor
𝑁 Time between the initiation of rotation
and actual liftoff/Touch Down
𝑃𝐴,0 Power Available at sea level
𝑃𝐴 Power Available at certain Altitude
𝑃𝑒𝑠 Engine Shaft Power
𝑃𝑆 Specific Excess Power
𝑃𝑅 Power Required
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 Maximum Range
𝑅 Turn Radius
𝑅/𝐶 Rate of Climb
𝑆 Wing Area

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𝑠𝑎 Aerial Distance
𝑠𝑔 Ground Roll
𝑠𝑓 Flare Distance
𝑡 Time to climb
𝑇𝑅 Thrust Required
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙 Stall Velocity
𝑉𝑣 Sink Rate
𝑉𝐿𝑂 Lift off Velocity
𝑉𝑇𝐷 Touch Down Velocity
𝑉𝑓 Flare Velocity
𝑉∞ Free Stream Velocity
𝑊𝑜 Gross Weight
𝑊𝑓 Fuel Weight
𝑊 Maximum take-off weight
𝜃 Climb\Glide Angle
𝜔 Turn Rate
𝜌∞ Density at any altitude
𝜃𝑎 Approach Angle
𝜌∞,0 Density at sea level

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Aim and objective

The main objective of this exercise or project is to investigate the performance

parameters of our chosen aircraft, in my case which is Boeing 787-8.

1.2 Brief Introduction

The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is an American long-haul, mid-size wide body, twin-engine

jet airliner made by Boeing Commercial Airplane. Its variants seat 242 to 335 passengers

in typical three-class seating configurations. It is the first airliner with an airframe

constructed primarily of composite materials.

The 787 was designed to be 20% more fuel-efficient than the Boeing 767, which it was

intended to replace. The 787 Dreamliner's distinguishing features include mostly

electrical flight systems, raked wingtips, and noise-reducing chevrons on its engine

nacelles. The unique structure of the wings with elevated tips permits reduced air

resistance which allows long-distance flights to proceed without additional turbulences

and intermediate stops, saving time. [1]

1.3 Reasons for selection of aircraft

I was searching for commercial aircrafts and the name of this plane dreamliner attracted

me at first sight, and I got curious to what makes the flight of this plane such a dream.

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Upon some research I found out that this aircraft is the world’s first major commercial

airliner to use composite material as primary material in its airframe.. Because of the

design it is lighter, consumes less fuel and has a longer range. So I chose to analyze the

performance of this aircraft.

1.4 Brief history

In the early 1990’s Boeing needed to find a replacement for the aging Boeing 767 which

was experiencing a down turn in sales. Two alternatives were investigated, one of which

was an up-sized version of the Boeing 747. The September 11, 2001 attacks caused a

sudden escalation of fuel costs and airlines’ focus moved from speed to efficiency. On

Dec. 15, 2009, the 787 Dreamliner made its first flight from Paine Field in Everett, Wash.

In addition to bringing big-jet ranges to midsized airplanes, the 787 provides airlines with

unmatched fuel efficiency, using 20 percent less fuel for comparable missions than other

similarly sized airplanes. It can travel at speeds similar to today’s fastest wide bodies

(Mach 0.85), and it provides airlines with more cargo revenue capacity. [2]

1.5 Methodology

The specification of this aircraft are collected from different sources, and its performance

is analyzed through graphical and analytical approaches.

1.6 Specifications

1.6.1 General specifications

Table 1 general specifications

Dimensions

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Wing Span 197.3 ft

Wing Area 4058ft 2

Sweep Angle 32.2⁰

Aspect Ratio 9.58

Height 55.6ft

Length 186 ft

Fuselage Diameter 19.4 ft

Weights

Empty Weight 264500 lb

Landing Weight 380000 lb

Maximum Take Off Weight 502500 lb

Maximum Zero Fuel Weight 355000 lb

1.6.2 Engine Specifications

Table 2 engine specification

Power Plant General Electric GEnx or Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

Dry Thrust 64000 lbf

Thrust with After Burner Unknown

TSFC (1.466× 10−4 ) 𝑠 −1

Fuel Capacity 126206 L

[3]

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1.6.3 Performance Specifications

Table 3performance specifications

Maximum Speed (at 35000 ft) 593 mph (Mach 0.9)

Cruise Speed (at 35000 ft) 567 mph (Mach 0.85)

Range 7354 nmi

Ferry Range Unknown

Service Ceiling 43000 ft

Rate of Climb (at Mcr , constant Mach 0.85) 7.15 ft/s

Wing Loading 143.5 lb/ft 2

Thrust/Weight 0.1274

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1.7 View diagram

Figure 1. 1 View diagram of boeing 787-8

[4]

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1.8 Drag polar

Table 4: regression line coefficients

 Boeing 787-8 is transport jet, so from table we can see the values of constants c

and d

c=0.0199

d=0.7531

𝑙𝑜𝑔10𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑡 = 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑙𝑜𝑔10𝑊𝑇𝑂

𝑙𝑜𝑔10𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑡 = 0.0199+ 0.7531log(502500)

𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑡 = 20579

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Table 5:equivilant friction coefficent

 Boeing 787-8 is a civil transport aircraft so from table

𝐶𝑓𝑒=0.0030

Table 6 correlation coefficents

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 For Cf=0.0030

a= -2.5229

b=1.0000

𝑙𝑜𝑔10𝑓 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑔10𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑡

𝑓 = 61.7

𝑓 61.7
𝐶𝐷, 0 = =
𝑆 3501

𝐶𝐷, 0 = 0.018

Now for K

 Aspect ratio:

b2 Wing Span2
𝐴𝑅= = =11.1
S Wing Area

 Oswald efficiency number:

for sweep angle greater than 30 degree

𝑒=4.61(1−0.045𝐴𝑅0.68)[cos∝𝐿𝐸]0.15−3.1

where ∝𝐿𝐸 is the leading edge sweep angle.

