इंटरनेट मानक

Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.

“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”

Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru
“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”

IS 3873 (1993): Laying cement concrete/stone slab lining on

canals - Code of practice [WRD 13: Canals and Cross
Drainage Works]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता ह”

है”
ह
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
 IS 3873 : 1893
REAFFIRMED
~/ 1nnl

~ ~ ~G Cfim/~~ ~ m ~ 3ffif~
~T--URr~
( F''U ~~Q( )

Indian Standard
LAYING .CEMENT CONCRETE/STONE SLAB
LINING ON CANALS - CODE OF PRACTICE
( Second Revision)

UDC 626·823-914: 006

I) DIS 1993

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAIC BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARO
NEW DELHI 110002
~:? ",'

July 1993 Prlee G....,4

 AMENDMENT NO. 1 SEPTEMBER 200~
TO
IS 3873: 1993 LAYING OF CEMENT CONCRETFJ
STONE SLAB LINING ON CANALS - CODE OF
PRACfICE
( SecorulRnUIon)

( Ptlge 1, cloue 2, References ) - Insert the fol1owill8 It the appmprilte

place:'
CIS 9698: 1995 UniDg of Clnals with polyethyleae film - Code of praclice
, (flnl ~ision)'

( P4,e 4, claUM! 5.5, J'GrG 1, lina 26 to 30 ) - Substitute 'For )Iying of

polyetbyleDC film., lefc~nce may2be made to IS 9698t for 'The fonowing
properties _.••.••••••9.5 N/mm '.
( Page 4, Nole) - Delete.

(WRD13 )
 Irrigation Canals and Canal Linings Sectional Committee RVD 13

FOREWORD
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by
the Irrigation Canals and Canal Linings Sectional Committee had been approved by the River
Valley Division Council.
This standard was first published in 1966 and subsequently reviled in 1978. This second revision
has been made in view of the experience gained during the course of these years in use of this
standard. In this revision the scope of standard has been enlarged so as to cover precast cement'
concrete tiles/stone slabs. The text has been updated by making reference to latest version of
standards.
• J Lining of canals is considered an important feature of irrigation projects as it not only
minimizes the loss of water due to seepage but also results in achieving considerable economy in
the use of cultivable land which would otherwise be prone to waterlogging due to rise in water
table. Further, the water thus saved can be usefully employed for the extension and improve-
ment of irrigation facilities. Lining of water courses in the area irrigated by tube wells assumes
special significance as the pumped water supply is relatively more costly.
Lining of canals permits the adoption of high velocities resulting in proportionate savings of the
cross-sectional areas of the channel and land width required with corresponding saving in the
cost of excavation and masonry work, which may in certain cases offset completely the extra
. cost of lining. Also, the lining ensures stability of channel sections thereby reducing the
maintenance cost. Lining of canals in erodible soils helps in maintaining regime. Lining prevents
rodents and other burrowing animals from digging holes in the embankments and causing canal
breaches. The benefits that accrue from lining canals generally justify the initial capital cost and
because of this there is now better appreciation of the need for lining on canals.
Judicious selection of serviceable and economical lining at the first instance and subsequently
proper execution of the work while laying the canal lining reflects considerably in achieving
overall economy in the project. Guidance with regard to the selection of canal lining for any
particular canal is given in IS 10430 : 1982 'Criteria for design of lined canals and guidelines
for selection of type of lining'. However, having once decided to adopt lining in any particular
canal, this standard would give necessary guidance in laying cement concrete ( cast In-situ and
precast) and stone slab lining.
 IS 3873 : 1993

Indian Standard
LAYING CEMENT CONCRETE/STONE SLAB
LINING ON CANALS - CODE OF PRACTICE
( Second Revision)
1 SCOPE 3.2 Consolidation
This standard covers lining on canals using The gradual reduction in volume of a soil
plain cement concrete in-situ/precast and stone resulting from an increase in compressive
slabs. stresses.
2 REFERENCES 3.3 Construction Joint
The Indian Standards listed below are necessary A joint occurring in a structure composed of
adjuncts to this standard: homogeneous material, such as earth or con-
IS No. Title crete, along a plane or surface formed by
cessation of placing of material for a time, such
456 : 1978 Code of practice for plain and as overnight or for several days.
reinforced concrete (third
revision) 3.4 Expansion Joint
1128 : 1974 Specification for linestone A joint provided in exposed members between
( slabs and tiles) (first revision) fixed points to permit vertical movement where
2720 Methods of test for soils: differential settlement is anticipated.
( Part 7 ) : 1980 Part 7 Determination of water 3.5 Lip Cutting
content--dry density relation
using light compaction ( second Cutting of the extra width provided at the inner
revision) face of the bank under compaction to allow for
any lapses in compaction due to the inability of
3384 : 1985 Specification for bitumen sheep-foot rollers to cover the edge of the bank
primer for use in waterproof- resulting from the safe limits set by different
ing and damp-proofing (first operators of compaction machinery.
revision)
3.6 Slip..l.orm
3622 : 1977 Specification for sandstone
(slabs and tiles) (first revision) A steel plate provided at the leading edge of the
4558 : 1983 Code of practice for under- slip-form machine, extending across the bottom
drainage of lined canals (first and up the slopes of the canals to form the
revision) finished surface of the lining.
9451 : 1985 Guidelines for lining of canals 3.7 Subgrade
in expansive soils (first revision) Specially prepared canal profile for placement
10430 ; 1982 Criteria for design of lined of lining.
canals and guidelines for
selection of lining 4 PREPARATION OF SUBGRADE
4.1 Expansive Soils
10466 : 1991 Specification for precast
cement concrete tiles for canal The detailed position in this regard is given in
lining (first revision) IS 9451 : 1985.
4.1.1 If the expansive clay is in thin layers or
3 TERMINOLOGY in small pockets in an otherwise suitable
3.0 For the purpose of this standard, the subgrade it should be over-excavated and
following definitions shall apply. replaced with a suitable non-expansive soil and
compacted suitably.
3.1 Compaction
4.2 Preparation of Subgradc Consisting of Rock
The densification of a soil by means of The subgrade in rock should be excavated
mechanical manipulation. to the required cross section. Over excavation

1
IS 3873 : 1993
in rock is generally unavoidable and should be
minimized by using wedging and barring
methods, for final dressing.
4.2.1 Over-excavation in hard strata having
side slopes more than 1 : 1 beyond the profile
line may be backfilled with gravel and aggregate,
large aggregate forming the bulk of backfill
with smaller aggregate filling the voids and a
layer of pea gravel as binding material. The bed
may then be compacted with road rollers and
sides with rammers to form a firm backing for
the lining.
For over excavation in hard strata having side
slope less than 1 : 1, beyond the profile, the
backfilling may be suitably done with chip
masonry or lean concrete. However, for bed the
backfilling may be done with properly compac-
ted murum. Over excavation up to 5 em may be
backfilled. If over excavation is up to 10 cm
lean concrete may be used. Beyond 10 cm
backfilling with chip masonry is preferable.
4.2.2 For slip-form paving, over excavation up
to 10 to 15 cm may be required. Such over-
excavation may be backfilled with selected
material and compacted at optimum moisture.
The material selected should be machine
trimmable and be gravel/stone-free earth.
4.2.3 Tolerance in Excavation
Excavated profile provides the final base for the
lining and the tolerance should be comparable
to those required for paving.
Departure from established alignment:
± 20 mm on straight section,
± 50 mm 011 tangents, and
± 100 mm on curves.
Departure from established grade:
± 20 mm.
4.3 Preparation of Subgrade Consisting of Soil
The subgrade should be prepared, dressed and
rolled true to level and according to the requi-
red cross-section of the canal to form a firm
compacted subgrade for the lining.
4.3.1 In other than predominantly sandy
reaches where the dry bulk density of the
natural soil is not less than 1·8 g/cm8 , initial
excavation should be done up to about 30 em
above the final section and the cutting to final
shape should be done immediately before
lining.
4.3.2 For checking the uniformity of side slopes,
sample proftles at an interval of about 20 m, in
straight reaches and 10 m in curved reaches
should be made. Concrete templates of suit-
able size should be laid on the sample profiles.
To begin with the top and bottom of the side
templates should be fixed with reference to the
2
established centre line of the canal and the
corresponding design levels. For verifying the
slope of the templates representing the sample
profiles the diagonals of the cross-section of
canal, between the two opposite side templates
are checked. After laying the templates to the
correct profile a cord should be stretched over
the two templates (representing the same
profiles) and run along the slope till the surface
between the two profiles is properly levelled
and dressed from top to bottom.
4.3.3 [f at any point material of prepared sub-
grade has been excavated, beyond the neat
lines required to receive lining, the excess
excavation should be filled with graded filter
material compatible with subgrade material and
thoroughly compacted in accordance with 4.3.5
and 4.3.6.
~.3.3.1 When partial filling of an existing canal
IS necessary to adequately reduce the cross-
sectional area to that required for lined canal,
the fill should be placed and suitably compacted
to avoid its settlement and rupture of the lining.
4.~.4 To cover up any lapses in the compaction
of the inner core of the banks near the edges
and to allow sufficient width for a labourer to
work conveniently a lip cutting width of not less
than SO em horizontally should be provided.
Depending upon the nature of soil and the side
slo~es of the canal, the lip cutting width may
be In the range of 50 to 100 em. For canals in
embankment it should be ensured that one
monsoon is passed for proper consolidation
before lining is done.
4.3.5 Compaction of Subgrade Predominantly
Sandy Reaches
4.3.5.1 Bed
The compaction of the bed should be done by
over-saturating the bed by flooding it with water
before lining is laid.
4.3.5.2 Sides
The compaction of sides should be done by
over-cutting the subgrade by 15 em and
refilling it with lean mortar with adequate
quantities of lime or cement or by vibro-
compactors.
4.3.6 Compaction of Subgrade in Other than
Predominantly Sandy Reaches
All compaction should be done at optimum
moisture content in layers not more than 15
em thick to obtain a dry bulk densi ty of not
less than 95 percent of the density at optimum
moisture content obtained in accordance with
IS 2720 ( Part 7 ) : 1980.
4.3.6.1 Where the dry bulk density of the
natural soil is equal to or more than 1·8 g/em s,

