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Unit- V
Solid Waste Management
• Definition, classification, characteristics, segregation,
storage, transportation and management practices,
disposal methods, role of individual in prevention of
pollution, pollution case studies.
Solid Waste
• Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from
human and animal activities that are
normally solid and that are discarded as
useless or unwanted. The term refuse, is often
used interchangeably with the term solid
wastes.
Municipal Solid Waste
Municipal Solid Waste Sources
Classification of Material Comprising
Municipal Solid Waste
• Garbage: The animal, fruit or vegetable residues resulting from
handling, preparation, cooking, and eating of foods. Because food
waste are putrescible, they decompose rapidly, especially in warm
weather.
• Rubbish: Combustible and noncombustible solid wastes, excluding
food wastes or other putrescible material. Typically, combustible
rubbish consists of material such as paper, cardboard, plastics,
textiles, rubber, leather, wood, furniture, and garden trimmings.
Non combustible material consists of glass, crockery, tin cans,
aluminum cans, ferrous and non ferrous metals, dirt and
construction wastes.
• Ashes and Residues: Material remaining from the burning of wood,
coal, coke, and other combustible wastes. Ashes and residues are
normally composed of fine powdery materials, cinders, clinkers,
and small amount of burned and partially burned materials.
Classification of Material Comprising
Municipal Solid Waste
• Demolition and Construction Wastes: Wastes from
razed buildings and other structures are classified as
demolition wastes. Wastes from the construction,
remolding, and repairing of residential, commercial,
and industrial buildings and similar structures are
classified as construction wastes. These wastes may
include dirt, stones, concrete, bricks.
• Special Wastes: Wastes such as street sweepings,
roadside litter, catch-basin debris, dead animals,
abandoned vehicles are classified as special wastes.
• Treatment Plant Wastes: The solid and semisolid
wastes from water, wastewater, and industrial-waste
treatment facilities are included in the classification.
Classification of Material Comprising
Municipal Solid Waste
Classification of Solid Waste in Tabular Form
Classification of Solid Waste in Tabular
Form
Types of Solid Wastes
• Solid wastes are generally classified in three
general categories
• Municipal Wastes
• Industrial Wastes
• Hazardous Wastes
Municipal Wastes
• Municipal Wastes Include waste from residential,
commercial, open areas such as parks, streets,
playgrounds etc. and treatment plant waste these
include wastes such as, garbage, rubbish, ashes,
demolition and construction wastes, special wastes,
treatment plant wastes, principally composed of
residual sludges.
Municipal Wastes
Industrial Wastes
• Industrial wastes are those wastes arising
from industrial activities and typically include
rubbish, ashes, demolition and construction
wastes, special wastes and hazardous wastes.
Industrial Wastes
Hazardous Wastes
• Wastes that pose a substantial danger immediately or over
a period of time to human, plants, or animal life are
classified as hazardous wastes. A wastes is classified as
hazardous waste if it exhibits any of the following
characteristics:
• (1) Ignitability (2) Corrosivity (3) Reactivity (4) Toxicity.
• In the past, hazardous wastes were often grouped into the
following categories:
• (1) Radioactive Wastes (2) Chemicals (3) Biological Wastes
(4) Flammable wastes (5) Explosives. The chemical
category include wastes that are corrosive, reactivity, or
toxic. The principal source of hazardous biological wastes
are hospitals and biological facilities.
Hazardous Wastes
Characteristics of Solid Waste
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES IN INDIAN CITIES
Characteristics of Solid Waste
CHEMICALS CHARACTERISTICS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES IN INDIAN CITIES
Physical Characteristics
• Density: The knowledge of density is important for
the design of all elements of the solid waste
management systems like storage, transport and
disposal. For example for a known volume of the
solid waste its density gives us the idea about the
requirement of the truck in tonnage. The density
varies significantly from source to the disposal site
because of handling, change in moisture content,
densification due to vibration of movement,
disturbance by animals and birds (scavengers) etc.
Physical Characteristics
Moisture Content
• Moisture content of the solid waste is expressed as
the weight of moisture per unit weight of wet
material. Moisture content varies generally from 20
to 45% depending upon the climatic conditions and
level of city (income group) etc. The increase of
moisture content increases the weight and thus the
cost of transportation and thus the storage section
should take care of it.
Chemical Characteristics
• Calorific value: Calorific value is the amount
of heat generated from combustion of a unit
weight of a substance, expressed as kilo
calorie per kilogram. The calorific value is
determined in the laboratory by Bomb
Calorimeter.
Chemical Characteristics
• The chemical characteristics of solid waste are
determined for assessing the treatment process.
Mainly three chemical characteristics are
determined, chemical, bio-chemical and
toxicological.
• Chemical quantities of solid waste in Indian urban
centres are pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
(N-P-K), total carbon, carbon/nitrogen ratio, calorific
value.
• Bio-chemical characteristics include carbohydrate,
proteins, natural fiber, and biodegradable factor.
• Toxic characteristics include heavy metals, pesticides,
insecticides etc.
Chemical Characteristics
• Consideration of lipids (fats, oils and grease) should also
be done as they are of a very high calorific value (about
38000 Kcal/kg). These days synthetic organic materials like
plastic have become a significant component of solid waste
accounting for 5-7%. In India the plastic is non-
biodegradable and thus poses a great problem. It chokes
the drains and if burnt it produces poisonous gases. The
thin plastic sheets and bags are not recycled as the cost of
making it dirt & oil free makes the process uneconomical.