Hence:

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𝑒=0.35574

 K:

1 1
𝐾3 = = =0.08054
πeAR π×0.35574×11.11

1
𝐾1 =3 𝐾3 =0.02685

𝐾2 =0

𝐾 = 𝐾1 +𝐾2 + 𝐾3

𝐾 = 0.10739

 Drag polar:

𝑐𝑑 = 𝑐𝑑0 + 𝑘𝑐𝐿2

𝑐𝑑 = 0.018+0.10739 𝑐2𝐿

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2. AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE: UNACCELERATED FLIGHT

2.1 Thrust Required:

2.1.1. Graphical Approach:

Usingtheseequations Thrustrequired has beencalculatedondifferentvelocitiesandtabulated

below.

2𝑊
𝐶𝐿 =
𝜌∞ 𝑉∞2 𝑆

𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷,0 + 𝐾𝐶𝐿2

1
𝑇𝑅 = 𝐷 = 𝜌 𝑉 2 𝑆𝐶
2 ∞ ∞ 𝐷

ThrustRequiredcurvehasbeenplotted at 35,000 ftaltitude

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Figure 2.1.1 thrust vs velocity

2.1.1. Analytical approach:

2𝑊 2(502500)
𝐶𝐿 = = = 0.5623
𝜌∞ 𝑉∞ 𝑆 (7.382 ∗ 10−4 )(400)2 (3501)
2

𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷,0 + 𝐾𝐶𝐿2 = 0.018 + 0.1074(0.5623)2 = 0.0519

1 1
𝑻𝑹 = 𝐷 = 𝜌∞ 𝑉∞2 𝑆𝐶𝐷 = (7.382 ∗ 10−4 )(400)2 (3501)(0.0519) = 𝟒𝟐𝟔𝟑𝟖𝟎 𝒍𝒃
2 2

2.2 Minimum Thrust Required

𝑇𝑅
( ) = √4𝐶𝐷,0 𝐾 = √4(0.018)(0.1074) = 0.0879
𝑊 𝑚𝑖𝑛

(𝑻𝑹 )𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 0.0879𝑊 = 0.0879(502500) = 𝟒𝟒𝟏𝟖𝟖 𝒍𝒃

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2.3 Velocity For Minimum Thrust Required

𝑊 502500
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = = 143.5 𝑙𝑏⁄𝑓𝑡 2
𝑆 3501

1 1
2 2
2 𝐾 𝑊 2 0.1074
𝑽(𝑻𝑹)𝒎𝒊𝒏 = ( √( ) ( )) = ( −4
√( ) (143.5)) = 𝟗𝟕𝟖. 𝟏 𝒇𝒕⁄𝒔
𝜌∞ 𝐶𝐷,0 𝑆 7.382 ∗ 10 0.018

2.4 Lift To Drag Ratio

−1
𝐿 𝜌∞ 𝑉∞2 𝑆𝐶𝐷,0 2𝐾 𝑊
= ( + )
𝐷 𝑊
2(𝑆) 𝜌∞ 𝑉∞2 𝑆

−1
𝐿 (7.382 ∗ 10−4 )(400)2 (3501)(0.018) 2(0.1074)
=( + (143.5))
𝐷 2(143.5) (7.382 ∗ 10−4 )(400)2

𝑳
= 𝟑. 𝟗𝟒
𝑫

2.5 Aerodynamic Relations

𝟑/𝟐
𝑪𝑳 ⁄
2.5.1. Maximum value of 𝑪𝑫

𝟑/𝟐 3/4 3/4

𝑪 1 3 1 3
( 𝑳 )𝒎𝒂𝒙 = ( 1/3 ) = ( ) = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟗
𝑪𝑫 4 𝐾𝐶 4 (0.1074)(0.018)1/3
𝐷,0

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𝟑/𝟐
𝑪
2.5.2. Flight velocity at ( 𝑳 ⁄𝑪 )𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑫

1 1
2 2
2 𝐾 𝑊 2 0.1074
𝑽 𝟑 = ( √( ) ( )) = ( √( ) (143.5))
𝑪𝟐𝑳⁄ 𝜌∞ 3𝐶𝐷,0 𝑆 7.382 ∗ 10−4 3(0.018)
( 𝑪𝑫 )
𝒎𝒂𝒙

= 𝟕𝟒𝟑. 𝟏𝟖 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

𝑪𝑳
2.5.3. Maximum value of ⁄𝑪
𝑫

𝑪𝑳 1 1
( )𝒎𝒂𝒙 = √( ) = √( ) = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟕
𝑪𝑫 4𝐾𝐶𝐷0 4(0.1074)(0.018)

𝑪𝑳
2.5.4. Flight velocity at ( ⁄𝑪 )𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑫

1
1 2
2
2 0.1074
2 𝐾 𝑊 ( √( ) (143.5))
𝑽(𝑪𝑳⁄ = ( √( ) ( )) = 7.382 ∗ 10 −4 0.018
𝑪𝑫 )𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝜌∞ 𝐶𝐷,0 𝑆

= 𝟗𝟕𝟖 𝒇𝒕⁄𝒔

𝟏/𝟐
𝑪
2.5.5. Maximum value of 𝑳 ⁄𝑪
𝑫

𝟏/𝟐 1/4 1/4

𝑪 3 1 3 1
( 𝑳 )𝒎𝒂𝒙 = ( 3 ) = ( ) = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝑪𝑫 4 3𝐾𝐶𝐷,0 4 3(0.1074)(0.018)3

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𝟏/𝟐
𝑪
2.5.6. Flight velocity at ( 𝑳 ⁄𝑪 )𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑫

1 1
2 2
2 3𝐾 𝑊 2 3(0.1074)
𝑽 𝟏 = ( √( ) ( )) = ( √( ) (143.5))
𝑪𝟐𝑳⁄ 𝜌∞ 𝐶𝐷,0 𝑆 7.382 ∗ 10−4 0.018
( 𝑪𝑫 )
𝒎𝒂𝒙

= 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟕 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

2.5.7. Ratio

𝑽 𝑪
𝟑/𝟐 ∶ 𝑽( 𝑪𝑳⁄ ∶ 𝑽 𝑪
𝟏/𝟐 = 743.18 ∶ 978 ∶ 1287 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 ∶ 𝟏 ∶ 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐
( 𝑳 ⁄𝑪 )𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑪𝑫 )𝒎𝒂𝒙 ( 𝑳 ⁄𝑪 )𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑫 𝑫

2.5.8. Graphical representation

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Figure 2. 1 variation of aerodynamic paramaters

