1.

Improving accuracy of orthophoto

1.1. The standard of accuracy in photogrammetric mapping

The level of accuracy of orthophoto geometry refers to Geospatial Information
Agency regulation No. 15 of 2014 concerning Technical Guidelines for Accuracy
in Basic Maps.

Table 1. Accuracy of geometry of indonesian earth map

Accuracy of Fine Maps of Indonesian Earth
Contour
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
Scale Interval
Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical
(m)
(CE90 in m) (LE90 in m) (CE90 in m) (LE90 in m) (CE90 in m) (LE90 in m)
1:1.000.000 400 200 200 300 300 500 500
1:500.000 200 100 100 150 150 250 250
1:250.000 100 50 50 75 75 125 125
1:100.000 40 20 20 30 30 50 50
1:50.000 20 10 10 15 15 25 25
1:25.000 10 5 5 7,5 7,5 12,5 12,5
1:10.000 4 2 2 3 3 5 5
1:5.000 2 1 1 1,5 1,5 2,5 2,5
1:2.500 1 0,5 0,5 0,75 0,75 1,25 1,25
1:1.000 0,4 0,2 0,2 0,30 0,30 0,5 0,5

The value of accuracy in each class is obtained through the provisions as listed in
the table below.

Tabel 2. Provisions on the geometry of Indonesia's earth map based on Class

Accuracy Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
Horizontal 0,2 mm x scale 0,3 mm x scale 0,5 mm x scale
Vertical 0,5 x contour interval 1,5 x grade 1 accuracy 2,5 x grade 1 accuracy

The value of the accuracy of the basic map position in Table 1 is the CE90 value
for horizontal accuracy and LE90 for vertical accuracy, which means that the basic
map position error does not exceed the accuracy value with a 90% confidence level.

CE90 and LE90 values can be obtained by the formula referring to the following
standards US NMAS (United States National Map Accuracy Standards) as follows:

CE90 = 1,5175 x RMSEr

LE90 = 1,6499 x RMSEz

Information:
RMSEr = Root Mean Square Error in positions x and y (horizontal)
RMSEz = Root Mean Square Error in positions z (vertical)

The meaning of terms:

 a. Map accuracy is a value that describes the level of correspondence between the
position and attributes of an object on the map with the actual position and
attributes.

b. Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) is the square root of the average square of

the difference between the coordinate values of the data and the coordinate
values of independent sources whose accuracy is higher.

c. Circular Error 90% (CE90) is a measure of horizontal geometric accuracy that

is defined as the radius of a circle which shows that 90% of the error or
difference in the horizontal position of objects on the map with the actual
position is no greater than that radius.

d. Linear Error 90% (LE90) is a measure of vertical geometric accuracy (height),

which is a distance value that indicates that 90% of the error or difference in
the height of the object on the map with the actual height value is not greater
than the distance value.

1.2. E384 drone accuracy status

a) Mapping use the drone E384 without GPS PPK/RTK

The processing of mission data in 2018 uses high quality parameter settings
from processing align photos, build dense point clouds, to build orthomosaic.
From the processing results continued by comparing georeferenced accuracy
with orthophoto data in 2017. Visually, the results of processing and
comparison of georeferenced accuracy are shown in the figure below:

 Sample 1
Drone Image 2018 Drone Image 2017

Difference in accuracy: 9,1 meter

 Sample 2
Drone Image 2018 Drone Image 2017

Difference in accuracy: 13,7 meter

  Sample 3
Drone Image 2018 Drone Image 2017

Difference in accuracy: 15,6 meter

b) Study case by Event38 with the drone E384 and use GPS PPK/RTK

1. https://event38.com/case-studies/drone-ppk-accuracy/
2. Drone Stockpile Measurement on Mines and Quarries
3. Mapping with PPK, An Assessment of Accuracy