the procedure described in 4.3.1 should be
followed.
4.3.6.2 Bed
Where the dry bulk density of the natural soil
is less than 1·8 g/cm 3 and the subsoil water is
near the subgrade, the consolidation should be
done by under cutting the bed by 7·5 em and
then ploughing up to 15 em below the sub-
grade level. The loosened soil should then be
recompacted with sheep foot rollers or other
suitable devices.
Where the subsoil water is low, requiring no
dewatering and the dry bulk density of the
natural soil is less than 1·8 g/cm8 , the consoli-
dation should be . done by digging the canal up
to subgrade level and after loosening the earth
below subgrade up to 15 em by disc harrows,
or ploughing and compacting the same to a
depth of 11 em. After that, the second layer
of IS em of earth should be laid over the
compacted layer by taking earth from lip cut-
ting and compacting this to a depth of 11 em.
The compacted layer of 7 em above the sub-
grade level should be removed and the subgrade
brought to design profile before laying the
lining,
4.3.6.3 Sides
Consolidation on sides should be done, by
manual labour or suitable compactors to a
depth of 30 em to obtain a minimum dry bulk
density of not less than 90 percent of the
density at optimum moisture content.
4.4 1JnderdrainaRe
For a lined canal where the ground water level
is higher or likely to be higher than water level
inside the canal so as to cause damaging differ-
ential pressure on the linings; or where the
subgrade is sufficiently impermeable to prevent
free drainage of the underside of lining in case
of rapid draw down, underdrainage should be
provided in accordance with IS 4558 : 1983.
4.5 Anti-salt Treatment
Soil in all reaches should be tested for salt
content before the lining is started. Where
the salt content is over 1·00 percent or sodium
sulphate is over 0·36 percent, the subgrade
should be first covered wi th about 2 mm thick
layer of bitumen obtained by evenly spraying
bitumen at a rate of about 2·35 kg/mi. To get
a good bond between bitumen and soil, crude
oil at a rate of 60·5 lit/m" should be sprayed
over it in advance of spraying bitumen. In
case such a situation is encountered only in
small packets the replacement of subgrade up
to a suitable depth by suitable earth from
adjoining reaches should be considered, if
economical.
3
IS 3873 : 1993
4.5.1 Before spraying crude oil, subgrade should
be perfectly dry, clean and free from dirt. and
crude oil should be allowed to penetrate the
subgrade surface. Bitumen should be heated
to a temperature of 175°C and appiled to the
subgrade by a suitable sprayer. Immediately
following the application of bitumen, dry sand
should be uniformly spread. Lining should be
started 6-12 hours after spraying.
5 LAYING OF IN-SITU CONCRETE LINING
S.O The concrete used for lining should be
design mlx concrete of grade M 10 or M 15 and
should conform to requirement of IS 456:
1978.
• I. • • , ••••
S.1 Slump
For hand-placing and for placing with light
machines where concrete is screeded from
bottom to the top of the slope, the consistency
should be such that the concrete will barely
stay on the slope. A slump of 60 to 70 mm
should be generally allowed. For heavier,
longitudinally operating slip-form machines, a
slump of 50 mm at the laying point should be
used. To have a close control of consistency
and workability of the concrete, the slumps of
concrete should not vary more than 20 mm
which would, otherwise, interfere with the
progress and quality of the work.
5.2 Thickness
The thickness of lining should be fixed depend-
ing upon the nature of the canal requirement,
namely, hydel channel or irrigation channel,
full supply depth and channel capacity. Hydel
channel should have a greater thickness than
channels meant for irrigation because of draw-
down effects and where closure for repairs
may not be usual. Deeper channels should have
greater thickness than shallow depth channels.
Minimum thickness of canal lining based on
canal capacities are given in Table 1.
Table 1 Thickness of In-Situ Concrete Lining
Capacity of Depth of Thickneu of
Canal Water Lining
(I) (2) (3)
(cumecs j m mm
0-5 0-1 SO~60
5-50 1-2.S 60-75
50..200 2-5.4'5 75-100
200-300 4 5·6·5 90·100
300·700 6'5-9-0 120.150
NOTE - If surface deterioration in freezing climate
is expected, these thick.iesscs may be increased. The
lir.i.1g will not be subjected to external hydrostatic
ca I th pressures or uplift caused by expansive clays
or frost heave,
IS 3873 : 1993
5.3 Tolerance in Concrete Thickness, Alignment
and Grade
a) Departure from estab- ± 20 mm on stra-
lished alignment ight reaches
± 50 mm on par-
tial curves or
tangents
b) Departure from estab- ± 20 film on
lished grade small canals
c) Variation in concrete, ± 10 mm provi-
lining thickness ded average
thickness is not
less than speci-
fied thiokness
5.4 Mimi
Concrete should normally be mixed in a mecha-
nical mixer.
~.5 Placing ,
Placing of concrete should not be started until
all formwork, installation of parts to be embed-
ded and preparation of surfaces upon which
concrete is to be laid have been completed.
All absorptive surfaces against which concrete
is to be laid should be moistened thoroughly
so that moisture will not be withdrawn
from freshly placed concrete. The surfaces
however, should be free from standing water
and mud and 1: 3 cement slurry shall be
spread over the moist subgrade before placing
concrete to prevent absorption of water from
'concrete making it spongy. A plastic mem-
brane of low density polythene film of suitable
thickness may be used below the concrete lin-
ing in sides and in beds where the subgrade of
the lining is of pervious materials like murum
etc so as to prevent absorption of water in
sUbgrade from green concrete, during place-
ment on the subgrade. The approved film is to
be laid on the neatly w~J1 dressed subgrade, and
fixed in the subgrade so as to prevent displace-
ment during the placement of the concrete.
The use of polytheue sheets is for achieving
better ultimate imperviousness of the lining as
a whole. The following properties of L. D. P. E.
film are given as guidelines with deviation to
the extent of ( plus or minus) 10 percent.
1) Tensile strength 17·5 N/mml
2) Tear resistance 9·5 N/Jnm 2
NOTE - Till better materials are developed, use of
LOPE fllm of appropriate strength and resistance
against slippage of tunnel may be adopted as a second
line of defence against embankment failure and a~ a
seepage barrier parttcularly in high capacity
channels of relatively bigger depth.
In case fil ter material is to be pi ovided over
subgr adc to take care of differential .hydro~ta­
tic pressure and draw-down in canals, designs
of coarse filter material blanket immediately in
contact with lining would be necessary. To
make such filter blanket effective and to prevent
ingress of concrete into it, before placement of
concrete, polythene sheet should be placed over
the filter blanket. All concrete should be placed
directly in its' final position within 20 minutes
of mixing, Concrete should not be dropped
fr. m excessive height and free fall should be
kept to a minimum to avoid segregation.
Construction should be continued until satis-
factory construction joint is made. Concrete
should not be placed faster than the placing
crew can compact it properly.
5.5.1 Hand Placing
Hand placing of concrete should normally be
adopted where cheap labour is available.
5.5. t.l Depending upon the construction method
and arr.mgernent of concreting, the sequence of
placing concrete either on the sides or the bed
should be decided. It is preferable to place
concrete on the sides first if the concreting
equipment and the construction materials
like aggregate, sand etc, are kept on the ca!1al
bed. This will prevent the bed from getting
spoiled by the subsequent concreting opera-
tions for the sides. Other things being equal
placement for bed first should be preferred.
5 5.1.2 The concreting of the sides and bed
should be done in alternate panels. The panel
width should vary from 2 to 3 m. In no case
should the panel width exceed more than 3 m
as wider bays require unwieldy vibrators for
compaction. The constru~tion joints sh.ould. be
either parallel or perpendicular to the direction
of flow. In case the full supply depth is high,
construction joints along r'ie direction of flow
to divide the length of the panel should be
provided. For this purpose wooden rafters
should be used.
The succeeding panels should be laid at an
interval of one day. If the sloping length is less
than 2·5 to 3 metres, concrete should be placed
in one operation over the entire length. In case
of deeper canals where the sloping length is
more it should be suitably divided (say for a
length of about 2 metres) in each alternate
panel so as to prevent appreciable downward
flow of concrete.
The bays/panels should be formed by proper
form-work of M. S. channels laid all around the
bay. The channels should be firmly spiked to
the subgrade so that no movement takes place
4
 IS 3873 : 1993

at the time of concreting and vibration. The

depth of the. M. S. channels should correspond
to the required thickness of concrete lining.
The concrete should be dumped in the bay from
bottom to top and the n spread all over the
bay uniformly and to the required thickness ~_ 1 ..
guided by the channels. The spread concrete
should then be compacted properly and thorou- FlO. 1 SIDES CAST FiRST
ghly by means of mechanical or screed
vibrators. An improvised plate vibrator
operated by high horse power engine and a
winch for moving the vibrator up the inclined
slope should be made use of for proper com-
paction. When width of panel is less i, e. up to . ~- ....
;::r:r~_......,...""'1
2 m manual operation of vibrators is possible
and may be permitted. In no case the concrete FIG. 2 BEU CAST FIRST
should be compacted by tamping. The com- 5.5.2 Mechanical Placing 0.( Concrete
pacted surface should be true to the required
side slope. Before re-using the channel forms, Concrete for slip-form should be air entrained
they should be thoroughly cleaned and well to provide a m?re workable and slippable mix.
o!led .. Care should be taken, while placing and Percentage of air should be as follows:
vibrating the concrete that, the sub-grade in the
adjacent bays does not get spoiled. Maximum Aggregate Air, Percent
Size, mm by Volume
5.5.1.3 For bed lining the procedure for laying 10 8·0
the concrete on the canal beds should be same
as that for sid e lining except the operations
12·5 7·0
specifically required on sloping SUI faces. The 20 6·0
compaction should be done by m ans of a 25 5·0
heavy screed vibrator moving on the side 40 4·5
channels.
Air entraining agents win always be used in
5.5.1.4 In order to test the effectiveness of concrete by means of slip-form paving machine
vibration, permeability and strength of concret.e for entraining air.
cores at suitable places from the side as well as 5.5.2.1 Subgrade guided slip-form
from the bed concrete should be taken.
This should be used for lining small to moder-
5.~.1.5 Tn-situ sleepers in case of bed, and pre- ate size canals. The slip-form should be
cast in case of sides, should be provided under supported directly on the subgrade and operated
the joints. The sleepers should be 20 em wide lungitudinally along it, concrete should be
and 15 ern deep. The sleepers should be screcded on the bed along the canal and on the
placed centrally below the joint. Concrete sides from bottom to top.
used for sleepers should be of the same grade 5.5.2.2 Rail guided slip-form .
as for lining. Alternatively brick sleepers 225 x
150 mm with 1:4 mortar may be used. Con- They are adopted for larger canals of consider-
creting near the joints should be done with ing length. Slip-forms supported on rails placed
utmost care so as to avoid segregation and along both berms of the canals should be oper-
collection of loose pieces of aggregate along the ated longitudinally. Concrete should be spread
formwork which may later result in honey- uniformly on the bed longitudinally and on the
combing. sides from bottom to top.
5.6 Finishing
5.5.1.7 Concreting near the junction of the side
concrete and b d concreting should be done The SUI face of concrete finished against forms
such that both should rest firmly against each should be smooth and should be free from
other to resist any back-kick from external hy- projections, honeycombing and other objection-
drostatic forces ( see Pig. 1 and 2). The sketches able defects. Immediately on the removal of
indicate the procedure for formation or junction forms, all unsightly t idges or lips should be
of the sides with bed depending upon the removed and uidesirable local bulging on
sequence laying concrete i.e. sides first and exposed surfaces should be remedied by tooling
vice-versa. and rubbing. Repairs to concrete surfaces and

5
 IS 3873 : 1993

additions, where required, should be made by lining. The top surface of the key should be
cutting regular openings into the concrete finished with a downward slope of 1 in 10 or so
and placing fresh concrete to the required lines. towards the canal. A day after completion of
'The chipped openings should be sharp and concreting of all panels between two templates,
should not be less than 70 mm in depth. The concreting of key slab should be done.
fresh concrete should be reinforced with wire
mesh extending to the full depth of the slab and Concurrently with the curing operation, surface
chipped and trowelled to the surface of the drainage arrangement of the bank such as cons-
openings. The mortar should be placed in layers truction of keys, bank surface slope away from
not more than 20 mm in thickness after being the lining and construction of longitudinal drain
compacted and each layer should be compacted on the outer wedge shall be completed. This is
thoroughly. All exposed concrete surface should necessary to prevent surface and subgrade
be cleaned of impurities, Jumps of mortar or erosion and consequent damage to lining.
ta, grout and unsightly stains. S.' Joints
5.6.1 The concrete should be finished to an even 5.9.1 Expansion Joints
and smooth surface free from pockets, voids or
exposed aggregates. This should be obtained These should not be provided except where a
by careful use of a long-handled steel trowel. structure intersect is the canal. The details
Any remaining roughness or rough spots shall are given in relevant Indian Standards covering
be rendered smooth, without any time interval such structures.
after laying the concrete, with cement mortar
of 1 : 3 proportion. S.9.2 Construction Joints
S.7 Curing Construction joints form a weak link in the lining
and deterioration is generally noticed at such
Subsequent to laying of concrete lining and joints. Besides joints are potential seepage
after a period of 12 hours, the lining should be points for the canal water. As such, number of
cured for at least 28 days. joints should be kept to the minimum and great
5.7.1 Bed Lining care should be taken to obtain well compacted
and smooth concrete surface at joints. To
Twelve hours after laying of concrete, small ensure a good surface the shuttering should be
bunds longitudinal and cross-wise consisting of smooth, cleaned, well oiled and rigidly fixed at
earth materials or lean mortar ( I : 15 ) should site. Besides different mechanisms for compac-
be laid for 'U height of 8 em for the purpose of tion of concrete in lining, tamping with iron
curing. Water will be kept always ponded in bar near the joint surface gives better results.
these bunds for 28 days continuously.
To cater for initial shrinkage and cracks, con-
S.7.2 Side Lining creting should be done in alternate panels
The panel in which concreting is done the pre- or bays. The panel size for the bed and slope
vious day should be covered with burlap or of the canal should be adopted as given in 5.5.
empty cement gunny bags. 25 em wide L.D.P.E film of 150 micron thickness
should be placed on the top of sleepers, provid-
For the purpose of curing, water tank of 5 000 ed to support construction joints. The top of
litres capacity should be placed on a platform at film and side of panel should be applied with
the edge of service road at the rate of one printer conforming to IS 3384 : 1985. This sheet
for 500 m length of lining, which should be kept acts as an intercepter for seepage through the
filled with water, with arrangement of outlet joint. In case lining is laid by mechanical paver,
and flexible hose of at least 300 m length. PVC water stops are placed at joints along with
Water should be continuously sprinkled on the · the concreting. The water stops in such a case
gunny bags or hessian cloth keeping them wet should be provided at a spacing not more than 4
for 28 days. Sprinkling shall be done during metres centre to centre.
night time also. The curing of side slopes may be
done by constructing masonry drains with weep 6 LAYING OF PRECAST CONCREfE TILES/
boles or perforated pipes on the coping at the STONE SLAB LINING
top of lining or by sprinklers.
6.1 The tile should conform to IS 10646: 1991
5.8 Surface Drainage and stone slab to IS ) 128 : 1974 or IS 3622 :
1977 of length 0·45 to 0 90 em, width 0·45 m
The top of the side lining concrete should be and thickness 35 to 50 mm.
keyed into the subgrade both in cutting as well
as banking by taking it horizontally for a 6.1 The lining should be started only when at
width of about 300 mm, This key would prevent least 3S m length of canals subgrade is 'properly
direct entry of surface rain water behind the dressed to receive lining. The arrangement