2.6 Comparison of Zero Lift Drag and Due to Lift

𝟑/𝟐
𝑪
2.6.1. Zero lift drag and drag due to lift at ( 𝑳 ⁄𝑪 )𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑫

1 1
𝑞∞ = 2 𝜌∞ 𝑉 2𝐶3/2 = 2 (7.382 ∗ 10−4 )(743.18)2 = 202.4 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2 x
( 𝐿 )𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐶𝐷

𝑊 502500
𝐶𝐿 = = = 0.709
𝑞∞ 𝑆 202.4 ∗ 3501

𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝑳𝒊𝒇𝒕 𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒈 = 𝑞∞ 𝑆𝐶𝐷,0 = 202.4 ∗ 3501 ∗ 0.018 = 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟓 𝒍𝒃

𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒈 𝑫𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝑳𝒊𝒇𝒕 = 𝑞∞ 𝑆𝐾𝐶𝐿2 = 202.4 ∗ 3501 ∗ 0.1074 ∗ 0.7092 = 𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟓𝟓 𝒍𝒃

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 BOEING 787-8

𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑔 12755 𝟏

𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒐𝒏: = = 0.3333 ≈
𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑔 𝐷𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑡 38255 𝟑

𝑪𝑳
2.6.2. Zero lift drag and drag due to lift at ( ⁄𝑪 )𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑫

1 1
𝑞∞ = 𝜌∞ 𝑉 2𝑪𝑳 = (7.382 ∗ 10−4 )(978)2 = 350.4 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2
2 ( ⁄𝑪 )𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑫
2

𝑊 502500
𝐶𝐿 = = = 0.4095
𝑞∞ 𝑆 350.4 ∗ 3501

𝒁𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝑳𝒊𝒇𝒕 𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒈 = 𝑞∞ 𝑆𝐶𝐷,0 = 350.4 ∗ 3501 ∗ 0.018 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟖𝟏 𝒍𝒃

𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒈 𝑫𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝑳𝒊𝒇𝒕 = 𝑞∞ 𝑆𝐾𝐶𝐿2 = 350.4 ∗ 3501 ∗ 0.1074 ∗ 0.40952 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟗𝟑 𝒍𝒃

𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑔 22081

𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒐𝒏: = = 0.9995 ≈ 𝟏
𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑔 𝐷𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑡 22093

𝟏/𝟐
𝑪𝑳 ⁄
2.6.3. Zero lift drag and drag due to lift at ( 𝑪𝑫 )𝒎𝒂𝒙

1 1
𝑞∞ = 𝜌 𝑉 2 𝟏/𝟐 = (7.382 ∗ 10−4 )(1287)2 = 611.3 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2
2 ∞ ( 𝑪𝑳 ⁄ 2
𝑪𝑫 )𝒎𝒂𝒙

𝑊 502500
𝐶𝐿 = = = 0.235
𝑞∞ 𝑆 611.3 ∗ 3501

𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝑳𝒊𝒇𝒕 𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒈 = 𝑞∞ 𝑆𝐶𝐷,0 = 611.3 ∗ 3501 ∗ 0.018 = 𝟑𝟖𝟓𝟐𝟐 𝒍𝒃

𝑫𝒓𝒂𝒈 𝑫𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝑳𝒊𝒇𝒕 = 𝑞∞ 𝑆𝐾𝐶𝐿2 = 611.1 ∗ 3501 ∗ 0.1074 ∗ (0.235)2 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟗 𝒍𝒃

𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑔 38522

𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒐𝒏: = =𝟑
𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑔 𝐷𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑡 12689

2.6.4. Ratio:

𝟑/𝟐 𝟏/𝟐
𝑪𝑳 ⁄ 𝑪𝑳 𝑪𝑳 ⁄
𝑪𝑫 ∶ ⁄𝑪𝑫 ∶ 𝑪𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 ∶ 𝟏 ∶ 𝟑

16
 BOEING 787-8

Figure 2. 2 velocity vs drag

2.7 Thrust Available and Maximum Velocity

2.7.1. At sea level

𝐴𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 ∶ 𝜌∞ = 0.002377 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔/𝑓𝑡 3

(𝑇𝐴 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 2(64000)

𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜: = = 0.2547
𝑊 502500

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 BOEING 787-8

1/2
[(𝑇𝐴 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 ⁄𝑊 ](𝑊 ⁄𝑆) + (𝑊 ⁄𝑆)√[(𝑇𝐴 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 ⁄𝑊 ]2 − 4𝐶𝐷,𝑜 𝐾
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 ={ }
𝜌∞ 𝐶𝐷,𝑂

1/2
[0.2547](143.5) + (143.5)√[0.2547]2 − 4 ∗ 0.018 ∗ 0.1074
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 ={ }
0.002377 ∗ 0.018

𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟔 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

2.7.2. At cruise altitude of 35000 ft

𝐴𝑡 35000 𝑓𝑡 ∶ 𝜌∞ = 7.382 ∗ 10−4 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔/𝑓𝑡 3

0.6
𝜌 𝑚 7.382 ∗ 10−4
(𝑇𝐴 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝑇𝐴 )𝑜 ( ) = 2(64000) ( ) = 63459 𝑙𝑏
𝜌𝑜 0.002377

(𝑇𝐴 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 63459

𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜: = = 0.126
𝑊 502500
1/2
[(𝑇𝐴 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 ⁄𝑊 ](𝑊 ⁄𝑆) + (𝑊 ⁄𝑆)√[(𝑇𝐴 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 ⁄𝑊 ]2 − 4𝐶𝐷,𝑜 𝐾
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 ={ }
𝜌∞ 𝐶𝐷,𝑂

1/2
[0.126](143.5) + (143.5)√[0.126]2 − 4 ∗ 0.018 ∗ 0.1074
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 ={ }
7.382 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 0.018

3. 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟔 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

18
 BOEING 787-8

Figure 2. 3 thrust available vs thrust required

19
 BOEING 787-8

2.8 Minimum Power Required

2.8.1. Graphical approach

Figure 2. 4 power required curve

2.8.2. Analytical approach

𝐶2 1 1 2
( 𝐷⁄ 3 )𝑚𝑖𝑛 = [ 3/2 ]2 = ( ) = 0.0145
𝐶𝐿 𝐶𝐿 ⁄ 8.29
( 𝐶 )𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐷

2𝑊 3 𝐶𝐷2
𝑃𝑅 = √
𝜌∞ 𝑆𝐶𝐿3

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 BOEING 787-8

2𝑊 3 𝐶𝐷2 2 ∗ (502500)3 ∗ 0.0145

(𝑷𝑹 )𝒎𝒊𝒏 =√ ( ⁄ 3 )𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √ = 37732885 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏⁄𝑠
𝜌∞ 𝑆 𝐶𝐿 7.382 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 3501

= 𝟔𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟏 𝒉𝒑

2.9 Velocity At (𝑷𝑹 )𝒎𝒊𝒏

𝑽(𝑷𝑹)𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑉 𝐶3/2 = 𝟕𝟒𝟑. 𝟏𝟖𝒇𝒕/𝒔

( 𝐿 )𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐶𝐷

2.10 Power Available And Maximum Velocity At 35000 Ft

Figure 2. 5 Relationship between Power Available and Power Required

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2.11 𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏 At Sea Level

2.11.1. Based on low speed intersection of𝑻𝑨 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝑻𝑹 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐬

Figure 2. 6 Thrust Available and Thrust required

1/2
[𝑇⁄𝑊 ](𝑊 ⁄𝑆) − (𝑊 ⁄𝑆)√[𝑇⁄𝑊 ]2 − 4𝐶𝐷,𝑜 𝐾
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 ={ }
𝜌∞ 𝐶𝐷,𝑂

1/2
[0.2547](143.5) − (143.5)√[0.2547]2 − 4 ∗ 0.018 ∗ 0.1074
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 ={ }
0.002377 ∗ 0.018

𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟒. 𝟒 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

2.11.2. Based on stalling velocity

(𝐶𝐿 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.7 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛬 = 2.7 cos(32.2) = 2.285

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 BOEING 787-8

𝑊
2( 𝑆 )
𝑽𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒍 = √ = 𝟐𝟐𝟗. 𝟖𝟕 𝒇𝒕/𝒔
𝜌∞ (𝐶𝐿 )𝑚𝑎𝑥

2.12 Climb Flight Parameters At Sea Level

2.12.1. Climb angle

𝑇 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − 𝐿 = 0.2547 − = 0.1667
𝑊 ( ) 11.37
𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝜽𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (0.1667) = 𝟗. 𝟔°

2.12.2. Velocity at climb angle

1
2
2 𝐾 𝑊
𝑉𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( √( ) ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
𝜌∞ 𝐶𝐷,0 𝑆

1
2
2 0.1074
=( √( ) (143.5)cos(9.6))
0.002377 0.018

𝑽𝜽𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟓𝟑𝟖. 𝟑 𝒇𝒕/s

2.12.3. Rate of climb

3 3
𝑍 = 1 + √1 + = 1 + √1 + = 2.1655
𝐿 2 𝑇 2 (11.37)2 (0.2547)2
( ) ( )
𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑊

1 3
(𝑊 ⁄𝑆)𝑍 2 𝑇 2 𝑍 3
(𝑅 ⁄𝐶 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 =[ ] ( ) [1 − − ]
3𝜌∞ 𝐶𝐷,𝑜 𝑊 6 𝐿 2
2(𝑇⁄𝑊 )2 (𝐷) 𝑍
𝑚𝑎𝑥

1
143.5 ∗ 2.165 2 3 2.1655 3
(𝑅 ⁄𝐶 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 =[ ] (0.2547)2 [1 − − ]
3 ∗ 0.002377 ∗ 0.018 6 2(0.2547)2 (11.7)2 2.167

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 BOEING 787-8

(𝑹⁄𝑪)𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 134.77 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

2.12.4. Velocity at rate of climb

1 1
(𝑇⁄𝑊 )(𝑊 ⁄𝑆)(𝑍) 2 (0.2547)(143.5)(2.167) 2
𝑽(𝑹⁄𝑪)𝒎𝒂𝒙 ={ } ={ }
3𝜌∞ 𝐶𝐷,𝑜 3 ∗ 0.002377 ∗ 0.018

= 𝟕𝟖𝟒 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

2.12.5. Graphical representation

Figure 2. 7 Rate of Climb

24
 BOEING 787-8

Hodograph:

Figure 2. 8 hodograph

25
 BOEING 787-8

2.13 Gliding (Unpowered) Flight

2.13.1. Minimum glide path angle at 35000 ft

1 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐿
=
(𝐷 ) 11.37
𝑚𝑎𝑥

1
𝜽𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟐𝟔°
13.10

2.13.2. Maximum range covered over ground at cruise altitude, 35000 ft

[𝑽( 𝑳 ) ] = 𝑽(𝑪𝑳⁄ = 𝟗𝟕𝟓 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

𝑫 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑪𝑫 )𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒕

1 1
(𝜌∞ )35000 𝑓𝑡 2 7.382 ∗ 10−4 2
[𝑽( 𝑳 ) ] = [ ] ∗ [𝑉( 𝐿 ) ] =[ ] ∗ 975
𝑫 𝒎𝒂𝒙 (𝜌∞ )𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.002377
𝒔𝒆𝒂 𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍 35000 𝑓𝑡

= 𝟑𝟎𝟐. 𝟖 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

2.13.3. Sink rate for minimum glide angle:

𝑽𝑽 = (𝑉∞ )𝜃𝑚𝑖𝑛 sin 𝜃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (975) sin(5.026) = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟒 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

2.13.4. Minimum sink rate

26
 BOEING 787-8

2(143.5)
(𝑽𝑽 )𝒎𝒊𝒏 = √ = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟐𝟏 𝒇𝒕/𝒔
(7.382 ∗ 10−4 )(8.29)2

2.14 Minimum Time To Climb The Cruise Altitude At 35000 Ft

3
𝑍 = 1 + √1 + = 2.469
(11.37)2 (0.1415)2

[(𝑅/𝐶)𝑚𝑎𝑥 ]35000 𝑓𝑡

1
(143.5)(2.416) 2 3 2.469 3
=[ −4
] (0.1415)2 [1 − − ]
3(7.382 ∗ 10 )(0.018) 6 2(0.1415) (11.37)2 (2.469)
2