1.3. The solutions

a) Fly a drone in the morning with no wind up, and still pay attention to the
number of satellites that are locked by GPS drones with a minimum of 20
satellites. This method allows the drone will be subject to accuracy standards
with the worst accuracy error of around 4 / 5m, if the mission is carried out
without GPS PPK/RTK for ground control points.
b) Improve GPS board in drones by replacing better GPS, such as GPS PPK. Find
some GPS PPK UAVs that will provide solutions up to a centimeter, the link
on below:
https://www.tersus-gnss.com/product/uav-ppk
solution?gclid=Cj0KCQjw2efrBRD3ARIsAEnt0ehqRsiJg-
G9DnD1m4fXckIre4IDic_gQ0zjtK3Du-jHrqby8A4ipQgaAus9EALw_wcB

c) Carry out a mission with GPS RTK to take ground control points. The
recommended GPS RTK from Event38, see on this link:
https://event38.com/product/emlid-reach-rs-gps-base-station-shipping-
march-2017-2/

1.4. The questions

a) Is there a method for distributing Ground Control Points locations, scattered

randomly or evenly, able to represent the entire orthophoto area?
b) Are there tests using other methods to determine the accuracy of orthophoto
geometry?
c) Is there an influence on the orthophoto's geometry when geotagging each
photo of the drone using mission planner, with geotagging directly from
agisoft metashape?
 d) Is there a GPS board mounted on drones that have millimeter to centimeter
quality, without having to use a ground control point?

2. Improving sharpness of orthophoto

2.1. Sharpness status of orthophoto

Unsharp (blur) cases occur in several orthophoto areas from the results of 2018
drone monitoring data processing. Visually shown in the picture below:

2.2. The solutions

a) Change the mission planner settings when collecting field data, such as the
shutter speed camera, and altitude settings.
b) Do not fly drones during windy conditions, when collecting field data.
 2.3. The questions

a) Are there any recommended mission settings to minimize the occurrence of

photo blur problems?
b) Recommend a good camera for mapping aerial photographs using fixed
wing drones?

3. Improving alignment of orthophoto

3.1. Alignment status of orthophoto

Misalignment case occur in several orthophoto areas from the results of 2018 drone
monitoring data processing, these case often appear on the edge of the mission area.
Visually shown in the picture below:

3.2. The solutions

a) Seamline editing
This method only works if you get the best photo from the assign image. But
basically Software has selected the best photos automatically to represent
orthophoto overlap. How to do seamline editing can be seen in the link below:
https://agisoft.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/31000148853-
orthomosaic-seamline-editing-patching-

b) Installation of Ground Control Point (GCP)

Installation of control points on the area (road) that experience misalignment,
which must cover the photo that occurred in the geometry shift. Then do
orthophoto rectification with the GCP coordinate.
3.3. The questions

a) Are there any good recommendations for setting the "Photo Alignment"
step to minimize the problem of misalignment?
 b) Recommended software for drone data processing?

4. Converting dense point clouds to DTM data

4.1. Converting status

Data conversion of dense point clouds into digital terrain model (DTM) that has
been tried before using two applications, namely directly on Agisoft, and
3DReshaper applications.

a) Using Agisoft Application

How to automatically convert dense point clouds into digital terrain model
(DTM) using the Agisoft Metashape application can be seen in the link
below:
https://agisoft.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/31000148866-
dense-cloud-classification

b) Using 3DReshaper Application

How to automatically convert dense point clouds into digital terrain model
(DTM) using the 3DReshaper application can be seen in the link below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=e_Hy7p03rzI
The disadvantages of each application are:

a) Agisoft Application
Software is still inaccurate in separating the surface of the land from objects
on it, such as the remaining vegetation, buildings, vehicles, and others. So
the data generated is still not accurate.

b) 3DReshaper Application
The software is able to separate the surface of the land from objects on it, and
from the data generated (DTM) can directly generate contour data. However,
the resulting data cannot be exported into a general raster format (.TIFF).
The accuracy of DTM / Contour data generated using the 3DReshaper application,
must be checked in the field to find out the truth of the data.

4.2. The questions

a) How to convert Dense Point Clouds data into DTM data using the PCI
Geomatica application or use the SAGA GIS application