6

for mortar and availability of sufficient number
of tiles/stone slabs should be ensured before
starting the work.
6.3 The subgrade should then be uniformly
soaked with water without making it slushy to
ensure that water penetrates to a depth of
about 300 mm in sandy soil and about 150 mm
in other soils. Wetting of subgrade should
continue in advance of laying of tiles so
that soil does not absorb moisture from the
mortar laid on the subgrade on laying the layer
of tiles.
6.4 Single tiles/stone slab profile of lining
parallel to central line of the canal should be
prepared at suitable intervals. Mortar ( 1 : 3 )
should uniformly be spread over subgrade for a
minimum thickness of 12 mm and the tiles
should be properly laid in position quickly. It
should be ensured that vertical joints are com-
pletely filled with mortar. The tiles should be
laid in bed with their lengths at right angles
to the central line of the canal while on the
other side slopes they should be laid parallel to
the central line.
Tiles should be firmly embedded in mortar.
Hollows, jf any, should be rectified by relaying
defective portion with fresh mortar. The tiles
should be laid over a minimum of 12 mm thick
cement mortar and having aggregate less than
6 rom to bring overall fineness modulus less
than 2. Hollow the joints should be raked and
pointed with the same mortar. The thickness
of joint should be 20 to 25 .mm.
6.5 Stone slabs should be firmly embedded in
mortar. Hollows if any should -be rectified by
relaying the defective portions with fresh
mortar.
7
IS 3873 : 1993
6.6 On completion of laying lining should
be kept wet by sprinkling water over it to
keep the mortar wetted. On the next day,
the surface should be kept wet and joints
should be carefully wetted. Hollow joints
should be raked to a depth of 12 rom, loose
mortar removed from sides and top of tiles/
stone slabs and the joints properly refilled.
Loose tiles/stone slab should be removed and
relaid.
6.8 The complete lining should be checked for
level with wooden templates and spirit levels.
7 SAFETY LADDERS
7.1 Safety ladders should be constructed in
canal lining as directed by the engineer-in-
charge.
7.1.1 Safety ladders consisting of ladder rungs
should be constructed in canal lining about 30 m
upstream of the point where the canal enters
some underground structure. In other reaches
safety ladders may be provided at a spacing of
about 300 m; the ladders being provided alter-
natively on either side.
7.1.2 Ladder rungs should be smooth, round
mild steel bars, galvanized or coated with
coaltar after installation.
7.2 Typical details of safety ladder are
illustrated in Fig. 3.
As an alternative to safety ladders steps of rise
150 mm, tread 300 m and 1 500 mm wide may be
provided in plain cement concrete of grade
M-IO at a spacing of 300 m centre to centre
( staggered) on either side of canal. Details of
the steps are illustrated in Fig. 4.
'IS 3873 : 1993

ENLARGED SECTION

All dimensions in millirnetres,

FIG.3 DETAILS OF SAFElY LADDERS

SIDE LrNING

RAIL

GUIOEWAl.L

I
I
I
I CANAL BED'
I

.,
I

I
. t. PLPE
CEMENT CONCRETE
gpANSION JOINT"
I
- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'
- - .... -- - - - _.... -- ----. - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - - -- --
.-. -.. ~ -. ~ ~ ~

All dimensionl in millimetres.

FlOe 4 DETAILS 0' STErS
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IS 7112 (2002): Criteria for Design of Cross-Section for

Unlined Canals in Alluvial Soil [WRD 13: Canals and Cross
Drainage Works]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

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ki
Is7112 :2002

(Reaffirmed-2012)

mpl

Indian Standard
CRITERIA FOR DESIGN OF CROSS-SECTION FOR
UNLINED CANALS IN ALLUVIAL SOIL
(First Revision)

ICS 93160

t’

0 BIS 2002
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

November 2002 Price Group 4

Canals and Cross Drainage Works Sectional Committee, WRD 13

FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (First Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized
by the Canals and Cross Drainage Works Sectional Committee had been approved by the Water Resources
Division Council.
Among the different types of terrain through which a canal may pass the most common one is the alluvial tract.
The cross-section of the canal in alluvial soil, therefore, needs to be designed on considerations of stable and
regime flow.
This standard was first published in 1973 deriving assistance from the following publications:
India Central Board of Irrigation and Power. Statistical design formulae for alluvial canal system,
1967,
Lacey (G). Sediment as factor in the design of unlined irrigation canals. General report on Q. 20 Sixth
Congress on Irrigation and Drainage, New Delhi, 1966. international Commission on Irrigation and
Drainage,
This revision of the standard has been taken up to incorporate the latest technological changes in this field as
well as to account for the experiences gained during the last three decades.
There is no 1S0 standard on the subject. This standard has been prepared based on indigenous data and taking
into consideration the practices prevalent in the field in India.
The composition of the Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given in Annex E.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value,
observed or calculated expressing the result of a test or analysis, should be rounded off in accordance with
IS 2:1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)’. The number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified vaIue in this standard.

Indian Standard
CRITERIA FOR DESIGN OF CROSS-SECTION FOR
UNLINED CANALS IN ALLUVIAL SOIL
(First Revision)
1 SCOPE
This standard covers criteria for design of cross-section
of unlined canals in alluvial soil.
2 REFERENCE
The following Indian Standard contains provisions
which through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this standard. At the time of publication,
the edition indicated was valid. All standards are
subject to revision, and parties to agreements based
on this standard are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent edition of the
standard indicated below:
IS No. Title
1S 5968:1987 Guide for planning and layout of
canals system for irrigation @t
revision)
3 DATA REQUIRED
3.1 The following data shall be collected for design of
canal sections:
a) Topographic map of area to a scale of
I : 10000 showing alignment of canal
communication lines (roads, railway, etc) and
other features. A contour interval of 2 m in
hilly areas and 0.3 m in plains is to be adopted
in the preparation of this map;
b) Longitudinal section of the ground along
the proposed alignment to a horizontal
scale of 1 : 10000 and vertical scale of
1 :100, showing the upstream water level
at point of offtake, bed slope, Lacey’s silt
factor ‘J’ or Manning’s Rugosity coefficient
‘n’, side slope assumed, velocity and depth,
the discharge for which the canal is to be
designed in various reaches, sub-soil
characteristics at every 5 km and also
wherever marked change is noticed, pre-
monsoon and post-monsoon ground water
levels, position of crossings (roads,
railways, drainage, etc) and position of
curves;
c) Cross-section of the ground at every km; and
d) Transmission losses.
1
IS 7112:2002
4 DESIGN
4.1 Having determined the canal capacity in various
reaches in accordance with IS 5968 the section
required to carry the design discharge shall be worked
out. A trapezoidal section is recommended for the
canal. From the longitudinal section of the ground
along the proposed alignment the average slope of the
ground shall be determined. This would be the
maximum average slope which can be provided on
the canal (for design slope see 4.8)
4.2 Side Slopes
These shall depend on the local soil characteristics
and shall be designed to withstand the following
conditions during the operation of the canal:
a) The sudden draw-down condition for inner
slopes, and
b) The canal running full with banks saturated
due to rainfall.
4.2.1 Canal in filling will generally have side slopes
of 1,5: 1, for canals in cutting the side slope should
-----“
be between 1:1 and 1.5:1 depending upon the type
of the soil.
4.3 Freeboard
Freeboard in a canal is governed by consideration of
the canal size and location, rain water inflow, water
surface fluctuation caused by regulators, wind action,
soil characteristics, hydraulic gradients, service road
requirements, and availability of excavated material.
A minimum freeboard of 0.5 m for discharge (Q) less
than 10 cumecs and 0.75 m for discharge (Q) greater
than 10 cumecs is recommended. The freeboard shall
be measured from the full supply level to the level of
the top of bank.
NOTE — The height of the dowel portion shall not be used for
tkeboard purposes.
4.4 Bank Top Width
The minimum values recommended for top width of
the bank are as given in Table 1.
4.5 Radii of Curvature
The values of radius of curvature of the canal shall be
determined according to IS 5968.
IS 7112:2002

Tablel Minimum Values for provided so as to retain the minimum cover over the
Top Width of the Bank hydraulic grade line (see 4.4).
(Clause 4.4)
4.7 Dowel
SI Discharge Minimum Bank Top Width
No. (m’/s)- A
Dowel having top width of 0.5 m, height above road
~nsr)ectlon Non-insr)ectioni level of 0.5 m and side slopes 1.5:1 shall be provided
Bank Btik
on the service road side between the road and the canal
(1) (2) (:) (T)
(see Fig. 1).
i) 0.15 to 7.5 5,0 1.5
ii) 7.5 to 10.0 5.0 2.5 4.8 Bed Width, Depth and Slope
iii) 10.0 to 15.0 6.0 2.5
iv) 15.0 to 30.0 7.0 3.5 These shall be designed for the various reaches to carry
the required discharges according to the best prevalent
NOTES practice (see Notes).
1 Width between and outside of these limits maybe used when NOTES
jw.tilied by specitic conditions.
1 A number of methods t’ordesign of unlined canals in alluvium
2 For distributary canals carrying less than 1,5 cumecs and minor
are in vogue in the country but al I of them have some I imitations.
canals, it is generall y not economical to construct a service road
The use of such a method which has been applied and proved to
on top of bank as this usually requires more materials than the give good results under similar conditions is the best solution.
excavation provides. [n such cases, service road maybe provided
2 For design of alluvial channels, Lacey’s regime equations have
on natural ground surface adjacent to the bank, however, the
been in use for nearly four decades. The method of design
importance of providing adequate service roads where they are
according to Lacey’s equation is given in Annex A.
needed should always be kept in view.
3 Though the Lacey’s equations have been in common use in the
3 The banks should invariably cover the hydraulic gradient. The
country, it has been long realized that these equations are not
width of the non-inspection bank should be checked to see that
perfect and suffer from certain shorteomings. The mqior diflicuky
cover for hydraulic gradient as given in 4.10.1 is provided.
experienced in the application of Lacey’s equations is the choice
of the appropriate value of silt factor. Moreover, the divergence
4.6 Berms from dimensions given by Lacey’s equation in existing stable
canals has been found significant in many cases. In view of the
Berms along earthen are usually provided to
canal
necessity for evolving formulae more accurate than Lacey”s but
reduce bank loads which may cause sloughing of earth without sacrificing the simplicity of regime equations, type-titted
into the canal section and to lower the elevation of the equations were evolved which are given in Annex B. Within the
service road for easier maintenance. Berms are to be range of data tested, these equations are anticipated to give channel
dimensions which would be nearer to regime conditions. The
provided in all cuttings when the depth of cutting is
regime type-fitted equations recommended for application are not
more than 3 m. Where a canal i’sconstructed in a deep considered the last word on the subject. It should be fully realized
through cut requiring waste banks, berms should be that further modifications in the equations are possible and
provided between the canal section cut and the waste necessary as and when more field observations of stable sites on
the canal systems become available. TIII the use ofthese equations
bank. Various other factors may be involved in
is recommended since they are expected to yield more accurate
determining whether berms should be used and care results than Lacey’s and other regime formulae.
should be taken that their use is justified by the results Lacey modified his equations so as to include sediment
obtained. However, the following practice is concentration (Xin parts per million) and size and density ot’the
recommended: sediment as detined by its fall velocity (~, in m/s) as additional
parameters affecting the regime dimensions of a stable channel.
a) When the full supply level is above ground These are given in Annex C.
\
level but the bed is below ground level, that 4 Another method of design is by tractive force approach which is
given in Annex D.
is, the canal is partly in cutting and partly in
tilling berm may be kept at natural surface 4.9 Falls
level equal to 2 D in width (see Fig. 1A)
where D is the full supply depth. Having decided on the desirable canal slope and canal
b) When the full supply level and the bed level dimensions, the water surface and bed lines shall be
are both above the ground level, that is, the marked in the longitudinal section providing falls
canal is in filling; the berm may be kept at where necessary. Falls may be provided to see that the
the full supply level equal to 3 D in width canal runs partly in cutting and partly in filling, which
(see Fig. lB). will minimize construction and operation costs and
also to enable flow irrigation to be provided over as
c) When the full supply level is below ground
large an area as possible.
level, that is, the canal is completely in
cutting the berm may be kept at the full supply 4.10 Hydraulic Grade Line
level equal to 2 D in width (see Fig. 1C).
When water runs against fill banks the lines of
4.6. I In embankments, adequate berms may be saturation slant downwards from the water surface
2
 IS 7112:2002

~-BANK WIDTH

M~
---- ____ ____ ,.. --,... ’$. .........