[(𝑅/𝐶)𝑚𝑎𝑥 ]35000 𝑓𝑡 = 61.66 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

𝑎 = 134.77 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

61.66 − 134.77
𝑏= = −2.088 ∗ 10−3 𝑠 −1
35000 − 0

1
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = [ln(𝑎 + 𝑏ℎ2 ) − ln 𝑎]
𝑏

1
= [ln(134.77 + (−2.088 ∗ 10−3 )(35000)) − ln 134.77 ]
−2.088 ∗ 10−3

𝒕𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟑𝟕𝟏. 𝟖 𝒔 ≈ 𝟔. 𝟏𝟗 𝒎𝒊𝒏

2.15 Maximum Range At 35000 Ft

1

2 2 𝐶𝐿2 1 1
𝑅= √ (𝑊𝑜 − 𝑊12 )
2
𝑐𝑡 𝜌∞ 𝑆 𝐶𝐷

27
 BOEING 787-8

2 2
𝑅= −4
√ ∗ 20.25 ∗ (√502500 − √281802)
1.466 ∗ 10 (7.382 ∗ 10−4 )(3501)

𝑹 = 7.7 ∗ 107 𝑓𝑡 = 𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒊

2.16 Maximum Endurance

1 𝐿 𝑊𝑜 1 502500
𝑬= 𝑙𝑛 = × 11.37 × 𝑙𝑛 = 44858 𝑠 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝒉
𝑐𝑡 𝐷 𝑊1 1.466x10−4 281802

3. ACCELERATED FLIGHT PERFORMANCE

3.1 Minimum Turning Radius At Sea Level

4𝐾 ∗ 𝑊/𝑆 4 ∗ 0.1074 ∗ 143.5

𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = =
4𝐾𝐶 4∗0.1074∗0.018
𝑔 ∗ 𝜌∞ ∗ 𝑇/𝑊√1 − (𝑇⁄𝑊𝐷,𝑜
)2
32.2 ∗ 0.002377 ∗ 0.2547√1 − 0.25472

𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 3369𝑓𝑡

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 BOEING 787-8

4𝐾𝐶𝐷,𝑜 4 ∗ 0.1074 ∗ 0.018

𝑛𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √2 − = √2 − = 1.372
(𝑇⁄𝑊 )2 0.25472

4𝐾(𝑊 ⁄𝑆) 4 ∗ 0.1074 ∗ 143.5

(𝑉∞ )𝑅,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √ =√ = 319.2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝜌∞ (𝑇⁄𝑊 ) 0.002377 ∗ 0.2547

2𝑛 𝑊/𝑆 2 ∗ 1.372 ∗ 143.5

𝐶𝐿 = 2
= = 1.625
𝜌∞ 𝑉 0.002377(319.2)2

This value is way beyond the assumed value of 𝐶𝐿 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.239

Therefore from the graph 𝑉𝐴 = 426 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 and 𝑛𝐴 = 1.862

(𝑉𝐴 )2 (426)2
𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏 = = = 𝟑𝟓𝟖𝟗 𝒇𝒕
𝑔√𝑛𝐴2 − 1 32.2√1.8622 − 1

3.2 Maximum Turn Rate, And Corresponding Load Factor And Velocity

1⁄ 1⁄
𝜌∞ 𝑇 ∕ 𝑊 𝐶𝐷,0 2 0.002377 0.2547 0.018 2
𝝎𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑔√ [ −( ) ] = 32.2√ [ −( ) ]
𝑊 ∕ 𝑆 2𝐾 𝐾 143.5 2 ∗ 0.1074 0.1074

= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟕 𝐫𝐚𝐝/𝐬 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟕𝟔 𝐝𝐞𝐠/𝐬

𝑇/𝑊 0.2547
𝒏𝝎𝒎𝒂𝒙 = √ − 1 = √ − 1 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐
(𝐾𝐶𝐷,0 )1/2 (0.1074 ∗ 0.018)1/2

1⁄2 1⁄4 1⁄2

2(𝑊 ⁄𝑆) 𝐾 2(143.5) 0.1074 1⁄4
(𝑽∞ )𝝎𝒎𝒂𝒙 =[ ] ( ) =[ ] ( ) = 𝟔𝟐𝟓. 𝟔 𝒇𝒕/𝒔
𝜌∞ 𝐶𝐷,𝑂 0.002377 0.018

2
𝑔√𝑛𝜔 −1
𝑚𝑎𝑥 32.2√2.122 − 1
𝝎𝐦𝐚𝐱 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟔 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟏𝟑 𝒅𝒆𝒈/𝒔
(𝑉∞ )𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 625.6

29
 BOEING 787-8

3.3 Pull Up Manoeuvre

𝑉𝐴2 (426)2
𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏 = = = 𝟔𝟓𝟑𝟖 𝒇𝒕
𝑔(𝑛𝐴 − 1) 32.2(1.862 − 1)

𝑔(𝑛𝐴 − 1) 32.2(1.862 − 1)
𝝎𝒎𝒂𝒙 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟔 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
𝑉𝐴 426

3.4 Pull Down Manoeuvre

𝑉𝐴2 (426)2
𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏 = = = 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟗 𝒇𝒕
𝑔(𝑛𝐴 + 1) 32.2(1.862 + 1)

𝑔(𝑛𝐴 + 1) 32.2(1.862 + 1)
𝝎𝒎𝒂𝒙 = = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔
𝑉𝐴 426

3.5 Corner Velocity

2𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑊/𝑆 2(4.5) ∗ 143.5

𝑽∗ = √ =√ = 𝟔𝟔𝟐. 𝟐 𝒇𝒕/𝒔
𝜌∞ (𝐶𝐿 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.002377 ∗ 1.239

30
 BOEING 787-8

3.6 V-n Diagram

Figure 3. 1 Vn diagram

3.7 Energy Height

1 2 (792) 2
𝑯𝒆 = ℎ + 𝑉 = 35000 + = 𝟒𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟎 𝒇𝒕
2𝑔 ∞ 2(32.2)

3.8 Specific Excess Power

Figure 3. 2 specific excess power curve

31
 BOEING 787-8

Figure 3. 3 specific power at different heights

3.9 Take Off Performance

Figure 3. 4 takeoff performance

3.9.1. Lift-Off Velocity

Boeing787-8 has hingetypeflapswithslats. Itssweepangleis32.2o

32
 BOEING 787-8

Accordingtoit𝐶𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 for take-offisgiven as 𝐶𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 1.91

