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Vector Algebra

Vector Analysis A+B = B+A

Chapter 1 A + (B + C) = ( A + B) + C

A − B = A + ( −B )
A 1
= A
n n
A−B = 0 → A = B

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Scalars and Vectors

◼ Scalar refers to a quantity whose value may be represented by a single
real number. POSITION VECTOR DIRECTED LINE
◼ Some examples include distance, temperature, mass, density, pressure,
volume, and time.
◼ A vector quantity has both a magnitude and a direction in space.
We especially concerned with two- and three-dimensional spaces
only.
◼ Displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force are examples of
vectors.

• Scalar notation: A or A (italic or plain)

→
• Vector notation: A or A (bold or plain with arrow)
POSITION VECTOR DIRECTED LINE

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Rectangular Coordinate System

• Differential surface units: ◼ For any vector B, B = Bxa x + By a y :+ Bz a z
dx  dy
dy  dz B = B + B + Bz2 = B
2 2
Magnitude of B
x y
dx  dz
• Differential volume unit :
B B
dx  dy  dz aB = = Unit vector in the direction of B
Bx2 + By2 + Bz2 B

Vector Components and Unit Vectors

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Vector Components and Unit Vectors Vector Components and Unit Vectors
◼ Example

1. Given points M(–1,2,1) and N(3,–3,0), find RMN and aMN.

2. Given the vectors M = −10ax + 4ay − 8az and N = 8ax + 7ay − 2az, find a
unit vector in the direction of −M+ 2N.

r = x+y+z
r = xa x + ya y + za z
a x , a y , a z : unit vectors
R PQ ? 3. A vector field is specified as G = 24xy ax + 12(x2 + 2) ay + 18z2 az. Given two
R PQ = rQ − rP points,
= (2a𝑥 − 2a𝑦 + a𝑧 ) − (a𝑥 + 2a𝑦 + 3a𝑧 ) P(1, 2,−1) and Q(−2, 1, 3), find
a) G at P
𝑹𝑷𝑸 = 𝑎𝑥 − 4𝑎𝑦 − 2𝑎𝑧
b) a unit vector directed from Q toward P.

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The Dot Product

The Dot Product
◼ One of the most important applications of the dot product is that of
◼ Given two vectors A and B, the dot product, or scalar product, is defined as finding the component of a vector in a given direction.
the product of the magnitude of A, the magnitude of B, and the cosine of the
smaller angle between them:

A  B = A B cos  AB

◼ The dot product is a scalar, and it obeys the commutative law:

AB = B A

◼ For any vector A = Axa x + Ay a y + Az a z and B = Bxa x + By a y ,+ Bz a z

• The scalar component of B in the direction of the unit vector a is Ba
A  B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz • The vector component of B in the direction of the unit vector a is (Ba)a

B  a = B a cos  Ba = B cos  Ba

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The Dot Product The Dot Product

◼ Example
◼ Example
The three vertices of a triangle are located at A(6,–1,2),
The three vertices of a triangle are located at A(6,–1,2), B(–2,3,–4), and C(–3,1,5). Find: (a) RAB; (b) RAC; (c) the angle
B(–2,3,–4), and C(–3,1,5). Find: (a) RAB; (b) RAC; (c) the angle B θBAC at vertex A; (d) the vector projection of RAB on RAC.
θBAC at vertex A; (d) the vector projection of RAB on RAC.
R AB = (−2a x + 3a y − 4a z ) − (6a x − a y + 2a z ) = −8a x + 4a y − 6a z 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗 R𝐴𝐵 on R𝐴𝐶 = R𝐴𝐵 ⋅ a𝐴𝐶 a𝐴𝐶

 BAC  
R AC = (−3a x + 1a y + 5a z ) − (6a x − a y + 2a z ) = −9a x + 2a y + 3a z (−9a x + 2a y + 3a z )  (−9a x + 2a y + 3a z )
A
C =  (−8a x + 4a y − 6a z ) 
 (−9)2 + (2) 2 + (3) 2  (−9) + (2) + (3)
2 2 2

R AB  R AC = R AB R AC cos  BAC  
62 (−9a x + 2a y + 3a z )
R AB  R AC (−8a x + 4a y − 6a z )  (−9a x + 2a y + 3a z ) 62 =
 cos  BAC = = = = 0.594 94 94
R AB R AC (−8) 2 + (4) 2 + (−6) 2 (−9) 2 + (2) 2 + (3) 2 116 94
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗 R 𝐴𝐵 on R𝐴𝐶 = −5.963a x + 1.319a y + 1.979a z
  BAC = cos−1 (0.594) = 53.56

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The Dot Product The Cross Product

◼ Example
Consider the vector field G = yax – 2.5xay + 3az and the point Q(4,5,2).
Find a) G at Q; b) the scalar component of G at Q in the direction of aN=
1/3(2ax + y – 2az); c) the vector component of G at Q in the direction of
aN; d) the angle θGa between G(rQ) and aN
◼ Example
Given A = 2ax–3ay+az and B = –4ax–2ay+5az, find AB.
A  B = ( Ay Bz − Az By )a x + ( Az Bx − Ax Bz )a y + ( Ax By − Ay Bx )a z
= ( (−3)(5) − (1)(−2) ) a x + ( (1)(−4) − (2)(5) ) a y + ( (2)(−2) − (−3)(−4) ) a z
= −13a x − 14a y − 16a z

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The Cross Product

◼ Given two vectors A and B, the magnitude of the cross product, or vector product,
written as AB, is defined as the product of the magnitude of A, the magnitude of B,
and the sine of the smaller angle between them.
◼ The direction of AB is perpendicular to the plane containing A and B and is in the
direction of advance of a right-handed screw as A is turned into B.

A  B = a N A B sin  AB ax  a y = az
a y  az = ax
◼ The cross product is a vector, and it is not az  ax = a y
commutative:

(B  A ) = −( A  B )

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