Basic Mathematics

LECTURE 4
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Basic Mathematics
LECTURE 4
Example A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a wall, the bottom of the ladder is pulled
along the ground, away from the wall at a rate of 2 m/s.
How fast is its height on the wall decreasing when the foot of the ladder is
4m away from the wall?

A. 8/3 m/s

B. 4/3 m/s
C. 0 m/s

D. 3 m/s
The length of the ladder is Given: vx = 2m/s and when x = 4
constant i.e. 5 m
y = √ 5 2 – x2
From the triangle
y = √ 25 – 16
x2 + y2 = 5
y=3
As the rod slides x and y
changes + 2(3)(vy) = 0

⇒ 2(4)(2)
dx +2y dy = 0
2x dt vy = –8/3;
dt

2x (vx) + 2y (vy) = 0 speed = 8/3 m/s

Example A man of height 2 m walks at a uniform speed of 5 m/s away from a
lamp post which is 6m high. Find the rate at which the length of his
shadow increases.

A. 5 m/s

B. 5/4 m/s
6m
C. 10 m/s
5 m/s
2m
D. 5/2 m/s

y x
y → length of the shadow

dy
We have to find
dt

Using similar triangles

y y+x 6m
=
2 6 5 m/s
2m
3y = y + x
2y = x
y x
dy dx
2 =
dt dt
Given dx/dt = 5 m/s

dy
2 =5
dt

dy
dt = 5/2 m/s 6m

5 m/s
2m
Rate at which length of
shadow is increasing
y x
What are different uses of differentiation?
Lets plot this function on a graph
y = x+3
Lets plot this function on a graph
y = x+3 Y

5 ×
The general equation of straight line is 4 ×
3 ×
y = mx + c y intercept ×2
× 1

Differentiating the above X

–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
equation –1
–2
dy –3
=m –4
dx
Slope
x –2 –1 0 1 2
dy
tanθ =
dx y 1 2 3 4 5
Slope = tanθ
Lets plot this function on a graph
y = x2
Lets plot this function on a graph
y = x2
y
Finding slope from equation
A
dy Slope isn’t ×
= 2x
dx constant C
×
B
Finding slope from graph θC θ×
B
θA
Slope at; x
A = tan θA
B = tan θB
C = tan θC
θ → is the angle which the tangent makes
with the positive x-axis x 0 2,–2 3, –3

y 0 4 9
 What are different uses of differentiation?

Magnitude Sign
More steep to the If θ < 90; +ve
tangent more the If 180 > θ > 90 –ve
magnitude
Slope at A is more 0° < θA , θB < 90°
steep than at B
∴ Slope at A and B are positive

So if we move in +ve Slope at point C is negative

direction from origin, as 180° > θC > 90°
the magnitude of
slope is increasing
At what time is the Speed Negative ?
A. 1 sec
B. 2.5 sec
C. 4 sec
D. None of these
At what time is the Velocity Negative ?
A. 1 sec
B. 2.5 sec
C. 4 sec
D. None of these
At what time is the Velocity ZERO ?
A. 1 sec
B. 2.5 sec
C. 4 sec
D. None of these
How to use differentiation for analyzing graphs?
 Position

Time

Velocity
Time
 dx dv
Since v = Since a =
dt dt
Slope of position time graph Slope of velocity time graph
gives us the velocity gives us the acceleration

Position

Velocity
Time Time
 Find the velocity from the graph ?
x(m)
Example
A. 4 m/s 16

B. -4 m/s
12
C. -2 m/s
D. 16 m/s 8

1 2 3 4
t(s)
 x(m)
Slope of position-time graph gives velocity
16

12
Velocity = tan θ
16 16
8
tan (π – θ) = =4
4 4
π–θ θ
Note : tan(π – θ) = –tanθ
t(s)
1 2 3 4
∴ tanθ = –4 4

∴ Velocity = –4
m/s
(b) -4 m/s2 , 0 m/s2 ,+4 m/s2
 Find the acceleration during the time interval from
Example
➔ t = 0s to t = 5s, v(m/s)
➔ t = 5s to t = 10s ,
➔ t = 10s to t = 15s

