CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION TO PAPER BATTERY

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ORDINARY BATTERY
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO PAPER BATTERY
2 MANUFACTURING OF PAPER BATTERY
2.1 MANUFACTURING OF CARBON NANOTUBES
2.2 DEVELOPMENT
3 WORKING OF PAPER BATTERY
4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTSGES
5 APPLICATIONS AND USE OF PAPER BATTERY
CONCUSION
REFRENCES
 INTRODUCTION TO PAPER BATTERY

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ORDINARY BATTERY

Ordinary paper could one day be used as a lightweight battery to
power the devices that are now enabling the printed word to be
eclipsed by e-mail, ebooks
an online news. Scientists at Stanford University in California
reported on Monday they have successfully turned paper coated with
ink made of silver and carbon nano materials into a "paper battery"
that holds promise for new types of lightweight, high-performance
energy storage.

The same feature that helps ink adhere to paper allows it to hold onto
the single-walled carbon nanotubes and silver nano wire films. Earlier
research found that silicon nano wires could be used to make batteries
10 times as powerful as lithium-ion batteries now used to power
devices such as laptop computers.
“Taking advantages of the mature paper technology, low cost, light
and high performance energy storage are realized by using conductive
paper as current collectors and electrodes,” the scientists said in
research published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of
sciences.

This type of battery could be useful in powering electric or hybrid

vehicles, would make electronics lighter weight and long lasting and
might even lead someday to paper electronics, the scientists said.
Battery weight and life has been obstacle to commercial viability of
electro powered cars and trucks. “Society really needs a low cost,
high performance energy storage device, such as batteries and simple
super capacitor.”

1.2 INTRODUCTION OF PAPER BATTERY

A paper battery is flexible, ultra thin energy storage and production

device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional
sheet of cellulose based paper. A paper battery acts as both a high
energy battery and super capacitor, combining two components that
are separate in traditional electronics. This combination allows the
battery to provide both long term, steady power production and bursts
of energy. Non toxic paper batteries have potential to power the next
generation of electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles,
allowing for radical new designs and medical technologies.

Carbon nanotubes
Paper batteries may be folded, cut or otherwise shaped for different
applications without any loss of integrity or efficiency. Cutting one
halves its energy productions. Stacking them multiples power output.
Early prototypes of the device are able to produce 2.5volt of
electricity from a sample the size ofa postage stamp.

Paper battery

The devices are formed by combining cellulose with an infusion of

alinged carbon nanotubes that areeach approximately one millionth of
a centimeter thick. The carbon is what gives the batteries their black
colour. These tiny filaments act like electrodes found in the traditional
battery ,conducting electricity when the paper comes into contact with
ionic liquid solution. Ionic liquid contains no water ,which means that
there is nothing to freeze or evapourate in extreme environmental
conditions. As a result, paper batteries can funtions between -75 and
150 degees celsius .

One method of manufacture developed by sientists at Rensselaer

Polytechnic Institute and MIT, begins with growing the nanotubes on
a silicon and then impregnating the gaps in the matrix with cellulose.
Once the matrix has dried, the material can be peeled off of the
substrate, exposing one end of the carbon nanotube to acts as an
electrode.
 Paper battery

When two sheets are combined, with the cellulose sides facing
inward, a super capacitor is formed that can be activated by the
addition of the ionic liquid. This liquid acts as an electrolyte and may
include salt laden solutions like human blood, sweat or urine. The
high cellulose content(over 90%)and lack toxic chemicals in paper
batteries makes the device both biocompatible and environmently
friendly, especially when compared to tradionallithium ion battery
used in many present day electronic devices and laptops.

Widespread commercial deployment of paper batteries will rely on

the development of more inexpensive manufacturing techniques for
carbon nanotubes. As a result of potentially transformative
applications in electronics, aerospace, hybrid vehicals and medical
scienc, however, numerous companies and organizations are pursing
the development od paper batteries. In addition to the development
announced in 2007 at RPI and MIT,researches in Singapour
announced that they had developed a paper battery powered by ionic
solutions in 2005.
NEC has also invested in R&D into paper batteries for potential
applications in electronic devices. Specilized paper batteries could act
as power sources for any number of devices implanted in humans and
animals, including RFID tags, cosmetics, drug delivery system and
pacemakers.

A capacitor introducdinto orgnasim could be implanted fullydry and

then be gradually to bodily fuilds over time to generate voltage.
Paper batteries are also biodegradable, a need only partially addressed
by cureent e-cycling andother electronics disposal method
increasingly advocated for by the green computing environmrnt
movement.