2 𝑊 1 2 1
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙 = √ =√ (143.5) = 251.4 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝜌∞ 𝑆 𝐶𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑓 0.002377 (1.91)

𝒇𝒕
𝑽𝑳𝑶 = 1.1𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 1.1(251.4 ) = 𝟐𝟕𝟔. 𝟓
𝒔

3.9.2. Calculation of T

𝑓𝑡
𝑉∞ = 0.7𝑉𝐿𝑂 = (0.7)(276.5) = 193.6 = 59.01 𝑚/𝑠
𝑠

k1*= 560000N

k2*= 430.21 N.s/m

k3*= 0.225819 N.s/m2

𝑍 = 𝑘1∗ + 𝑘2∗ 𝑉∞ + 𝑘3∗ 𝑉∞2 = 560000 + 430.21(59.01 ) + 0.225819(59.01)2

𝑻 = 586173 𝑁 = 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒇𝒕

3.9.3. Calculation of 𝑲𝑻

𝜇𝑟 = 0.04

𝑇 131777
𝑲𝑻 = − 𝜇𝑟 = − 0.04 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑊 502500

3.9.4. Calculation of zero lift drag coefficient

𝑊 4.448 𝑁 𝑁
= 143.5 ∗ = 6870.5
𝑆 (0.3048 𝑚)2 𝑚2

𝑚 = 502500 ∗ 0.4536 = 227934 𝑘𝑔

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 BOEING 787-8

𝐾𝑢𝑐 = 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑝 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 4.49 × 10−5

𝑊
∆𝑪𝑫,𝟎 = 𝐾 𝑚−0.215 = (6870.5)(4.49 × 10−5 )(227934)−0.215 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟕𝟒
𝑆 𝑢𝑐

3.9.5. Calculation of G

ℎ = 15.54 𝑓𝑡

𝑏 = 197.25 𝑓𝑡

16(15.54) 2
(16ℎ/𝑏)2 ( )
197.25
𝑮= = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑𝟕
1 + (16ℎ/𝑏)2 16(15.54) 2
1+( )
197.25

3.9.6. Calculation of 𝑲𝑨

𝑘3 = 0.08054

𝑘1 = 0.02685

𝑘2 = 0

𝜌∞
𝐾𝐴 = − [𝐶 + ∆𝐶𝐷,0 + (𝑘1 + 𝐺𝑘3 )𝐶𝐿2 − 𝜇𝑟 𝐶𝐿 ]
2(𝑊/𝑆) 𝐷,0

0.002377
𝐾𝐴 = − [0.01356 + 0.02174 + (0.02685 + (0.6137)0.08054)(0.1)2
2(143.5)

− (0.04)(0.1)]

𝑲𝑨 = −𝟐. 𝟔𝟓𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕

34
 BOEING 787-8

3.9.7. Ground roll

1 𝐾𝐴 2
𝑠𝑔 = 𝑙𝑛 (1 + 𝑉 ) + 𝑁𝑉𝐿𝑂
2𝑔𝐾𝐴 𝐾𝑇 𝐿𝑂

1 −2.656 × 10−7
𝑠𝑔 = 𝑙𝑛 (1 + (276.5)2 ) + (3)(276.5)
2(32.2)(−2.656 × 10−7 ) 0.2222

𝑠𝑔 = 6432 𝑓𝑡

3.9.8. Approach distance

6.96(𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙 )2 6.96(251.4)2
𝑅= = = 13661 𝑓𝑡
𝑔 32.2

ℎ 35
𝜃𝑂𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1 − ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1 − ) = 4.102°
𝑅 13661

𝑠𝑎 = 𝑅 sin(𝜃𝑂𝐵 ) = (13661) sin(4.102) = 977.2 𝑓𝑡

3.9.9. Total take off distance

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒐𝒇𝒇𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝑠𝑔 + 𝑠𝑎 = 6432 + 977.2 = 𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟗. 𝟐𝒇𝒕

35
 BOEING 787-8

3.10 Landing performance

Figure 3. 5 landing performance

3.10.1. Flare velocity and touchdown velocity

Boeing787-8 uses hingetypeflapswithslats. Its sweepangleis32.2 o

Accordingtoit 𝐶𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 forlandingisgivenas 𝐶𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 2.66

2 𝑊 1 2 1
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙 = √ =√ (143.5) = 213.1 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝜌∞ 𝑆 𝐶𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 0.002377 2.66

𝑽𝒇 = 1.23𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 1.23(213.1 ) = 𝟐𝟔𝟐. 𝟏 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

𝑽𝑻𝑫 = 1.15𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 1.15(213.1 ) = 𝟐𝟒𝟓. 𝟏 𝒇𝒕/𝒔

36
 BOEING 787-8

3.10.2. Approach distance

𝑉𝑓2 (262.1 )2
𝑅= = = 10667 𝑓𝑡
0.2𝑔 0.2(32.2)

ℎ𝑓 = 𝑅(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑎 ) = 10667(1 − cos 3) = 14.62 𝑓𝑡

50 − ℎ𝑓 50 − 14.62
𝒔𝒂 = = = 𝟔𝟕𝟓. 𝟏 𝒇𝒕
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑎 tan(3)

3.10.3. Flare distance

𝒔𝒇 = 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑓 = 10667 sin(3) = 𝟓𝟓𝟖. 𝟒 𝒇𝒕

3.10.4. Calculation of 𝑱𝑻

𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝑱𝑻 ≡ + 𝜇𝑟 = 0 + 0.4 = 𝟎. 𝟒
𝑊

3.10.5. Calculation of zero lift drag coeeficient

𝐾𝑢𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 3.16 × 10−5

𝑊
∆𝐶𝐷,0 = 𝐾 𝑚−0.215 = (6870.5)(3.16 × 10−5 )(227934)−0.215 = 0.01530
𝑆 𝑢𝑐

37
 BOEING 787-8

3.10.6. Calculation of 𝑱𝑨

𝜌∞
𝐽𝐴 = [𝐶 + ∆𝐶𝐷,0 + (𝑘1 + 𝐺𝑘3 )𝐶𝐿2 − 𝜇𝑟 𝐶𝐿 ]
2(𝑊/𝑆) 𝐷,0

0.002377
𝐽𝐴 = [0.01356 + 0.01530 + (0.02685 + (0.6137)0.08054)(0.1)2 − (0.04)(0.1)]
2(143.5)