20 (5, 20) (10, 20)

10 θ
θ
t (s)
0 5 10 15
Solution Find the acceleration during the time interval from
t = 0s to t = 5s, t = 5s to t = 10s and t = 10s to t = 15s?

v(m/s)
Slope of velocity time
graph gives acceleration (5, 20) (10, 20)
20
t = 0s to t = 5s
10 20 θ
Slope is θ
+ve t (s)
20 0 5 5 10 15
a=
5

a = 4 m/s2
Solution Find the acceleration during the time interval from
t = 0s to t = 5s, t = 5s to t = 10s and t = 10s to t = 15s?

Slope of velocity time v(m/s)

graph gives acceleration
(5, 20) (10, 20)
t = 10s to t = 15s 20

10 20 θ
Slope is –ve θ
t (s)
0 5 5 10 15
a = – 20 m/s2
5
Example Find the region where the speed is increasing & where the speed is decreasing.

A. Increasing at AB, Decreasing at BC

B. Increasing at BC, Decreasing at AB
C. Increasing at BC, Decreasing at CD
D. None of these
C

↑ B
x

A t→
D
In region BC
① The slope is positive, so the
velocity is in positive direction
② The magnitude of slope
(steepness) is increasing so
the speed is increasing
B
Magnitude of the slope ⇒ Magnitude of velocity (speed)
Sign of the slope ⇒ Direction of velocity
C C
B
↑
θ x
A t→
D
In the region AB When the speed is decreasing, the
①The slope is negative ⇒ direction acceleration is
of velocity is negative opposite to the direction of velocity.
②The magnitude of slope (steepness) is A
decreasing ⇒ speed is
decreasing x
B
Since the velocity is negative, A t
acceleration will be positive C
 Increasing / Decreasing Function

y y

+ve slope –ve

slope
x x

Strictly increasing Strictly decreasing

function if y′ > 0 function if y′ < 0
Example v = t2 – 4t + 6 m/s
Find the time interval during which the velocity is increasing and the interval
in which the velocity is decreasing.
t>2 velocity is increasing
A.
0 <t <2 Velocity is decreasing
t>2 Velocity is decreasing
B.
0 <t <2 Velocity is increasing

C. t>2 Velocity is constant

0 <t <2 Velocity is decreasing
D. None of these
For the velocity to be increasing
dv
>0
dt

For the velocity to be increasing

dv
>0 ∴ t > 2 Velocity is increasing
dt dv
= 2t – 4 0 < t < 2 Velocityis decreasing
dt

2t – 4 >0
t>2
How to find maxima and minima?
At maxima, the slope (y′) is decreasing y Zero
i.e. rate of change of slope (y″) should be negative slope
+ve MAXIMA –ve
y″ < 0, (MAXIMA)
Slope Slope

x
At minima, the slope (y′) is increasing y

i.e. rate of change of slope (y′′) should be positive

–ve +ve
y″ > 0, (MINIMA) Slope MINIMA Slope
Zero
slope
x
Example Find maxima and minima for
y = 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x + 6

x = +2 Local minima
A.
x = –1 Local maxima
x = +1 Local minima
B.
x = –2 Local maxima
x = -2 Local minima
C.
x = –1 Local maxima
D. None of these
y = 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x + 6

-13

-2

-1

-14
 y = 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x + 6
y′ = 6x2 – 6x – 12
Slope is zero at x = 2 ; OR x = –1
Differentiating y′ y′′ = 12x – 6

At x = 2 At x = –1
y′′ = 24 – 6 y′′ = 12(–1) – 6
y′′ = 18 > 0 y′′ = –18 < 0
∴ x = +2 Local minima ∴ x = –1 Is a local maxima
 STEPS TO FIND MAXIMA/MINIMA

1. Differentiate the expression to get y′

2. Find the points where y′ = 0
3. Differentiate y′ to get y′′
4. Put the values of ‘zero slope points’ in y′′,
to check if its +ve or –ve
5. If y′′ > 0, the corresponding point is minima.
If y′′ < 0, the corresponding point is maxima.

We can get the minimum and maximum values by

putting the corresponding points in the expression of y.
Example Find the maximum and minimum values of
y = f(x) = 2x3 – 24x + 107 in the interval [1, 3]
A. ymin = 85 ymax = 89

B. ymin = 75 ymax = 89

C. ymin = 89 ymax = 95

D. None of these
solution Find the maximum and minimum values of
y = f(x) = 2x3 – 24x + 107 in the interval [1, 3]

y = 2x3 – 24x + 107

For local maxima and minima y′′ = 12x
dy
y′ = =0
dx for x = +2 for x = –2
6x2 – 24 = 0
y′′ = 24 > 0 y′′ = –24 < 0
6x2 = 24
∴ x = +2 ∴ x = –2
x2 = 4 is local Minima is local Maxima
x = ±2
x = +2
x = –2
solution Find the maximum and minimum values of
y=f(x) = 2x3 – 24x + 107 in the interval [1, 3]
y = 2x3 – 24x + 107
y
MAX

The minimum will be at x=2

ymin = 2(2)3 – 24(2) + 107 ∴ x = +2 MIN
is local minima
ymin = 16 – 48 + 107
x
ymin = 16 – 48 + 107
∴ x = –2 – 1 +2 3
ymin = 75 2
is local maxima
solution Find the maximum and minimum values of
f(x) = 2x3 – 24x + 107 in the interval [1, 3]
y = 2x3 – 24x + 107

yx=1 = 2 – 24 + 107 = 85 ∴ x = +2
MAX y
yx=3 = 2(3)3 – 24(3) + 107 = 89 is local minima

ymax = 89 ∴ x = –2 MIN
is local maxima
x
– 1 +2 3
2
solution Find the maximum and minimum values of
f(x) = 2x3 – 24x + 107 in the interval [1, 3]
y = 2x3 – 24x + 107

yx=1 = 2 – 24 + 107 = 85 ∴ x = +2
y
yx=3 = 2(3)3 – 24(3) + 107 = 89 is local minima MAX

ymax = 89 ∴ x = –2 MIN
is local maxima
x
– 1 +2 3
2
Example If we have to carve out a cylinder from a solid sphere of radius R, what should
be it’s radius r (in terms of R) such that the volume of cylinder carved out is
maximum?
A. r =√1/3 R r
B. r =√3/5 R
R
C. r =√2/3 R
D. None of these
Solution
Various possibilities

R
Solution r
We have to get a function of volume (V) in terms of a
variable (r or H), and then find the condition for maxima R

The variable here are the radius r of the cylinder and the height ‘H’
Two variables
V = πr2H (r and H)

We can write ‘H’ in terms of ‘r’ or ‘r’ in terms of ‘H’ to get only one variable
Solution r
Two r
V = πr2H variables H
R R
(r and H) 2
We can write ‘H’ in terms
(H/2)2 + r2 = R2
of ‘r’ or ‘r’ in terms of ‘H’ to
get only one variable r2 = R2 – H2/4
V = πr2h
V = π(R2– H2/4) H
V = πR2H – πH3/4
Solution r r
Note ‘R’ – the radius
H of sphere is constant R
R
2
For V to be maximum/minima
(H/2)2 + r2 = R2 dV
=0
r2 = R2 – H2/4 dH
V = πr2h dV – 2 3 πH2 = 0
= πR
V = π(R2– H2/4) H dH 4
V = πR2H – πH3/4 3H2 = 4R2 ; H = √4/3 R
Solution If we have to curve out a cylinder from a solid sphere of radius R, what
should be it’s radius r (in terms of R) such that the volume of cylinder
carved out is maximum?
H = √4/3 R 2R2 r
r2 =
Also since r2 = R2 – H2 3
R
4
r = √2/3 R
r2 = R2 – 4 R
2

3 4
Note we didn’t check
whether it’s a maxima or
minima, because it was
clear from the question
that it has to be maxima
 11th Grade
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Mathematics 9 PM
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