I
1A TYPICAL SECTION OF CANAL PARTLY IN
CUTTING & PARTLY IN FILLING

FREE BOARD
HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE
FSL

y?> ; ,.e~ ‘!’..6: MIN COVER . 0.3m

3D
+1~ ‘f’
1- B

lB TYPICAL SECTION OF CANAL WHOLLY IN FILLING

0.3m WIDTH

ROAD WIDTH
Agy
@[n.
/.
“/ .
LEAVE 3 m WIDE GAP c+:
1--1
BETWEENTHE SPOIL ‘“J- Q;
@75 m CIC FOR DRAINAGE .> .>

1C TYPICAL SECTION OF A CANAL WHOLLY IN CUTTING .. --’

FIG. 1 TYPICAL CROSS-SECTIONS OF UNLINED CANALS IN ALLUVIAL SOILS

through the embankment material. The gradient
depends mainly on the characteristics and relative
placement of the different types of material in the
embankment. For embankments more than 5 m high,
the true position of the saturation line shall be worked
out by laboratory tests and the stability of the slope
checked. However, the following empirical values for
the hydraulic gradients (horizontal to vertical) may
be used for banks less than 5 m high:
For silty soils 4:1
For silty sand 5:1
For sandy soils 6:1
4.10.1 The hydraulic grade line shall have a cover of
0.3 m. When counter berms are required for this
purpose, top level of the same shall be 0.3 m below
fill supply level and the top width of the same shall
be 2 m for branch canals and 1 m for distributories. In
case of canals in very high tilling a second counter
berm may be provided so as to cover the hydraulic
grade line.
4.11 Catch Water Drainage
Effective system of catch water drainage shal I be
provided to prevent damage due to rain.
IS 7112:2002

ANNEX A
(Clause 4.8, Note 2)
LACEY’S METHOD FOR DESIGN OF UNLINED CANALS IN ALLUVIUM

A-1 DETAILS OF THE METHOD R = the hydraulic mean depth of an existing

A-1.1 According to Lacey, a canal is said to have
attained regime condition when a balance between
silting and scouring and dynamic equilibrium in the
forces generating and maintaining the canal cross-
section and gradient are obtained. If a canal runs
indefinitely with constant discharge and sediment
charge rates, it will attain a definite stable section
having a definite slope. If a canal is designed with a
section too small for a given discharge and it’s slope
is kept steeper than required, scour will occur till final
regime is obtained. On the other hand, if the section
is too large for the discharge and the slope is flatter
than required, silting will occur till true regime is
obtained. [n practice true regime conditions do not
develop because of variations in discharge and
sediment rates.
stable canal, and
D~O = the average particle size of the boundary
material in mm.
Thus, in case, the conditions on a canal to be designed
are similar to those on an existing stable canal, the
value off may be determined by use of formula (1)
using the observed value of ii and R on the existing
stable canal. Alternatively, the value off may be
determined by use of formula (2) after determining
the D~Osize of boundary material.
Having determined the value of ‘f’the following three
relationships may be used for determining required
slope and canal dimensions:
0.0003f~
s= Q% . . . (3)

A-1.2 On analysis of data from a large number of i

natural drainages and canals running for long, Lacey P = 4.75@ . . . (4]
developed relations for determining regime slope and
channel dimensions. He postulated, firstly, that the Q%
R = 0.47 — . . . (5)
required slope and channel dimensions are dependent (Jf
on the characteristics of the boundary material which where
he quantified in terms of the silt factor (j) defined as:
S = slope of the canal,
f=7 2.3972 . . . (1) Q = discharge in m3/s,
P = wetted perimeter of the section in m, and
or R = hydraulic mean depth in m.
A-1.3 Knowing the desirable values of P, R, the curves
f = 1.76~D,0 . ..(2) given in Fig. 2 may be used for determining the
where corresponding canal bed width (B) and depth (D) for
a canal having internal side slope of 1/2 : 1 (it is
F = the mean velocity of flow in m/s; assumed that the canal attains a slope of 1/2 : 1 after
running in regime).
 8m

..
N
o
FIG. 2 HYDRAULIC CHART OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN B, D, R AND P FOR A CHANNEL HAVING INSIDE SLOPE % :1 0
N

.- i
k...”!
1S 7112:2002

ANNEX B
(Clause 4.8, Note 3)
REGIME TYPE FITTED EQUATIONS FOR DESIGN OF
UNLINED CANALS IN ALLUVIAL SOIL

B-1 The regime type fitted equations evolved on India are given in Table 2.
the basis of data collected from various States in

Table 2 Regime Type Fitted Equations

(Clause B-1)

S1 No. Hydraulic All India Punjab U.P. Bengal

Parameter Canals Canals Canals Canals

0.000315 0.00025 I 0,00036 0,0001346

O S(Slope) @.105 , @YM , 01450
(Q) (Q)(’(’” 5
5,52 (Q)OJl<~O
ii) P (Wetted 4.30 (Q)” 5231 7.00 (Q)[) @l 9 3.98 (Q)0s020
perimeter)
iii) R (Hydraulic 0.515 (Q)0340c 0.466 (Q)” 33R9 0,448 (Q)I1.3649
0.438 ((2)[’ ’454
mean depth)

NOTE — In the above equations average boundary condition is taken care of by fitting ditTerent equations to data obtained from different
States and assuming similar average boundarv conditions in a State.

ANNEX C
(Clause 4.8, Note 3)
... - .-”
LACEY’S MODIFIED EQUATIONS FOR DESIGN OF UNLINED CANALS IN ALLUVIUM

C-1 DETAILS x= sediment concentration in ppm,

v~ = fall velocity of sediment in m/s,
C-1. 1 While Retaining the Equation
E= mean depth of flow in m,
q= 0.207@ (c~f’ = 4.75 @) . ..(6) s= slope of the canal,
E= Lacey number
Lacey gave the following additional equations so as
to include the effect of sediment concentration and _ Mean depth –
size and density of the sediment as defined by it’s fall = ~, and
– Hydraulic depth
velocity on the regime dimensions of a stable canal.
K,, Kz, K3 = constants
v — @ x (x.q)~ . ..(7) C-1.2 Lacey did not give any values for the constants.
The values of the constants are to be determined on
#
— basis of observed data in various regions before the
E . . (8)
- ‘2 (x.vs)~ above equations can be used for design purposes.
NOTE — On the basis of observations taken on different canal
= K (X.Vs)XmZ
systems in Uttar Pradesh the following values for the constants
SIE 3
#
. . . (9)
were obtained:

K,=0.60, K2= 1.532, K,=35.56

where
With these values of the constants,the canal section can be designed
~= discharge intensity in canal in m3/s/m by use of equations 6 to 9. It is, however, felt that these values of
width, the constants need further veriticatiou on different canal systems
of the country before they can be generally adopted.
F= mean velocity of flow in canal in m/s,

6
 IS 7112:2002

ANNEX D
(Clause 4.8, Note 4)
TRACTIVE FORCE APPROACH FOR DESIGN OF UNLINED CANALS
D-1 DETAILS the Manning’s formula given below:
D-1.1 The unit tractive force exerted on bed of a
(11)
running canal can be calculated from the formula:
~ = y.R. S. . . . (lo) Thus the area of cross-section required may be
determined and knowing R and A the desirable canal
where bed width (B) or depth (D) maybe calculated.
T = unit tractive force in kg/m2, Table 3 Values of Rugosity Coefficient (n) for
Y = the unit weight of water in kg/m3 (usually Unlined Canals
1000 kg/m3), (Clause D-1 .2)
R = the hydraulic mean radius in m, and
s] Type of Canal Mml- Normal Maxi-
s = the canal slope. No. mum mum
The permissible tractive force may be defined as the (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

maximum tractive force that will not cause serious i) Earth, straight and unijorm:
a) Clean, recently completed 0.016 0.018 0.020
erosion of the material forming the canal bed on a b) Clean, atter weathering 0.018 0.022 0.025
level surface. The permissible tractive force is a c) Gravel, uniform section, 0.022 0.025 0,030
clean
function of average particle size (DJ of canal bed in
d) With short grass, few 0.022 0.027 0.033
case of canals in sandy soils and void ratio in case of weeds
canals in clayey soils and sediment concentration. The ii) Earth, winding and sluggish:
values of permissible tractive force for straight canal No vegetation 0.023 0.025 0.030
b) Grass, some weeds 0.025 0,030 0.033
have been given by some authors on the basis of 0.030 0.035 0.035
c) Dense weeds or aquatic
laboratory experiments but the same can better be plants in deep channels
determined by analysis of observed data on existing d) Earth bottom and rubble 0.030 0.035 0.040
sides
canals. Once this is done this would provide a rational e) Stony botiom and weedy 0.025 0.035 0.040
approach to the design of secti,on of regime channels, banks
The values of permissible tractive force for sinuous i] Cobble bottom and clean 0.030 0.040 0.050
sides
canals may be reduced by 10 percent for slightly
iii) Dragline excavated or
sinuous ones, by 25 percent for moderately sinuous dredged
ones and by 40 percent for very sinuous ones. a) No vegetation 0.025 0.028 0,033
b) Light brush on banks 0.035 0.050 0,060
D-1.2 In th is approach, first the sediment concentration iv) Channels not maintained
X of the canal flow and the D50size of bed material in (weeds and brush uncuo;
case of non-cohesive soils and void ratio of the bed a) Dense weeds, high as 0.050 0.080 0,120
flow depth
material in case of cohesive soils is determined and b) Clean bottom, brush on 0.040 0,050 0.080
from these corresponding permissible tractive force shall sides
c) Same, highest stage of 0.045 0.070 0.110
be obtained by use of observed data of existing canals,
flow
A suitable bed slope is then selected either with reference d) Dense brush, high stage 0.080 0.100 0.140
to average ground slope along the canal alignment or
NOTES
on the basis of experience and the value of R shall be
1 For normal alluvial soils. it is usual in India to assume a value
obtained from equation (10). Knowing the value of R of n = 0.020 for bigger c~als (Q> 15 cumecs) and n = 0.0225
and assure ing a suitable value of n for the canal, for smaller canals (Q< 15 cumecs).

referring to Table 3 as a guide, the average desirable 2 A suitable value of n should be adopted keeping in view the
local conditions and the above values as a guide.
velocity of flow in the canal maybe determined by using

7
1S 7112:2002

ANNEX E
(Foreword)
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION

Canals and Cross Drainage Works Sectional Committee, WRD 13

Orgarrizatimr Representative
Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Ltd, Gandhi Nagar, Gujarat SHRJG. L. JAVA(Chairman)
Bhakra Beas Management Board, Nangal Township, Punjab DIRECTOR
(WR)
EXECUTIVEENGINEER
(Alternate)
Central Board of Irrigation& Power, New Delhi SHJUT. S. MURTHY
Central Water & Power Research Station, Pune V. K. APPIIKOTTAN
SHRIMATJ
SHRIM. S. SHITOLE(Alternate)
Central Water Commission, New Deihi DIRECTOR
[BCD N & W & NWS]
DIRECTOR(SSD & C) (A/ternale)
Consulting Engineering Services (India) Ltd, New Delhi SHRLS. P. SOBTI
DEPUTYPROIECTMANAGER(Alternate)
Continental Construction Ltd, New Delhi SHRJP. A. KAPUR
SHRLT. B. S. RAO (Akernate)
Indira Gandhi Nahar Board, Phalodi SHRJR. K. GUPTA
Irrigation Department, Government of Karnatak< Bangalore CHJEFENGINEER
(DESIGNS)
Irrigation Department, Government of Maharashtra, Nasik SUPERINTENDING
ENGJNEER
(GATES)
EXECUTIVE
ENGINEER
(CS1) (Alternate)
Irrigation Department, Government of Punjab, Chandigarh Cmm ENGINEER
(LINSNG& PLANMNG)
DIRECTOR
(Alternate)
Irrigation Department, Government of Rajasthrm, Jaipur DIRECTOR
(D& R)
DIRECTOR
(1& S) (Alternate)
Irrigation Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow CHJEFENGINEER
DIRECTOR(A/terrrate)
Irrigation Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad CHIEFENGINEER
SUPERINTENDING
ENGINEER
(Alternate)
Irrigation Department, Government of Haryana, Chandigarh CHIEFENGINSER(PROJECTS)
DIIWCTOR(ENGINEERING)(Alternate)
Narmada & W ater Resources Department, Government of Gujarat, SUPERINTENDING
ENGINEER
(CDO)
Gandhi Nagar EXECUTIVE
ENGINEER(UNJTG) (Alternate)
Public Works Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai ENGJIWER-WCHJEF
Reliance Industries Ltd, New Delhi DR V. K. SAROOP
SHRJAWNESHDUBEY(Alternate)
Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Ltd, Gandhi Nagar, Gujarat DIRECTOR
(CANALS)
CHJEFENGINEER(CD/W) (A/fernate)
University of Roorkee, Roorkee SHRJNAYANSJIARMA
Water and Land Management Institute, Lucknow PROFP, K. SINHA
Water Resources Department, Government of Orissa, Bhubaneshwar CHIEFENGINEER
(D& R)
BIS Directorate General SHJUS. S. SETHJ,Director & Head (WRD)
[Representing Director General (Ex-oflcio)]

Member Secretary
SHRSR. S. JUNEJA
Joint Director (WRD), BIS

8
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This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc : No. WRD 13 (312).
(’
b
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Amendments Issued Since Publication
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Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
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timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.

“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”

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“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”

IS 9451 (1994): Guidelines for lining of canals in

expansive soils [WRD 13: Canals and Cross Drainage Works]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

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है”
ह
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“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
 REAF;:IRM(O~OO ~
",. .. -AI

IS 9451 : 1994

~m ~ if ~ ~ arrnr~ efi if11Tm f~T;a­

(~~T Tf~T~)
Indian Standard
GUIDELINES FOR LINING OF CANALS
IN EXPANSIVE SOILS
( Second Revision )

'It
"

© DIS 1994
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARO
NEW DELHI 110002
February 1,994 Prle. Groa, 3
 AM-ENDMENT NO.1 SEPTEMBER 2000
TO
IS 9451: 1994 GUIDELINES FOR LINING OF CANALS
IN EXPANSIVE SOILS
(Second Revision)
(Page 2, clause 5.2, Table lA ) - substitute 'swelling pressure' for 'swell
pressure'.
( Page 3, clause 6.5, line 7) - Substitute 'Low density polyethylene
(LDPE)' for -WPH' .
(Page 3, clause 6.s, line 11 ) - Substitute 'High molecular mass high
density polyethylene (HDPB-HM)' for-·HDPB-HM·.
(Page 4, Fig. 2) - Substitute 'Cast-in-situ' for 'CIS'.
(Page 4, Annex A ) - Insert C( second revision )' at the end of the title of
IS 3873 : 1993.
(Page 5, Anna A ) - Insert C( fIrSt revision)' at the end of the title of IS
4515 : 1993. '
( Page 5, Annex A ) - Substitute the title of IS 11809 : 1993 by the
following:
'Lining for canals by stone masonry - Code of practice'.

(WRDt3)

~ , Unit, BlS, New Delhi, India

 AMENDMENT NO. 2 NOVEBMER 2011
TO
IS 9451 : 1994 GUIDELINES FOR LINING OF CANALS
IN EXPANSIVE SOILS
( Second Revision )

(Page 1, clause 4.1, para 1, second sentence) –– Substitute ‘This

characteristic of swelling and the swelling pressures of expansive soils is
attributed to the presence of montmorillonite or combination of montmorillonite
and illite clay minerals in such soils.’ for ‘This characteristic of swelling and the
swelling pressures of black cotton soils is attributed to the pressure of
montmorinolite or combination of montmorinolite and illite clay minerals.’

(Page 1, clause 4.1, para 2, first sentence) –– Substitute ‘The free swell
index and swelling pressure tests should be done in accordance with IS 2720
(Part 40) and IS 2720 (Part 41) respectively.’ for ‘The swelling pressure and free
swell index tests should be done in accordance with IS 2720 (Part 40) : 1977 and
IS 2720 (Part 41) : 1977.’

(Page 1, clause 4.2.1, line 1) –– Substitute ‘Cohesive non-swelling soil’ for

‘They’.

(Page 2, clause 5.2, line 4) –– Substitute ‘IS 10430’ for ‘IS 10430 : 1982’.

(Page 2, Table 1A, Title) –– Substitute ‘Table 1A Thickness of CNS

Layer for Canal Carrying Capacity of Less Than 2 Cumecs’ for the existing.

(Page 2, Table 1B, Title) –– Substitute ‘Table 1B Thickness of CNS Layer

for Canal Carrying Capacity of 2 Cumecs and More’ for the existing.

(Page 2, Table 1B) –– Substitute ‘Thickness of CNS Layer in cm (Min)’ for

‘Thickness of CNS Materials, cm (Min)’.

[Page 4, clause 7.1] –– Substitute ‘IS 3872, for ‘IS 3872 : 1966’, ‘IS 4515’
for ‘IS 4515 : 1993’, and ‘IS 11809’ for ‘IS 11809 : 1993’.

(Page 4, Annex A) –– Substitute ‘IS 2720 (Part 41) : 1977 Methods of test
for soils : Part 41 Measurement of swelling pressure of soils’ for the existing.

(Page 4, Annex A) –– Substitute ‘IS 3872 : 2002’ for ‘IS 3872 : 1966’ and
 Amend No. 2 to IS 9451 : 1994

substitute the following for the existing title:

‘Lining of canals with burnt clay tiles — Code of practice (first revision)’.

(Page 5, Annex A) –– Substitute ‘IS 4515 : 2002’ for ‘IS 4515 : 1993’ and
substitute the following for the existing title:

‘Stone pitched lining for canals — Code of practice (second revision)’.

(Page 5, Annex A) –– Substitute ‘IS 11809 : 1994’ for ‘IS 11809 : 1993’
and substitute the following for the existing title:

‘Lining of canals by stone masonry — Code of practice (first revision)’.

(Page 5, Annex A) –– Substitute ‘IS 10430 : 2000’ for ‘IS 10430 : 1982’
and substitute the following for the existing title:

‘IS 10430 : 2000 Criteria for design of lined canals and guidance for selection of
type of lining (first revision)’

(WRD 13)

Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, India

1 2
Irrigation Canals and Canal Lining. Sectional Committee, RVD 13

FOREWORD
Thi. Indian Standard ( Second Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after
the draft finalized by the Irrigation Canals and Canal Linings Sectional Committee had beeD
approved by the River Valley Division Council.
Canals excavated in elpansive soils, such as black cotten soil, pose several problems involving.
stability of slopes and shape or section. To have economical sections and prevent erosion due to
design velocities, it is necessary to line the canal bed and slopes. Precast cement concrete slabs
for side slopes and in-situ concrete for bed are common types of lining adopted for canals in
cutting and embankment. However, it is often experienced that the lining materials directly placed
against the expansive soils undergo deformation by heaving, disturbing the lining and throwing
or
the canal out of commission. This deformation is traced to the characteristics . swelling and
swelling pressure developed by expansive soils, when they imbibe water in their intra-layers. Adequate
thickness of cohesive non-swelling soil ( eNS) material is found to resist swelling pressure and
prevent the heaving of underlying soil. From experiments in laboratory and field it is concluded
that deformations may be correlated to the thickness of eNS layer and swelling pressure charac-
teristics or expansive soil. This standard Jays down guidelines for the treatment 0(-
expansive soil. by introduction of a cohesive non-swelling soil layer of suitable thickness between
the expansive soil mass and the linin. material to counteract the swelling pressure and resultant
deformation of the lining material on a scientific basil.

This standard was first published in 1980 and the first revision was taken up in 1985. The second
revision has been taken up in view of the experience gained during the course of these years in the
use of this standard. The following major changes have been incorporated in this revision:
1) Identification and properties of expansive soil have been referred to the relevant Indian
Standard.
2) Instead of three types of treatment only one type of treatment has been provided.
3) Modifications have been incorporated in Table 1.
4) Construction procedure for canal in cutting and embankment has been added in detail.
S) Clauses on under-drainage arrangements and joints in lining have been elaborated.
6) Fig. 1 and 2 have been incorporated.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with;
the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded
oft' in accordance with IS 2: 1960 'Rules for rounding off numerical values (revI8~d)'. The
number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the lame al that of the-
specified value in this standard.

Indian Standard
GUIDELINES FOR LINING OF CANALS
IN EXPANSIVE SOILS
( Second Revision)
1 SCOPE
:1.1 This standard lays down guidelines for
,lining of canals in expansive soils.
NOTE - Black cotton soils are a type of expan-
sive soil.
2 REFERENCES
.2.1 The Indian Standards listed in Annex A are
necessary adjuncts to this standard.
3 TERM INOLOGY
.For the purpose of this standard the definition
of terms given in IS 1498 : 1970 shall apply.
4 GENERAL
4.1 Expansive soils in side slopes and bed of
canal in cutting or embankment when in contact
with water swell, exerting a swelling pressure
which may range from 50 to 300 kN/m 2 or
more. This characteristic of swelling and the
swelling pressures of black cotton soils is attri-
buted to the pressure of montmorinolite or
combination of montmorinolite and illite clay
minerals. A wide range of properties of expan-
sive soils are found in India ( see IS 1498: 1970
for identification and properties).
The swelling pressure and free swell index tests
should be done in accordance with IS 2720
,( Part 40 ) : 1971 and IS 2720 ( Part 41 ) : 1977.
Expansive soil met within the locality has to be
analysed for swelling pressure before deciding
the type of treatment.
.For testing the expansive soil for determination
of swelling pressure the expansive soil specimen
should be remoulded at zero moisture content
to the density obtainable at any time in the year
in the field at a depth beyond 1·0 m (in expan-
sive soil). The swelling pressure should be
determined under no volume change condition
when moisture content is increased from zero
to full saturati on level.
4.2 Cobesi,e Non-swelling SolIs (eNS) for
Treatment
·4.2.1 They are soils possessing the property of
cohesion of varying degree and non-expanding
.type clay minerals such as illite and kaolinite
IS 9451 : 1"4
and their combination with low plasticity with
liquid limit not exceeding SO percent.
4.1.2 Some of the soils which may be considered
as cohesive non-swelling soils are all adequately
compacted clayey soils, silty clays, sandy clays,
gravelly sandy clays) etc, exhibiting cohesive
properties and containing predominantly non-
expanding type clay minerals .
4.2.3 eNS material should be non-swelling with
a maximum swelling pressure of 10 kN/m 2 when
tested in accordance with IS 2720 (Part 41 ) : 1977
at optimum moisture content and minimum co-
hesion (unconfined compression strength on
saturated compacted soil, remoulded at OMC
and compacted to standard proctor density)
should be 10 kN/m l when tested according to
IS 2720 ( Part 10) : 1991.
4.2.4 If given eNS material is not available,
designed mix to produce blended eNS may
be used. The artificial eNS should satisfy all
the requirements of eNS. If stabilized material
is to be used, special mix design needs to be
evolved.
4.2.5 Most murums of laterite, laterite type and
siliceous sandy clays exhibit eNS characteris-
tics, however some murums may be of swelling
type. Unlike swelling soils, they do not exhibit
cracking during summer, nor heaving and sticki-
ness during rainy season. Structures constructed
on such soil do not exhibit heave though they may
sometimes settle. The eNS are generally red,
reddish yellow, brown, yellow, white, whitish
grey, whitish yellow, green and greenish grey
in colour. Although, several soils containing
non-expanding type clay mineral exhibit eNS
properties, the following range helps in locating
such types:
Percent
Clay ( less than 2 microns) 15 to 20
Silt (0·06 mm-O·002 rom ) 30 to 40
Sand ( 2 mm-O'06 mrn ) 30 to 40
Gravel ( Greater than 2 mm ) 0 to 10
Liquid limit Greater than 30, but
less than SO
Plasticity index Greater than IS but
less than 30
1
1SH511 JJJ4
S CRITERIA POR FIXING THE THICKNESS Tbe construction should be carried out in tho
OFCNSLAYER foUowina'st.ps:
5.1 Thickness of eNS materials is related to a) While excavating prevision should be
swelling pressure and the resultant deformation, made for accommodating required thick-
the permissible deformation being 2 em. ness of eNS layer OD bed and sides. The
subgradl on which eNS layer is to be laid-
5.2 Guidelines for choosing the thickness of should generally not be kept exposed.
eNS materials required for balancing the for more than four days, prior to the
different swelling pressures is given in Table 1. placement of the eNS layer.
Slopes should be in accordance with
IS 10430 : 1982. b) Serrations should be provided in expan-·
sive soil to prevent contact slides between
Table JA TblckDess or eNS Layer, CarrylDI eNS materials and expansive soil.
Capacity Less Tban 2 Camees
c) Proper moisture should be added to eNS
materials.
Discharle ThlckDel1
, . . -_ _- Layer 10 em ( Min)
of eNS J.... __
In Camec.
Swell Pressure Swell Pressure More d) eNS materials should be compacted in
SO·IS0 kN/m ' Than ISO kN/m l layers by appropriate equipment to ensure
1'4·2 60 75 proper density.
0'7-1°4 50 60 e) eNS on side slopes should be trimmed
0'3·0'7 40 SO to the required thickness. The thickness
0°03-0'3 30 40 is measured perpendicular to the surface
of expansive soil.
f) Suitable canal lining over eNS materiat
Table 18 Thickness or CNS Layer, Carrying should be provided depending on the site
Capacity of 2 Comecs and More and economy condition.