𝑱𝑨 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕

3.10.7. Ground roll

1 𝐽𝐴 2
𝑠𝑔 = 𝑁𝑉𝑇𝐷 + 𝑙𝑛 (1 + 𝑉𝑇𝐷 )
2𝑔𝐽𝐴 𝐽𝑇

1 2.122 × 10−7
𝑠𝑔 = (3)(245.1 ) + 𝑙𝑛 (1 + (245.1)2 )
2(32.2)(2.122 × 10−7 ) 0.4

𝒔𝒈 = 𝟑𝟎𝟑𝟏 𝒇𝒕

3.10.8. Total landing distance

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑳𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝑠𝑎 + 𝑠𝑓 + 𝑠𝑔 = 675.1 + 558.4 + 3031 = 𝟒𝟐𝟔𝟓 𝒇𝒕

38
 BOEING 787-8

CONCLUSION

We have analysed several different performance parameters in steady level flight and in

accelerated flight of Dassault Falcon 2000DX. We have performed calculations at sea level,

while the aircraft is cruising, landing, and takeoff. Two different approaches were used;

Graphical approach, and Analytical approach. In most of the conditions both approaches

showed same results.

39
 BOEING 787-8

REFERENCES

[ “Boeing,” [Online]. Available: https://www.boeing.com/commercial/787/. [Accessed 5 November

1 2019].
]

[ “boeing dreamliner,” [Online]. Available: https://qz.com/41723/boeings-dreamliner-a-short-history-

2 of-a-long-troubled-aircraft/. [Accessed 5 november 2019].
]

[ “modern airliners,” [Online]. Available: http://www.modernairliners.com/boeing-787-

3 dreamliner/boeing-787-dreamliner-
] specs/#:~:text=Boeing%20787%20Dreamliner%20Specs%20Table&text=136.7%20m3%20(4%2C826%2
0cu%20ft,(96%C3%97125)%20pallets.. [Accessed 5 november 2019].

[ “boeing 787 900,” [Online]. Available:

4 https://www.google.com/search?q=boeing+787+4+view+drawing&sxsrf=ACYBGNRVlZzETD6NIyq6SjN
] waUW0cWLjig:1572987713185&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=FjePJGGffTWEuM%253A%252Cm4B
86sYj0arx4M%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kSaMj65-
zijvCzQdPk7ZIXOBV2obg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjH8ITv. [Accessed 5 november 2019].

40
 BOEING 787-8

APPENDIX

L/D vs Velocity at cruise altitude

den = 0.00061608;
W = 41000;
S = 527;
CD0 = 0.0237;
K = 0.0669;
V = 200:1:1800;
for i = 1:1601
a(1,i) = (den*(V(1,i).^2)*CD0)/(2*W/S);
b(1,i) = (2*K*W)/(den*(V(1,i).^2)*S);
x(1,i) = a(1,i)+ b(1,i);
y(1,i) = 1/x(1,i);
end
plot(V,y)
hold on
xlabel('Velocity ft/s')
ylabel('L/D')
grid on
title('L/D variation with velocity at cruise altitude (39,000 ft)')
Thrust vs Velocity
den=0.00061608;

TR
W=502500;
S=3501;
p=0.0007382; %density at 30,000ft
Cdo=0.01356;
K=0.1074;
const1=(2*W)/(p*S);
const2=(0.5*p*S);
const3=(2*W)/(p*S);
const4=(0.5*p*S);
V=200:1:1200;
Cl=const1.*(1./(V.^2));
Cd=Cdo+((Cl.^2).*k);
Tr=const2*Cd.*(V.^2); %thrust required at sea level
plot(V,Tr)

Aero Parameters
W=502500;
S=3501;
p=0.0007382;
Cdo=0.018;
K=0.1074;
const=(2*W)/(p*S);

41
 BOEING 787-8

const2=(0.5*p*S);
V=0:1:1000;
Cl=const.*(1./(V.^2));
Cd=Cdo+((Cl.^2).*k);
LDratio=Cl./Cd;
L32=(Cl.^(3/2));
L32D=(L32./(Cd));
L12=Cl.^(1/2);
L12D=L12./Cd;
plot(V,LDratio)
hold on
plot(V,L32D)
plot(V,L12D)

Power required
W=502500;
S=3501;
p=0.0007382;
Cdo=0.018;
k=0.1074;
const1=(2*W)/(p*S);
const2=(0.5*p*S);
const3=(2*W)/(p*S);
const4=(0.5*p*S);
V=200:1:1200;
Cl2=const3.*(1./(V.^2));
Cd2=Cdo+((Cl2.^2).*k);
Tr2=const4*Cd2.*(V.^2);
Pr2=Tr2.*V;
HPr2=Pr2./550; %at 30,000ft
plot (V,HPr2,'k')
xlabel('Velocity (ft/s)');
ylabel('Horsepower Required (hp)');
title ('Power Required');

Power required and power available

W=502500;
S=3501;
p=0.002377;
p2=0.0007382;
k=0.1074;
Cdo=0.018;
Ta2=39606;
const3=(2*W)/(p2*S);
const4=(0.5*p2*S);
V=200:1:1800;
Pa2=Ta2.*V;
HPa2=Pa2./550;
Cl2=const3.*(1./(V.^2));
Cd2=Cdo+((Cl2.^2).*k);
Tr2=const4*Cd2.*(V.^2);
Pr2=Tr2.*V;

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 BOEING 787-8

HPr2=Pr2./550; %at 30,000ft

plot(V,HPa2);
hold on
plot (V,HPr2,'g')
xlabel('Velocity (ft/s)')
ylabel('Horsepower Required')
legend('Pa','Pr')

