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introducing
Transmission Lines
and Antenna
ANTENNA
Antenna or Aerial
Prad Rrad
= =
Pd + Prad Rd + Rrad
Bandwidth and Beamwidth
• Bandwidth • Beamwidth
– It is the range of – It is defined as the
frequency over width, in degrees, of
which an antenna the major lobe
will radiate between the two
effectively or directions in which the
satisfactory. relative radiated
power is equal to one
half its value at the
peak of the lobe.
Directive Gain
• Fundamental Antennas
– Hertzian dipole or Elementary Doublet
– Half-Wave Dipole
– Marconi or Quarter-wave Vertical Antenna
– Folded Dipole antenna
– Groundplane antenna
Hertzian Dipole
• An electrically short linear antenna shorter than a
wavelength that when radiating, is assumed to
carry uniform current along its length.
• A theoretical antenna shorter than a wavelength
used as a standard to which all other antenna
characteristics can be compared.
• Short Dipole
– Any dipole that is less than one tenth wavelength long
is considered electrically short
Hertzian Dipole
• Assumed to carry uniform current along its
length
• Gain = 1.5
𝟔𝟎𝝅𝑳𝑰 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝑬=
𝝀𝒓
Where:
E = magnitude of field strength, V/m
λ = wavelength, m
L = antenna length, m
I = dipole current, Amp(rms)
r = distance from the dipole, m
Θ = angle of axis of the wire and the point of maximum radiation or
angle between the axis of the antenna and direction of radiation; degree
Isotropic Antenna
• A standard reference • Gain = 1
antenna, radiating • Beamwidth = 360O
equally in all directions,
so that its radiation
pattern is spherical
• omnidirectional
Half-Wave Dipole
• It is the type of
resonant antenna with • Bidirectional
total nominal length of • 73Ω
half-wave at the carrier
frequency.
• Hertz Antenna
Half-Wave Dipole
• Are not found at • Bidirectional
frequencies below • 73Ω (at feedpoint)
2MHz because of the • 2500Ω (at the ends)
physical size needed of
the antenna to • Gain = 2.14 dB
represent a half-wave • Beamwidth = 55 deg
Marconi Antenna
• The quarter-wave • Omnidirectional
antenna combines with • 36.5Ω
its image to act as an • Gain = 1.74 dBi
exactly the same manner
as the doublet or a
dipole, with the radiator
vertical to the ground
surface.
• Require proper grounding
Antenna Grounding System
• Ground Screen or Earth mat
• Counterpoise
Ground Screen or Earth Mat
• It consists of a metal
screen or wire mesh
buried 15-30 cm below
the ground.
• The screen should
extend at least a half
wavelength in every
direction from the
antenna.
Counterpoise
• It means obtaining of radio-frequency
ground or ground plane without the direct
earth-ground connection.
Folded Dipole
• Driven Array
• Parasitic Array
• Broadside Array
• End-Fire Array
• Phased Array
• Yagi Array
• Log-Periodic Array
Directional HF antennas
Dipole Arrays
• Antenna Array – a radiating system consisting
of individual radiators or elements placed
close together so as to be within each other’s
induction field
– Driven Element
– Parasitic Element
Driven Array
• An array in which all elements are supplied
with power or fed directly from the
transmission line
– The driven element is one supplied with power
from the transmitter usually through a
transmission line.
Parasitic Array
• An array in which one or more elements
obtain power through mutual coupling with
another element in the array.
– A parasitic element is one that obtains power
solely through coupling with another element in
the array.
Two types of Parasitic Elements
=
D1 D2 D3
= = = ..... L1
D2 D3 D4 = tan
where D represents spacingsbetween elements 2 D1 2
and apex of angle clo sin g them.
D1 is shortest .
15 NS (D ) 2
GHl =
3 15N
G Hl =
4
S= D=
4
Helical Antenna Beamwidth
52
Hl =
D NS 104
Hl =
N
S= D=
4
Parabolic Antenna
• This provides extremely
high gain and directivity
and are very popular
for microwave radio
and satellite
communication links.
Parabolic Antenna Gain/Beamwidth
D
2
70
GP = =
D
= 55% f =
D 2
16 d
f = focal point
D = dish diameter
d = depth from plane at mouth of dish to vertex.
65
Problem
• Cut-off Frequency, fc
– It is the minimum frequency of operation of the
waveguide
• Cut-off Wavelength, λc
– It is the maximum wavelength of operation of the
waveguide.
– Wavelength of the cut-off frequency
Waveguide Terminologies
• Phase velocity
– The apparent velocity in the direction parallel to a
conducting surface such as walls of the waveguide
– Velocity with which the wave changes phase.
𝒄
𝑽𝒑 =
𝟐
𝒇𝒄
𝟏−
𝒇
Where:
fc = cut-off frequency
f = frequency of operation
Waveguide Terminologies
• Group Velocity, Vg
– Velocity of group of waves
– Velocity with which information signals of any kind are
propagated.
– Actual speed of the wave
𝟐
𝒇𝒄
𝑽𝒑 = 𝒄 𝟏 −
𝒇
Where:
fc = cut-off frequency
f = frequency of operation
Waveguide Terminologies
• Guide wavelength
– Actual wavelength of the wave on the guide
𝝀𝒐
𝝀𝒈 =
𝟐
𝒇𝒄
𝟏−
𝒇
• Where:
fc = cut-off frequency
f = frequency of operation
λ𝑜 = free-space wavelength
Waveguide Terminologies
2
𝑉𝑔 × 𝑉𝑝 = 𝑐
𝑉𝑝 = 𝑓 × λ𝑔
Where:
λ𝑔 = guide wavelength
f = frequency of operation
Waveguide Terminologies
• Where:
Zo = free-space impedance
f = frequency of operation
fc = cut-off frequency
Mode Designation
• Rectangular Waveguides
– Mode of Numbering System:
– TEmn
– TMmn
m = number of half-wave patterns in “a”
dimension
n = number of half-wave patterns in “b”
dimension
Rectangular Waveguides
𝟐
𝝀𝒄 =
𝒎 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐
+
𝒂 𝒃
Types of Waveguides
• Circular Waveguides
– Mode of Numbering System:
– TEmn
– TMmn
m = number of half-wave patterns around the
circumference
n = number of half-wave patterns across the
diameter
Circular Waveguides
𝒇𝒄
𝒇=
𝟎. 𝟕
SEATWORK