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Mass transfer - basics
- Basic mass transfer
- Transfer of material from equation (Fick’s first law)
one homogenous phase to
another
- Concentration increases in
one phase and decreases in =−
the other
- Driving force is pressure or - r = mass transfer rate
concentration gradient - Dm = diffusion coefficient
- Transfer stops at - C = concentration of
equilibrium constituent being
- No conversion reactions!! transferred
- x = distance
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Mass transfer between different
phases
Phase equilibria Type of process Examples of
processes
Gas à solid Adsorption Activated carbon
Liquid à solid Ion exchange Selective removal of
compounds
Gas à liquid Absorption Addition of gases to
water, NH3 scrubbing
in acid
Solid à liquid Desorption Sediment scrubbing
Solid à gas Reactivation of GAC
Liquid à gas Evaporation Drying
Gas stripping Removal of gases
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So familiar phenomena..
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Mass transfer basics
Diffusion Convection
- Caused by chemical - Due to bulk motion of the
potential difference (= fluid
gradients), often - Can work in favour of or
concentration against diffusion
- Mainly caused by Brownian
motion of molecules
- Fick’s law = substances
move from more
concentrated area to less
concentrated area
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Diffusion coefficient
- Increases when particle size
decreases
=
- Increases when viscosity of
the liquid decreases
- Increases when temperature
increases R universal gas law constant
- In turbulent flow regime T temperature
replaced by coefficient of ɣ dynamic viscosity
dispersion rP radius of particle
N Avogadro’s number
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Henry’s law
The amount of gas dissolved pg= xg
in liquid is directly
proportional to the pressure of
the gas in the solution
mole fraction of gas
in air
The equilibrium or saturation
concentration is different for H Henry’s law constant
different gases PT total pressure
The equilibrium concentration xg mole fraction of gas
depends also on temperature in water
and on liquid
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Principle of Henry’s law
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Henry’s constants for different gases
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Application of Henry’s law
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Example of saturation concentration of
oxygen in water
What is the saturation
concentration of oxygen in Saturation concentration =
water at 25°C and 1 atm? (2,73 x 10-4 mole / l)(32 g/mol) =
Hpc = 769 l atm/molO2 8,74 mg/l
Air contains 21% of oxygen à
pg = 0,21 mole 02/mole air
From Henry’s law
= pg = 2,73 x 10-4 mole / l
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Example of saturation concentration of
oxygen in water
What is the saturation One liter of water contains 55,6
concentration of oxygen in mole
water at 20°C and 1 atm? = xg = 5,11 x 10-6
Hpm = 41100 atm
Air contains 21% of oxygen à
pg = 0,21 mole 02/mole air ng + nw ≈ 55,6 à ng ≈ 2,84 x 10-
4 mole / l
From Henry’s law
Saturation concentration =
= pg = 5,11 x 10 mole gas (2,84 x 10-4 mole / l)(32 g/mol) =
-6
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Saturation
concentration of
oxygen in clean
water
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Gas-liquid mass transfer
Often described with two-film Optionally surface-renewal
theory model
- Assumes gas film and liquid - surface is randomly
film on both sides of the replaced
interface Or penetration model
- Assumes that the bulk- - unsteady mass transfer
liquid and bulk-gas are during the contact time of
perfectly mixed gas/liquid
- Under steady-state
conditions the rate of mass
transfer in gas film must be
equal to liquid film
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The two-film theory
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Absorption of gases to liquid 1/2
From Fick’s first law Usually overall coefficients KL
and KG are used
= − = ( − ) KL is used if liquid film
resistance controls
kG gas film mass transfer coeff
kL liquid film mass transfer coeff Mass transfer rate per unit
volume is obtained by
multiplying by area A and
From Henry’s law dividing by the volume V
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Absorption of gases 2/2
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Air bubbles in a reactor basin – a
researcher approach
Concentration
Pressure
Bubble size
Temperature
Flow pattern
Viscosity
Resistance due to surfactants
etc.
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Air bubbles in a reactor basin – an
engineer approach
In practice the oxygen transfer
rate is calculated α is the correction factor for KL
taking into account the
difference between clean water
R = α KLa ( ∞− ) and process water (e.g.
wastewater)
ß is the correction factor for
the saturation concentration in
process water
Note: here a is the surface area
of bubbles per unit volume.
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Examples of gas liquid transfer
applications
Stripping of gases – packed VOC removal
towers From water: stripping,
activated carbon adsorption
From soil: soil vapor extraction
Fliteway technologies
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Examples of gas liquid transfer
applications
Aeration
CO2 stripping
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Examples of gas liquid transfer
applications
Scrubbers – towers, plates,
Ozone diffusion
venturis
What is affecting the aeration
efficiency with bottom diffused air
- Water depth
- Aerator type
- Bubble size
- Aerator density and
coverage (flow
conditions)
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Ammonia absortion and stripping
Nitrogen and phosphorus harvesting from different concentrated
liquid waste streams (Post doc Surendra Pradhan)
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GHG emission studies from advanced
nutrient removal processes
Comprehensive inventory of N2O emissions from an
advanced WWTP and implementation of N2O in the plant
wide process model
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pH, alkalinity,
hardness
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pH - basics
Water dissociates on H+ and When acid is added to water, it
OH- ionizes and H+ increases and
For pure water consequently OH- must
{H+}{OH-} = Kw = 10-7 x 10-7 = decrease in order to keep the
10-14 ionization equilibrium
pH = -log {H+}
At pH 2 à {H+} = 10-2 Strong acids/bases are
At pH 10 à {H+} = 10-10 strongly ionized, week acids /
bases are poorly ionized
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Relevance of pH in treatment
processes
pH control
- Removal of CO2 by aeration
- The most commonly used
alkaline reagents are (Ca(OH)2),
(NaOH), (Na2CO3) e.g. pH
control for nitrification
- Sulphuric and hydrochloric
acids (H2SO4, HCl) are used to
increase the acidity of the
water, i.e.decrease the pH,
e.g.in coagulation,
neutralisation
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Alkalinity - basics
Alkalinity is the acid Hydroxide alkalinity can be
neutralization capacity calculated from pH
Mainly due to salts of weak Hydroxide alkalinity =
( )
acids and strong bases
Most important:
Hydroxide OH-
Carbonate CO3 2- [OH-] 1 mole/l = 50000 mg/l of
CaCO3
Bicarbonate HCO3-
Less important: phosphates,
silicates…
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Calculation and measurement of
alkalinity
+ − −
[ ] + alkalinity (mol/l) = − +2
+
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Application of alkalinity in treatment
processes
- Chemical coagulation – CO2 – alkalinity – pH
sufficient alkalinity needed - interactions
- Water softening Example: removal of CO2 to
- Corrosion control increase pH – what is the effect
- Langelier saturation index of alkalinity?
- Aggressive index
- Buffer capacity, especially in
biological processes
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Hardness - basics
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Consequences and removal of
hardness
- Ineffectiveness of soap Hardness can be removed by
- Scale formation especially removing Ca and Mg
in warm environments Methods:
(boilers, heating system - Precipitation and filtration
pipes…) - Ion exchange
- Causes clogging, material
damages and heat losses
- Protects against corrosion
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Demo example on pH
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