STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

BENDING STRESSES

Dr. S VENKATESWARA RAO

Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department
30-10-2017 1
 Bending of Beams
It is important to distinguish W W
between pure bending and
non-uniform bending. C A B D
a l a
Pure bending is the
deformation of the beam
under a constant bending + ve +W
moment. Therefore, pure C A B D
bending occurs only in regions - ve SFD
of a beam where the shear -W
force is zero, because V = A B D
dM/dx. C
- - ve
Non-uniform bending is Wa
deformation in the presence of BMD
shear forces, and bending
moment changes along the
axis of the beam.
What the Bending Moment does to the Beam
 Causes compression on one face and tension on the other

 Causes the beam to deflect

How much compressive
stress?

How much tensile stress?

How much deflection?
 How to Calculate the Bending Stress

 It depends on the beam cross-section

 We need some particular properties of the section

how big & what shape?

is the section we are using as a beam

Pure Bending
80 N 80 N
12 m 26 m 12 m

80 N 80 N

Nm Nm

Pure Bending: Prismatic members

subjected to equal and opposite
couples acting in the same
longitudinal plane
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
Internal forces in any cross section are
equivalent to a couple. The moment of the
couple is the section bending moment.
From statics, a couple M consists of two equal
and opposite forces.
The sum of the components of the forces in
any direction is zero.
 The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and zero
about any axis contained in the plane.
F x    x dA  0

My   z dA  0
x

Mz    y dA 
x M

These requirements may be applied to the sums

of the components and moments of the statically
indeterminate elementary internal forces.
 THEORY OF SIMPLE BENDING
Fig.(b) shows the part of a beam
subjected to pure bending.
The length of the part of the beam δx
Subjected to pure bending has
deformed to the shape as shown in
Fig.(a).
Top fibers are decreased in length but
bottom fibers are elongated.

If the part of the beam δx consisting

of no. of fibers, then all fibers have
changed their shape, some of them δx
have been shortened and some of
them have elongated.
At a level between the top and bottom
of the beam there will be a layer of
fibers which are neither shortened nor
extended.
Fibers in this layer are not stressed at R

all.
This layer is called neutral layer or
neutral surface.

The line of intersection of the neutral

surface on cross section is called
neutral axis.

Let the planes AA' and BB' will meet

at C.
Let θ is the angle between the planes.
 δa
yc C
y
N A
yt
T
 S
C
T
C= T
Assumptions in the Theory of Pure Bending

1. The value of the Young’s modulus is the same for the beam
material in tension as well as in compression.
2. A transverse section of the beam, which is a plane before
bending will remain a plane after bending.
3. The material of the beam is homogeneous and isotropic.
4. The elastic limit is not exceeded.
5. The resultant pull or thrust on transverse section of the beam
zero.
 d
N A

d
N A
D

b
B
 20 mm

15 mm
600 mm

20 mm

250 mm
 Q. A timber beam is freely supported on supports 6 m apart. It
carries a u d l of 12 kN/m and concentrated load of 9 kN at
2.5 m from left support. If the stress in the timber is not to
exceed 8 N/mm2. Design a suitable section making the depth
is twice the width. 9kN
12 kN/m
VB = 39.75 kN, VA = 41.25kN
Consider a section at a distance A 2.5 m B
6m
x from B.
Q. A timber beam is 160 mm wide and 300 mm deep and is
simply supported beam on a span of 5m. It carries a u d l of 3
kN/m over the whole span and three equal concentrated loads
W N each placed mid span and quarter span points. If the
stress in timber is not exceed 8 N/mm2. Find the maximum
value of W. W W W
3 kN/m
A 1.25 m 1.25 m 1.25 m 1.25 m B
5m
Q. A cast iron beam section is of I – section with atop flange 80
mm x 20 mm thick, bottom flange 160 mm x 40 mm thick and
the web 200 mm deep and 20 mm thick. The beam is freely
supported on a span of 5m. If the tensile stress is not to exceed
20 N/mm2. Find the safe uniformly distributed load which the
beam can carry. Also find the maximum compressive stress.
80 mm
20 mm

169.33 mm

20 mm
200 mm

90.7 mm

40 mm

160 mm
80 mm 37.33 N/mm2
20 mm

169.33 mm
20 mm
200 mm

90.7 mm

40 mm
20 N/mm2
160 mm
Q. Find the width and depth of the strongest beam that can be cut
from the cylindrical log of wood whose diameter is 500 mm.
A B

D C
Q. A beam is of square section of side ‘b’. If the permissible
stress is f, find the moment of resistance when the beam
section is placed such that i) two sides are horizontal ii) one
diagonal is vertical.
b/√2
b
√2b

b
Q. A horizontal beam of the section as shown in Fig. is 3 m long
and is simply supported at the ends. Find the maximum u d l
it can carry if the compressive and tensile stresses must not
exceed 55 N/mm2 and 30 N/mm2 respectively. Draw the
variation of stress at the mid span section of the beam.

25 mm 25 mm

120 mm

25 mm
150 mm
 48.21 MPa
25 mm 25 mm

120 mm

25 mm
150 mm 30 MPa
Q. A horizontal beam subjected to pure bending is of square
section with diagonal vertical. The beam carries a bending
moment in the vertical plane through the vertical diagonal.
Show that by cutting off the top and bottom corners shown
shaded in Fig; the section modulus can be increased.
B
E F

b/√2
A R C
√2b
B(1-α)
G H
bα D
Force on a partial area of beam section:
fmax

da A
ymax
y
N A
 fmax
da A
ymax
y
N A
 50 mm

50 mm
100 mm

N A

100 mm

100 mm
FLITCHED BEAMS t b t
A flitched beam is a beam of composite
section consisting of a wooden beam
y d
strengthening by a mild steel plates. N A

These are so connected that there will

be no slipping between them.
Q. A flitched beam consists of a wooden joist 150 mm wide and
300 mm deep strengthened by a steel plate 12 mm thick and
300 mm deep one on either side of the joist. If the maximum
stress in the wooden joist is 7 N/mm2. Find the corresponding
maximum stress attained in steel. Also find the moment of
resistance of the section. Take Es = 20 Ew.
12 mm 12 mm
150 mm 7 N/mm2 140 N/mm2

300 mm
N
A

wood steel
 THANK YOU

30-10-2017 37