MANUFACTURING OF PAPER BATTERY

CARBON NANOTUBES

Carbon nanotubes(CNT)are a class of nanomaterials that consists of

two dimensional hexagonal lattice of carbon atoms, bent and joined in
one direction so asto form a hollow cylinder. Carbon nanotubes
areone of the allotropes of carbon specifically a class
fullerenes,intermediate between the buckyballs and graphene.
Besides thesse single- wall carbon nanotubes the name is also used
for multi-wall varients consisting of two or more nested nanotubes, or
of graphene like sripes rolled up into multiple layers like a scroll.
Individual nanotube naturally align themselves into “ropes” held
together bye relatively weak vander walls forces. While one can build
nanotubes of other compositions, most of the resarch has been
focused on carbon ones; so that the “carbon”qualifer is often left
implicit, and the name are abbreviated NT,SWNT,and MWNT.
 Multi walled carbon nanotubes

MANUFACTURING OF CARBON NANOTUBES

One method of manufacture, developed by scientists at Rensselaer

Polytechnic Institute and MIT, begins with growing the nano tubes on
a silicon substrate and then impregnating the gaps in the matrix with
cellulose.
Once the matrix has dried, the material can be peeled off of the
substrate, exposing one end of the carbon nano tubes to act as an
electrode .
 Paper battery

When two sheets are combined, with the cellulose sides facing
inwards, a super capacitor is formed that can be activated by the
addition of the ionic liquid. This liquid acts as an electrolyte and may
include salt-laden solutions like human blood, sweat or urine. The
high cellulose content (over 90%) and lack of toxic chemicals in
paper batteries makes the device both biocompatible and
environmentally friendly, especially when compared to the traditional
lithium ion battery used in many present-day electronic
devices and laptops.

Specialized paper batteries could act as power sources for any number
of devices implanted in humans and animals, including RFID tags,
cosmetics, drug-delivery systems and pacemakers. A capacitor
introduced into an organism could be implanted fully dry and then be
gradually exposed to bodily fluids over time to generate voltage.
Paper batteries are also biodegradable, a need only partially addressed
by current e-cycling and other electronics disposal methods
increasingly advocated for by the green computing movement.

DEVLOPMENT

The creation of this unique nano composite paper drew from a diverse
pool of disciplines, requiring expertise in materials science, energy
storage, and chemistry. The researchers used ionic liquid, essentially a
liquid salt, as the battery’s electrolyte. The use of ionic liquid, which
contains no water, means there’s nothing in the batteries to freeze or
evaporate. “This lack of water allows the paper energy storage
devices to withstand extreme temperatures,” Kumar said. It gives the
battery the ability to function in temperatures up to300 degrees
Fahrenheit and down to 100 below zero. The use of ionic liquid
also makes the battery extremely biocompatible; the team printed
paper batteries without adding any electrolytes, and demonstrated that
naturally occurring electrolytes in human sweat, blood, and urine can
be used to activate the battery device.

Cellulose-based paper is a natural abundant material, biodegradable,

light, and recyclable with a well-known consolidated manufacturing
process. These attributes turn paper a quite interesting material to
produce very cheap disposable electronic devices with the great
advantage of being environmental friendly. The recent (r) evolution of
thin-film electronic devices such as paper transistors [1], transparent
thin-film transistors based on semiconductor oxides [2], and paper
memory [3], open the possibility to produce low cost disposable
electronics in large scale. Common to all these advances is the use of
cellulose fiber-based paper as an active material in opposition to other
ink-jet printed active-matrix display [4] and thin-film transistors [5]
reports where paper acts only as a passive element (substrate).
Batteries in which a paper matrix is incorporated with carbon
nanotubes [6], or bio fluid - and water-activated batteries with a filter
paper [7] have been reported, but it is not known a work where the
paper itself is the core of the device performance.
 Development of paper battery

With the present work, we expect to contribute to the first step of an

incoming disruptive concept related to the production of self-
sustained paper electronic systems where the power supply is
integrated in the electronic circuits to fabricate fully self sustained
disposable, flexible, low cost and low electrical consumption systems
such as tags, games or displays.
In achieving such goal we have fabricated batteries using commercial
paper as electrolyte and physical support of thin film electrodes. A
thin film layer of a metal or metal oxide is deposited in one side of a
commercial paper sheet while in the opposite face a metal or metal
oxide with opposite electrochemical potential is also deposited. The
simplest structure produced is Cu/paper/Al but other structures such
as Al paper WO TCO were also tested, leading to batteries with open
circuit voltages varying between 0.50 and 1.10 V.
On the other hand, the short current density is highly dependent on the
relative humidity (RH), whose presence is important to recharge the
battery.
The set of batteries characterized show stable performance after being
tested by more than 115 hours, under standard atmospheric conditions
[room temperature, RT (22 C) and 60% air humidity, RH]. In this
work we also present as a proof of concept a paper transistor in which
the gate ON/OFF state is controlled by a non-encapsulated 3 V
integrated paper battery.