• All the above considerations of characteristics are required
to design, conceive and assess the most appropriate ways of
transportation, the requirements of treatment, extraction of
energy and the safe, sanitary way of disposal for the
protection of environment
Solid Waste Management
• The solid waste management has the following
components:
• Identification of waste and its minimization at the
source
• Collection, segregation and storage at the site of
collection
• Transportation
• Treatment
• Energy recovery
• Disposal
Solid Waste Management
Identification of Waste and its Minimization at
the Source
• The minimization of the waste production is the best
strategy. For this, first of all the process should be such
that there is a least production of waste.
• Then the next step is to reuse the remaining waste in the
same process. This reduces the cost of transportation etc.
Identification of Waste and its
Minimization at the Source
• The above mentioned methods can be adopted on a large
scale also, but for that the waste is firstly collected,
transported and than utilized. This incurs a large cost. So it
is always preferable that if the waste production is
minimized or the waste is reused, recycled at the source
itself. Thus, the waste minimization is achieved through
careful planning, changing attitude, sometimes special
investments, and most important is a real commitment.
• The self motivated willing reduction of waste is generally
not possible, so strict enforcement of the law should be
there. The waste reduction and reuse, recycling should be
given incentives from the government in the form of tax
reduction and loans
Identification of Waste and its
Minimization at the Source
Collection, Segregation and Storage at the
Site of Collection
• The main problem of solid waste management is
the collection of solid waste. The household
waste consists of all types of general waste. At
present there is no scientific, clean, hygienic,
efficient practice of waste collection in most of
the cities of India including the metro cities.
• The industrial waste is also handled in the same
way. The collection and storage of waste is the
most neglected operation in any industry.
Collection, Segregation and Storage at
the Site of Collection
Collection, Segregation and Storage at
the Site of Collection
http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/living/the-new-black-gold
NGOs
NGOs play a very crucial role in catalysing community action.
The most workable method is to use the enthusiasm of children
from schools in the neighbourhood. They have the expertise to
systematically initiate the programme, put the system in place,
monitor its progress and provide valuable guidance. It is
recommended that a consortium of like-minded NGOs be
formed and geographical zones allotted, keeping in view the
aspect of total coverage of the town / city. The NGOs are
required to impart orientation training and do hand-holding of
RWAs till the system is set in place and starts working. To keep
the interest alive, NGOs could organize competitions among
RWAs. NGOs should also involve charitable institutions like
Rotary, Jaycee, Lions, etc. for financial support.
NGOs
Conclusion
Although India has the most comprehensive Municipal Solid
Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, it is just a
directive on paper without any enforcement and
implementation. Very little effort has been made to train and
build the capacity of all stakeholders. Hence, there are all
kinds of excuses given for its failure.
Most of the municipalities cite lack of resources to manage
solid waste while the communities feel that they have not
been involved. Resource agencies, like NGOs, want to take the
initiative but do not wish to get involved till they have a
complete assurance of cooperation from all stakeholders,
specially the government and civic agencies.
They also do not like the idea of volunteering without any
financial back-up. The government should educate and
inform people about such projects before executing any plan,
so that the desired results are obtained.
Solid Waste Management in
Mumbai, India- A Case Study
Solid Waste Management in Mumbai,
India
General Profile of City
Waste Generation
Waste Collection
Waste Disposal/Recovery
• Salient features:
– Street Sweeping – 100% street cleaning in 1 or 2 shifts (67% by municipal
staff and 33% roads by private contractors)
– Power sweeping introduced in Island City area
– Garbage management in 4 main beaches given to private entities on 5-year
contracts
– Collection 83% through collection bins and 13% house-to-house collection
(Source: MCGM)
• Frequency :
– 1396 number of trips each day. (MCGM, around 2007-08)
Waste collection
• Waste NOT COLLECTED = 15% of the amount generated.
(Ghanekar, 2013)
• Reason cited, IRONICALLY, is want of resources (when
MCGM is the Richest Corporation in India (Pradhan, 2007)
Waste Collection Pilot schemes
Slum Adoption Scheme:
• Honorarium to Community-Based
Organizations (CBOs) to lead slum-cleaning;
authorized to collect small amounts per
household in lieu of services provided
(Source: MCGM)
Waste Disposal - Journey of Waste…
• Recovery…NOT REALLY!
– No substantive segregation at source, despite MSW rules (2000)
(Ghanekar, 2013)
– Biogas production; vermin-composting at initial stages
110
Waste Management Framework
Stakeholders
Institution in
Charge –
Informal Rag- NGOs and
Municipal
pickers and recycling Citizens
Corporation of
Recyclers companies
Greater Mumbai
(MCGM
• Laws:
– Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Rules (2000) made it mandatory for local municipal
bodies to enforce segregation at source (MSW Rules, 2000)
• On the Ground:
• Sheer size of the population and corresponding Waste generation; High
and rapidly increasing volume of Solid Waste 10000 MTPD by
2025(MCGM)
• No apparent practice of even the most basic scientific waste management
practices like waste segregation at source
References
• MCGM, 2013
http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous?NavigationTarget=navurl://c4b79f15e55f9817690
5a7c2c7d910ee
• ToI, 2011
• http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-23/mumbai/29177565_1_capita-income-
pci-thane-and-pune
• Nakaskar, 2011
• http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-20/mumbai/29793908_1_south-mumbai-
mumbai-houses-bfsi
• MCGM, around 2007-08
• http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/portal/anonymous/qlcleanover
TSDF Site
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
Thanks !