ROC
W=502500;
S=3501;
p2=0.0007038;
Cdo=0.018;
K=0.1074;
Ta2=156900; %thrust available at 30,000ft
const3=(2*W)/(p2*S);
const4=(0.5*p2*S);
V=500:1:1300;
Pa2=Ta2.*V; %power available
Cl2=const3.*(1./(V.^2));
Cd2=Cdo+((Cl2.^2).*k);
Tr2=const4*Cd2.*(V.^2);
Pr2=Tr2.*V; %power required
ROC=(Pa2-Pr2)./W;
VH=sqrt(V.^2 - ROC.^2);
plot(VH,ROC)
hold on
xlabel('Horizontal Velocity Component (ft/s)')
ylabel('Vertical Velocity Component (ft/s)')

VN Diagram
clc
rhos=0.002377;
W=502500;
S=3501;
Cdo=0.018;
K=0.1074;
WS=143.5;
T_W=0.2661
clmax=1.239;
V=0:1:400 ;
q=0.5*rhos.*V.^(2);
nmaxdc=sqrt((q./(K*WS)).*((T_W-q.*(Cdo/WS))))
plot(V,nmaxdc)
hold on
nmaxcl=q.*(clmax/WS);
plot(V, nmaxcl)
hold on
V=400:1:1200;
q=0.5*rhos.*V.^(2);
nmaxdc=sqrt((q./(K*WS)).*((T_W-q.*(Cdo/WS))));
plot(V,nmaxdc)
hold on

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 BOEING 787-8

Time to climb

V=400:1:500;
q=0.5*rhos.*V.^(2);0
nmaxcl=q.*(clmax/WS);
plot(V, nmaxcl)
hold on

W=502500
S=3501;
rho=0.7382;
Cdo=0.018;
K=0.1074;
Ta=64000;
TbyW=Ta/W;
WL=W/S;
tm=0;
LbyD_max=sqrt(1/(4*Cdo*K));
Z=1+sqrt(1+(3/((LbyD_max^2)*(TbyW^2))));
altitude=[0 609.6 1219.2 1828.8 2438.4 3048 3657.6 4267.2 4876.8 5486.4 6096 6705.6 7315.2 7924.8 8534.4
9144];
rho=[1.23 1.1549 1.0879 1.0239 0.9629 0.9046 0.8491 0.7963 0.7460 0.6981 0.6527 0.6095 0.5686 0.5298 0.4931
0.4583];
roc_max=[1:1:16];
V_roc_max=[1:1:16];
TbyW_with_altitude=[1:1:16];
delta_h_by_roc=[1:1:16];
delta_h=609.6;
for i=1:16
TabyW_with_altitude(i) = (Ta * (rho(i)/rho_SL)^0.6)/W;
roc_max(i)=(sqrt((WL*Z)/(3*rho(i)*Cdo)))*((TabyW_with_altitude(i))^(3/2))*(1-(Z/6)-
(3/(2*(TabyW_with_altitude(i)^2)*(LbyD_max^2)*Z)));
delta_h_by_roc(i)=delta_h/roc_max(i)
tm=tm+delta_h_by_roc(i);
end
tmin=tm
tmin_min=tmin/60

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 BOEING 787-8

Rate of clmb
W W=502500;
S=3501;
rho=0.7382;
Cdo=0.018;
K=0.1074;
Ta=64000;
Ta_by_W_max=Ta/W;
WL=W/S;

% part a
V=[50:1:600];
Tr=[50:1:600];
Pr=[50:1:600];
hpr=[50:1:600];
pa=[50:1:600];
hpa=[50:1:600];
roc=[50:1:600];
for i=1:550
Cl=(2*W)/(rho_SL*S*(V(i)^2));
Cd=Cdo+K*(Cl^2);
Tr(i)=0.5*rho_SL*S*Cd*(V(i)^2);
Pr(i)=Tr(i)*V(i);
pa(i)=Ta*V(i);
roc(i)=(pa(i)-Pr(i))/W;
end
plot(V,roc)
% part b
LbyD_max=sqrt(1/(4*Cdo*K));
TbyW=Ta_by_W_max;
theta_max=asind(TbyW-(1/LbyD_max))
V_theta_max = sqrt ((2/rho_SL)*sqrt(K/Cdo)*WL*cosd(theta_max))
Z=1+sqrt(1+(3/((LbyD_max^2)*(TbyW^2))))
roc_max=sqrt((WL*Z)/(3*rho_SL*Cdo))*((TbyW)^(3/2))*(1-(Z/6)-(3/(2*(TbyW^2)*(LbyD_max^2)*Z)))
V_roc_max= sqrt ( (TbyW*WL*Z) /(3*rho_SL*Cdo) )

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 BOEING 787-8

Altitude vs Mach Graph

W = 502500;
S = 3501;
k = 0.1074;
Cdo = 0.018
Tao =64000;
rho1 = 0.002377;
g = 32.2;

%rho=[2.377 2.111 1.868 1.648 1.448 1.267 1.104 0.958 0.827 0.710 0.587 0.489 0.400 0.330 0.273 0.225 0.186
0.153 0.127]*0.001;
rho=[0.002377 0.002111 0.001868 0.001648 0.001448 0.001267 0.001104 0.0009580 0.0008270 0.0007102
0.000587 0.000489 0.000400];
[M,rho]=meshgrid(0:0.03:1.2,rho)

%T=[519 504 490 476 462 447 433 419 405 391 390 390 390 390 390 390 390 390 390];
T=[519 504 490 476 462 447 433 419 405 391 390 390 390];
[M,T]=meshgrid(0:0.03:1.2,T)

[M,h] = meshgrid(0:0.03:1.2,0:4000:48000);

speed_sound = sqrt((1.4)*1716.*(T));
V = speed_sound.*M;
Ta_alt = (Tao).*((rho/rho1).^1);
Pa_alt = Ta_alt.*V;
Cl = ((2*W)./(rho.*S.*(V.^2)));
Cd = 0.022 + (0.065.*(Cl.^2));
Tr_alt = (0.5.*rho.*S).*Cd.*(V.^2);
Pr_alt = Tr_alt.*V;
Ps = (Pa_alt-Pr_alt)./W;
He = h + ((V.^2)./(2*g));

[a,b]=contour(M,h,He,[0:4000:70000]);
hold on

[C,h] = contour(M,h,Ps,[0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150]);

clabel(C,h);

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BOEING 787-8

47