Swelling Pressure Thickaess 01 eNS
of Soil Materia Is
kN/nl l em ( Min)
SO to 150 7S
J50 to 300 8S
300 to SOO 100
NOTE - However, optimum thickness of eNS
materials needs to be determined for different
swelling pressures by actual experiments both in
field and laboratory; if required.
6 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
To counteract the swelling pressure and prevent
deformation of the rigid lining materials, a eNS
material of required thickness depending on the
swelling pressure of expansive soil, is sandwiched
between the soil and the rigid lining material.
The thickness of eNS layer should be measured
perpendicular to the surface of expansive soil.
6.1 Canal in CuttlDI
6.1.1 Long deep cuts in expansive soils should
be avoided and where possible a detour should
be considered.
In cutting special care will be necessary to
compact the eNS materials against the excavated
surface of the cuts. The material should be
spread uniformly in their horizontal layers of
specified thickness ( IS em thick). Care also is
necessary in obtaining a good joint between the
two materials. by thoroughly wetting tho excavat-
ed surface, 10 as to avoid slips at the junction
plane.
2
g) To avoid slipping and rain cuts during the
rainy season, it is advisable to provide
eNS right up to the ground level.
h) In deep cuts eNS material should be
provided not only behind the lining of the
canal but also above the canal prism,
all along the excavated surface, so as to
prevent large scale heaving above the
canal level. The eNS material above
the canal prism may be of lesser thick-
ness, say IS to 20 em, However, full \
design thickness behind the lining should
be continued at least 100 em above the
top level of the lin ing (illustratory
arrangement shown in Fig. 1 ).
j) The stability of the slopes, particularly in .
the case of cuts, is very adversely affected
by rain water finding its way into the
tension cracks and exerting hydrostatic
force on the slipping mass of the soil.
Covering the surface of the slopes by-
eNS materials and proper surface drai-
nage will reduce the chances of rain water
finding its way into the cracks.
k) It is necessary to stack the excavated soil
away from the cuts to prevent it inducing.
slips by surcharge.
6.2 Canal In Embankment
The construction should be carried out in the
following steps:
a) Proper moisture should be added to eNS ·
material and expansive solI.
 C tUNING
seC'nON IN FULL CUITING
C C LINING
SERVICE ROAD--!
BLACK C01'TON SOIL
SECTION IN FULL EMBANKMENT
b) Expansive soil and eNS material above
ground level should be compacted simul-
taneously, in layers, with appropriate
equipment to ensure proper density.
c) The eNS materials in embankment should
be laid and compacted in layers simul-
taneously with the body of the banks,
so as to obtain good compaction and to
avoid any slippage plane being developed
between the two materials. The com-
paction of eNS materials should also be
to the standard proctor density with
optimum moisture content. It may be
done either with sheep foot rollers
or 8 to 10 ton ordinary rollers.
d) Provision of surface drain and internal
drainage filter should be made to minimize
external/internal erosion. A rock toe
with inverted filter may be provided at
either end of canal bank.
e) Special care is required to be taken to
provide internal drainage for the banks,
having bed filling of 2 metres or more. A
sand blanket is spread on the base of the
bank and rockfills with regular inverted
filters are also necessary at the outer toes.
f) For both the cuts and banks, paved
surface drains should be provided at the
berms, etc, to avoid erosion of the finished
surface. As far as possible, water from
these drains should be drained away from
the canal.
g) The drainage properties of the eNS
material itself need to be given due
consideration as water locked up in this
saturated layer is likely to cause pore
pressures on the lining during canal draw-
down conditions.
h) Murum ( gravelly soil) material on outer
slopes of canal embankment should be
trimmed to the required thickness. ' streDlth, toughness and durability.
l
eNS
eNS
FlO.
j) To protect outer slopes from erosion,
proper turfing should be used.
6.3 Similar procedure should be followed for
canals in partial cutting and embankment.
6.4 Pride
6.4.1 The problem of effectively compacting the
subgrade for side lining on slopes is very impor-
tant in case of black cotton expansive soil zone in
cutting or embankments, where backfill of eNS·
material is required to be placed for the sides
and bed, in addition to design thickness. Twenty
em or so ( perpendicular to side slope) of extra
pride may be provided and compacted in
horizontal layers to the required density. This
pride should be removed only just prior to the
placement of lining, thus making a fresh and
well compacted surface available for bedding.
6.4.2 For cutting in soft material where the
eNS backfilling is not required the best method
is to leave the cutting 20 em or so undercut
( perpendicular to the canal .slope ) and remove
this undercut only just prior to the placement
of concrete lining. Similar procedure may be
adopted in case of cutting in hard strata.
6.5 Use of Polyethylene Sheets Below Concrete
LiDlo,
The use of polyethylene sheet below concrete
lining could be either for achieving better ulti-
mate imperviousness of the lining as a whole or
it may be used only for limited purpose as an
assistance, during construction, for avoiding the
cement slurry from concrete escaping in the
subgrade below. Use of LDPE sheets 200,
gauge ( 50 micron) is to achieve only the latter'
limited purpose. If overall imperviousness is
proposed to be achieved, it would be necessary
to use HDPE-HM sheet of sufficient thickness.
3
'IS '451 : ItH
7 LINING
7.1 The lining may be cementconcrete
( IS 3873 : 1993), burnt clay tile (IS 3872:
1966), stone pitched ( IS 4515: 1993), stone
masonry (IS 11809: 1993) or lime concrete
-( IS 7873 : 1975 ).
:8 UNDER DRAINAGE ARRANGEMENTS
AND JOINTS IN LINING
-8.1 The drainage properties of eNS material
itself need to be given due consideration as
water locked up in this saturated layer is likely
to cause pore pressure on the lining during
-canal draw down conditions. To release the,
same if holes are provided for drainage in
-concrete lining, care will have to be taken to
provide inverted filters at the back of the holes
-so as to avoid the eNS material being washed
away by fluctuating water levels in the canal.
Such drainage holes are, however. not advocated
for general adoption,
8.2 It is recommended to provide regular drainage
arrangements using porous concrete sleepers,
7·7 em x 20 em with SO mm perforated 0.1.
pipes at 3 m centre to centre comins out through
the sides of the lining. Two porous concrete
sleepers on either side of the bed. below the side
may be provided. 'A 50 to 7S mm thick sand mat
below the bed and side cast in-situ lining ( below
the polyethylene sheet) should be provided.
Where the sand mat is not economically feasible
additional porous concrete sleepers may instead
be provided at right angles to the longitudinal
rails ( along the cross section of the canal) at
3 m centre to centre. The porous concrete
sleepers have to be encased in filter material.
An illustratory arrangement is shown in Fig. 2.

G I PIPE
CANAL BED

c ,s. C C LINING
C N SLAYER

BOTTOM POROUS CONCRETE SLEEPER

CAST IN SITU ON EITHER StOES OF
CANAL BED G I PIPE RESTED ovsn'RAILS

d THICKNESS OF CIS C C LINING

d 1 THICKNESS OF eNS SOlc-BEtOW'

OS LINING 1N EXPANSIVE SOl L

FIG.2 ILLUSTRATORY DSTAIL OP BOTTOM RAILS

ANNEX A
( Clause 2·1 )

IS No. Title IS No. Title

1498 : 1970 Classification and identifica-
tion of soils for general
engineering purposes (first
revision)
2720 Methods of test for soils :
( Part 10 ) : 1991 Part 10 Determination of
unconfined compressive
strength ( reviled)
2720 Methods of test for soils:
( Part 40 ) : 1977 Part 40 Determination of
free swell index of soils
2720 Methods of test foro soils:
( Part 41 ) : 1977 Part 41 Determination of
swelling pressure of soils
3872 : 1966 Code of practice for lining
of canals with burnt clay
tiles
3873 : 1993 Laying cement concrete!
stone slab lining on canals -
Code of practice

4

IS Ni'. Title
4515 , 1993 Code of practice tor stone
pitched linins for canals
'873: 1975 Code of practice for lime
concrete lining for canals
IS 9451 : IH.t.
IS No. Tit/_
11809 :1993 Code of practice for lining
of canals by masonry
10430 : 1982 Criteria for design of lined
canals and guidelines for-
selection of type of lininl

5
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This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc: No. RVD 13 ( 49 )
Am,admeDtl laaed Slnee PabUeatioD

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IS 10430 (2000): Criteria for Design of Lined Canals and

Guidance for Selection of Type of Lining [WRD 13: Canals
and Cross Drainage Works]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

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“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

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 REAFFIRMED

2009 IS 10430: 2000

31«R ~ ~ Cf>1 ~ ~ l1ftf ~0'S "ij~

31«R~~~~~~
( qfJ 01 ~[ffUT)

Indian Standard
CRITERIA FOR DESIGN OF LINED CANALS AND
GUIDANCE FOR SELECTION OF TYPE OF LINING
(First Revision)

ICS 93.160

© BIS 2000

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

October 2000 Price Group 6

 AMENDMENT NO. 1 AUGUST 2005
TO
IS 10430: 2000 CRITERIA FOR DESIGN OF
LINED CANALS AND GUIDANCE FOR SELECTION OF
TYPE OF LINING
( FU'st Revision)
[ Page 1, clause 3(r)] - Substitute the following for the existing:
'r) Availability of suitable construction material within economic leads,
such as:
1) Cement of requisite quality;
2) Building lime of requisite class;
3) Flyash for use as pozzolana;
4) Suitable clay for manufacture of calcined clay pozzolana;
5) Coarse and fine aggregates;
6) Soil of suitable quality for manufacture of bumt clay tiles/bricks;
7) Pulverized fuel ash-lime and/or clay flyash building bricks; and
8) Stones of required size and quality.'
I Page 3, clause 6(a)] - Substitute the following for the existing:
'a) Rigid Lining
1) Stone-pitched lining;
2) Burnt clay tile or brick lining;
3) Burnt bricks or pulverized fuel ash-lime bricks or burnt clay
flyash building bricks lining;
4) Precast cement concrete/stone slab lining;
5) Cement concrete tile lining;
6) In situ cement/lime concrete lining,
7) Stone masonry lining;
8) Soil cement/soil cement and flyash lining;
9) Shotcrete lining;
10) Ferrocement lining, and
11) Asphaltic cement concrete lining.

1
 Amend No.1 to IS 10430: 2000

[Page 4, clause6(b)(l)] - Substitutethe following for the existing:

1) Geomembrane like High Density Polyethylene (HOPE), Polvinyl

chloride (pVC), Low Density. Polyethylene (LDPE) with cover
comprising layer of bentonite with adequate earth/bumt clay tile brick
or pulverized fuel ash-lime brick or burnt clay flyash building
brick/precast cement concrete.'

(WRD13)
Reprography Unit, BlS, New Delhi, India

2
Irrigation Canals and Canal Linings Sectional Committee, WRD 13

FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (First Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized
by the Irrigation Canals and Canals Linings Sectional Committee had been approved by the Water Resources
Division Council.
Lining of canals is an important feature of irrigation projects as it improves the flow characteristics and
minimises the loss of water due to seepage. The water thus saved can be utilised for the extension and improvement
of irrigation. Lining of water courses in the areas irrigated by tubewells assumes special significance as the
pumped water supply is relatively more costly. The reduced seepage also prevents rise of the sub-soil water
table and thus reduces the possibility of damage to the adjoining areas by water logging. Further, due to
adoption of higher velocities in a lined canal there is a saving in the cross-sectional area of the canal and land
width required, with corresponding saving in the cost of excavation and masonry works. It helps in retention
of shape of the canal. Lining also results in improvement of command and larger working head for power
generation.
This standard deals with design of lined canals. However, before lining of a canal is decided, techno-economic
justification for the same should be established. Selection of a particular type of lining should be arrived at
based on materials available and overall cost vis-a-vis saving in seepage and head. Performance data for
various types of lining shall be collected and consulted before deciding on a particular type of lining.
Only general guidelines with regard to factors influencing the selection of the type of lining are given in this
standard, for the assistance of the designer. But each project should be individually analysed taking into
consideration its peculiar features.
This standard was first published in 1982. The first revision has been taken up in the light of the comments
received from the Irrigation departments of various states. In this revision functions of lining and various types
of lining have been included. Changes in side slopes, free board, etc, have also been incorporated.
There is no ISO standard on the subject. This standard has been prepared based on indigenous manufacturers'
data/practices in the field in India.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value,
observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS 2: 1960 'Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)'. The number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.

Indian Standard
CRITERIA FOR DESIGN OF LINED CANALS AND
GUIDANCE FOR SELECTION OF TYPE OF LINING
(First Revision)
1 SCOPE
This standard lays down design criteria for lined canals
and presents guidelines for selection of type of lining.
2 REFERENCES
The following Indian Standards contain provisions
which through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this standard. At the time of publication
the editions indicated were valid. All standards are
subject to revision and parties to agreements based on
this standard are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the
standards indicated below:
-IS No. Title
4558 : 1995 Code of practice for under drainage
of lined canals (second revision)
9451 : 1994 Guidelines for lining of canals III
expansive soils (second revision)
3 NECESSARY INFORMATION
For arriving at a suitable design of a lined canal and
for selection of type of lining the following infor-
mation is necessary for the entire length of the canal:
a) Capacity - Capacity required for the canal to
irrigate the command depends on the crop
pattern, irrigation intensity, rotation period,
water required during critical period, trans-
mission losses, etc. For fixing the canal capacity,
a design statement, or capacity statement should
be separately prepared, reach by reach. The
section of a particular reach should be designed
for the maximum discharge in that reach.
NOTE - Suitable transmission loss ( mvs per million
square metre of wetted perimeter) for lined canal
depending upon the type of lining, climatic condi-
tions shall be assumed.
b) Longitudinal-section along the canal alignment
plotted generally to a horizontal scale of I in
10000 and a vertical scale of I in 100. Vertical
scale may be changed, if desired, depending
upon the drop in the ground levels;
c) Full supply level (FSL), bank level and the bed
level of the parent canal (if any);
IS 10430: 2000
d) Cross-sections along the canal alignment an
intervals not more than 300 m for a uniform
terrain and at closer intervals for undulating
terrain. The cross-sections should extend at least
10 metres beyond the limits of canal section on
both sides;
e) Road and railway crossings, cart/pedestrian
tracks, drainage crossings, etc;
t) Nature and quantity of sediment likely to be
transported;
g) Profile of soil up to at least half the full supply
depth or I m whichever is more, below the canal
bed level along the canal alignment at 500 m
intervals. However, if any variation in soil strata
is found, the spacing shall be at shorter intervals.
Soil samples should be tested for usual soil
properties including permeability, swelling
pressures, and dispersive properties;
h) Salt content of the soil, specially presence of
sulphates, to be determined at suitable intervals;
j) Sub-soil water level and its quality along the
canal alignment;
k) Availability of skilled and unskilled labour;
m) Availability of construction machinery;
n) Cattle traffic;
p) Climatic and other local conditions;
q) Thickness of ice formation (if applicable);
r) Availability of suitable construction materials
within economic leads, such as:
I) Coarse and fine aggregate for canal lining;
2) Soil for making tiles/bricks; and
3) Stones of required size, specific gravity and
soundness for stone lining.
4 FUNCTIONS OF LINING
4.1 The functions of lining ure:
a) Seepage control,
b) Prevention of water logging,
c) Increased hydraulic efficiency,
d) Increased resistance to erosion/abraison,
is 10430: 2000

e) Reduction in cross-section area and Table 1 Values of Rugosity Coefficient (n) for
consequential smaller structures, and Lined Canals with Straight Alignment
J) Low operation and maintenance cost. (Clauses 4.1.2.1 and 4.1.2.2 )

4.1.1 Seepage Control SI No. Surface Characteristics Value of 'II'

(I) (2) (3)
The seepage control. mainly depends on the soundness
and impermeability of lining. Seepage losses also i) Concrete with surface as indicated
below:
depend on nature and permeability of soil, depth of
water in the canal and position of sub-soil water table a) Formed, no finish/PCC tiles 0.018-0.020
below the bed level.The permissible seepage losses or slabs
depend on the local conditions such as value of water b) Trowel float finish 0.015-0.018
and any likely damage to land and other property by c) Guni ted finish 0.018-0.022
water loggings, etc. ii) Brick/tile lining 0.018-0.020

Generally canal reaches of sufficient length having iii) U.C.R.lRandom rubble masonry 0.024-0.026
with pointing
permeability of I x 10.6 cm/s or less need not be lined
when the velocity in the canal does not exceed the iv) Asphalt
permissible velocity. However, reaches of permeability a) Smooth 0.013-0.015
I x 10'(' cm/s or less may be lined, particularly in power b) Rough 0.016-0.018
channels, for hydraulic efficiency and erosion resis- v) Concrete bed trowel/float finish
tance. Canal reaches of greater permeability may be and slopes as indicated below:
lined with suitable material. a) Hammer dressed stone 0.019-0.021
masonry
4.1.2 Increased Hydraulic Efficiency b) Coursed rubble masonry 0.018-0.020
The discharge carrying capacity of a canal varies c) Random rubble masonry 0.020-0.025
inversely with the value of rugosity coefficient of a d) Masonry plastered 0.015-0.017
particular type of lining. It may, however, undergo e) Stone pitched lining 0.020-0.030
changes with passage of time, it may decrease with vi) Gravel bed with side slope characteristics
the lining undergoing deterioration and consequent as given below:
increase in roughness. a) Formed concrete 0.02-0.022
h) Random rubble in mortar 0.017-0.023
4.1.2.1 The values of rugosity coefficient (n) to be
c) Dry rubble (rip-rap) 0.023-0.033
used in Manning's formula for various types of linings
are given m Table I. NOTES
1 For canals with an alignment other than the straight. a
4.1.2.2 Effective rugosity coefficient small increase in the value of "n' may be made or
alternatively bend losses may be accounted for. In case
An effective rugosity co-efficient is possible to be of canals with relatively higher discharges in straight
derived III such situation where the sides and bed are reaches, lower values of 'n' indicated may be adopted.
having different types of lining. For such channels 2 The 'n' value shall be decided in view of the age of
the equivalent manning's 'n' can be calculated by the lining, surface roughness, weed growth, channel irregu-
following formula: larities. canal alignment, silting, suspended material and
bed load. etc.
N
[(2: (n 112 p)] 2/1
/= I' 4.1.3 Increased Resistance to Erosion
n Sometimes the canal transports considerable amount
of sediment which can damage the lining by abrasion.
where The lining shall, therefore, be able to withstand such
abrasion.
Pi lengths of different portion of perimeter
with corresponding roughness; NOTE - Cement concrete and stone masonry linings
provide better abrasion resistance as compared to brick
'', roughness of portion Pi; and tile lining.
p 2:pi •
4.1.4 Prevention of Water Logging
Co-efficients as given in Sl No. (v) and (vi) of Table 1 There is increase in ground water level if the canals
are suggested for some cases, where an analytical remain unlined. This condition, if unchecked, brings
derivation, as above, is not feasible. alkali salt to the surface rendering land unfit for

2

cultivation. Lining of canals reduces the seepage
appreciably and thus prevents the occurrence of water
logging condition.
4.1.5 Reduction in Cross-Sectional Area
With the increase in efficiency of canal due to lining
and higher velocity, reduced areas of cross-section is
required to pass same discharge. Consequently, there
is large saving in the cost of land acquisition and also
of canal structures.
4.1.6 Low Operation and Maintenance Cost
Unlined canals require considerably increased operation
and maintenance cost for periodical removal of silt,
minor repairs, removal of weeds and water plants. The
provision of lining reduce these costs considerably.
5 REQUIREMENTS OF LINING
5.1 General
The following are the important requirements for the
selection of type of canal lining:
a) Economy;
b) Structural stability;
c) Strength and durability;
d) Repairability and easy maintenance;
e) Maximum hydraulic efficiency;
t) Impermeability;
g) Resistance to erosion;
h) Ability to prevent weed growth;
j) Resistance against burrowing animals; and
k) Reasonable tlexibility.
The lining material shall be so selected that it should
meet most of the requirements for the specific site.
5.1.1 Economy
The selection of suitable type of lining for any project
is mainly a question of economics and availability of;
a) material available within economical leads;
b) skilled and unskilled labour;
c) construction machinery and equipment; and
d) time required during which the work should be
completed.
The type of lining selected should not only be econo-
mical in initial costs, but also in repair and mainte-
nance in the long run.
5.1.2 Structural Stability
The sides of the canal to be lined should preferably be
kept at the stable slope of the soil so that there is no
IS 10430: 2000
earth pressure or any other external pressure against
the lining. Pressure due to saturated backfill and the
differential water head across lining should be avoided.
Arrangements like weep holes, graded filter behind
weep holes shall be made so that no water gets behind
the lining from an external sources.
Where the side slopes are made steeper than the stable
slopes of the soil, or where external pressures cannot
be avoided, the lining will have to be designed accor-
dingly in such special case.
To provide relief from differential pressure, adequate
sub-soil drainage arrangements and pressure release
arrangements (see IS 4558) shall be provided wherever
necessary.
5.1.3 Strength and Durability
The canal lining shall be able to withstand the effect
of velocity of water, rain, sunshine, frost, freezing and
thawing (where applicable), temperature and moisture
changes, chemical action of salts, etc. With suitable
treatment, lining should be able to withstand the effect
of gypsum, black cotton soil/bentonite. It should also
be able to withstand the damaging effect caused by
abrasions, cattle traffic, rodents and weed growth.
5.1.3.1 For the purpose of economic analysis, the life
expectancy of concrete, brick/tile and stone pitched
lining may be assumed to be of the order of 60 years.
However, experience gained from data on lined
canal in the vicinity can be utilized to review the life
expectancy of lining.
5.1.4 Repairability/Easy Maintenance
Since with lapse of time the lining may get damaged,
it should be such that it can be repaired easily and
economically.
5.1.4.1 Brick/tile, stone-pitched and precast slab
linings are more easily repairable or replaceable than
in-situ concrete lining.
5.1.5 General
Other factors indicated in 5.1 (e) to 5.1 (h) are achieved
to different extent by various options available for
lining.
The multi-dimensional effect of choice on the various
parameters affecting the requirements thus require a
judicious evaluations before a final choice.
6 DIFFERENT TYPES OF LININGS
a) Rigid Lining
I) Stone-pitched lining;
2) Burnt clay tile or brick lining;
3) Precast cement concrete/stone slab lining;
4) In-situ cement lime/concrete lining;
IS 10430: 2000

5) Stone masonry lining;
6) Soil cement lining;
7) Shotcrete lining; and
8) Asphaltic cement/concrete.
b) Flexible Lining
I) Geomembrane like High Density Polye-
thylene (HDPE), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC,)
Low Density polyethylene (LDPE) cover
comprising layer of ben to rite with adequate/
earth/burnt clay tile brick/precast cement
concrete,
2) Bituminous or bituminous/asphaltic felt
lining,
3) Fibre reinforced plastic tissue as phallic
membrane, and
4) Composite membrane/rubber lining.
c) Combination Lining (membrane in the bed and
brick/tile or concrete lining on sides)
7 SELECTION OF LINING
7.1 Considerations for Selection
Taking Into consideration all the above factors,
suitable types of lining for different sizes of canals
will be selected on the basis of type of subgrade,
position of water table, climatic conditions, availability
of materials, speed of construction, time schedule,
performance of lining in the existing canals in the
adjoining areas. Adoption of a particular type of lining
will require careful consideration of all these factors.
7.2 After collecting necessary information as given
in 3.1, the entire canal or specific reaches to be lined,
may be decided as per 4.1.1. The types of lining
generally suitable for the site condition may be listed
in the light of 5 and 6. The most economical of the
linings selected from amongst the suitable linings may
be evaluated as per Annex A for economical viability.
To select type of lining to keep seepage within desirable
limits, reference may also be made to performance data
of existing canals. There may be other intangible
factors like presence of high population intensity,
aesthetics, limitations of land availability, etc, which
may influence the final selection of type of lining.
8 PARAMETER FOR DESIGN OF LINED
CANALS
8.1 Side Slopes
8.1.1 Inner Slopes of Lined Canals
Lining is usually made to rest on stable slopes of the
natural soil; so slopes should be such that no earth
pressure or any other external pressure is exerted over
the back of the lining. Sudden drawdown of water
level in the lined canal should be controlled by strict
operation rules and regulations to avoid external
pressure on the lining. However where chance of
sudden drawdown in the canal is considerable, the
canal slopes should be checked for stability using slip
circle analysis as given in IS 7894. In addition, other
suitable measures like adequate drainage should be
provided before lining work commences. As a rule,
steeper slopes are economical but stable slopes
depending on type of soil are preferred. For general
guidance, the following side slopes as given in Table
2 are recommended.
8.1.2 Outer Slopes of Lined Canal
Suggested outer slopes for lined canals are seen in
some of the typical sections such as given in Fig. l A,
l B, 2A, 2B, etc. However, engineering properties of

Table' 2 Recommended Side Slopes

(Clause 8.1.1)

Sl No. Type of Soil Side Slopes (Horizontal : Vertical)

i) Very light loose 2: 1 to 3: 1

sand to average sandy soil

ii) Sandy loam 1.5 : 1 to 2 : I (in cutting)

2 : I (in embankment)

iii) Sandy gravel/murum 1.5 : 1 (in cutting)

l.S : I to 2 : I (in embankment)

iv) Black colton 1.5 : 1 to 2.5 : I (in cutting)

2 : I to 3.5 : I (in embankment)
v) Clayey soils 1.5 : I to 2 : I (in cutting)
1.5 : 1 to 2.5 : I (in embankment)

vi) Rock 0.25 : 1 to 0.5 : 1

NOTE - The above slopes are recommended for depth of cutting/height of embankment up to 6 m. For depth/height
in excess of the above. special studies for the stability of slopes are recommended.

4

soil shall govern the design of outer slopes giving
due consideration to stability of slopes for functional
situations (like moist conditions of fill, etc.) The need
for introduction of berms will also be kept in view
where the fill height is in excess of 6 m.
8.2 Free Board
Free board shall be measured from the full supply level
to the top of lining. Minimum free boards for various
canal discharge-are given below:
Canal Discharge Free Board
More than 10 cumecs 0.75 m
Between 3 to 10 cumecs 0.60m
I to 3 cumecs 0.50m
Less than 1 cumec 0.30m
Less than 0.1 cumec 0.15 m
(Water Course)
8.3 Berm
In deep cut reaches of canals with discharge capacity
exceeding 10 cumecs, it is desirable to provide berms
of 3 ill to 5 m width on each side for stability, facility
of maintenance, silt clearance, etc (see Fig. I C). In
such sections, the inner sides above the berms may be
provided with turfing.
8.4 Bank Top Width
The width of the banks may vary according to the
importance and capacity of the canal. In case of
distributaries, service road should be provided on one
bank for inspection and maintenance purpose.
However, in case of main and branch canals service
road should be provided on both the banks. The
minimum values recommended for top width of the
bank are as follows:
IS 10430: 2000
provided on natural ground surface and adjacent to the
bank; however. the importance of providing adequate
service roads where they are needed should always be
kept in view. The service road should be above normally
encountered high flood level (HFL) with some free board.
3 Where the stability of the embankment is required. wider
bank widths can be provided. Turfing should be provided
on the outer slopes.
4 In hilly terrain where it is not possible to provide above
bank widths, the bank widths may be suitably reduced.
5 When the bank widths are reduced on exceptional
ground. refuges after every 100 m should be provided for
passing and sheltering of opposing traffic.
8.5 Dowla (Dowel 'Dwarf Bund')
Suitable dowels may be provided on the canal side of
the service road, on one or both the banks depending
upon the type and size of the lined canal. From
economic consideration, dowels may be replaced by
parapets particularly in case of high embankments.
However, the parapet should not be considered
additional free board. To check the ingress of rain water
behind the lining of the side slopes of the canals,
horizontal cement concrete coping 100 mm to
150 mm thick, depending upon size of canal should
be provided at the top of lining. The width of coping
at the top shall not be less than 225 mm for discharge
up to 3 cumecs, 350 mm for discharge more than 3
cumecs and 550 mrn for discharge more than 10
cumecs.
8.6 Roadway and Drainage
Wherever additional spoil banks are to be provided
on the land side of the embankment, adequate drainage
channels shall be provided with suitable slope on the
roadway sloping away from the canal side. No rain
water shall be allowed to flow or percolate towards
the canal slope behind the linings.

Discharge Minimum Bank Top Width 8.7 Typical Cross-Sections

I
(m'/s) Typical cross-sections of the lined canals in cutting
and filling are given in Fig.1 and 2. Three typical
m m cross-sections of lined canals in rock cutting are shown
0.15 to 1.5 4.0 1.5 in Fig. 3. Depending upon the quality of rock. full
1.5 to 3.0 4.0 2.0 supply discharge, velocity, depth of flow and bed
3.0 to 10.0 4.0 + dowel 2.5 width, similar arrangements may be adopted.
10.0 to 30.0 5.0 + dowel 4.0
8.8 Cross-Section, Discharge and Velocity
30.0 and above 6.0 + dowel 5.0
8.8.1 The cross-section of lined canal may be
NOTES
a) trapezoidal with or without rounded
1 Bank widths given above may be altered when justified
by specific conditions. corners (see Fig. I). This section can be
2 For distributary canals carrying less than 3.0 cumecs and used for all types of lined canals.
minor canals. it is generally not economical to construct a b) cup shaped (see 'Fig. 2). It may be used
service road on top of bank as this usually requires more
materials than the excavation provides. In such cases.
for distributaries/minors for discharge
service road suitably lowered below top of lining may be up to 3m'/s as far as possible.

5
IS 10430: 2000

8.8.2 The discharge that can pass through a canal some types of lining are given below:
section is calculated by
a) Stone-pitched lining 1.5 mls
Q=A X Ville"" (rnvs)
b) Burnt clay tile or brick lining 1.8 mls
where
A area of cross-section in m2, and c) Cement concrete lining 2.7 mls

V mean mean velocity in m/s. 9 UNDER DRAINAGE

8.8.3 The mean velocity Ville,,, is given by :
R 20 SIn
V meun = ___h_(m/s)
n measures to be provided to protect the canal lining in
where
Rh hydraulic mean depth (= AlP) (m);
A cross sectional area (rn-);
P wetted perimeter (m);
S longitudinal slope of water surface
(m/m); and
n rugosity coefficient as given in
Table I.
8.8.4 The critical velocity ratio should be aimed at
higher than unity or by any other method, it should be
ensured that silting will not take place in the lined
canal.
8.8.5 Limiting Velocities in Different Types of Lining
The maximum permissible velocities for guidance for
9.1 Embankments of relatively permeable soil do not
need drainage measures behind the lining. However,
the following conditions require suitable under drainage
accordance with IS 4558.
i) Where the lined canal passes through an area
with seasonal ground water level higher likely
to be higher than the water level inside the canal,
ii) Where sub grade is sufficiently impermeable to
prevent the free drainage of seepage or leakage
from the canal, and
iii) Where there is built up pressure due to time lag
between drainage of the sub-grade following
drawdown of canal.
10 EXPANSIVE SOIL
10.1 In reaches of expansive soil where swelling
pressure is more than 50 kN/m 2 reference may be
made to IS 9451.

6
 IS 10430: 2000

5-1,5TOI

LEFT

COMPACTED EARTH LININGBED

Gl

t---_<.+--'.BQUNDARy ROAD
5000 APPROX

All dimensions in millirnetres.

FIG. IA NATURAL GROUND BELOW BED

DOTTED UNE REPRESENT

CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 1B NATURAL GROUND BETWEEN BED AND FULL SUPPLY LEVEL

S-ITOl
.J[
All dimensions in millirnerres.
FIG. 1C NATURAL GROUND IS A VOVE Top OF LINING

7
IS 10430: 2000

LEFT BANK S-t.5T01 I

GtOFCUP
SHAPEDCANAL

FREEBOARD

COMPACTEDEARTH

RIGHT BANK

4.0FCUP ~
SHAPEOC".ANAL.: 1

11()()

LINING:

AI! dimensions in rnillirnetres.

FIG. 2A NATURAL GROUND BELOW BED

LEFT BANK S""1IN 20

II--~OFCUP
SHAPED CANAL
,
I
~S"~T~
~
=!,500lI----- BOUNDARY ROAD
5O:XJ APPRQX
OOtTED lINE.REPRESENT
CONSTRUCTION SeQUENCE

RIGHT BANK

DOTTeD LINE REPRESENT --",'-

CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

AI! dimensions in millimctrcs.

FIG. 2B NATURAL GROUND BETWEEN BED AND FULL SUPPLY LEVEL

8
 IS 10430: 2000

S-"K20
IlANKWlDTH ~

rt ~ Lr~
S.. , IN 80
LEFT BANK
4.0FCUP~
SHAPEDCANAL ~

BOUNDARY ROAD
~OOOAPPROX

RIGHT BANK
I \'500
r
8ANKWID~+n
,~"\o , "':'1.$)"0 6000max
4
-s.1i'N80 ~+ SPOI~ BANK r
S=1T01

BOUNDA.RY ROAD
5060 APPROX

" rm"II"IInetres.
All dimensions In L INO
FIo.2C NATURAL GROUND ISAVOVETop OF IN

9
IS 10430: 2000

REFILLING UP TO UNDER SIDE OF LINING WITH ROCK SPALLS ANO

CHIPS AVAILABLE .FROM CANAL CUT1ING lTYP} LEAN CEMENT
.\ CONCRETE
20 mm THICK CEMENT PLASTE
:\~(
- , 300 mm I1'HICI< RANDOM RUBBLE "~SONRY IN CEMENT ",ORTAR
WITH CEMENT MORTAR 1;L
WITH 20'10 REPLACEMENT OF.
I ':4 MIX
WIIH 20'10 REPLACEMENT OF CEMENI BY FLY ASH CEMENT BY FLY ASH
AND EXPOSED FACE PLASTERED wmt 20 mm THICK CEMENI
MORTAR 1:4 WITH 20'10 REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT 9Y FLY 1 000 mm WIDTH
MANUALLY PACKED
ASH CONCRETE

PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES 7S mm OIA IN FILTER

WIDTH-':"-':~--1
REFILLING UP, TO UNDER SIDE
OF LINING WITH SPALLS AND
CHIPS/LEAN CEMENT CONCRETE
POCKE TS PROVIDED AT 10000 mm C/C IN TWO
ROWS 2 000 mm APART STAGGERED (TYPICAlI
PRESSURE RELIEF VAlVf:S 7S mm D1A IN FILTER POCKETS
PROVIDED AT 10000 ",m C/C IN TWO ROWS 2 000 mm DEIAIL AI A
APART (STAGGEREDI

3A CAST-IN-SITU CEMENT CONCRETE LINING IN BED AND

RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY LINING ON SIDES 20 mrn lH1CK PLASTER IN
CEMENT MORTAR T:4
!l~Q mm THICK COPING
ICEjotENT CONCRETE
M 100
100 mm THICK COPING·ICEMENT
llS CONCRE TE M 100
20 mm THICK PLASTER
WITH CEMENT MORTAR 1:4
~F~~I~~ W~ ~~g~Rs~:;IS
AND CHIPS AVAILABLE FROM
CANAL CUnlNG lEAN/CEMENT
CONCRETE ITYPICALI

FILTER
PRESSURE RELIEF MATERIAL
VALVE ,p75 mm

llS JI-f~"\' 100 mm

f.?N~:JTE
THI~~ CEMENT
LINING IM·ISO) p6~;rus ~6~~~~~E
PRESSURE RElIEF VALVES 75 mm DIA IN FILTER
100 mm THICK
LINING IN CEMENT
CONCRETE 1M150}
POCKETS PROVIDED AT 1000 mm ClC IN TWO
ROW~ AT ENDS OF SED ISTAGGEREDI 3C CAS; -IN-SITU CEMENT CONCRETE IM-150) LINING m
BED .AND RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY LINING ON SIDES
38 CAST-iN-SITU CEMENT CONCRETE 1M-ISO) liNING IN
'BED AN'O RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY liNIN" nN c <'''to

NOTES
1 In case of sound rock, cement concrete lining may be provided in bed and sides.
On sides, the lining may be anchored suitably to the rock behind.
2 All the dimensions are in miIIimetres unless otherwise specified.

FIG. 3 TYPICAL CROSS-SECfIONS OF LINED CANALS IN ROCK ClJITING

10
 IS 10430: 2000

ANNEX A
(Clause 7.2)
ECONOMICS OF CANAL LINING

A-I NOTATIONS x Percent rate of interest per year.

A-I.I For the purpose of analysis for determining the a = Total annual benefits resulting from the
maximum rate of expenditure on lining that is lining of canals.
economically justifiable, the following notations A-2 METHOD
should apply:
A-2.1 The annual value of
C Cost of lining in rupees per square metre water lost by seepage
including the additional cost of dressing from the unlined section = p Lsd W rupees
the banks for lining.
The annual saving by
C' Saving in the land, earthwork and struc- lining in value of
tures (bridges, cross drainage works, etc) water otherwise lost
due to reduced section on account of by seepage if unlined =(pLsdW-PI..SdW)Rs
lining, in rupees. = {LdW (p s-PS)} Rs
Total annual benefits
sand S Seepage losses in unlined and lined canal
resulting from the
respectively in cubic metres per square
lining of canals, a = {Ldw (ps-PS)
metre of wetted surface per day.
+B+M} Rs ....(1)
p and P Wetted perimeter in metres of unlined and
A-2.l.I Additional capital expenditure on
lined sections respectively.
construction of lined canal = Rs TLC C. If the
T = Total perimeter of lining in metres. prevalent rate of interest is X, the net present worth
(NPW) of the total annual benefits a, over the life of
d = Number of running days of the canal per
the canal (Y years) is determined from the following
year.
formula:
W = Value of water saved in rupees per cum.
(I+X)Y-I
L = Length of the canal in metres. NPW= a (2)
y = Life of the canal in years.
For the lining to be economically feasible the
M = Annual saving in rupees in operation and additional initial cost of the lined canal should be
maintenance due to lining. equal to or less than Net Present Worth of savings.
B = Annual estimated value in rupees of other that is, TLC - C ~ NPW
benefit for the length of canal under consi-
NOTE-In the above analysis it may be noted that the
deration. These will include prevention of actual evaluation of benefits grouped under item Band
water logging, reduced cost of drainage for M is very difficult to ascertain particularly on a new
adjoining lands, reduced risk of breaching, project. It can only be approximately estimated on the
basis of experience on similar existing projects.
etc.

II
Bureau of Indian Standards

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This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc: No. WRD 13 (45).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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