WORKING OF PAPER BATTERY

PAPER BATTERY WORKING PROCESS

If one can recall traditional batteries work in the manner where

positive charged particles called ions and negative charged particles
called electrons move between positive electrodes called anode and
negative electrode called cathode. Current flows as electrons flow
form the anode to cathode through the conductor, since the electrolyte
is an insulator and dosen’t provide a free path for electrons to travel.

Working of paper battery

Image Resource Link: http://winarco.com/wp-
content/uploads/2010/09/Ultra-thin-Flexible-Secondary-Lithium-
ion-Paper-Batteries-by-Standford-University-Researchers-03.jpg

Similarly in some paper batteries, carbon nanotubes act as cathode,

the metal is the anode and paper is the separator.
Chemical reaction between metal and electrolyte results in the
production of ions whereas chemical reaction between carbon and
electrolyte results in production of electrons. These electrons flow
from the cathode to the anode through the external circuit.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES OF PAPER BATTERY

Following are the advantages of paper battery

 The properties of cellulose and carbon nanotubesas outlined
above are the great benefits in paper battery design and
development .
 Its bio compatible and hence they can easily adopted by our
immune system.
 They can bere used and re cycled by using techniques of
existing paper recycling.
 The paper batteries are rechargeable using all electrolyte.
 It is durable and operates in wide temperature .
 There is no leakage problem as no leaky fluids areused in the
design.
 It does not overheat even under extreme conditions due to low
resistange characteristics.
 Flexible and light weight.
 Paper battery with desired shapes and size can be manufactured.
 Output voltage is customizable due to the fact the CNT(carbon
nanotube) concentration can be varied and stacking/slicing can
be changed.
DISADVANTAGES OF PAPER BATTERY

Following are the disadvantages of paper battery

 This type of batteries can be torn easily as they have low shear
strength.
 The methods (e.g. arc discharge, CVD, ablation, electrolysis)
used in carbon nanotubes manufacturing are expensive and less
efficient.
 They are harmful to human being when inhaled.

APPLICATIONS AND USES OF PAPER BATTERY

IN COSMETICS

Anti aging and wrinkles

Dark spots/discoloration
Skin lightening/ whitening
Firming and lifting
Moisturizing

Anti aging and wrinkles

USES OF PAPER BATTERY

The paper like quality of the battery combined with the structure of
the nanotubes embedded within gives them their light weight and low
cost, making them attractive for portable electronics, aircraft,
automobiles, and toys, while their ability to use electrolyte in blood
make them potentially useful for medical devices such as pacemakers.

The medical uses are particularly attractive because they do not

contain any toxic materials and can be biodegradable; a major
drawback of chemical cells .However, Professor Sperling cautions
that commercial applications may be a long way away, because
nanotubes are still relatively expensive to fabricate. Currently the are
making devices a few inches in size.

In order to be commercially viable, they would like to be able to make

them newspaper size; a size which, taken all together would be
powerful enough to power a car.

DURABILITY

The use of carbon nanotubes gives the paper battery extreme

flexibility; the sheets can be rolled, twisted, folded, or cut into
numerous shapes with no loss of integrity or efficiency, or stacked,
like printed paper, to boost total output. As well, they can be made in
variety of sizes, form postage stamp to broadsheet. “It’s essentially a
regular piece of paper, but it’s made in variety intelligent way,” said
Linhardt, “We’re not putting pieces together-it’s a single, integrated
device,” he said. “The components are.
 CONCLUSION

A paper battery is a battery engineered to use a paper-thin sheet of

cellulose(which is the major constituent of regular paper, among other
things)infused with aligned carbon nanotubes. The nanotubes acts as
electrodes; allowing the storage device to conduct electricity. The
battery, which functions as both a lithium- ion battery and a
supercapacitor, can provide a long, steady power output comparable
to conventional battery, as well as a supercapacitor’s quick burst of
high energy—and while a conventional battery contains a number of
separate components, the paper battery integrates all of the battery
components in a single structure, making it more energy efficient.
 REFRENCES

1- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_battery
2- https://www.elprocus.com/paper-battery-construction-and-working/
3- https://www.google.com/
4- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube