Petersons TOEFL

Peterson’s
TOEFL
®
SUCCESS2005
BruceRogers
AboutTheThomsonCorporationandPeterson’s
TheThomsonCorporation,with2002revenuesofUS$7.8billion,isagloballeaderinprovidingintegrated
informationsolutionstobusinessandprofessionalcustomers.TheCorporation’scommonsharesarelistedonthe
TorontoandNewYorkstockexchanges(TSX:TOC;NYSE:TOC).Itslearningbusinessesandbrandsservethe
needsofindividuals,learninginstitutions,corporations,andgovernmentagencieswithproductsandservicesfor
bothtraditionalanddistributedlearning.Peterson’s(www.petersons.com)isaleadingproviderofeducation
informationandadvice,withbooksandonlineresourcesfocusingoneducationsearch,testpreparation,and
financialaid.ItsWebsiteofferssearchabledatabasesandinteractivetoolsforcontactingeducationalinstitutions,
onlinepracticetestsandinstruction,andplanningtoolsforsecuringfinancialaid.Peterson’sserves110million
educationconsumersannually.
Petersons.com/publishing
CheckoutourWebsiteatwww.petersons.com/publishingtoseeifthereisanynewinformationregardingthetest
and any revisions or corrections to the content of this book. We’ve made sure the information in this book is
accurateandup-to-date;however,thetestformatorcontentmayhavechangedsincethetimeofpublication.
“TOEFL”isaregisteredtrademarkofEducationalTestingService(ETS).Theauthorandthepublisherareinno
wayaffiliatedwithETS,norhasETSendorsedthecontentsofthistextinanyway.Thetestquestionsandallother
testinginformationareprovidedintheirentiretybytheauthorandPeterson’s.
TOEFLSuccessisadaptedfromTheCompleteGuidetoTheTOEFLTest,CBTEdition,byBruceRogersand
publishedbyHeinle&Heinle/ThomsonLearning.
TOEFLSuccessispublishedwithaCD.TheCDwillallowyoutopracticewhatyouhavelearnedusingstate-of-
the-artcomputersoftware.ThesoftwarewascreatedbyCambridgeEducationalServices,2720RiverRoad,Ste.
36,DesPlaines,IL60018.
Formoreinformation,contactPeterson’s,2000LenoxDrive,Lawrenceville,
NJ08648;800-338-3282;orfindusontheWorldWideWebat
www.petersons.com/about.
COPYRIGHT©2004byBruceRogers
Previouseditions©1996,2001,2002,2003
Editor:JoeZiegler;ProductionEditor:MeganHellerman;ManufacturingManager:
JudyColeman;CompositionManager:GaryRozmierski;InteriorandCover
Design:AllisonSullivan;CDProducer:CarolAickley.
ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.Nopartofthisworkcoveredbythecopyrightherein
maybereproducedorusedinanyformorbyanymeans—graphic,electronic,or
mechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,taping,Webdistribution,or
informationstorageandretrievalsystems—withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionof
thepublisher.
Forpermissiontousematerialfromthistextorproduct,submitarequestonline
atwww.thomsonrights.com
Anyadditionalquestionsaboutpermissionscanbesubmittedbye-mailto
thomsonrights@thomson.com
ISBN0-7689-1492-2(textandaudiocassettes)7thEdition
ISBN0-7689-1491-4(textwithCD)5thEdition
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 06 05 04
FifthEdition
ALERT!
TheTOEFLischanging.InSeptember2005,thenextgenerationoftheTOEFLwillbeintroduced.For
information,pleasevisittheofficialTOEFLWebsiteatwww.toefl.org.
CONTENTS
PREFACE About This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix

How to Use This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Ac kn owle dgme nts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii
TESTBASICS Wha t Is the Compute r-Ba se d TOEFLTe st? . 1
TESTBASICS Introduc tion to Liste ning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
SECTION 1 Liste ning

PREVIEW TEST1 Liste ning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
.
PARTA: Dia logue s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
.
Le sso n 1. DialogueswithSoundConfusion ................... 23
Le sso n 2. DialogueswithHomonymsandWordswithMultiple
Meanings.......................................... 26
Le sso n 3. DialogueswithIdioms ............................. 30
Le sso n 4. AnsweringInferenceQuestionsaboutDialogues..... 35
Le sso n 5. DialoguesInvolvingAgreementandDisagreement... 39
Le sso n 6. DialoguesInvolvingSuggestions,Invitations,Offers,
andRequests ...................................... 43
Le sso n 7. DialoguesInvolvingContradictions,Assumptions,
andQuestions..................................... 50
Le sso n 8. AnsweringQuestionsaboutPlans,Topics,and
Problems.......................................... 54
Le sso n 9. DialogueswithSpecialVerbs ....................... 57
PARTB Exte nde d Conve rsa tions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Le sso n 10. AnsweringMainIdea/MainTopicQuestionsabout
ExtendedConversations............................ 66
Le sso n 11. AnsweringDetailandInferenceQuestionsabout
ExtendedConversations............................ 68
Le sso n 12. AnsweringMatchingandOrderingQuestionsabout
LongerTalks....................................... 71
v
CONTENTS
TESTBASICS Introduc tion to Struc ture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

SECTION 2 Struc ture
PREVIEW TEST2 Struc ture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
.
Le sso n 13. IndependentClauses............................... 85
Le sso n 14. AdjectiveClauses .................................. 90
Le sso n 15. AdverbClauses .................................... 94
Le sso n 16. NounClauses...................................... 99
Le sso n 17. Parallelism ........................................ 102
Le sso n 18. WordForms....................................... 108
Le sso n 19. WordChoice....................................... 118
Le sso n 20. Verbs.............................................. 128
Le sso n 21. Participles......................................... 135
Le sso n 22. Gerunds,Infinitives,andSimpleForms............. 139
Le sso n 23. Pronouns.......................................... 146
Le sso n 24. SingularandPluralNouns.......................... 152
Le sso n 25. Prepositions....................................... 157
Le sso n 26. Articles............................................ 163
Le sso n 27. WordOrder ....................................... 168
Le sso n 28. Conjunctions...................................... 175
Le sso n 29. Comparisons...................................... 178
Le sso n 30. Appositives........................................ 182
Le sso n 31. MisplacedModifiers................................ 184
Le sso n 32. Negatives.......................................... 187
TESTBASICS Introduc tion to Re a ding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

SECTION 3 Re a ding
PREVIEW TEST3 Re a ding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Le sso n 33. OverviewItems.................................... 206
Le sso n 34. Detail,Negative,andScanningItems................ 217
Le sso n 35. InferenceandPurposeItems....................... 224
Le sso n 36. VocabularyItems .................................. 231
Le sso n 37. ReferenceItems ................................... 238
Le sso n 38. SentenceAdditionItems............................ 244
www.petersons.com vi
CONTENTS
SECTION 4 Essa y Writing

ABOUTESSAY WRITING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
PREVIEW TEST4 Essa y Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Le sso n 39. Prewriting......................................... 267
Le sso n 40. WritingtheEssay .................................. 276
Le sso n 41. ImprovingYourEssay.............................. 281
Le sso n 42. CheckingandEditingYourEssay................... 288
PRACTICE TEST
TAKING THE PRACTICE TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Se c tion 1. Listening.......................................... 301
Se c tion 2. Structure.......................................... 306
Se c tion 3. Reading........................................... 309
Se c tion 4. EssayWriting...................................... 317
ANSWER KEYS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS

Se c tion 1. Listening.......................................... 322
Se c tion 2. Structure.......................................... 355
Se c tion 3. Reading........................................... 367
Se c tion 4. EssayWriting...................................... 377
Pra c tic e Te st .................................................. 384
vii www.petersons.com
PREFACE
AboutThisBook
IfyouarepreparingfortheTOEFLtest,you Successissimplywrittenandclearly
arenotalone.Almostamillionpeopleall organizedandissuitableforanyintermedi-
overtheworldtookthetestlastyear.Ahigh ateoradvancedstudentofEnglishasa
scoreonthistestisanessentialstepin secondorforeignlanguage.
beingadmittedtograduateorundergraduate TOEFLSuccessoffersastep-by-step
programsatalmostallcollegesanduniversi- programthatteachesyoucriticaltest-taking
tiesinNorthAmerica.Butpreparingforthis techniques,helpsyoupolishthelanguage
testcanbeadifficult,frustratingexperience. skillsneededfortheexamination,and
Perhapsyouhaven’ttakenmanystandard- generallymakesyouasmartertest-taker.
ized,multiple-choicetestssuchasthe Andtheguideisanefficientwaytoprepare
TOEFL.Perhapsyouarenotfamiliarwith fortheTOEFL;byconcentratingonlyonthe
theformatforthecomputer-basedTOEFL. pointsthataretested,itletsyoumakethe
Maybeyou’vetakentheTOEFLoncebut mostofyourpreparationperiodandnever
werenotsatisfiedwithyourscore,ormaybe wastesyourtime.Ifyouhavepurchasedthe
you’vetakenthetestseveraltimesbutcan’t CDversionofthisbook,youcanaccess
improveyourscorebeyondacertainpoint. additionalTOEFLpractice.
Inanyofthesecases,youneedaguide. Ifyouhavepurchasedthisbook
That’swhythisbookwaswritten—tohelp withouttapesorCDs,youdonothaveto
studentspreparingforthisimportant skipthesectionsthatcallforrecordings.In
examinationtomaximizetheirscores. thebackofthebook,youwillfindcomplete
Thisisthemostcomplete,accurate, “audioscripts.”Youcaneitherreadtheseto
andup-to-dateTOEFLpreparationbook yourselfasyoucompletethelistening
available.Itisbasedonyearsofclassroom sectionsorhaveafriendorfamilymember
experienceteachingTOEFLpreparation readthemtoyou.
classesintheUnitedStatesandabroadand GoodluckontheTOEFL!
onyearsofresearchonthetest.TOEFL
ix
HOWTOUSETHISBOOK
GettingStarted Section1:Listening
Thefirstsectionofthebookservesasan Thissectionisdividedintotwoparts:Part
introductiontotheexam.Theopening A:DialoguesandPartB:ExtendedConversa-
portionofthissection,Questionsand tions.Ifyouhavepurchasedaversionofthis
AnswersAbouttheTOEFLTest ,provides bookwithtapesorCDs,usethemto
youwithbasicinformationabouttheformat accompanytheaudiosections.Seepageix
ofthetest,guidesyouthroughtheprocess forinstructionsforthenonaudioversionof
ofregisteringfortheexamination,andhelps thisbook.
youunderstandyourscores.WhatIt’sLike
toTaketheTOEFLComputer-BasedTest Section2:Structure
providesapreviewofthetestingexperience Thissectioncategorizescommongrammati-
andletsyouknowwhatitwillfeelliketo calpointstestedinstructureproblemsand
takethetestatatestingcenter. suggestswaystosolvetheseproblems.
Themainbodyofthebookisdivided
intofoursections,reflectingthemain Section3:Reading
sectionsofthetest:Listening,Structure, Thissectionofthebookpreparesyoufor
ReadingComprehension,andEssay.Eachof thethirdsectionoftheTOEFLtest.The
thesesectionsconsistsofthefollowing Readingportionofthebooksuggests
components: readingattackskills,liststhevarioustypesof
questionsaskedaboutthepassages,and
• Anintroductioncontainingbasic
offerssuggestionsforansweringeachtype
strategiesforthatsectionofthetest.
ofquestion.Therearein-depthreading
• Asampletesttogiveyouafeelfor exercisestopracticethesetechniques.
eachpartofthetestandtoprovidea
basisforunderstandingthelessons. Section4:EssayWriting
• Lessonsthatbreakdowntheknowl- Thispartofthebookintroducestheessay
edgeandskillsneededforeachpart writingsectionandpresentsthebest
ofthetestintocomprehensible methodsforplanning,writing,andchecking
“bites”ofinformation.Eachofthe theessay.Therearemodelessaysofstrong
lessonsinthebookcontainssample essays,andtherearepracticequestions.
itemsthatillustrateexactlyhowthe
pointbroughtupinthatlessonis PracticeTest
testedinTOEFL.Furthermore,each Thepracticetestprovidesoneofthebest
lessoncontainsoneormoreexer- waystogetreadyfortheTOEFLtest
cisesforpracticingtherelevant becauseitdrawstogetherallthepointsyou
points. havestudied.Thepracticetestinthisbook
simulatesasmuchaspossibleacomputer-
• Exercisesthatreviewthepoints basedtest.
broughtupinthepreviouslessons.
Theseputtogetherthepoints
practicedinisolationinthelessons
andallowyoutochartyourprogress.
xi
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
SUGGESTIONSFORUSINGTHISBOOK
Whetherworkingaloneorinagroup,you Theamountsoftimerequiredtocover
shouldbeginyourpreparationfortheTOEFL eachsegmentofthisbookaregivenbelow.
testbyreadingtheintroductoryTestBasics. Keepinmindthatthesetimesareapproxi-
Youcanthenworkthroughthebookinthe mateanddonotincludereviewsessions.
orderinwhichitiswrittenorbeginwith
GettingStarted................. 1–3hours
thesectioninwhichyouareweakest(orin
Listening.................... 12–16hours
whichthemajorityofthestudentsinaclass
Structure.................... 20–25hours
areweakest).Generally,youcanmakethe
Reading..................... 15–20hours
fastestprogressbyworkinginyourweakest
EssayWriting.................. 3–5hours
area.Youcandeterminewhichareaisyour
CompletePracticeTest......... 4–6hours
weakestbylookingatthescoresfroma
previoustestorbyusingoneofthepractice
testsasadiagnostictest.
www.petersons.com xii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Iwouldliketothankthefollowingprofes- Iwouldliketothankthemanysub-
sionalsfortheircommentsandsuggestions scriberstotheMaterialWritersbranchof
duringthedevelopmentofthistext: TESOL-L(anelectronicbulletinboardfor
StevenA.Stupak,KoreaInternational teachersofEnglishasasecondlanguage)
HumanResourcesDevelopmentCenter; whorespondedwhenIaskedforsugges-
VirginiaHamori,AmericanLanguage tionsonrevisingthistext.
Institute,AmericanUniversityofParis;Jim Thanksalsotothefollowingfortheir
Price,InternationalLanguageCenter, painstakingreviewsandproofreadingofthe
Bangkok;StephenThewlis,SanFrancisco “final”draftofthemanuscript:
StateUniversity;ConnieMonroe,Queens IanPalmer,SethSycroft,Universityof
College;StevenHorowitz,CentralWashing- CaliforniaatDavis.
tonUniversity;DanDouglas,IowaState DomoarigatotoKayokoOtani,
University;FrederickO’Connor,Washington translatoroftheJapaneseeditionofThe
StateUniversity;andClaireBradin,Michigan CompleteGuidetoTOEFL,forsuggesting
StateUniversity. someofthevocabulary-in-contextitemsin
IwouldliketothankDonaldPharrfor Section3.
hisexpertproofreading. ThankstomyeditorsatHeinle&
ThankstoMaggieBarbieriatMaxwell Heinle,DavidLeeandEricGunderson,and,
MacmillianandtoDavidLeeandKen ofcourse,toAssociateEditorKenMattsson
MattssonatHeinle&Heinlefortheir forkeepingtheprojectontrack.
editorialhelp.
Specialthankstoallofthestudentsin
myTOEFLpreparationclassesatthe
EconomicsInstitute.
xiii
TESTBASICS
WHATISTHECOMPUTER-BASEDTOEFLTEST?
InJuly1998,EducationalTestingService(ETS)introducedthecomputer-basedTOEFLtestintheUnited
States,Canada,LatinAmerica,Europe,theMiddleEast,Africa,andselectedAsiancountries.Accordingto
ETS,thecomputer-basedtestwilleventuallycompletelyreplacethepapertest.SomepartsoftheTOEFL
willbealinearcomputerizedtest,whichisscoredthesamewayasapapertest.OtherpartsoftheTOEFL
willbeacomputer-adaptivetest(CAT).
WHATIS ACOMPUTER-ADAPTIVETEST?
Acomputer-adaptivetest(CAT)is—asthetitlesays—adaptive.Thatmeansthateachtimeyouanswera
question,thecomputeradjuststoyourresponseswhendeterminingwhichquestiontopresentnext.For
example,thefirstquestionwillbeofmoderatedifficulty.Ifyouansweritcorrectly,thenextquestionwill
bemoredifficult.Ifyouansweritincorrectly,thenextquestionwillbeeasier.Thecomputerwillcontinue
presentingquestionsbasedonyourresponses,withthegoalofdeterminingyourabilitylevel.
Itisimportanttounderstandthatquestionsatthebeginningofasectionaffectyourscoremorethan
thoseattheend.That’sbecausetheearlyquestionsareusedtodetermineyourgeneralabilitylevel.Once
thecomputerdeterminesyourgeneralabilitylevel,itpresentsquestionstoidentifyyourspecificability
level.Asyouprogressfartherintoasection,itwillbedifficulttoraiseyourscoreverymuch,evenifyou
answermostitemscorrectly.That’sbecausethelaterquestionsaffectyourscoreless,becausetheyare
usedtopinpointyourexactscoreoncethecomputerhasidentifiedyourgeneralabilitylevel.Therefore,
takeasmuchtimeasyoucanaffordtoanswertheearlyquestionscorrectly.Yourscoreoneachsectionis
basedonthenumberofquestionsyouanswercorrectly,aswellasthedifficultylevelofthosequestions.
Youneedonlyminimalcomputerskillstotakethecomputer-basedTOEFL.Youwillhaveplentyof
timeatthetestcentertoworkthroughatutorialthatallowsyoutopracticesuchactivitiesasanswering
questions,usingthemouse,usingthewordprocessor(whichyouwillneedforyouressayresponses),and
accessingthehelpfunction.
Thecomputer-basedtestsaregivenatdesignateduniversities,binationalinstitutes,ETSfieldoffices,
andSylvanTechnologyCentersallovertheworld.ThecostoftheTOEFLtestisUS$110.
WHATKINDS OFQUESTIONSWILLBE ON THECOMPUTER-BASEDTOEFLTEST?

Likethepapertest,thecomputer-basedTOEFLwillhavethreesections:
1. Listening(40–60minutes,30–50questions,CAT)
2. Structure(15–20minutes,20–25questions,CAT)
3. Reading(70–90minutes,44–60questions,linear)
Somequestionswillbesimilartothoseonthepapertest,whereasotherswillbeverydifferent.The
ListeningandReadingquestionswillincludequestiontypesthataredesignedspecificallyforthecomputer.
Anessaywillalsobeincludedthatcanbehandwrittenortypedonthecomputer.
HOWARE THECOMPUTER-BASEDTOEFLSCORESCALCULATED?
Thecomputer-basedTOEFLreportsseparatescoresforeachofthethreetestsections.TheListeningis
scoredasaCAT.TheStructuresectionisscoredasaCATandonthebasisoftheessay.TheReading
sectionisscoredasalineartest.Thescoresforallthreesectionsarefactoredintoascaledtotalscore,just
likeonthepaper-basedtest.
Therangeofpossiblescoresoneachofthethreemultiple-choicesectionsisfrom0to30.Therangefor
theentiretestwillbefrom0to300.(Therangeonthepaperversionisfrom200to667.)
1
TESTBASICS
TEST-TAKINGTIPSFORTHECATSECTIONSOFTHE
COMPUTER-BASEDTOEFLTEST
ThepurposeofTOEFLSuccessistohelpyouprepareforallformsofthetest.Youwillincreaseyour
chancesofscoringhighontheTOEFLbybeingcompletelyfamiliarwiththecontentandformatyouwill
encounterontestday.Thestrategiesandreviewsectionsofthisbook,aswellasthepracticetests,
providelotsofopportunitytoreviewrelevantcontent.Keepinmindthefollowingtest-takingtips,mostof
whichareuniquetotheCATformat.
• Understandthedirectionsforeachquestiontype.Learnthedirectionsforeachtypeofquestion.
Thedirectionsinthisbookaresimilartothoseontheactualtest.Understandingthedirectionsfor
eachquestiontypewillsaveyouvaluabletimeonthedayofthetest.
• FocusonansweringthequestionsatthebeginningofSections1and2correctly.Rememberthat
questionsatthebeginningofasectionaffectyourscoremorethanquestionsattheend.Be
especiallycarefulinchoosinganswerstoquestionsinthefirsthalfofboththequantitativeand
verbalsections.Oncethecomputerdeterminesyourgeneralabilitylevelwiththeseinitialques-
tions,youwillbeunabletodramaticallyimproveyourscore,evenifyouanswermostofthe
questionstowardtheendcorrectly.
• InSections1and2,becompletelysureofeachanswerbeforeproceeding.WithaCAT,youmust
answereachquestionasitispresented.Youcannotskipadifficultquestionandreturntoitlater
asyoucanwithapapertest.Norcanyoureviewresponsestoquestionsthatyouhavealready
answered.Therefore,youmustbeconfidentaboutyouranswerbeforeyouconfirmitandproceed
tothenextquestion.Ifyouarecompletelystumpedbyaquestion,eliminateasmanyanswer
choicesasyoucan,selectthebestanswerfromtheremainingchoices,andmoveon.
• Paceyourself.Tofinishallsections,youwillneedtoworkbothquicklyandaccuratelytocomplete
eachsectionwithinthetimeconstraints.Youwillstillreceiveascore,evenifyoudonotcomplete
allofthequestionsinasection.
QuestionsandAnswersabouttheTOEFLTest
Q: WhatistheTOEFLtest?
A: TOEFLstandsforTestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage.TheTOEFLtestisdesignedtomeasurethe
English-languageabilityofpeoplewhodonotspeakEnglishastheirfirstlanguageandwhoplanto
studyatcollegesanduniversitiesinNorthAmerica.EducationalTestingService(ETS)ofPrinceton,
NewJersey,preparesandadministerstheTOEFLtest.Thisorganizationproducesmanyotherstandard-
izedtests.AlthoughthereareotherstandardizedtestsofEnglish,theTOEFLtestis,byfar,themost
importantinNorthAmerica.ETShasofferedthisexaminationsince1965.Eachyear,almostamillion
peopletaketheTOEFLtestattestingcentersallovertheworld.
Q: Whatformatdoesthecomputer-basedtestfollow?Howlongdoesittaketocomplete?
A: Thecomputer-basedtestisdividedintofoursections:Listening,Structure,Reading,andEssayWriting,
eachwithitsowntimelimit.Thefoursectionsarealwaysgiveninthesameorder.Beforetheactual
test,youmusttakeatutorialthatdemonstratesthecomputerskillsneededtotakethetest.Thispartis
ungraded,ofcourse,anduntimed.Mosttest-takerstakeapproximately40minutestocompletethis
section.Thefirstthreesectionsconsistmainlyofmultiple-choicequestions,whileEssayWritingisa
singleessay-writingitem.
Q: Whatarethemaindifferencesbetweenthepaper-basedtestandthecomputer-basedtest?
A: Thefirstthreesectionsofthecomputer-basedtestgenerallyhavefeweritems.Forexample,onthe
mostrecentversionofthepaper-basedtest,thereare40Structureitems,whereasonthecomputer-
basedversion,thereare20to25.AnotherdifferenceistheuseofvisualsintheListeningsection.
Therearealsosomenew“computer-unique”itemtypesinListeningandReadingSections.
www.petersons.com 2
TEST-TAKING TIPS FOR THE CATSECTIONS OF THE COMPUTER-BASED TOEFL TEST
Computer-BasedFormatfortheTOEFLTest
Tutorial 3. Reading
Untimed—Average40minutes 70–90minutes
4–5 readings
1. Listening
44–70questions(linear)
40–60minutes
30–50questions(computeradaptive) 4. EssayWriting
PartA: Dialogues11–17items 1essayprompt—30minutes
PartB: LongerTalks4–6
Talks/conversations3–6questions
pertalk
2. Structure
15–20minutes
20–25questions(computeradaptive)
SentenceCompletionandErrorRecognition
Mandatorybreak—10minutes
TotalTime:Approximately4hours
Q: Arethecomputer-basedtestscoressimplybasedonthenumberofcorrectanswers?
A: No.Test-takersAandBmaygetthesamenumberofcorrectanswersononesection,buttest-takerA
maygetahigherscorebecauseheorsheansweredmoredifficultitemscorrectly.
Q: WhenwillIreceivemytestscores?
A: Youwillreceiveunofficialon-screenscoresrightafteryoutakethetest.ThescoresforListeningand
Readingwillbefinalscores,butthescoreforStructureandyouroverallscorewillbereportedasa
rangeofscores.
Hereisanexampleofwhattheseon-screenscoreslooklike:
Listening 20
Structure 6–25
Reading 24
Overall 167–230
WhatyourfinalscoreswillbedependsonthescoreyoureceiveontheEssayWritingsection(which
cannotbeinstantlygraded).TheEssayWritingscorerangesfrom0to6.
Herearesomeexamplesofscoresyoumightreceive,dependingonyouressayscore:
Essay Structure Overall
Score Score Score
0 6–7 167–170
1 9–10 177–180
3 15–16 198–201
5 22–23 220–223
6 24–35 227–230
Youandtheschoolsthatyoudesignateshouldreceivefinalscoreswithintwoweeksifyouword
processtheessay.Ifyouhandwritetheessay,youshouldreceivescoresinfourtosixweeks.
3 www.petersons.com
TESTBASICS
Q: WhatisanInstitutionalTOEFLtest?
A: InstitutionalTOEFLtestsaregivenbyEnglish-languageschoolsandotherinstitutions.Sometimesthey
areusedforplacementinaschool’sEnglishprogramorfortestingastudent’sprogress.Institutional
testsarecomposedofitemsthatpreviouslyappearedontestsadministeredbyETS.
BecauseETSdoesnotsupervisethesetests,someuniversitieswon’taccepttheresults.However,
manyotheruniversitieswill.Youshouldcheckwiththeadmissionsofficesofuniversitiestoseewhat
theirpolicyis.Youmustarrangefortheinstitutewhereyoutooktheexaminationtosendthescores
totheuniversity.
Q: HastheformatoftheInstitutionalTOEFLtestalsochanged?
A: No,theInstitutionalTOEFLtest(aformofthetestgivenbyEnglish-languageschoolsandother
institutions)isstillpaper-based.
Q: WhatisTSE?
A: TSE(TestofSpokenEnglish)testsyourabilitytocommunicateinspokenEnglish.Allofyourresponses
arerecordedonaudiotapesothattheycanbeevaluatedlater.Thetesttakesapproximately20minutesto
completeandisgiventwelvetimesayearatvarioustestcenters.OnTSE,youmustanswerquestions
aboutpicturesorgraphs,completesentences,expressyouropinionsonvarioustopics,giveshortpresen-
tations,andsoon.TSEisadministeredseparatelyfromTOEFLandmustbepaidforseparately.
TSEisgenerallyrequiredonlyforstudentswhoareapplyingforpositionsasteachingassistantsor
forspecialprogramsorcertificates.
Q: HowdoIregisterforthecomputer-basedTOEFLtest?
A: Thereareseveralwaystoregister.Youcanregisterforthecomputer-basedtestbytelephoneifyou
haveacreditcard(Visa,MasterCard,orAmericanExpress).InNorthAmerica,youcancallPrometric
TOEFLTestRegistrationCentertoll-freeat800-GO-TOEFL(800-468-6335)oryoumaycallyourlocal
testcenter.ThereisacompletelistoftheseintheTOEFLInformationBulletin.OutsideNorth
America,calltheRegionalRegistrationCenterforthecountrywhereyoulive.Thesearelistedinthe
Bulletin.Youwillbegivenaconfirmationnumberandbetoldwhenandwheretoreport.Youcan
alsoregisterbymail.IfyouareinNorthAmerica,youcanusetheCBTVoucherTestRequestForm
foundintheBulletin.Youcanpaywithacreditcard,check,ormoneyorder.YouwillreceiveaCBT
voucherinseveralweeks.Afterthat,youcancallacentertoscheduleanappointment.Ifyoulive
outsideNorthAmerica,youneedtofillouttheInternationalTestSchedulingFormandmailittoyour
RegionalRegistrationCenter.Paymentmaybeintheformofacheck,creditcard,moneyorder,bank
draft,orUNESCOcoupons.OutsideNorthAmerica,youmayalsoregisterbyfaxingtheInternational
TestSchedulingFormtotheRegionalRegistrationCenterforyourcountry.Faxnumbersforthese
centersarelistedintheBulletin.Youcanregisterinpersonbyvisitingthenearesttestingsite,and,in
thenearfuture,youwillprobablybeabletoregisteronlinebygoingtotheTOEFLWebsite.
Q: WhatcomputerskillsdoIneedtotakethecomputer-basedTOEFLtest?
A: Thecomputerskillsrequiredarefairlybasic.Youonlyneedtoknowhowtopointtoandclickona
choicewithamouse,howtoscrollupanddownthroughadocument,andhowtoaccesshelpifyou
needit.Ifyouchoosetotypeyouressayonthecomputer(ratherthanwriteitbyhand),youwillalso
needbasicword-processingskills.Beforeyoutakethetestatthecenter,youmustcompleteatutorial
tomakesureyouhavemasteredtheskillsyouneed.
Q: Whereisthecomputer-basedtestoffered?
A: Itisgivenatdesignatedtestcenters,universities,binationalinstitutes,andETSfieldofficesthroughout
theworld.Therearetwotypesoftestcenters,permanentandmobile.Testsaregivenatmobile
centersonlyduringcertainmonths.AcompletelistoftestingcentersisgivenintheBulletin.The
computer-basedtestisnotofferedatnearlyasmanycentersasthepaper-basedtestwas.Depending
onwhereyoulive,youmayhavetotravelaratherlongdistancetotakethetest.
www.petersons.com 4
Q: CanIchoosewhethertotakethecomputer-basedtestorthepaper-basedtest?
A: No.Oncethecomputer-basedtesthasbeenphasedin,youwillnolongerhavetheoptionoftaking
thepaper-basedtest.
Q: Howmuchdoesthecomputer-basedtestcost?
A: ItwillcostUS$110.(Thepaper-basedversionofthetesthadcostUS$45.)Ifyouneedtoreschedule
thetest,youwillhavetopayaUS$40reschedulingfee.
Q: WhatshouldIbringwithmetotheexaminationsite?
A: Youshouldbringthefollowing:
• Yourpassport
• Yourappointmentconfirmationnumber
• YourCBTvoucher,ifyouareusingone
• Alistoftheuniversitiestowhichyouwantyourscoressent
Don’tbringanyreferencebooks,suchasdictionariesortextbooks,oranyelectronicdevices,suchas
translators,cellularphones,orcalculators.Youarenotpermittedtosmoke,eat,ordrinkinthetest
center.Youdonothavetobringpencilsorpaper.
Q: Iseveryitemonthetestscored?
A: No,thereisusuallyatleastoneunscoreditemineachpartofthetest.Thisisgenerallythelastitemin
eachpart.Forexample,inSection2,item15anditem40areusuallynotscored.However,it’snot
recommendedthatyouskiptheseitems—ETScouldalwayschangeitssystem!
Q: WhatisapassingscoreontheTOEFLtest?
A: Thereisn’tany.Eachuniversityhasitsownstandardsforadmission,soyoushouldcheckthecatalogs
ofuniversitiesyouareinterestedinorcontacttheiradmissionsoffices.Mostundergraduateprograms
requirescoresbetween173and213(between500and550onthepaper-basedtest),andmost
graduateprogramsaskforscoresbetween195and250(between525and600onthepaper-based
test).Recently,therehasabeenatendencyforuniversitiestoraisetheirminimumrequirementsfor
theTOEFLtest.
Q: Howareuniversitiesinformedofmyscores?
A: ETSreportsyourscoretothreeinstitutionsforfree.Foracharge,ETSwillsendyourscoresto
additionalinstitutions.ThereisaformforrequestingthisserviceintheBulletin.Someuniversitieswill
alsoacceptphotocopiesofthetestresultsthatweremaileddirectlytoyou.
Q: IfIbelieveIhaven’tdonewellontheTOEFLtest,canIcancelmyscores?
A: Yes.Rightafterthetest,youmayeithercancelyourscoresorviewthem.YoumayNOTcancelyour
scoresonceyouhavelookedatthem.However,ifyouarenotsatisfiedwithyourunofficialscores,
youcandirectETStoNOTsendthemontoanyuniversities.Keepinmindthat,evenifyoucancel
yourscores,youcannottakethetestagainuntilthenextcalendarmonth.ItisgenerallyNOTagood
ideatocancelscores.Youmayhavedonebetteronthetestthanyouthoughtyoudid.
Q: CanIgetmyscoresbyphone?
A: Yes.Call888-TOEFL-44(toll-free)inNorthAmericaand609-771-7267elsewherefourteendaysafterthe
test(fourtofiveweeksafterthetestifyouhandwritetheessay).ETSchargesafeeforthisservice.
Q: HowmanytimesmayItakethecomputer-basedTOEFLtest?
A: Thereisnolimit;youmaytakeitasoftenasyoulike.However,youmaynottakethetestmorethan
onceinanycalendarmonth.
5 www.petersons.com
TESTBASICS
Q: WilltherebeotherchangestotheTOEFLtestinthenearfuture?
A: Yes.InSeptember2005,ETSwilldebutanewTOEFL,whichwillincludeaspeakingsection,among
otherchanges.
Q: HowcanIgetmoreinformationabouttheTOEFLtest?
A: YoucancontactETSviae-mailorgetupdatedinformationaboutthetestfromitshomepageonthe
WorldWideWeb:E-mail:toefl@ets.org;Website:www.toefl.org.
Q: Isitpossibletoimproveone’sscorebycheating?
A: Itisdifficulttohavesomeoneelsetaketheexaminationforyou.Youmustbringanofficialidentifica-
tiondocumentwithyourpictureonit.Youarealsorequiredtobringaphotofilerecordwitharecent
photoofyourself.ETScopiesthisphotoandsendsit,withyourscores,touniversities.Ifthepersonin
thephotoisnotthesamepersonwhoenrolls,thatpersonmaynotbeadmitted.
Thefollowingarealsoconsideredcheating:
• TakingnotesduringtheListeningsection
• Talkingtoorsignalinganyothertest-takers
• Copyinganytestmaterial
• Workingononesectionduringthetimeallottedforanothersection
• Continuingtoworkonasectionaftertimeiscalled
Personswhoarebelievedtobecheatingwillreceiveawarningforminoractsofcheating.Formore
seriousmatters,aperson’sscoreswillbecanceled.
WhatIt’sLiketoTaketheComputer-BasedTOEFLTest
1. Thefirststepistocalltheclosesttestingcenter.*Youshouldcallatleastonemonthbeforeyouneed
totakethetest.Thereistypicallyathree-weekwaitingtime,butthismayvarybytimeofyearand
center.Thewaitingtimeforcertaindays—especiallySaturdays—willbelongerthanforotherdays.If
youhaveacreditcardorhavealreadypurchasedaCBTvoucher,youcanmakeanappointmentover
thephonetotakethetest.Otherwise,arrangetostopbythecenter.Ifyoudomakeanappointment
whenyoucall,youwillreceiveaconfirmationnumber.Writedownthisnumberandkeepitinasafe
place.
2. Aweekafterregistering,youwillreceivedirectionstothecenterinthemail(includingpublic
transportationroutes).Keepthiscardwithyourconfirmationnumber.Onthedaybeforethetest,get
thiscard,yourconfirmationnumber,andyourpassportreadytotakewithyouthefollowingday.
3. Arriveatleastahalf-hourearlyforyourappointment.Atthetimeyouarrive,youwillbegivenaform
tocomplete.
4. Atthetimeofyourappointment,orwheneveracomputerisfree,youwillbetakenintoaroomnear
thetestingroomandgivenaparagraphtocopyandsign.Thisparagraphsaysthatyoureallyarewho
yousayyouareandthatyoupromisenottotellanyonewhatisonthetest.Atthistime,youwill
alsohavetoshowyourpassportandyouwillbephotographed.Beforeyougointothetestingroom,
youwillhavetosignaregister.Centerofficialswillthentakeyouintothetestingroomandseatyou
atacomputer.Theremaybeseveralotherpeopleintheroomtakingtests—notonlytheTOEFL.
Yourtestingspacewillresemblethestudycarrelsfoundatlibraries.
5. Yourcomputerwillpromptyoutoanswersomequestionsaboutyourself,yourplans,andyour
reasonfortakingthetest.Afterthat,thetutorialwillbegin.Thistutorialteachesyouthebasic
computerskillsrequiredtotakethetest.
*Note:Thetestingexperiencemaydiffersomewhatfromcentertocenter.
www.petersons.com 6
6. Afteryouhavefinishedthetutorial(whichisnottimed),youmaybegintheListeningsection.You
willhaveachancetoadjustthevolume,readthedirections,andanswerafewpracticeitems.
Remember,youareNOTallowedtotakenotesduringtheListeningsection.
7. AftertheListeningsection,youmaytakea1-minutebreakorgodirectlyontotheStructuresection.
8. AftercompletingtheStructuresection,thereisamandatory10-minutebreak.Youwillhavetosign
outbeforeyouleavethetestingarea.
9. Afterthebreak,youwillagainhavetosignin.Youwillbegivensixsheetsofscrappaperandwill
beshownbacktoyourcomputer.ThenextsectionofthetestisReading.Rememberthatthissection
ofthetestisNOTcomputeradaptiveandthatyoucanmoveforwardandbackwardthroughthe
readings.Youcanskipquestions(althoughthisisseldomagoodidea),andgobackandchangeyour
answersanytimeyouwant.
10. AfteryoufinishtheReadingsectionofthetest,youmaytakeaone-minutebreakorproceedwiththe
EssayWritingsection.Ifyouchoosetowordprocesstheessay,youwillseeabrieftutorialexplaining
cut,paste,delete,andothercommandsyouneedtowritetheessayonthecomputer.Usethescrap
paperyouhavebeengiventowriteaquickoutlineforyouressay.
11. Afteryouhavewrittenyouressay,youwillreceiveanunofficialgradereport.Youwillthenhavea
chancetochoosefromapull-downmenutheuniversitiesthatwillreceiveyourscores.Youmaythen
beaskedseveralquestionsaboutyourexperiencetakingthetest.Afterthat,youmusthandinyour
scrappaper.Youwillthensignout.
12. Ifyouwordprocessyouressay,youwillreceiveyourfinaltestscoresintwoweeks.
Ifyouhandwriteyouressay,youwillreceiveyourfinalscoresinapproximatelyfourtofiveweeks.
7 www.petersons.com
TESTBASICS
INTRODUCTIONTOLISTENING
TheListeningsectionoftheTOEFLtestisalwaysgivenfirst.Thepurposeofthissectionistotestyour
understandingofspokenEnglish.
Onthecomputer-basedtest,youwillheartheListeningmaterialthroughheadphones,sothesound
qualitywillbebetterthanitwasthroughloudspeakers.Youwillbeabletocontroltherateatwhichyou
hearitemsandthevolume.(NOTE:TheTOEFLSamplersaysthatyoucanonlychangethevolumebefore
theteststarts,but,infact,youcanmakevolumechangesbyadjustingtheon-screenvolumeiconatany
timeduringtheListeningsection.)
Thedirectionsforthissectionaregivenontheaudioaswellasprintedinyourtestbook.Thereare
fourspeakers,twomenandtwowomen.Thespeakersreadtheitemsatanormalspeed.Allfourhave
standardNorthAmericanaccents.Thetoneoftheitemsisconversational,muchlessformalthantheitems
inthetwoothertestsections.
SectionIisdividedintotwoparts.PartAconsistsofshortdialogues,withonequestionabouteachdia-
logue.PartBconsistsofthreetypesoflongerlisteningstimuli,withsetsofmultiplequestionsfollowingthem.
Here’swhattoexpectduringtheListeningsection:
1. Asyoulistentothedialoguesandthelongertalksanddiscussions,youwillseephotographsofthe
peopleinvolvedorofthingsrelatedtothediscussion.Therearetwotypesofphotographs.Mostare
contextphotographsthatmerelysetthesceneforyou.Afewarecontentphotographsthatclarify
pointsmadeinthelecturesoracademicdiscussions.
2. Immediatelyafteryouhearthematerial,thephotowilldisappearandaquestionwillappearonthe
screen.Atthesametime,anotherspeakerwillreadthequestion.
3. Immediatelyafterhearingthequestion,thefouranswerchoiceswillappear.(Unfortunately,youcannot
previewtheanswerchoicesasyoulistentotheSection1GuidetoListeningdialoguesorlongertalks.)
Atthispoint,youmayclickontheovalbesidetheanswerchoicethatyouthinkiscorrect.
4. Afteryouhavechosenananswerandaresureofit,youwillclickonthe“Next”iconandthenthe
“ConfirmAnswer”icon.
Thedirectionsforthissectionarespokenaswellasvisibleonthescreen.Therearefourspeakers,two
menandtwowomen.AllthespeakershavestandardNorthAmericanaccents,andtheyreadtheitemsata
normalspeed.Thetoneoftheitemsisconversational,lessformalthantheitemsintheothertestsections.
LISTENINGFORMAT
PartA:Dialogues 11–17questions
PartB:LongerTalks
2–3Conversations 2–3questions
2–3Mini-Lectures 3–6questions
1–2AcademicDiscussions 3–6questions
TotalListeningSection 30–50questions 40–60minutes
QuestionsaboutDialoguesandConversationsareallmultiple-choiceproblems.Mini-LecturesandAcademic
Discussionsincludebothstandardmultiple-choiceitemsandseveralothertypesofquestions.Thesewillbe
practicedinthelessonsforPartB.
8
INTRODUCTION TO LISTENING
TheListeningsectiontestsbothyourlisteningabilityandyourreadingskillsbecauseyoumust
understandboththespokenmaterialyouhearthroughtheheadphonesandtheanswerchoiceson
thescreen.
Manytest-takersfindtheListeningsectionthemostdifficult.Becauseitisgivenfirst,youmaybe
morenervousduringthispartofthetest.Furthermore,itisdifficulttounderstandvoicesontape(justasit
isonthetelephoneorradio)becauseyoucan’tseethespeakers’gestures,facialexpressions,orlip
movementsasyoucanduring“live”listening.Finally,thetest-writersatETSemployseveral“tricks”that
makechoosingthecorrectanswermoredifficult.
TheexercisesandtestsintheListeningsectionofthistextaredesignedtohelpyouovercomethese
difficulties.Youwillbecomemorecomfortablelisteningtomaterialsonaudioorcomputer.You’llalso
becomealerttomanyofthetest-writers’“tricks.”Ifyourcopyofthisbookincludeseitheraudiocassette
tapesorCDs,whenyouaretakingthepracticetestsinthebook,listenonheadphonesiftheyareavail-
able.Lookonlyatthephotographwhileyoulistentothedialogueortalk.Then,whenquestionsarebeing
read,lookonlyatthosequestions.Don’tpreviewtheanswerchoices(becauseyouwon’tbeabletodo
thisduringtheactualtest).Don’tgobackandchangeanansweronceyouhavefinishedanitem.
Onthecomputer-basedtest,youcontrolthespeedatwhichyouhearitems.However,inthe
listeningmaterialforthisbook,itemsareseparatedby12-secondpauses,astheywereonthe
paper-basedtest.
YoushouldspendsometimeworkingwiththeListeningsectionsoftheaudiocassettesorCDstoget
usedtocontrollingthespeedatwhichyouhearitems.
STRATEGIES FORSECTION1
• Familiarizeyourselfwiththedirectionsforeachpartbeforetheexamination.Butremember,youarenot
permittedtoturnthepagetolookoveranswerchoiceswhilethedirectionsarebeingread.(Noanswer
choicesappearonthesamepageasthedirections.)
• Ifyouhaveanydifficultieshearingtherecording,informoneoftheproctorsduringtheintroductory
section.Oncethetesthasbegun,theproctorscannotstoptherecording.
• Alwaysanswerpromptlyaftertheanswerchoicesappear,notonlytosavetimebutalsotokeepthe
listeningmaterialfreshinyourmind.
• Useyour“powerofprediction.”Whenyouarelookingatthephotographandlisteningtothespoken
material,trytoguesswhatthequestionorquestionswillbe.Then,whenyouarelisteningtoand
readingthequestion,trytoguesswhatthecorrectanswerwillbe.Lookforyourpredictedansweror
somethingsimilartoitamongthefourchoices.
• Ifyouarenotsureofananswer,trytoeliminateunlikelychoicesandmakeyourguess.Ifyouhaveno
ideawhichansweriscorrect,clickonyourguessanswerandgoon.
• Neverspendtoomuchtimeonanyoneproblem.Concentrationisimportantinthispartofthetest.
Onceyouchooseananswer,don’tthinkaboutthelastitem—startthinkingaboutthenextone.Don’t
daydream.Focusyourattentionontherecordingandonthechoicesinyourtestbook.
BeginyourpreparationforSection1bytakingPreviewTest1:Listeningonthefollowingpages.Thiswill
familiarizeyouwiththefirstsectionoftheexamination.
9 www.petersons.com
SECTION1
Listening
PreviewTest1:Listening................................. 12
PartA:Dialogues........................................ 18
Lesson 1. DialogueswithSoundConfusion ............................ 23
Lesson 2. DialogueswithHomonymsandWordswithMultipleMeanings.. 26
Lesson 3. DialogueswithIdioms..................................... 30
Lesson 4. AnsweringInferenceQuestionsaboutDialogues............... 35
Lesson 5. DialoguesInvolvingAgreementandDisagreement ............. 39
Lesson 6. DialoguesInvolvingSuggestions,Invitations,Offers,and
Requests................................................. 43
Lesson 7. DialoguesInvolvingContradictions,Assumptions,andQuestions. 50
Lesson 8. AnsweringQuestionsaboutPlans,Topics,andProblems........ 54
Lesson 9. DialogueswithSpecialVerbs ............................... 57
PartB:ExtendedConversations ......................... 62
Lesson10. AnsweringMainIdea/MainTopicQuestionsaboutExtended
Conversations ............................................ 66
Lesson11. AnsweringDetailandInferenceQuestionsaboutExtended
Conversations ............................................ 68
Lesson12. AnsweringMatchingandOrderingQuestionsabout
LongerTalks.............................................. 71
PREVIEWTEST1
Listening
ThissectiontestsyourabilitytocomprehendspokenEnglish.Itisdividedintotwoparts,eachwithits
owndirections.Youarenotpermittedtoturnthepageduringthereadingofthedirectionsortotake
notesatanytime.
PARTA
Directions:Eachiteminthispartconsistsofabriefdialogueinvolvingtwospeakers.Following
eachdialogue,athirdvoiceasksaquestionaboutit.
Whenyouhaveheardeachdialogueandquestion,readthefouranswerchoicesandselectthe
one—(A),(B),(C),or(D)—thatbestanswersthequestionbasedonwhatisdirectlystatedorwhat
canbeinferred.Don’tlookatthequestionsuntiltheyarereadonthetape.Now,let’sbeginwith
thefirstitem.
Hereisanexample.
Youwillhear:*
M1: DoyouthinkIshouldleavethischairagainstthewallorputitsomewhereelse?
F1: Overbythewindow,I’dsay.
M2: Whatdoesthewomanthinkthemanshoulddo?
Youwillread:
Whatdoesthewomanthinkthemanshoulddo?
(A) Openthewindow
(B) Movethechair
(C) Leavetheroom
(D) Takeaseat
Thecorrectansweris(B).Fromtheconversation,youfindoutthatthewomanthinkstheman
shouldputthechairoverbythewindow.Thebestanswertothequestion“Whatdoesthewoman
thinkthemanshoulddo?”ischoice(B),“Movethechair.”
1. WhatcanbesaidaboutHenry’sbicycle? 2. Whatwillthemanprobablydonext?
(A) It’sbrandnew. (A) Givethewomancash.
(B) Hejustrepairedit. (B) Gotohiscar.
(C) Someonepaintedit. (C) Purchaseabook.
(D) It’sjustbeensold. (D) Usehiscreditcard.
*Note: M1=firstmalevoice M2=secondmalevoice F1=firstfemalevoice F2=secondfemalevoice
12
PREVIEW TEST1: LISTENING
3. WhatdoesthewomantellMark? 10. WhatdothespeakersimplyaboutWilliam?

(A) HeshouldhavelistenedtoProfessor (A) Hehasagoodexcuseforbeinglate.
Bryant’ssuggestions. (B) Noonehasheardfromhimfora
(B) Hedoesn’thavetoreadallthebooks. week.
(C) Allofthebooksonthelistare (C) He’sstillwaitingtobecontacted.
important. (D) Hedoesn’ttakeresponsibilityfor
(D) Someofthebooksareunavailable errors.
now.
11. Whatdidthemanthinkhehadlost?
4. Whatdoesthemanmean?
(A) Hiswallet
(A) Thesoftwareisn’tconvenienttouse. (B) Anidentificationcard
(B) He’snotfamiliarwiththesoftware. (C) Hisjobatthebookstore
(C) Usingthesoftwareissimple. (D) Acheck
(D) Hewisheshe’dboughtthatsoftware.
12. Whatcanbeinferredabouttheman?
5. Whatdoesthemanwanttoknow?
(A) Hegotonthewrongbus.
(A) Whattimehisbrothercalled (B) He’safraidhe’llbelateforhisflight.
(B) Wheretomeethisbrother (C) He’ssorryhetookabusinsteadof
(C) Whyhisbrothercalled flying.
(D) Whentomeethisbrother (D) Hehadtowaitalongtimeforthebus.
6. WhatdoesthemansayaboutHoward? 13. Whatdoesthewomanimply?

(A) Heleftonalongtripyesterday. (A) Themeetingwillhavetobe
(B) Hisletterarrivedunexpectedly. rescheduled.
(C) Heseemedtobesadyesterday. (B) Shedoesn’tcarewhomtheboard
(D) Theletterhesentwasveryfunny. picksasdean.
(C) She’snotsurewherethemeetingwill
7. WhatcanbeinferredaboutProfessor be.
Welchfromthisconversation? (D) Theboardwillnotchooseadeanthis
(A) He’llprobablygivethemananother month.
grade.
14. Whatdotheymean?
(B) Hedoesn’tteachchemistryanymore.
(C) Herarelychangeshisgrades. (A) Theywishtheyhadn’tpaidattention
(D) He’llprobablyretiresoon. toHarvey.
(B) Theyaskedforsomeinformationabout
8. WhatisthewomanreallysayingtoAllen? Harvey.
(A) Hisclasshasbeencanceled. (C) Harveytoldthemnottoignorehim.
(B) Heshouldn’tdroptheclass. (D) OnlyHarveycouldgivethemany
(C) Anearlierclasswouldbebetterfor assistance.
him.
15. Whatarethemenprobablydiscussing?
(D) Hedoesn’tneedtostudypolitical
science. (A) Ahotelroom
(B) Theman’sfamily
9. WhatdoesthemansayaboutProfessor (C) Areasonableoffer
Porter? (D) Theman’sschedule
(A) Shemailedthegradestoherstudents.
(B) Sheleftthestudents’testsinher
office.
(C) Shecan’tgetintoheroffice.
(D) Sheputalistofgradesonthedoor.
13 www.petersons.com
SECTION 1: LISTENING
16. WhatcanbeinferredfromProfessor 17. Whathadthemanoriginallyassumed?

White’sremark?
(A) Peterwouldn’tbefavoredinthe
(A) Hemustchangehissyllabus. match.
(B) Thewomancannottakehisclass. (B) Thematchhadalreadybeenplayed.
(C) Hehasextracopiesofthesyllabus. (C) Thematchwouldn’tbeplayed.
(D) Somestudentsarenotonhislist. (D) Peterwouldwinthematch.
ThisistheendofPartA.Let’sgoontoPartB.
www.petersons.com 14
PARTB
Directions:PartBinvolvesdiscussions,conversations,andlectures.Aftereachtalk,thereareseveral
questions.Youwillhearthetalksonlyonce.
Whenyouhavereadandheardthequestions,readtheanswerchoicesandselectthebest
answeroranswersbasedonwhatisdirectlystatedorcanbeinferred.
Don’tforget:Duringactualexams,takingnotesduringtheListeningsectionisnotpermitted.
Now,let’sbeginwiththefirsttalk.Listentoaconversationbetweenastudentandhisacademic
adviser.
18. WhatcoursedoesScottwanttodrop? (A) Itwasnotasingleobjectbuttwo
objects.
(A) Biochemistry
(B) Itssurfacetemperaturesweremuch
(B) Mathematics
colderthanthoseonEarth.
(C) Language
(C) Ithadtwomoons:Phosphorousand
(D) Music
Hesperus.
19. WhatdoesProfessorLamontsuggestthat (D) Therewaslifebeneathitscloudcover.
Scottdo?
24. Whichofthefollowingdoesthespeaker
(A) Changemajors. sayaboutthelengthofadayonVenus?
(B) Studymusic.
(A) ItisshorterthananEarthday.
(C) Getatutor.
(B) ItislongerthananEarthyear.
(D) Droptheclass.
(C) ItislongerthanaVenusyear.
20. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes (D) Itisthelongestofanyknownplanet.
ProfessorLamont’sattitudetowardScott?
25. Inwhatorderwerethesespaceprobessent
(A) Condescending toVenus?
(B) Angry Placetheletterofthechoiceinthe
(C) Encouraging properbox.Useeachchoiceonlyonce.
(D) Disappointed
(A) Mariner2
21. Accordingtothespeaker,inwhatwaysare (B) VenusPioneer2
EarthandVenustwins? (C) Magellan
Choosetwo. (D) Venera4
(A) Theyhavesimilarsurfaceconditions. 1.
(B) Theyareaboutthesamesize. 2.
(C) Theyspininthesamedirection.
(D) Theyarerelativelyclosetogether. 3.
22. Whichofthefollowingcanbeseen 4.
throughatelescopeaimedatVenus? 26. Itcanbeinferredthatthetopicofthenext
(A) ThephasesofVenus student’spresentationwillbewhichofthe
(B) ThecontinentsofVenus following?
(C) ThemoonsofVenus
(A) Themoon
(D) ThejunglesofVenus
(B) Thesun
23. Accordingtothespeaker,whichofthe (C) Theearth
followingwereoncecommonbeliefsabout (D) TheplanetMars
theplanetVenus?
Choosetwo.
27. WhydoesDanawanttofindajob? 33. Whichoftheseinstrumentswastypically

usedtoplayminstrelsongs?
(A) Topayforeverydayexpenses
(B) Topayfortuition (A)
(C) Topaybackabankloan
(D) Topayforroomandboard
(B)
28. WhatjobisDanaprobablygoingtoapply
for?
(A) Sellinggiftsatamuseum
(B) Directinganartgallery (C)
(C) Workingasareceptionist
(D) Workinginacafeteria
29. WhatmustDanadofirsttoapplyforthe
jobsheisinterestedin?
(A) GotoaninterviewwithDr.Ferrarra.
(B) MailherapplicationtotheFinancial
AidOffice. (D)
(C) Filloutsomeforms.
(D) Callthepersonneloffice.
30. Whatisthemaintopicofthislecture?
(A) TheroleofreligiousmusicinEurope.
(B) Booksofthecolonialperiod.
(C) Domesticlifeinthenineteenth 34. Matchthesongwiththecorrectmusical
centuryintheUnitedStates. category.
(D) Eighteenth-andnineteenth-century Placetheletterofthechoiceinthe
musicintheUnitedStates. properbox.Useeachchoiceonlyonce.
31. Whatdoesthespeakerindicateaboutthe (A) Southernrevivalhymn

songOldHundred?
Choosetwo. (B) Parlorsong
(A) Ithasalonghistory.
(B) ItappearedintheBayPsalmBook. (C) Minstrelsong
(C) Itwasextremelyunusual.
(D) ItwascomposedbyStevenFoster.
1. WayfaringStranger
32. Whichoftheseisthebestrepresentationof 2. Dixie
thenotationalsystemusedforSouthern
3. TheOldArmChair
revivalhymns?
(A) 35. WhatdoesthespeakersayaboutStephen
Foster?
(A) Hedidn’twritesongs;headaptedold
(B) melodies.
(C) (B) Hissongsshowavarietyofinfluences.
(C) Hecomposedonlyminstrelsongs.
(D) Hismelodiesareextremely
complicated.
36. Whatisthemaintopicofthisdiscussion? 39. Inwhatordershouldthestudentscomplete

thesetasks?
(A) Thechoiceoftextbooks
(B) Thestudents’finalexam Placetheletterofthechoiceinthe
(C) Thestudents’finalproject properbox.Useeachchoiceonlyonce.
(D) Thestudents’researchpaper (A) Conducttheexperiment.
(B) Analyzetheresults.
37. ItcanbeinferredthatProfessorHunter (C) Completeadetaileddesignandselect
wouldapproveofwhichofthesemethods
subjects.
ofselectingsubjectsforgroups?
(D) Submitahypothesisandsummary.
Choosetwo.
1.
(A) Lettingthesubjectspicktheirown
group 2.
(B) Havingthesubjectsflipcoins
3.
(C) Usingacomputerprogramthatmakes
randomchoices 4.
(D) Allowingtheexperimentertoassign
subjectstogroups 40. Whenisthecompletedprojectdue?
38. Intheexperimentproposedbythestudent, (A) Nextweek

whatcanbeinferredaboutthepeoplein (B) InNovember
thecontrolgroup? (C) Onthelastdayofclass
(D) Onthedayofthefinalexam
(A) Theirgradeswillprobablyimprove.
(B) Theyarenotreallynecessarytothe
successoftheexperiment.
(C) Theirgradeperformancewillnotbe
affectedbyexercise.
(D) Theywillexercisemorethanthe
peopleintheexperimentalgroup.
ThisistheendofPreviewTest1.
PARTA
Dialogues
ThefirstpartoftheListeningsectionconsistsofspokendialogues(conversations)betweentwospeakers.
Athirdspeakerasksaquestionaboutwhatwassaidorimpliedintheconversation.Youmustdecide
whichofthefouranswerchoicesprintedinyourtestbookisthebestanswerforthequestionyouhear
andthenmarkthatchoiceonyouranswersheet.Betweeneachofthedialoguesisa12-secondpause.
Thequestionsaboutdialoguesaregenerallyeasierformosttest-takerstoanswercorrectlythanthose
aboutthelongertalks.Remember,however,thatthispartofthetestiscomputeradaptive,andifyouare
doingwell,thelastfewdialoguesyouhearmaybequitedifficult.
Timingisimportant.Answereachitemassoonasitappears.Sittingandthinkingaboutthebest
answerwillnothelpyourscoreinthispart.Don’tforget:Onthecomputer-basedtest,thereisnotime
limitperitem,butthereisanoveralltimelimitfortheListeningsection.Togetatopscore,youmust
answermostoftheListeningquestions.
SampleItem
Youwillhear:*
M1: DoyouthinkIshouldleavethischairagainstthewallorputitsomewhereelse?
F1: Overbythewindow,I’dsay.
Atthesametime,youwillseeaphotograph.Immediatelyafterthedialogueisspoken,thephotograph
willdisappear,andyouwillhearandreadaquestionaboutthedialogue:
Thequestionaboutthedialoguewillappearonyourscreen,andrightafteritisspoken,thefour
answerchoiceswillalsoappear.
Youwillread:
Whatdoesthewomanthinkthemanshoulddo?
(A) Openthewindow
(B) Movethechair
(C) Leavetheroom
(D) Takeaseat
Thecorrectansweris(B).Thewomanindicatesthatshethinksthemanshouldputthechair
overbythewindowratherthanleaveitwhereitis.Inotherwords,heshouldmoveit.
*Note: M1=firstmalevoice M2=secondmalevoice M3=thirdmalevoice F1=firstfemalevoice

F2=secondfemalevoice
18
PARTA: DIALOGUES
THEDIALOGUES
MostofthedialoguesinPartAinvolveamanandawoman.Afewinvolvetwomenortwowomen.Each
speakerusuallyspeaksoneortwosentences.Manydialogues(approximately25percent)areaboutfacets
oflifeatAmericanuniversities:attendingclasses,talkingtoprofessors,writingresearchpapers,andtaking
tests.Otherdialoguesareaboutmoregeneralactivities:shoppingingrocerystores,lookingforhousing,
takingvacations,andgoingtomeetingsandparties.Thetoneofthedialoguesisinformal.Idioms,first
names,andcontractions(I’m,doesn’t,can’t)areoftenheard.Someoftheitemstestyourabilityto
understandvariouslanguagefunctions.Forexample,youmustbeabletodetermineifaspeakerisagreeing
ordisagreeingwiththeotherspeakerorifonespeakerisacceptingorrejectingtheotherspeaker’soffer.
THEQUESTIONS
Mostofthequestionsaboutthedialoguesfocusonwhatthesecondspeakersays.However,itisusually
necessarytounderstandtheentiredialoguetochoosethecorrectanswer.Forexample,intheSample
Item,itisnotclearwhatthewomanmeanswhenshesays“Overbythewindow”unlessyouunderstand
whatthemansaysfirst.Oneortwoquestionsineachtestmayfocusinsteadonwhatthefirstspeaker
says.
CommonPartAQuestionTypes Examples
1. MeaningquestionsThesearethemost “Whatdoestheman/womanmean?”
commonquestions(approximately50 “Whatdothespeakerssayabout________?”
percent).Theyaskforarestatementofwhat
thesecondspeakerorbothspeakerssay.They
maybegeneralquestionsoraskwhatthe
speakerssayaboutsomespecifictopic.They
oftenfollowdialoguesthatcontainidioms.
2. InferencequestionsThesearethesecond “Whatdoestheman/womanimply?”
mostcommonPartAquestions(approxi- “Whatcanbeinferredfromtheconversation
mately20percent).Theanswersforthese about________?”
questionsarenotdirectlystatedinthe “Whatcanbeconcludedfromtheconversation
dialogue,buttheycanbeinferred(concluded) about________?”
fromwhatthespeakerssay.
3. QuestionsaboutsuggestionsIngeneral,the “Whatdoesthewomansuggestthemando?”
firstspeakertalksaboutaproblemorasksfor “Whatdoesthemansuggesttheydo?”
advice.Thesecondspeakermakesasugges- “Whatdoesthewomansuggest?”
tionforsolvingtheproblem. “Whatdoesthewomanthinkthemanshoulddo?”
4. QuestionsaboutfutureactionsTheseask “Whatwillthemando?”
whatoneorbothofthespeakerswilldonext “Whatwilltheyprobablydonext?”
orinthenearfuture,orwhatoneorbothare “Whatarethespeakersplanningtodo?”
planningtodo.
5. TopicquestionsTheseaskaboutthesubject “Whataretheytalkingabout?”
ofthedialogue. “Whataretheydiscussing?”
6. QuestionsaboutopinionsTheseask “Howdoestheman/womanfeelabout________?”
howoneorbothofthespeakersfeelabout “Whatistheiropinionof________?”
sometopic.
7. QuestionsaboutassumptionsTheseask “Whathadthemanassumedabout________?”
whatthesecondspeakerthought(assumed) “Whathadthewomanpreviouslyassumed?”
beforeheorshespoketothefirstspeaker.
8. QuestionsaboutquestionsThefirstspeaker “Whatdoesthemanwanttoknow?”
makesastatement;thesecondspeakerasksa
questiontogetmoreinformation.
9. QuestionsaboutreasonsTheseaskwhy “Whydidtheman/woman________?”
oneorbothofthespeakersdidsomething. “Whydidthey________?”
10. QuestionsaboutproblemsTheseaskabout “Whatproblemisthemanhaving?”
sometroubleoneorbothofthespeakersare “Whatistheproblem?”
having.
THEANSWERCHOICES
Allfouroftheanswerchoicesarelogicalanswersforthequestion,butonlyone—thekey—iscorrect
accordingtothedialogue.However,asinallpartsofTOEFL,notalloftheanswerchoicesareequally
attractive.Youcanofteneliminateoneortwochoiceseasily,evenifyouarenotsurewhichansweris
correct,and,therefore,makeabetterguess.
Correctanswersareseldomstatedwordforwordbyeitherofthespeakers.Correctanswersoften
containsynonyms(wordswiththesamemeaning)forwordsinthedialoguesandusedifferentsentence
structures.
Grammatically,therearethreetypesofanswerchoices:
1. Completesentences(approximately75percent)
2. Incompletesentences,usuallybeginningwithverbforms—mostoftenthesimpleformofthe
verb(approximately20percent)
3. Shortnounorprepositionalphrases(approximately5percent)
Theformoftheanswerchoicecansometimeshelpyouguesswhatthequestionwillbe;therefore,you
canfocusmoreonlistening.
QuestionTypesandExamples UsualFormofAnswerChoiceandExamples
Meaningquestions: Completesentences:
“Whatdoesthemanmean?” (A) Hepreferscoffeetotea.
(B) He’dlikesomelemoninhistea.
Questionsaboutinferences: Completesentences:
“Whatdoesthewomanimplyaboutthearticle?” (A) Shewillprobablyreadittoday.
(B) Shewasn’tabletofinditinthelibrary.
Questionsaboutsuggestions: Incompletesentencesbeginningwithsimpleforms
ofverbsor-ingforms
“WhatdoesthewomansuggestJohndo?” (A) Callhiscousin
(B) Takehiscousinhome
“Whatdoesthemansuggest?” (A) Takingabustocampus
(B) Walkingtoclass
PARTA: DIALOGUES
Questionsaboutfutureactions: Incompletesentencesbeginningwithsimpleforms
ofverbs:
“Whatwillthespeakersprobablydonext?” (A) Parktheircar
(B) Getsomegasoline
Topicquestions: Nounphrases:
“Whatarethespeakersdiscussing?” (A) Theman’snewschedule
(B) Ahomeworkassignment
Questionsaboutopinions: Completesentencesoradjectivephrases:
“Whatwastheiropinionoftheplay?” (A) Theydidn’tenjoyitverymuch.
(B) Theylikeditmorethantheythought
theywould.
“Howdoesthemanfeelabouttheannounce- (A ) Angry
mentheheard?” (B ) Enthusiastic
Questionsaboutassumptions: Completesentencesoftencontainingtheauxiliary
verbswouldorhad:
“WhathadthemanassumedaboutKathy?” (A) Shehadalreadyfinishedthepaper.
(B) Shewouldn’tfinishtheresearchontime.
Questionsaboutquestions: Incompletesentencesbeginningwiththewordif
oroneofthewh-words:
“WhatdoesthewomanaskaboutProfessor (A) Ifsheisstillinheroffice
Tolbert?” (B) Whereherofficeis
“Whatdoesthemanaskaboutthedepartment (A) Itslocation
store?” (B) Itshoursofoperation
Questionsabouttime: Prepositionalphrasesoftime:
“Whenwillthemanplaythepiano?” (A) Attheparty
(B) Beforetheceremony
Questionsaboutreasons: Completesentencesorincompletesentences
beginningwithinfinitives(to+simpleform):
“WhydidJerrymisstheparty?” (A) Hedidn’treceiveaninvitation.
(B) Hehadotherplansfortheevening.
“WhydidLindatalktoProfessorDelgado?” (A) Toaskhimaboutagrade
(B) Toexplainwhyshemissedclass
Questionsaboutproblems: Completesentences:
“Whatproblemdoesthemanhave?” (A) Hedidn’tbringenoughmoneyforthe
tickets.
(B) Therewerenoticketsavailable.
Questionsaboutactivities: Incompletesentencesbeginningwith-ingverbs:
“Whataretheyprobablydoing?” (A) Buyinggroceries
(B) Cookingbreakfast
Thetest-writerssometimesmakeitmoredifficulttopickthecorrectanswerbyusingsoundalikewords,
homonyms,wordswithmultiplemeanings,andothertechniques.You’llpracticeavoidingthesetrapsin
thispartofthebook.
TACTICSFORDIALOGUES
• Answereachquestionpromptlyandgoontothenextdialogueassoonaspossible.
• Befamiliarwiththedirectionsforansweringdialoguequestions.
• Rememberthattheanswerforthequestionisgenerallycontainedinthelastlineofthedialogue.
• Ifyouarenotsureoftheanswer,eliminateasmanyanswerchoicesasyoucan.
• Afteryouhavechosenananswer,usetheremainingtimetopreviewthechoicesforthenextitem.
Iftheanswerchoicesarelong,skimoverthemquickly.Trytoanticipatewhatthequestionwillbe
bytheformoftheanswerchoices.
• Ifyoudon’tunderstandallorpartofaconversation,guessandgoon.
• Assoonasyouclickonthe“ConfirmAnswer”icon,thenextdialoguewillbeginautomatically,so
beready.
LESSON1
DialogueswithSoundConfusion
SomeoftheitemsinPartAinvolveaconfusionbetweenwordsthathavesimilarsounds.Here’showthey
work:oneofthespeakersusesawordorphrasethatsoundslikeawordorphraseinoneormoreofthe
answerchoices.Ifyoudon’thearthewordclearly,youmightincorrectlychooseanoptionwitha
soundalikewordorphrase.
SampleItem
Youwillhear:*
M1: I’veneverhadthistypeoffruitbefore.Idon’tevenknowwhattodowithit.
F1: Youjusthavetopeelitandeatit.
M2: Whatdoesthewomanmean?
Youwillread:
Whatdoesthewomanmean?
(A) Shedoesn’tfeellikeeatingfruit.
(B) Themanshouldtakethepillbeforeeating.
(C) Thefruitshouldn’tbeeatenuntilit’sbeenpeeled.
(D) Sheisn’tfamiliarwiththistypeoffruiteither.
Thecorrectansweris(C).Thewordfeelinchoice(A)soundslikethewordpeelinthedia-
logue.Inadifferentway,thewordpillinchoice(B)alsosoundslikethewordpeel.Noticethat
choice(C)—thecorrectanswer—andchoice(D)donotcontainsoundalikewords.
ManysoundalikeexpressionsinPartAareminimalpairs.Minimalpairsaretwowordsthatarepro-
nouncedalike,exceptforonevowelsound(peelandpill,lackandlake,pointandpaint)oroneconso-
nantsound(peelandfeel,vineandwine,andmopandmob).
Anothersoundprobleminvolvestwowordsthatsoundlikeoneword,suchasmarkitandmarket,
sentherandcenter,andintentsandintense.
Athirdtypeofsoundprobleminvolvesonewordthatsoundslikepartofalongerword,suchas
nationandimagination,mindandremind,andgiveandforgive.
Hint:Ifananswerchoicecontainsawordthatsoundslikeawordinthespokensentence,that
choiceisprobablywrong.Forexample,ifyouhearthewordspellandyoureadthewordspill
inananswerchoice,youcanusuallyeliminatethatchoice.
Whenyou’retakingPartAduringanactualexamination,youcanusethecontextofthedialoguesto
helpyousolveproblemswithsoundconfusion.Ifyouhearandunderstandallofthedialogue,youwon’t
havemuchtroubleeliminatingchoicesinvolvingsoundalikewords.However,ifyouonlyunderstandpart
ofadialogueorifyou“mishear”oneortwowords,youmayeasilychooseanincorrectanswer.

23
EXERCISE1.1
Focus:Discriminatingbetweensoundalikewordsindialoguesandanswerchoices
Directions:Listentothedialogues.Decidewhichofthetwochoices,(A)or(B),bestanswersthe
question,andmarktheappropriateblank.
Nowstartthelisteningprogram.
1. Whatdoesthewomansuggestthemando? 7. WhatislearnedaboutEmily?
______ (A) Getinadifferentlane. ______ (A) Sherecentlymoved.
______ (B) Standinanotherline. ______ (B) Sheboughtanewdress.
2. Whatdidthechildrendo? 8. WhatdoesDennissayaboutthecoffee?
______ (A) Godowntheslide ______ (A) Itstastehasimproved.
______ (B) Playonthesled ______ (B) Ittastesslightlybitter.
3. Whatdoesthewomantellthemantodo 9. WhatdoesthemanaskEllen?
withtheletters?
______ (A) Howmuchtheticketcost
______ (A) Puttheminafile ______ (B) Whatshemightwin
______ (B) Throwtheminapile
10. Whatdoesthewomansayaboutthebottle?
4. Whatistheman’sproblem?
______ (A) It’sbeenchipped.
______ (A) Hecan’tshuthissuitcase. ______ (B) There’sashipinsideit.
______ (B) Hissuitcasedoesn’tfitinthe
closet. 11. WhathappenedtoJerry?
______ (A) Hetrippedintheaisle.
5. WhatislearnedaboutAnnie’sbread?
______ (B) Heslippedinsomeoil.
______ (A) It’smadefromwholewheat.
______ (B) It’swhitebread. 12. Whyisthisareawellknown?
______ (A) Foritsfasthorses
6. Whatdoesthemansayaboutthestory?
______ (B) Foritsnaturalresources
______ (A) Brendaistypingit.
______ (B) It’sbeingtaped.
LESSON 1: DIALOGUES WITH SOUND CONFUSION
EXERCISE1.2
Focus:Identifyingsoundalikeexpressionsinanswerchoicesandchoosingcorrectanswers
Directions:Listentothedialogues.Eachdialoguecontainsawordorphrasethatsoundslikeaword
orphraseintwooftheanswerchoices.
1. WhatislearnedaboutStevenandGloria? 5. WhatdoesthewomansayaboutSam?
(A) Hewenttotheshoppingmallwith (A) HeofferedhishelptoDarlene.
her. (B) HemadeanoffertoDarlene’ssister.
(B) Hewroteherane-mail. (C) WhenDarlenewasgone,hemissed
(C) Helenthersomemoney. her.
(D) Heplanstocontactherlater. (D) HespoketoDarlene’sassistant.
2. WhatdoesthewomansayaboutStuart? 6. Whatdoesthemansuggestthewomando?
(A) Hehasanappointmentwiththe (A) Getajobatthehotel
president. (B) Buysomecoughdrops
(B) Hewasjustappointedvicepresident. (C) Getsomecopiesmade
(C) He’sunhappybecausehelostthe (D) Eatinthecoffeeshop
election.
(D) He’sgoingtoserveaspresident. 7. WhatdoesthewomansayaboutGus?
(A) Hehasapainbehindhisear.
3. Whatdoesthewomansayabouttheclass
(B) Hedidn’thearwhatthewomansaid.
sheisgoingtotake?
(C) Hecanlendthemanapen.
(A) Itisthestudyoflivingplants. (D) Hehasfallenbehindinclass.
(B) Itisaboutlifeonotherplanets.
(C) Itconcernsthebreedingofcattle.
(D) ItdealswithlifeonEarth.
4. WhatdoesJanettelltheman?
(A) Shewon’tleaveuntiltherainisover.
(B) Theirdrainhasstoppedup.
(C) Theyshouldn’tboardthetrainuntilit
completelystops.
(D) She’sbeenunderalotofstrainlately.
LESSON2
DialogueswithHomonymsand
WordswithMultipleMeanings
Twowordsarehomonymsiftheyhavethesamepronunciationbutarespelleddifferentlyandhave
differentmeanings.Thewordsflourandflowerarehomonyms,asarebareandbear.Insomedialogues,
oneormoreincorrectanswerchoicesrefertoahomonymofawordthatisusedonthelisteningprogram,
asintheexamplebelow.
SampleItem
Youwillhear:*
M1: Eugenemissedalotofclasseslastweek.
F1: That’sbecausehewassick.Ithinkhehadtheflu.
M2: WhatislearnedaboutEugene?
Youwillread:
WhatislearnedaboutEugene?
(A) Hehasbeenfeelingweakforalongtime.
(B) Becauseofsickness,Eugenewasabsent.
(C) Eugene’seyesightisn’tvery strong,soheneedsglasses.
(D) Eugeneflewtoanothercitythisweek.
Thecorrectansweris(B).Thedialoguecontainsthewordweek,meaningaseven-dayperiod.
Choices(A)and(C)refertoahomonymofthatword,weak,whichmeansnotstrong.Thedialogue
alsocontainsthewordflu,anillnesssimilartoabadcold.Choice(D)referstoahomonymofthat
word,flew(tookatripbyplane).
Thedialoguesmayalsocontainwordswithmultiplemeanings.Intheseitems,oneortwoofthe
answerchoicesrefertoanotherdefinitionofawordasitisusedinthedialogue.

26
LESSON 2: DIALOGUES WITH HOMONYMS AND WORDS WITH MULTIPLE MEANINGS
SampleItem
Youwillhear:*
F1: AreyousurethisishowLoisspellsherlastname?
M1: Itdoesn’tlookright,doesit?Infact,I’mnotevensureitstartswiththatletter.
M2: Whatdoesthemanmean?
Youwillread:
Whatdoesthemanmean?
(A) ThelettertoLoiswasincorrectlyaddressed.
(B) Lois’lastnamemaybeincorrectlyspelled.
(C) Lois’nameappearedontherightsideofthepage.
(D) Loishasn’tbegunwritingtheletteryet.
Thecorrectansweris(B).Thedialoguecontainsthewordsright,meaning“correct,”andthe
wordletter,meaningacharacterinthealphabet.Choices(A)and(D)alsocontainthewordletter,
butinthosechoices,thewordhasanotherdefinition—amessagesentthroughthemail.Choice(C)
alsocontainsthewordright,butinthatchoice,itreferstoadirection—theoppositeofleft.
Youwon’tbeconfusedbytheseitemsifyouunderstandtheentiresentence.Again,thecontextofthe
sentencecanhelpyouchoosethecorrectanswer.Butifyoufocusonlyonsinglewords,suchasweekand
fluorletterandrightinthetwosamples,youcaneasilymakemistakes.
EXERCISE2.1
Focus:Usingthecontextofdialoguestoidentifyhomonyms
Directions:Listentothedialogues.Decidewhichpairofhomonymsappearsinthedialoguesand
marktheappropriateanswer,(A)or(B).
1. ______ (A) presence 6. ______ (A) right
______ (B) presents ______ (B) write
2. ______ (A) overdue 7. ______ (A) board

______ (B) overdo ______ (B) bored
3. ______ (A) pain 8. ______ (A) brakes

______ (B) pane ______ (B) breaks
4. ______ (A) where 9. ______ (A) sail

______ (B) wear ______ (B) sale
5. ______ (A) fined

______ (B) find

EXERCISE2.2
Focus:Usingthecontextofdialoguestoidentifythedefinitionsofwordswithmultiplemeanings
Directions:Listentothedialogues.Onewordfromthedialogueisgiven,alongwithtwopossibledefinitions
oftheword.Choosethedefinitionofthewordasitisusedinthedialogueandmarktheappropriateanswer,
(A)or(B).
1. cold 5. tables
______ (A) minorillness ______ (A) charts
______ (B) chillyweather ______ (B) furniture
2. kind 6. coat
______ (A) type ______ (A) layer
______ (B) considerate ______ (B) warmclothing
3. light 7. field
______ (A) notheavy ______ (A) outsidetheclassroom
______ (B) notdark ______ (B) areaofstudy
4. wing
______ (A) partofanairplane
______ (B) partofabuilding
EXERCISE2.3
Focus:Usingthecontextofdialoguestoanswerquestionsinvolvingbothhomonymsandwordswith
multipledefinitions
Directions:Listentothestatements.Decidewhichofthetwochoicesbestanswersthequestion
andmarktheappropriateanswer,(A)or(B).
1. WhatdoesthewomansuggestTomdo? 3. Whatdoesthemanmean?
(A) Lookformistakes (A) He’dneverheardofthatparkbefore.
(B) Completehisresearch (B) Thatwasthefirstherdhe’deverseen.
(C) Writeacheck (C) He’dneverheardbuffaloesbefore.
(D) Readthenewspaper (D) Hewantedtogototheparkbuthe
couldn’t.
2. Whataretheydiscussing?
4. Whatdoesthewomantellthemantodo?
(A) Eventsinthehistoricpast
(B) Theman’sperformanceinclass (A) Signhisnameonthisline
(C) Aphysicalexam (B) Followthedirectionsonthesign
(D) Ahistoricalstudy (C) Signupforanotherclass
(D) Standinanotherline
LESSON 2: DIALOGUES WITH HOMONYMS AND WORDS WITH MULTIPLE MEANINGS
5. Whatdoesthemanmean? 7. WhatdoesPatrickmean?
(A) Hecan’tcarrytheluggagebyhimself. (A) Theclasshadabetteropinionofhim.
(B) Thehandleononeofthesuitcasesis (B) Hehadtostandinfrontoftheclass.
broken. (C) Nooneintheclassunderstandshim.
(C) Heboughthisluggageinthatstore. (D) Hewasn’thurtintheaccident.
(D) Thereisn’tenoughroomforhis
luggagethere.
6. WhatdoesthewomanthinkJohnshould
do?
(A) Closethewindowrightaway
(B) Takeaquickshower
(C) Goforaswim
(D) Putonsomeotherclothes
LESSON3
DialogueswithIdioms
OnmanyTOEFLexaminations,uptohalfthedialoguesinPartAcontainidiomaticexpressions.Manyof
theidiomaticexpressionsaretwo-orthree-wordverbs,suchascalloffandlookoutfor.
SampleItem
Youwillhear:*
F1: IwonderwhereMikeis.
M1: He’llshowupassoonastheworkisdone,Ibet.
M2: WhatdoesthemansayaboutMike?
Youwillread:
WhatdoesthemansayaboutMike?
(A) Heprobablywon’tarriveuntiltheworkisfinished.
(B) Hewenttoashowinsteadofgoingtowork.
(C) Hecanshowthemhowtodothework.
(D) He’llprobablyworklatetoday.
Thecorrectansweris(A).Theidiomshowupmeans“arrive.”Choices(B)and(C)containthe
wordshow,butitisnotusedintheidiomaticsense.
Inmostdialogues,thesecondspeakerusestheidiomaticexpression.Mostquestionsaboutthistypeof
dialoguearequestionsaboutmeaning(“Whatdoesthemanmean?”forexample),butsomeareinference
questionsorothertypesofquestions.Thecorrectansweroftencontainsasynonymfortheidiom—arrive
forshowupinchoice(A)oftheSampleItem.Incorrectchoicesoftencontainreferencestotheliteral
meaningofidioms,asinchoices(B)and(D).
Memorizingthesephrasesdoesnotguaranteethatyouwillrecognizealltheidiomaticexpressions
thatyouwillhearintheListeningsection.Thereare,afterall,thousandsoftheseexpressionsinEnglish.
Youmustdevelop“agoodear”forguessingthemeaningofidioms.Thecontextofthesentencewillhelp
youtounderstandtheexpression,evenifyou’reunfamiliarwithit.

30
LESSON 3: DIALOGUES WITH IDIOMS
EXERCISE3.1
Focus:Recognizingsynonymsforidiomaticexpressions
Directions:Listentothespokenstatements.Eachcontainsanidiomaticorfigurativeexpressionthat
iswrittenout.Firstdecidewhichofthetwochoicesbestanswersthequestion,andmarkthe
appropriateanswer,(A)or(B).Thenunderlinethephraseinthecorrectanswerthathasthesame
meaningastheidiom.
1. bumpedinto 5. atthedropofahat
Whatdoesthemanmean? WhatdoesRobertimply?
______ (A) HemetCarolineunexpectedly ______ (A) Hecan’tleaveuntilhefinds
atthecafeteria. hishat.
______ (B) HeandCarolinehadan ______ (B) He’sreadytoleaveimmediately.
accident.
6. undertheweather
2. gotintohotwater
WhatdoesthemanimplyaboutJulie?
WhatdoesRitamean?
______ (A) Shedidn’twanttopractice
______ (A) Shewasintrouble. becauseofthebadweather.
______ (B) Shetookawarmbath. ______ (B) Shewasn’ttherebecauseshe
feltalittlesick.
3. hititoff
7. takesafter
Whatdoesthemanmean?
WhatdoesthemansayaboutAlbert?
______ (A) HeandChuckarguedassoon
astheymet. ______ (A) Helookslikehisgrandfather.
______ (B) HeandChuckquicklybecame ______ (B) Hetakescareofhisgrand-
friends. father.
4. pieceofcake
______ (A) Theexamwassimple.
______ (B) Shehadasnackafterthetest.
EXERCISE3.2
Focus:Understandingdialoguesinvolvingidiomaticandfigurativeexpressions
Directions:Lookovertheidiomaticexpressionslistedbeforeeachsetofitems.Thedialogueseach
containoneofthelistedexpressions.Listentothedialoguesandmarktheoneanswerchoice,(A )or
(B),thatbestanswersthequestion.
SetA
believeone’seyes shortfor
pushone’sluck musictoone’sears
getofftheground turnin
runofthemill overone’shead
lendahand whatthedoctorordered
1. Whatdoesthemanmean? 6. Whatislearnedfromthisconversation?
______ (A) He’snotsureMax’sbusiness ______ (A) ElizabethistallerthanLiz.
willsucceed. ______ (B) Elizabeth’snicknameis“Liz.”
______ (B) Hedoesn’tknowifMaxison
theplane. 7. Whatdoesthemansayabouttherestau-
rant?
2. Whatdoesthewomanimply?
______ (A) Theserviceisveryfastthere.
______ (A) Garyshouldn’tdrivehiscar ______ (B) It’sjustanaveragerestaurant.
muchfurther.
______ (B) It’stimeforGarytogetsome 8. Whatdoesthewomanmean?
newtires. ______ (A) Sheenjoysthesoundof
nature.
3. Whatwillthemandonext?
______ (B) Shewishesshe’dbroughta
______ (A) Gotobed radio.
______ (B) Turnonthetelevision
9. Whatdoesthewomanoffertodo?
4. WhatdoesAlicemean?
______ (A) Lendthemansomebooks
______ (A) Shedidn’tunderstandallthe ______ (B) Helpthemanwiththeboxes
jokes.
______ (B) Sheleftbeforetheperfor- 10. Whatdoesthewomanmean?
mancewasover. ______ (A) Shedoesn’tthinkthemanis
tellingthetruth.
5. Whatdoesthewomanmean?
______ (B) Shewassurprisedtoseethe
______ (A) Icewatersoundsperfect. snow.
______ (B) Thedoctortoldhertodrinka
lotofwater.
LESSON 3: DIALOGUES WITH IDIOMS
SetB
byheart chipin
callitaday getinone’sblood
lookwho’stalking takealotofnerve
11. WhatdoesKarenmean? 14. WhatdoesthemansayaboutDonna?
______ (A) Skiingcanbeadangerous ______ (A) Sheseemedtoonervous.
sport. ______ (B) Shetookaboldapproach.
______ (B) It’seasytogetintothehabit
ofskiing. 15. WhatdoesDanmean?
______ (A) Hedoesn’twanttodoany
12. WhatdoesthewomanimplyaboutNor-
morepaintingtoday.
man?
______ (B) He’llphonethewomanlater
______ (A) Shehastolookforhim. today.
______ (B) Hedoesn’tstudymuch
himself. 16. Whatdoesthewomanmean?
______ (A) Sheisgoingtospeakthelines
inanemotionalway.
______ (A) They’llallpayforthegaso- ______ (B) She’salreadymemorizedthe
line. scene.
______ (B) Therewillbeplentyofroom
inthevan.
EXERCISE3.3
Focus:Usingthecontextofdialoguestounderstandthemeaningofidioms
Directions:Listentothefollowingdialogue.Decidewhichofthechoicesbestanswersthequestion
andmarktheappropriateanswer.
1. Whatisthewomangoingtodonext? 3. Whatdoesthewomanimply?
(A) GotoworkwithJim (A) Theybothmissedclassbecausethey
(B) Gooutforcoffee weresailing.
(C) Getsomeexercise (B) Themanshouldtakebetternotes
(D) Studyforatest duringProfessorMorrison’sclass.
(C) ShemissedFriday’sclass,too.
2. Whatdoesthemanwanttoknow? (D) ShedroppedProfessorMorrison’s
(A) Ifthewomanwillgotothepartywith class.
him
4. WhatcanbeconcludedaboutRon?
(B) Iftheredtielooksgoodwithhisshirt
(C) Ifheshouldwearatietotheparty (A) Hecuthimselfwhilehewaspreparing
(D) Ifthepartyisalreadyover food.
(B) Hedoesn’twanttoworkinarestaurant.
(C) He’splanningtoopenuphisown
restaurant.
(D) He’snotgoingtoeatatarestaurant
tonight.
5. Whatdoesthemanmean? 11. WhatdoesthemansayaboutDora?

(A) Hewantstoknowifthewomanis (A) Sheordinarilyworksinaflorist’sshop.
joking. (B) Intheend,shewon’thaveaproblem.
(B) Hewantsthewomantoleavehim (C) Shewearstoomuchperfumetowork.
alone. (D) Shecanalwaysanticipateproblemsat
(C) He’dliketoknowwhatthequizwill work.
beabout.
(D) Heneedsadoctortolookathis 12. WhatdoesRoytellthewoman?
injuredleg. (A) Hedoesn’thaveanyquestionsforher.
(B) Hewon’tbeabletotakeatrip.
6. WhatdoesBrianmean?
(C) Hecan’tstudyduringspringbreak.
(A) Theprogramwascanceled. (D) Hehasn’tdecidedifhecantakeatrip.
(B) Theshuttlewaslaunchedyesterday.
(C) Theweatherwasbetterthanexpected. 13. WhatislearnedaboutMickfromthis
(D) Thelaunchwasdelayed. conversation?
(A) Hisfathertoldhimtogotomedical
7. WhatdoesthemansayaboutJennifer?
school.
(A) Shestoodupandleftthelecture. (B) Hisfatherstudiedmedicine.
(B) Itwastoowarmforhertoweara (C) Heandhisfatherwalkedtothe
sweaterinthelecturehall. school.
(C) Hersweatermadehereasytospot. (D) Hesurprisedhisfatherwithhis
(D) Hernotesonthelecturewereeasyto decision
read.
14. WhatdoesthewomanimplyaboutFred?
8. WhatdoesthewomansayaboutPhil?
(A) Hewouldbeupsetifhelostmoney.
(A) Hedeservedtogetaspeedingticket. (B) Heshouldn’tbepaidforsinging.
(B) Hewasgoingtoagoodrestaurant. (C) Heisgenerallyverysympathetic.
(C) Heprobablywasn’tspeeding. (D) Hedoesn’tknowthewordstothe
(D) Histicketwasnolongervalid. song.
9. WhatdoesthewomanimplyaboutGeorge?
(A) He’soutofbreath.
(B) He’llbegladtohelp.
(C) Ifhehelps,itwillsavethemansome
money.
(D) Hewon’tbeverycooperative.
10. WhatislearnedaboutJillfromthisconver-
sation?
(A) Themandidn’tgetherawatch.
(B) Theweatherwon’tbewarmwhenshe
graduates.
(C) Shewon’tbegraduating.
(D) Sheisn’tgoingtowatchthegraduation.
LESSON4
AnsweringInferenceQuestions
aboutDialogues
Sometimestheanswertoaquestionaboutadialogueisnotdirectlystatedinthedialogue.Howcanyou
answerthistypeofquestion?Youmustbeabletomakeaninferenceaboutthedialogue.Inotherwords,
informationinthedialoguewillindirectlyprovideyouwiththeanswertothequestion.
Thistypeofquestioncanbephrasedintwoways:
• Whatdoestheman/womanimply?
• Whatcanbeinferredfromtheconversation?
Someinferencequestionsinvolveoverstatement,orexaggeration.
F1:Areyouinterestedinsellingyourcar?
M1:Sure—ifsomeonehasamilliondollars!
Becauseoftheexaggeration,wecaninferthatthemandoesn’twanttosellhiscaratall.
SampleItem
Youwillhear:*
M1: CanItakethisbustotheartmuseum?
F1: No,thisbusgoesnorthtoBankStreet.Youwantabusthatgoestheoppositeway.
M2: Whatcanbeinferredfromthisconversation?
Youwillread:
Whatcanbeinferredfromthisconversation?
(A) Themanneedstotakeasouthboundbus.
(B) Thereisnobustothemuseum.
(C) Ittakesalongtimetogettothemuseumbybus.
(D) TheartmuseumisonBankStreet.
Thecorrectansweris(A).Thisinformationcanbeinferred,becausethefirstbusisgoingnorth,
butthemanmusttakeabusgoingintheoppositedirectiontogettotheartmuseum.Choice(B)is
incorrect;itISpossibletogettothemuseumbybus.Thereisnoinformationaboutchoice(C).
Choice(D)can’tbetruebecauseBankStreetiswherethefirstbusisgoing.

35
EXERCISE4
Focus:Listeningtodialoguesthatarefollowedbyinferencequestionsandidentifyingthebestanswers
Directions:Listentothefollowingdialogues.
1. Whatcanbeinferredabouttheman? 7. Whatdoesthewomanimply?
(A) He’snotrelatedtoLarry. (A) Shehasn’tbeentothedentistfor
(B) Hedoesn’tthinkLarrywonthe years.
contest. (B) Shewasn’tabletoseethedentist
(C) He’snotaverygooddancer. yesterday.
(D) HehasneverbelievedLarry. (C) Shehadalongwaitbeforeshesaw
thedentist.
2. Whatcanbeinferredfromthisconversa- (D) Shewasquitelateforherdental
tion? appointment.
(A) Themandoesn’tlikethewaythesuit
8. Whatdoesthemanimplyabouttheexperts
looks.
andtheplan?
(B) Thesuitcostsalotofmoney.
(C) Themandressesasifhewerevery (A) Theyhaveagreedonit.
wealthy. (B) Theyhavedifferentopinionsaboutit.
(D) Themanalreadyownsanexpensive (C) Itdependsontheircooperation.
suit. (D) Itdoesn’trequiretheirattention.
3. Whatdoesthemanimply? 9. WhatdoesthewomanimplyaboutLouis?
(A) Thereisjustenoughfood. (A) Hisnewbossshouldn’thavebeen
(B) Manyuninvitedguestswillcome. promoted.
(C) Thewomanhaspreparedtoomuch (B) Heandhisoldbossargued.
food. (C) Heshouldgetabetterjob.
(D) Thepartywillbemovedtoanother (D) Hisbosshashelpedhimalot.
location.
10. Whatdoesthewomanimply?
4. Whatcanbeinferredabouttheman?
(A) There’snotenoughsnowtocausea
(A) Hetookaphysicstesttonight. cancellationyet.
(B) Hehasaclasseveryevening. (B) Itwillprobablysnowallnight.
(C) Hewasstudyingbyhimselftonight. (C) Theuniversityhasalreadydecidedto
(D) He’sconcernedabouthisgrade. cancelclasses.
(D) Ithasalreadystoppedsnowing.
5. WhatdoesthewomanimplyaboutGreg?
11. Whatdoesthemanimply?
(A) He’schangedhismajoroften.
(B) Hehasn’treallychangedhismajor. (A) Hehasbeeninterestedinfolkdancing
(C) Hewon’tdowellinhisnewmajor. foralongtime.
(D) Hewaschangedbyhisexperience. (B) He’sinterestedinmakingnewfriends.
(C) Hewantstoformanewfolkdancing
6. Whatcanbeinferredfromthisconversation club.
aboutProfessorSutton? (D) He’llneverlearnhowtodance.
(A) Hislecturesputhisstudentstosleep.
(B) He’samiddle-agedman.
(C) Helecturesabouthistory.
(D) Hislecturesareverydifficulttofollow.
LESSON 4: ANSWERING INFERENCE QUESTIONS ABOUTDIALOGUES
12. Whatcanbeinferredfromthewoman’s 15. Whatcanbeinferredaboutthespeakers?

remark?
(A) Theycan’tseethestarsclearly.
(A) Shedidn’tenjoythemusic. (B) They’renotinthecitytonight.
(B) Shecouldn’tseetheconcertverywell. (C) Theyarelookingatthelightsofthe
(C) Shehadagoodseatnearthestage. city.
(D) Shefoundherseatuncomfortable. (D) They’veneverseeneachotherbefore
tonight.
16. WhatdoesMikeimply?
(A) Lastsummerwasevenhotter.
(B) Thisisthehottestsummerhecan (A) HegenerallyworksonSaturday.
remember. (B) Hedoesn’tknowmanypeopleat
(C) Hedidn’tliveherelastyear. work.
(D) Theweatheriscoolerthanusual. (C) Heisn’tallowedtogetphonecallsat
work.
14. Whatcanbeinferredfromthisconversa- (D) Hewasn’texpectingaphonecall.
tion?
(A) Studentsmustpayafeetoswiminthe
pool.
(B) Thepubliccannotusethepoolon
campus.
(C) Theswimmingpoolistemporarilyclosed.
(D) Thepoolcanbeusedbystudentsfor
free.
REVIEWTESTA:DIALOGUES
Directions:Eachiteminthispartconsistsofabriefdialogueinvolvingtwospeakers.
Aftereachdialogue,athirdvoiceasksaquestion.
Whenyouhaveheardeachdialogueandquestion,readthefouranswerchoicesandselectthe
onethatbestanswersthequestionbasedonwhatisdirectlystatedoronwhatcanbeinferred.
Don’tlookatthequestionsuntiltheyarereadonthetape.
1. WhatdoesthemanimplyaboutWanda? 3. Whatdoesthewomanmean?
(A) Hemetherduringthewinter. (A) Theglassesarestackedontheshelf.
(B) He’sneverlikedherverymuch. (B) Thejuiceisnoworsethantheother
(C) Hewarnedherofaproblem. brands.
(D) Hisimpressionofherhaschanged. (C) Thenewglassesarequiteattractive.
(D) Sheplanstostockuponthisjuice.
2. Whatdoesthewomanimplyaboutthe
movie? 4. WhatdoesAdamimply?
(A) She’sneverseenit. (A) Hehasn’tfinishedworkingonthe
(B) Shethinksitisveryunusual. bookshelves.
(C) Shelikesitalot. (B) Thetoolshavebeenmisplaced.
(D) Shehasn’tseenitforalongtime. (C) Hehatesworkingwithtools.
(D) Thetoolshavealreadybeenreturned.
5. Whatcanbeinferredfromthisconversation? 11. Whatcanbeinferredfromthisconversation?

(A) Thereisnochargefordrinkshere. (A) ThemanwouldliketouseBecky’s
(B) Thefirstwomanwantssomeice computer.
water. (B) Beckywillneedthecomputerfora
(C) Thewomanisnotthewoman’s longtime.
waitress. (C) Thecomputersinthelibraryare
(D) Theicedteaisn’tverygoodhere. alreadyinuse.
(D) Beckywantsthemantogotothelibrary.
6. Whatdoesthemanwanttodo?
12. Whatdothespeakersmean?
(A) Reviewthelastpoint
(B) Goontothenextchapter (A) Theringisquiteattractive.
(C) Leavetheclassroom (B) Lauragotabargainonthering.
(D) Pointouttheteacher’smistake (C) Theringwasprobablyexpensive.
(D) Laurahadtosellherring.
7. Whatdoesthewomanthinktheman
shoulddo? 13. Whatdoesthemanimplybyhisremark?
(A) Meetafriendofhers (A) ProfessorClayburnisgoingtospeak
(B) Keepabudget someothernight.
(C) Increasehisincome (B) He’sneverheardofProfessorClay-
(D) Getsomeexercise burn.
(C) Hedidn’trealizeProfessorClayburn
8. Whatcanbeinferredfromtheman’s wasspeakingtonight.
comment? (D) ProfessorClayburnisgivinghisspeech
(A) Thewomanshouldcleanouther inthisroom.
closet.
14. Whatcanbeconcludedfromthis
(B) Thelampwilllookbetterinasmall
conversation?
space.
(C) Hedoesn’tlikethelampverymuch. (A) Joehasbeenmakingtoomuchnoise.
(D) Thelivingroomisthebestplacefor (B) Dogsarenotallowedinthedorm.
thelamp. (C) Nooneunderstandstheparking
regulations.
9. Whatdoesthemanmean? (D) Joeisnotallowedtoleavehisroom.
(A) HecertainlylikesErnie’sredcar.
15. Whatcanbeinferredfromthisconversation?
(B) ThemanintheredcarresemblesErnie.
(C) Erniehasacarjustlikethatredone. (A) Thewomandidn’trealizeBillhadto
(D) Hecan’tseethemanintheredcar. work.
(B) Billhasnotfinishedhiswork.
10. WhatdoesthemansayaboutJohn? (C) Thebreakhasnotlastedlongenough.
(A) Hehurthishandwhenhewasscuba (D) Theworkdidn’ttakelongtocomplete.
diving.
16. Whatcanbeinferredfromthisconversation?
(B) Hehasn’tgonescubadivinginalong
time. (A) Thewomanhasjustbeguntocollect
(C) He’snottoooldtogoscubadiving. rocks.
(D) He’sanexperiencedscubadiver. (B) Paulisunwillingtohelp.
(C) Theboxisveryheavy.
(D) There’snothinginthebox.
LESSON5
DialoguesInvolvingAgreement
andDisagreement
ToanswerquestionsaboutsomeofthedialoguesinPartA,itisnecessarytounderstandifthesecond
speakeragreesordisagreeswiththefirstspeaker’sideasorproposals.
Therearemanywaystoexpressagreementanddisagreement:
Agreement
SodoI. I’llsecondthat.
Metoo. I’llsay!
NeitherdoI.* Youcansaythatagain.
Idon’teither.* Is/Has/Wasitever!
Whowouldn’t? Youbet!
Isn’the/she/itthough!(Didn’the/ Icouldn’tagreewithyoumore.
Wasn’tshe/Hasn’titthough!) Ifeelthesamewayyoudoaboutit.
*Thesetwoexpressionsshowagreementwithanegativestatement:
Idon’treallylikemyschedulethisterm.
NeitherdoI.ORIdon’teither.
Disagreement
Idon’tthinkso. Probablynot.
That’snotwhatIthink. Notnecessarily.
That’snotthewayIseeit. Notreally.
Ican’tsayIagree. I’mafraidnot.
Icouldn’tagreewithyouless. I’mnotsosure.
I’mafraidIdon’tagree.
Thereare,ofcourse,otherexpressionsthatshowagreementanddisagreement.Somearepracticedinthe
followingexercises.
39
SampleItems
Youwillhear:*
M1: Howardcertainlyisatalentedjournalist.
F1: Isn’thethough!
Youwillread:
(A) Shedoesn’tknowifHowardisajournalist.
(B) SheagreesthatHowardistalented.
(C) ShereadHoward’sjournal.
(D) Shedoesn’tthinkHowardistalented.
Thecorrectansweris(B).Althoughthewoman’sreplyseemsnegativeinform,itactually
signalsagreement.
Youwillhear:*
F1: IthoughtCheryl’s photographswerethebestattheexhibit.
F2: Ididn’treallyseeitthatway.
M1: Whatdoesthesecondwomanmean?
Youwillread:
Whatdoesthesecondwomanmean?
(A) ShethoughtCheryl’s photoswerethebest.
(B) Shedidn’tlookatCheryl’s photos.
(C) ShethoughtotherphotoswerebetterthanCheryl’s.
(D) Shedidn’tgototheexhibit.
Thecorrectansweris(C).Thewoman’sresponse,“Ididn’treallyseeitthatway,”meansthat
shedisagreedwiththefirstwoman’sopinionthatCheryl’s photographswerethebest.
EXERCISE5.1
Focus:Determiningifonespeakeragreesordisagreeswiththeotherspeaker
Directions:Listentothefollowingdialogues.Decideifthesecondspeakeragreesordisagreeswith
thefirstspeaker,andmarktheappropriateblank.
1. ______ (A) Agrees 3. ______ (A) Agrees
______ (B) Disagrees ______ (B) Disagrees
2. ______ (A) Agrees
______ (B) Disagrees

LESSON 5: DIALOGUES INVOLVING AGREEMENTAND DISAGREEMENT
4. ______ (A) Agrees 7. ______ (A) Agrees

5. ______ (A) Agrees 8. ______ (A) Agrees
6. ______ (A) Agrees 9. ______ (A) Agrees
EXERCISE5.2
Focus:Listeningtodialoguesthatinvolveagreementanddisagreementandansweringquestionsabout
them
1. Whatdoesthemanmean? 5. Whatdoesthemanmean?
(A) Hepreferstakingafinalexam. (A) Hehastheperfectbicycle.
(B) Hethinksanexamtakestoomuch (B) Hethinksit’sagooddayforbike
time. riding,too.
(C) He’dratherwritearesearchpaper. (C) Hedoesn’tagreewiththewoman’s
(D) Hehasplentyoftimetowork. opinionoftheweather.
(D) Hedidn’thearwhatthewomansaid.
2. Howdoesthewomanfeelaboutthefirst
chapter? 6. Whatdoesthewomanmean?
(A) Itwasdifficult,butsheunderstoodit. (A) ShethinksArthurwasn’tdoingwellin
(B) Shehasn’thadachancetoreadityet. theclass.
(C) Shedoesn’tthinkitisasusefulas (B) She’snotsurewhyArthurdroppedthe
somechapters. classeither.
(D) It’sprobablyeasierthantheother (C) ShebelievesArthurdroppedtheclass
chapters. fornoreason.
(D) She’sdecidedtodroptheclasstoo.
3. Howdoesthemanfeelaboutthewoman’s
idea? 7. WhatdoesthewomansayaboutTom’splan?
(A) Hecompletelydisagreeswithit. (A) It’sveryimpractical.
(B) Hedoesn’tbelievetheuniversitywill (B) It’sneverbeentriedbefore.
acceptit. (C) It’sunnecessary.
(C) Hethinksit’sagoodone. (D) Itmightwork.
(D) Hewantsmoreinformationaboutit.
8. Whatwastheman’sinitialreactiontothe
4. Whatwasthewoman’sopinionofJack’s editorial?
story?
(A) Hedidn’tunderstandit.
(A) Shedoesn’tthinkthatJackwroteit. (B) Itmadehimangry.
(B) Shethoughtitwasquitefunny. (C) Heagreedwithit.
(C) Shethinksithadtoomanydetails. (D) Hethoughtitwasdepressing.
(D) Shefounditwellwritten.
9. Whatdoesthewomansayaboutthelibrary? 10. Whatdoesthemanmean?

(A) She’sneverbeenthereduringfinal (A) HelikesthecostumesMadeleinemade.
examweek. (B) He’snotsurewhodesignedthe
(B) It’snotcrowdednow,butitsoonwill costumes.
be. (C) Herecommendstheplay.
(C) It’scrowdedbecausestudentswillbe (D) Hedoesn’tthinkthecostumesare
takingexamssoon. attractive.
(D) Itwillbeclosedrightafterthefinal
exams.
LESSON6
DialoguesInvolvingSuggestions,
Invitations,Offers,andRequests
SeveraldialoguesinPartAinvolveaspeakermakingand/orrespondingtosuggestions,invitations,
offers,andrequests.Therearemanywaystoexpresstheselanguagefunctions.Somearelistedinthe
chartsinthislesson,whereasothersarepracticedintheexercises.
SUGGESTIONS
Thesearepiecesofadvicethatonespeakergivesanother.Inmostdialogues,thefirstspeakerposesa
problemandthesecondspeakersuggestsapossiblesolutiontothatproblem.Insomedialogues,thefirst
speakermakesasuggestion,andthesecondspeakerrespondstothatsuggestionpositivelyornegatively.
MakingSuggestions
Whydon’tyou/we... IfIwereyou...
Whynot... IfIwereinyourshoes...
Haveyoueverthoughtof... You/Weshould...
You/Wemightwantto... Shouldn’tyou/we...
You/Wecouldalways... Whatabout...
Maybeyou/wecould... Whatifyou/we...
Try... Howabout...
PositiveResponses NegativeResponses
Whynot! Idon’tthinkso.
Goodidea! Idon’tbelieveso.
That’sanidea. Ialreadythoughtofthat.
Soundsgoodtome. Idon’tthinkthatwillwork.
Byallmeans! Don’tlookatme!
Whydidn’tIthinkofthat? CanItakearaincheck?*
That’sworthatry.
Thanks,I’llgivethatatry.
*Thismeans,“Couldwedothissomeothertime?”
43
SampleItem
Youwillhear:*
M1: I’mdoingsopoorlyinphysicsclass,IthinkI’mgoingtohavetodropit.
F1: Youknow,Frank,youshouldtalktoProfessordeMarcobeforeyoudoanything.He’sgiven
specialhelptolotsofstudentswhowerehavingtrouble.
M2: WhatdoesthewomansuggestFrankdo?
Youwillread:
WhatdoesthewomansuggestFrankdo?
(A) Studywithagroupofstudents
(B) Drophismathematicscourse
(C) Discusstheproblemwiththeprofessor
(D) Takenoactionatthistime
Thecorrectansweris(C).ThewomansuggeststhatthemantalktoProfessordeMarco
becausetheprofessorhashelpedmanystudentsinthepast.
INVITATIONS
Thesearerequestsforsomeonetocomesomewhereortotakepartinsomeactivity.Thefirstspeakermay
invitethesecondspeakertodosomething,andthesecondspeakerrespondsorthesecondspeakermay
invitethefirstspeakertodosomething.
MakingInvitations
Shallwe... Let’s...
Wouldyouliketo... Doyouwantto...
Wouldyoucareto... Couldyou...
Wouldyoubeableto... Canyou...
Wantto...
Yes,let’s. I’msorry,but...
Sure,thanks. I’dliketo,but...
Soundsgood. I’dloveto,but...
Allright,I’dloveto. Thanksalot,but...
I’dlikethat. Thatsoundsnice,but...
Whatagreatidea! I’llpass.
Sure.Thanksforinvitingme. Thanksfortheinvitation,but...
Ifyouwantmeto. Idon’tthinkI’llbeabletomakeitthistime.
Don’tmindifIdo.

LESSON 6: DIALOGUES INVOLVING SUGGESTIONS, INVITATIONS, OFFERS, AND REQUESTS
SampleItem
Youwillhear:*
M1: WouldyouliketojoinusonSunday?We’regoingtogoonapicnicatthelake.
F1: I’dloveto,butIhaveatestMonday,andIhavetogetreadyforit.
M2: WhatwillthewomanprobablydoonSunday?
Youwillread:
WhatwillthewomanprobablydoonSunday?
(A) Studyforatest
(B) Goonapicnic
(C) Takeanexam
(D) Joinaclub
Thecorrectansweris(A).Themaninvitesthewomantocometoapicnic.Thewomansays
thatshe’dlovetogo,butthatshemuststudyforatestsheistakingMonday.(Ifthewomanhad
acceptedtheman’sinvitation,choice(B)wouldhavebeencorrect.)
OFFERS
Theseareproposalstohelpsomeoneorallowsomeonetodosomething.Eitherspeakerinthedialogue
maymakeanoffer.
MakingOffers
Letme... CanI...
ShallI... MayI...
Wouldyoulikemeto... ShouldI...
Doyouwantmeto... Icould...
Thatwouldbenice. Idon’tthinkso.
Yes,please. I’mafraidnot.
Pleasedo. Thatwon’tbenecessary.
Sure,thanks. Thanksanyway.
Pleasedon’t.

SampleItem
Youwillhear:*
F1: ShouldImakereservationsfordinnerFridaynight?
M1: Thanksanyway,butI’vealreadymadethem.
Youwillread:
Whatdoesthemanmean?
(A) Hecan’tgotodinnerFridaynight.
(B) Reservationswon’tberequired.
(C) Hemadereservationsearlier.
(D) He’dlikethewomantomakereservations.
Thecorrectansweris(C).Thewomanofferstomakereservations,butthemanrepliesthathe’s
alreadymadethem.
REQUESTS
Tomakearequestistoasksomeonetodosomethingortoaskforhelporinformation.
MakingRequests
Wouldyou... Willyou...
Couldyou/I... MayI...
Doyoumindif... Canyou/I...
Wouldyoumindif...
I’dbegladto. Sorry,but...
I’dbedelighted. I’mafraidnot.
Surething. I’dliketo,but...
Certainly. IwishIcould,but...
Whynot? *Actually,Ido/would.
Ifyouwantto. *I’mafraidIdo/would.
Ifyou’dlike. *Asamatteroffact,Ido/would.
Youbet.
*Notatall.
*Ofcoursenot.
*Responsesfor“Doyoumindif...”or“Wouldyoumindif...”

SampleItem
Youwillhear:*
M1: IhavetomakeonemorephonecallbeforeIgo.
F2: Takeyourtime.Wouldyoujustlockthedoorwhenyoufinish?
M2: Whatdoesthewomanwantthemantodo?
Youwillread:
Whatdoesthewomanwantthemantodo?
(A) Locktheoffice
(B) Finishhisphonecallquickly
(C) Tellherwhattimeitis
(D) Lookupaphonenumber
Thecorrectansweris(A).Thewomanrequeststhatthemanlockuptheoffice.
EXERCISE6.1
Focus:Identifyingsuggestions,invitations,offers,andrequestsandresponsestothem
Directions:Listentothefollowingdialogues.Decidewhichofthetwochoicesbestcompletesthe
sentence,andmarktheappropriatespace.
1. Themanis 6. Themanis
______ (A) declininganoffer. ______ (A) agreeingtoarequest.
______ (B) makingasuggestion. ______ (B) turningdownanoffer.
2. Thewomanis 7. Edisprobablygoingto
______ (A) acceptinganinvitation. ______ (A) receiveasuggestion.
______ (B) makinganoffer. ______ (B) makeanoffer.
3. Thewomanis 8. Thewomanis
______ (A) declininganoffer. ______ (A) suggestingasolution.
______ (B) makingasuggestion. ______ (B) offeringhelp.
4. Markis 9. Cynthiais
______ (A) rejectingarequest ______ (A) givinganinvitation.
______ (B) agreeingtoarequest. ______ (B) acceptinganoffer.
5. Thewomanis 10. Thewomanis

______ (A) givinganinvitation. ______ (A) declininganoffer.
______ (B) makingasuggestion. ______ (B) makingarequest.

11. Themanwillprobably 13. Themanis
______ (A) dowhatthewomansuggests. ______ (A) makingasuggestion.

______ (B) turndownthewoman’s ______ (B) acceptinganinvitation.
invitation.
12. Bobis
______ (A) agreeingtoanoffer.
______ (B) refusingarequest.
EXERCISE6.2
Focus:Listeningtodialoguesinvolvingsuggestions,invitations,offers,andrequestsandanswering
questionsaboutthem
Directions:Listentothefollowingdialogue.Decidewhichchoice—(A),(B),(C),or(D)—best
answersthequestionaboutthedialogues,andmarktheappropriateanswer.
1. Whatdoesthemanmean? 6. Whatwillthemanprobablydo?
(A) Hewouldlikeacigarette. (A) Gosomewhereelseforlunch
(B) Thewomancansmokeifshelikes. (B) Orderanothertypeofsandwich
(C) Hedoesn’twantthewomantosmoke. (C) Skiplunchtoday
(D) Hethinkshesmellssmoke. (D) Havesomesoupforlunch
2. Whatdoesthewomansayaboutthegray 7. Whatdoesthewomanimply?
suit?
(A) Thekitchenalsoneedscleaning.
(A) Themanwearsittoooften. (B) Thelivingroomdoesn’thavetobe
(B) Itneedstobecleaned. cleaned.
(C) It’snotasniceastheblueone. (C) Themanshouldn’tdothecleaning.
(D) Themancouldwearittonight. (D) There’snotenoughtimetocleanboth
rooms.
3. WhatdoesthemansayaboutCathy?
8. Whatdoesthemanoffertodoforthe
(A) Shecouldplanthetrip.
woman?
(B) Shemaynotfeelwell.
(C) Shecangoontheclasstrip. (A) Givehersomeinformationabout
(D) Shehassomeotherplans. classes
(B) Gowithhertotheregistrar’soffice
4. Whatdoesthemanmean? (C) Helpherfindherwaytotheregistrar’s
(A) Hedoesn’twantmorecoffee. office
(B) Hedoesn’twanttousehiscreditcard. (D) Tellherwheretogetherownmap
(C) Hehasn’thadenoughcoffee.
9. Whatdoesthewomansuggesttheydo?
(D) Hedoesn’twanttomakecoffee.
(A) Workontheirstatisticshomework
5. Whatdoesthewomanmean? (B) Havebreakfast
(A) Shedoesn’tthinkit’swarm. (C) Stopstudyingforalittlewhile
(B) She’llopenthewindowherself. (D) Gotoworkonthemathproblems
(C) Shewantsthewindowclosed.
(D) She’sgoingtoturndowntheheat.
10. WhatdoesthemansuggestthatLisado? 12. Whatdoesthewomanthinktheman

shoulddo?
(A) Buyanewtoaster
(B) Replaceheroldshoes (A) Buyanantiquedesk
(C) Haverepairsdone (B) Getanewcomputer
(D) Makeanotherpieceoftoast (C) Sitdownandgettowork
(D) Useanothercomputerdisk
11. Whatdoesthemantellthewoman?
(A) It’stimeforhertogonow.
(B) Shecanreadhismagazineifshe
wants.
(C) Hehasn’tfinishedreadingthe
magazine.
(D) Sheshouldfinishwritingthearticle.
LESSON7
DialoguesInvolvingContradictions,
Assumptions,andQuestions
CONTRADICTIONS
Theseinvolvethesecondspeakercorrectingwhatthefirstspeakersays,asinthefollowingsamples.
SampleItems
Youwillhear:*
F2: Amydidn’tworkovertimelastweek.
M1: Asamatteroffact,shedid.
M2: WhatdoesthemansayaboutAmy?
Youwillread:
WhatdoesthemansayaboutAmy?
(A) Sheisalwayslateforwork.
(B) Sheneverworksovertime.
(C) Sheworkedextrahourslastweek.
(D) Shehasn’thadherjobvery long.
Thecorrectansweris(C).Theman’semphaticuseoftheauxiliary verbdidshowsthatheis
contradictingwhatthewomansaid.
Youwillhear:*
M1: Martinalwaystalksabouthowhelovestodance.
F1: Yes,butyoudon’tseehimoutonthedancefloorvery often,doyou?
M2: WhatdoesthewomansayaboutMartin?
Youwillread:
WhatdoesthewomansayaboutMartin?
(A) Heisanexcellentdancer.
(B) Hedoesn’tlikedancingvery much.
(C) Hedoesn’ttalkaboutdancingvery often.
(D) Hegoesdancingfourtimesaweek.
Thecorrectansweris(B).Thewoman’suseofthewordbutandthetagquestion
(“...doyou?”)suggestthatshedoesn’tbelievethatMartinreallylovestodance.

50
LESSON 7: DIALOGUES INVOLVING CONTRADICTIONS, ASSUMPTIONS, AND QUESTIONS
SampleItems(Continued)
Youwillhear:*
F1: AllofthestudentsvotedfortheproposaltoexpandtheStudentCouncil.
M1: Well,mostofthemdid,anyway.
Youwillread:
Whatdoesthemanmean?
(A) Allofthestudentsvoted.
(B) Someofthestudentsopposedtheproposal.
(C) Theproposalwasdefeated.
(D) TheStudentCouncilvoted.
Thecorrectansweris(B).Themansaysthatmostofthestudentsvotedfortheproposal,
contradictingtheideathatallofthemdid.Therefore,someofthestudentsmusthaveopposedthe
proposal.
Insomedialogues,suchasthethirdSampleItem,thesecondspeakerdoesnotcompletelycontradictwhat
thefirstspeakersaysbutratherlimitsthefirstspeaker’sidea.
ASSUMPTIONS
Thesearethebeliefsthatonespeakerhasuntilheorshereceivesinformationfromasecondspeaker.You
willgenerallyheardialoguesinvolvingassumptionsneartheendofPartA.Thesequestionsareconsidered
difficult,butonceyouunderstandhowtheyworkandpracticeansweringthem,youshouldfindthemno
moredifficultthananyothertypeofquestion.Inthistypeofdialogue,thefirstspeakermakesastatement.
Thesecondspeakerissurprisedbecausethefirststatementcontradictswhatheorshebelievestobetrue.
Thesecondspeaker’sresponseoftenbeginswiththeword“Oh”andendswiththephrase“...afterall.”
Theanswertoassumptionquestionsisthereverseofwhatthesecondspeakerthinks,and,so,whatis
“true”accordingtothefirstspeakerisnotthecorrectchoice.
SampleItem
Youwillhear:*
F1: No,Judy’snothererightnow.She’sathereconomicsclass.
M1: Oh,soshedecidedtotakethatcourseafterall.
M2: WhathadthemanassumedaboutJudy?
Youwillread:
WhathadthemanassumedaboutJudy?
(A) Shewouldn’ttakethecourse.
(B) Shehadalreadycompletedthatcourse.
(C) Shewasbusystudyingeconomics.
(D) Shewouldn’tfindeconomicsdifficult.
Thecorrectansweris(A).ThemanissurprisedthatJudyisineconomicsclassbecausehe
thoughtthatshehaddecidednottotakethecourse.Therefore,hehadobviouslyassumedthatJudy
wasnotgoingtotakethecoursebeforehespoketothewoman.

QUESTIONS
Thesecondspeakerinadialoguesometimesasksaboutwhatthefirstspeakersays.Thethirdspeakerthen
askswhatthesecondspeakerwantedtoknow.
SampleItem
Youwillhear:*
F1: ProfessorPetrakissaidthatMarkTwainwashisfavoritewriter.
M1: Whendidhesaythat?
M2: Whatdoesthemanwanttoknow?
Youwillread:
Whatdoesthemanwanttoknow?
(A) WhenMarkTwainlived
(B) WhattheprofessorsaidaboutMarkTwain
(C) Whentheprofessormadehisremark
(D) WhatbooksMarkTwainwrote
Thecorrectansweris(C).ThemanaskswhenProfessorPetrakiscalledMarkTwainhisfavorite
author.
Twoquestionphrasesthatmaygiveyoutroubleare:
What...for?andHowcome...?BothmeanWhy...?
EXERCISE7
Focus:Answeringquestionsaboutdialoguesinvolvingcontradictions,assumptions,andquestions
1. WhatdoesthemansayaboutGinny? 3. Whatdoesthewomanwanttoknow?
(A) Sheisdefinitelycomingtodinner. (A) Whattheman’snameis
(B) Shelikesfishmorethanchicken. (B) Whotoldthemantoseethedean
(C) Shemayinvitethemtodinner. (C) Wherethedean’sofficeis
(D) Shedoesn’tmindeatingchicken. (D) Whothedeanis
2. WhathadthemanassumedaboutMona? 4. Whatdoesthemanmean?
(A) Shehadalreadymoved. (A) Hewantstotakepartintheelection.
(B) Shehadn’tfoundanewapartmentyet. (B) He’snotinterestedinbeingpresident.
(C) She’dalreadymadeanappointment. (C) Hewantstogetmorefactsfromthe
(D) Shewasnolongerplanningtomove. president.
(D) He’llhavetoruntogettoclasson
time.

LESSON 7: DIALOGUES INVOLVING CONTRADICTIONS, ASSUMPTIONS, AND QUESTIONS
5. WhathadthemanassumedaboutCarol? 11. Whatdoesthewomanasktheman?

(A) Shedidn’tneedtodoanyresearchfor (A) Wherethemeetingwillbeheld
thispaper. (B) Whenthemeetingwillstart
(B) Shewasn’tgoingtowordprocessthe (C) Wheretherecreationcenterwillbe
paper. built
(C) Shehadn’tcompletedalltheresearch. (D) Whathasbeenproposed
(D) Shehadfinishedthefinaldraftalong
timeago. 12. Whathadthewomanassumed?
(A) Joydidnotwanttostudyabroad.
6. WhatdoesthewomanimplyaboutBert?
(B) Theoverseasprogramhadbeen
(A) Hedoesn’treallylikehorsebackriding. canceled.
(B) Herideshorseswheneverpossible. (C) Joywasalreadylivingoverseas.
(C) Hedoesn’ttalkaboutridingvery (D) Joywouldstudyoverseasthisyear.
much.
(D) Helovestowatchpeopleridehorses. 13. Whatdoesthewomanasktheman?
(A) IfthepartywasatRusty’shouse
7. Whatdoesthewomanwanttoknow?
(B) Whattimethepartyended
(A) Whenhertravelagentcalled (C) Ifthemanenjoyedtheparty
(B) Whattimeherflightwillleave (D) Whoattendedtheparty
(C) Howfarshewillbeflying
(D) Ifherflighthasbeencanceled 14. Whatdoesthemanmean?
(A) AllofTed’sanswerswereincorrect.
8. WhathadthewomanassumedaboutCliff?
(B) Mostoftheproblemsweredone
(A) Hewasworkingfull-time. correctly.
(B) Hewaseatinginthecafeteria. (C) Teddoesn’thavetosolvethe
(C) Hecouldn’tmakeadecision. problems.
(D) Hedidn’twantajob. (D) Tedhashadafewgoodjobs.
9. Whatdoesthewomanwanttoknow? 15. Whatdoesthemanaskthewoman?

(A) Whentheyreturned (A) Howshegottothegrocerystore
(B) Whowenthiking (B) Whyshewenttothegrocerystore
(C) Wheretheyhiked (C) Howmuchshepaidforgroceries
(D) Howlongtheirhikewas (D) Whatstreetthegrocerystoreison
(A) Hethinkstheclothesatthatstoreare
expensive.
(B) Hedoesn’tthinktheclothesatthat
storeareverynice.
(C) Hethinksthewomanisbeing
unreasonable.
(D) He’sneverbeentothestoreonCollins
Street.
LESSON8
AnsweringQuestionsaboutPlans,
Topics,andProblems
QUESTIONSABOUTPLANS
Thesequestionsfollowdialoguesinwhichtwospeakersdiscusswhatoneorbothofthemaregoingtodo
inthefuture.
SampleItem
Youwillhear:*
F2: AreyougoingtogotoBostonwithMichaelthissummer?
M1: WishIcould,butifIwanttograduatenextyear,I’vegottostayhereandtakeacoupleclasses.
M2: Whatdoesthemanplantodothissummer?
Youwillread:
Whatdoesthemanplantodothissummer?
(A ) Graduate
(B) Attendclasses
(C) VisitMichael
(D) GotoBoston
Thecorrectansweris(B).Themanindicatesthathemuststaywhereheisandtakeclassesto
graduatenextyear.

54
LESSON 8: ANSWERING QUESTIONS ABOUTPLANS, TOPICS, AND PROBLEMS
QUESTIONSABOUTTOPICS
Thethirdspeakeraskswhattheothertwospeakersaretalkingabout.Thetopicisnotusuallymentioned
directlyinthedialogue;itmustbeinferredfromageneralunderstandingofthedialogue.Thetopiccanbe
aperson,athing,oranactivity.
SampleItem
Youwillhear:*
F1: Haveyouseenthisletterfromthebursar’soffice?
F2: Oh,no!Notanotherincrease!Ifyouaskme,we’realreadyspendingtoomuchtogotoschool
here.
M2: Whatarethesespeakerstalkingabout?
Youwillread:
Whatarethesespeakerstalkingabout?
(A) Highertuitioncosts
(B) Apoorgrade
(C) Higherpostagerates
(D) Aletterfromarelative
Thecorrectansweris(A).Thatthelettercomesfromthebursar’soffice(thefinancialofficeofa
university)andthatthesecondwomanisupsetaboutanincreaseandbelievestheyarespending
toomuchtogotoschoolmakesitclearthattheyaretalkingaboutatuitionincrease.
QUESTIONSABOUTPROBLEMS
Thesequestionsfollowdialoguesinwhichthespeakersarediscussingsometroubleoneorbothofthem
arehaving.Thethirdspeakeraskswhattheproblemis.
SampleItem
Youwillhear:*
M2: Gordon,whathappenedtoyourwindow?
M1: WhenIwaspaintingthewindowlastweek,Ihititwiththeladder.
F1: WhatproblemdoesGordonprobablyhave?
Youwillread:
WhatproblemdoesGordonprobablyhave?
(A) Hishouseneedspainting.
(B) Hebrokehisladder.
(C) Hespilledsomepaint.
(D) Hiswindowisbroken.
Thecorrectansweris(D).Gordon,thesecondspeaker,saysthathehitthewindowwiththe
ladderwhenhewaspaintingthehouse.Thelogicalresult—abrokenwindow.

EXERCISE8
Focus:Answeringquestionsaboutplans,topics,andproblems
Directions:Listentothedialoguesandthequestionsaboutthem.
1. Whataretheytalkingabout? 7. Whatarethesepeoplediscussing?
(A) Roadconditions (A) Clothing
(B) Aweatherreport (B) Hairstyling
(C) Amotelreservation (C) Painting
(D) Highwayrepairs (D) Cooking
2. Whataretheyprobablygoingtodothis 8. Whatisthemangoingtodonext?
afternoon?
(A) Takeatrip
(A) Gotoaparty (B) Watchtelevision
(B) MoveBeth’sbelongings (C) Examinesomedocuments
(C) Getreadytohaveaparty (D) Gotosleep
(D) CleanupBeth’sapartment
9. Whatproblemdidthemanhavewiththe
3. Whatistheproblem? book?
(A) Theman’scarisnotrunning. (A) Helentittosomeoneelse.
(B) Themanisn’tgoingtotheparty. (B) Itwasruinedintherain.
(C) Nooneknowswherethepartywill (C) Heforgotwhereheleftit.
be. (D) Oneofthepageswastorn.
(D) Thecarisn’tbigenoughforfour
people. 10. Whatarethespeakersprobablydiscussing?
(A) Acar
4. Whataretheyprobablytalkingabout?
(B) Amagazine
(A) Ashoppingcenter (C) Acomputer
(B) Abridge (D) Apiano
(C) Astreet
(D) Anoffice 11. WhatwillShirleyprobablydorightafter
shefinishesherundergraduateprogram?
5. Whatarethespeakersprobablyplanningto
(A) Gotobusinessschool
dotomorrow?
(B) Lookforajobwithabigcompany
(A) Shopforgroceries (C) Startherownbusiness
(B) Goonacampingtrip (D) Takeatriparoundtheworld
(C) Gotoacircus
(D) Leaveonabusinesstrip 12. WhatisDave’sproblem?
(A) Hedoesn’thavePhyllis’saddress.
6. WhatdoesBrianintendtodo?
(B) Hedoesn’tlikeanyofthepostcards.
(A) Getsomemedicineforhisheadaches (C) Hecan’tfindthepostoffice.
(B) Buysomenewframesforhiseye- (D) Hedoesn’thaveastamp.
glasses
(C) Findanotherdoctor
(D) Getdifferentlensesforhisglasses
LESSON9
DialogueswithSpecialVerbs
CAUSATIVEVERBS
Theseverbsindicatethatsomeonecausessomeoneelsetodosomething.Whenadialoguecontainsa
causativeverb,youmustunderstandwhoperformstheaction.Theverbshave,get,make,andletarethe
mostcommoncausativeverbs.
Theyareusedinthefollowingpatterns:
Have
havesomeonedosomething Davehadthemechanicfixhiscar.
havesomethingdone Davehadhiscarfixed.
Thecausativeverbhaveindicatesthatonepersonasksorpaysanothertodosomething.Thesubjectof
thissentence,Dave,doesnotperformtheaction.Inthefirstsentence,themechanicdoes.Inthesecond
sentence,anunnamedpersondoes.
Get
getsomeonetodosomething Jerrygothiscousintocuthishair.
getsomethingdone Jerrygothishaircut.
Thecausativeverbgetusuallymeanstopersuadesomeonetodosomething.Again,notethatthesubject
Jerrydoesnotperformtheaction.
Make
makesomeonedosomething Shemadehersondohishomework.
Thecausativeverbmakemeanstoforcesomeoneorcompelsomeonetodosomething.
Let
letsomeonedosomething Thebossletusgohome.
Theverbletmeanspermitorallow.
SampleItem
Youwillhear:*
M1: Didyouspeaktotheheadofthedepartment?
F1: No,shehadherassistantmeetwithme.
Youwillread:
(A) Shespoketotheheadofthedepartment.
(B) Theheadofthedepartmenthadameetingwithherassistant.
(C) Shemetwiththeassistanttotheheadofthedepartment.
(D) Theassistantwillsoonbecomeheadofthedepartment.
Thecorrectansweris(C).Accordingtothedialogue,theheadofthedepartmentdirectedher
assistanttomeetwiththewoman.

57
USEDTO
Theexpressionusedtohastwoforms,eachwithadifferentmeaning:
usedto+simpleform
IusedtoliveinNewYork. means➔ IoncelivedinNewYork
(butnowIdon’t).
+gerund(-ingverb)
be/get+usedto
+nounphrase
I’mnotusedtodrivingonthe means➔ I’mnotaccustomedtodriving
leftsideoftheroad. ontheleftside.
I’vefinallygottenusedto means➔ I’vefinallybecomeaccustomed
mynewjob. tomynewjob.
ThedialoguesinPartAsometimestakeadvantageofthesetwofunctionsofusedto.
SampleItems
Youwillhear:*
F2: WhatdoesHank’sfatherdoforaliving?
M1: He’sasalesmannow,butheusedtobeatruckdriver.
M2: WhatdoesthemansayaboutHank’sfather?
Youwillread:
WhatdoesthemansayaboutHank’sfather?
(A) Heoncedrovetrucks.
(B) Hesellsusedtrucks.
(C) Histruckisstilluseful.
(D) He’saccustomedtohisjob.
Thecorrectansweris(A).ThemansaysthatHank’sfatherusedtobeatruckdriver.Inother
words,Hank’sfatheroncedrovetrucks,buthenolongerdoesso.
Youwillhear:*
F1: Nancyisworkinglateagaintoday?
M1: Yeah,shemustbegettingusedtoitbynow.
M2: WhatdoesthemansayaboutNancy?
Youwillread:
WhatdoesthemansayaboutNancy?
(A) Sheprobablyhasamoredifficultjobnow.
(B) Sheonceworkedlaterthanshedoesnow.
(C) Sheseldomcomestoworklate.
(D) Sheisbecomingaccustomedtolatehoursatwork.
Thecorrectansweris(D).ThesecondspeakerindicatesthatNancyhasprobablyadjustedto
workinglate.

LESSON 9: DIALOGUES WITH SPECIAL VERBS
EXERCISE9
Focus:Listeningtodialoguesthatcontaincausativeverbsorexpressionswithusedto
Directions:Listentothedialoguesandthequestionsaboutthem.Thendecidewhichofthetwo
answerchoices—(A)or(B)—bestanswersthequestion,andmarktheappropriateblank.
1. Whatdoesthemansay? 8. Whatdoesthemanmean?
______ (A) DougishappytobeRose’s ______ (A) Hemovedtheposter.
friend. ______ (B) Henolongerlikesthesofa
______ (B) DougandRosearenolonger anddesk.
goodfriends.
2. WhatdoesthewomantellRoger? ______ (A) Shewilltakeavacationin
______ (A) Hecandothejobaswellasa Augustnomatterwhather
professional. bosssays.
______ (B) Heshouldhireanelectrician ______ (B) She’llprobablybetoobusyto
todothejob. goonvacationinAugust.
3. Whatdoesthemansayabouttheradiostation? 10. WhatdidGreg’steacherdo?

______ (A) Itnowplaysclassicalmusic. ______ (A) SheaskedGregtoexplainthe
______ (B) Itdoesn’tbroadcastanything point.
butnews. ______ (B) Sheexplainedthepointto
Greg.
4. WhatcanbeinferredfromLynn’sremark?
______ (A) Changingtheoilwaseasyfor 11. WhatdothespeakerssayaboutCarter?
her. ______ (A) Heisn’taccustomedtohis
______ (B) Theoildidn’tneedtobe glasses.
changed. ______ (B) Helooksquitedifferent
5. Whatdoesthemanmean? withoutglasses.
______ (A) He’snotaccustomedtoearly 12. WhatdoesNicktellthewoman?
classesyet.
______ (A) Thistypeofweatherisnot
______ (B) Hisclassesaredifficult,too. newtohim.
6. WhatdoesPeggymean? ______ (B) Heoncelivedinavery
______ (A) She’sfinallyaccustomedto differentclimate.
skating.
13. WhatdoesSallymean?
______ (B) Shedoesn’tgoskatingas
oftenassheoncedid. ______ (A) She’sgoingtotakeapicture
ofthemembersofherclub.
7. WhatdoesKennymean?
______ (B) Someoneisgoingtophoto-
______ (A) He’sgoingtocleanhistie. graphherclub.
______ (B) He’sgoingtotakehistieto
thecleaners.
REVIEWTESTB:DIALOGUES
Directions:Eachiteminthispartconsistsofabriefdialogueinvolvingtwospeakers.Aftereach
dialogue,athirdvoiceasksaquestion.Whenyouhaveheardeachdialogueandquestion,readthe
fouranswerchoicesandselecttheonethatbestanswersthequestionbasedonwhatisdirectly
statedoronwhatcanbeinferred.
1. Whataretheydiscussing? 6. WhatdoesthewomanaskMark?
(A) Books (A) Whatheiswriting
(B) Clothing (B) Whereheislivingnow
(C) Candy (C) Whyhedoesn’twanttogo
(D) Songs (D) Whyheisinahurry
2. Whatdoesthewomansuggest? 7. Whatdoesthewomanmean?
(A) Lookingforanewapartment
(A) Shedoesn’tknowwherehishatis.
(B) Gettingmoresleep
(B) It’snotverycoldtoday.
(C) Turninguphisstereo
(D) Discussingtheproblemwithhis (C) Shelikesthewaythehatlooks.
neighbor (D) Themanoughttowearhishat.
3. WhatdoesthemantellSonyaaboutthe 8. Whatdoesthesecondmanmean?
seminar? (A) Hedoesn’tbelievewhathisfriendtold
(A) ProfessorOsborneprobablywon’tlead him.
it. (B) Hethinkstheteamwasunprepared,too.
(B) Itisnotarequiredcourseforher. (C) Hedisagreeswithhisfriend’sidea.
(C) Itisbeingofferednow,notnext (D) Heisn’treadytogotothegameeither.
semester.
9. WhatproblemisRichardhaving?
(D) Shedoesn’tneedProfessorOsborne’s
permissiontotakeit. (A) Hisshoeshurthisfeet.
(B) Hewasinjuredinaskiingaccident.
4. WhatdoesAdamimply? (C) Hisshoesareoldandinbadshape.
(A) Hehasn’tfinishedworkingonthe (D) Hewalkedsofarthathislegshurt.
bookshelves.
10. Whatarethesepeoplediscussing?
(B) Thetoolshavebeenmisplaced.
(C) Hecan’tworkwithhishandsverywell. (A) Atelevisioncommercial
(D) Hedidn’treallyneedthetoolstobuild (B) Ahistoryclass
thebookshelf. (C) Thewoman’sfieldofstudy
(D) Somefamousartists
(A) Hedoesn’tlikethewoman’ssugges-
tionverymuch. (A) Shewasabouttosuggestthesame
(B) Hissisterneedsseveralnewroommates. thing.
(C) Hedidn’treallywantthewomanto (B) Shedoesn’tfeellikegivingaparty.
givehimadvice. (C) She’scompletelysurprisedbythe
(D) Graceistheperfectroommateforhis man’ssuggestion.
sister. (D) Sheisn’thungryrightnow.
LESSON 9: DIALOGUES WITH SPECIAL VERBS
12. WhatdothespeakersimplyaboutVictor? 15. Whatdoesthewomanwanttoknow?

(A) Hedoesn’tgooutasoftenasheonce (A) Wherethemedicalcenterislocated
did. (B) WhichofficeDr.Nortonisin
(B) Hedoesn’talwaystellthetruth. (C) WhatDr.Nortontoldthefirstwoman
(C) Heisn’tasfriendlyasheoncewas. (D) WhythefirstwomanwenttoseeDr.
(D) Hehasn’talwaysbeensosociable. Norton
13. Whatdoesthemanmean? 16. WhathadthemanassumedaboutAngela?

(A) Thewomanmayseehispainting. (A) Shelikedchemistry.
(B) He’dlikethewomantovisithim. (B) ShewouldgraduateinMay.
(C) Thewomanshoulddrawapicture (C) Shedidn’thavetorepeatacourse.
herself. (D) Shehadn’tcompletedtherequired
(D) He’sgoingtotakeaguess. courses.
14. Whatdoesthewomantelltheman?
(A) Theweatherwillprobablyimproveby
tomorrow.
(B) Shedoesn’tlistentothenewsonthe
radioanymore.
(C) Tomorrowprobablywon’tbesucha
niceday.
(D) Sheheardaboutabignewstoreon
theradio.
PARTB
ExtendedConversations
ThesecondpartoftheListeningsectionconsistsoflongerconversationsbetweenamanandawomanor
(sometimes)betweentwomenortwowomen.Eachconversationlastsfrom30to90seconds.Itis
precededbybriefintroductorycomments.Aftereachoftheconversations,therearefromthreetofive
questions.Thequestionsareseparatedbya12-secondpause.Youmustdecidewhichoneofthefour
answerchoicesisthebestanswerforthequestion,thenmarkthatansweronyouranswersheet.You’re
notpermittedtotakenotes.Therearetwolongerconversationsonthestandardform;threeorfouronthe
longform.
THEINTRODUCTORYCOMMENTS
Thesecommentstellyouwhichquestionstheconversationreferstoandprovidessomebriefinformation
abouttheconversation:
Questions31to34.“Listentotwostudentstalkabouttheirpsychologyclass.”
Questions31to35.“Listentoaconversationaboutplansforaclasstrip.”
Questions35to38.“Listentotwofriendsdiscussingaperformancethattheyattended.”
Questions36to39.“Listentoaconversationinastudenthousingoffice.”
Questions35to39.“Listentoaconversationbetweentwoteachingassistants.”
Notonlydotheseintroductorycommentstellyoutogetreadytolisten,butalsotheytellyouhowmany
questionsinyourtestbooktopreviewatonetime.Moreover,theygiveyouageneralideaofwhatto
expectasyoulisten.
62
PARTB: EXTENDED CONVERSATIONS
SampleItems
Youwillhear:*
M2: Listentoaconversationbetweentwostudents.
F1: Bill,you’reaphysicsmajor,aren’tyou?
M1: That’sright.
F1: Ineedsomeadvice.IwanttotakeanintroductoryphysicsclassandIhavetochoosebetween
twoteachers,ProfessorHunterandProfessorMcVey.Doyouknowmuchaboutthem?
M1: I’vetakenclassesfrombothofthem.Totellyouthetruth,Idon’treallylikeHunter’sstyleof
teaching.Hedoesn’tseemtocareifhisstudentsunderstandornot,andhislecturesarepretty
dry.
F1: Wellthen,whataboutMcVey?I’veheardhiscourseisdifficult.
M1: It’snoteasy,butyou’lllearnalot,andhealwaysencourageshisstudentstoaskquestionsand
joinindiscussions.
M2: WhatdoesthewomanaskBilltodo?
Youwillread:
WhatdoesthewomanaskBilltodo?
(A) Giveherinformationabouttwoteachers
(B) Helpherwithaphysicsassignment
(C) Speaktoaprofessorforher
(D) Leadadiscussion
Thecorrectansweris(A).ThewomanasksBillforsomeadviceaboutthetwoprofessorswho
areteachingbasicphysicscourses.
Youwillthenhear:*
M2: WhatdoesBillimplythatthewomanshoulddo?
Youwillread:
WhatdoesBillimplythatthewomanshoulddo?
(A) Changehermajortophysics
(B) DiscussherproblemwithProfessorHunter
(C) Signupforaneasyclass
(D) TakeProfessorMcVey’sclass
Thecorrectansweris(D).BillspeakscriticallyofProfessorHunter’steachingmethodsbut
favorablyofProfessorMcVey’s,sohewouldprobablyadvisehertotakeMcVey’scourse.

CONVERSATIONS
TheextendedconversationsaresimilartothePartAdialoguesinstyle,buttheyarelonger.Theyfre-
quentlyoccurinacampussettingbetweentwostudentsorbetweenaprofessorandastudent.
THEQUESTIONS
Thequestionsmaybeoverviewquestionsordetailquestions.Thefirstquestionaftertheconversationis
oftenanoverviewquestion.Overviewquestionsrequireabroadunderstandingoftheentireconversation.
Toanswerthemcorrectly,youmustunderstandwhatBOTHspeakerssay.Thereareseveraltypesof
overviewquestions:
TypeofOverviewQuestion SampleQuestion
Topicquestion “Whatarethespeakersdiscussing?”
Questionsaboutsettings(timeandlocation) “Wheredidthisconversationtakeplace?”
“Whendidthisconversationtakeplace?”
Questionsaboutthespeakers “Whoarethespeakers?”
“Whatistheprobablerelationshipbetweenthe
speakers?”
It’simportanttolistencarefullytothefirstfewlinesofanextendedconversationtoansweroverview
questions,becausethispartofthetalkoftensetsthescene.Itoftenestablishesthetimeandlocationof
theconversation,theidentityofthespeakers,andthemainideaoftherestoftheconversation.
Detailquestionsaskaboutspecificpointsintheconversation.Theanswerwillusuallybecontained
inwhatONEspeakersays.Detailquestionsfollowtheorderofinformationintheconversation.Inother
words,thefirstofthesequestionsreferstoapointmadeearlyintheconversation,andthelastasksabout
apointmadeneartheendoftheconversation.Mostdetailquestionsarefactualquestions;theanswersare
directlystatedintheconversation.Manyfactualquestionsbeginwiththesephrases:
Accordingtotheconversation,...
Accordingtotheman,...
Accordingtothewoman,...
Afewofthedetailquestionsareinferencequestions.Inotherwords,theinformationisnotdirectlygiven
bythespeakers;itcanbeconcludedfromtheinformationthatISstated,however.
Whatcanbeinferredfromtheman’scommentabout...?
Whatdoesthemanimplyabout...?
Whatwillthespeakersprobablytrytodo?
THEANSWERCHOICES
Thefourchoicesareallplausibleanswersforthequestion.Usuallytheanswerchoicesarementionedin
somewayintheconversation,butonlyone,thekey,answersthatparticularquestioncorrectly.
Somepeopleprefertoclosetheireyesorlookawaywhilelisteningtotheextendedconversationsto
concentrateonthevoicesontheaudio.However,itisbetterifyoureadtheanswerchoicesinthetest
bookwhilelistening.Thistechniqueisdifficult,butithasseveraladvantages:
• Itallowsyoutogetanoverallsenseofwhatthetopicoftheconversationwillbe.
• Itenablesyoutoanticipatewhatthequestionswillbe,thenconcentrateonlisteningforthose
points.
• Itpermitsyoutoconfirmsomeofthedetailsthatyouhearbycomparingthemwiththeanswer
choicesinthetestbook.
Inthenextsectionofthisbook,youwillpracticepreviewinganswerchoices,listeningtoPartBconversa-
tions,andansweringbothoverviewanddetailquestionsabouttheconversations.
PARTB: EXTENDED CONVERSATIONS
TACTICSFOREXTENDEDCONVERSATIONS
• Befamiliarwiththedirections,butrememberthatyoucannotturnthepagetolookoveranswer
choiceswhilethedirectionsarebeingread.
• Payattentiontotheintroductorysentenceforeachtalk.Thesewilltellyouwhichitemseachtalk
referstoandmaygiveyouanideaofwhatthetalkswillbeabout.
• Previewtheanswerchoiceswhilethetalksarebeingreadandduringthepausesbetweenques-
tions.Trytoguesswhatthequestionswillbe.
• Listenforoverallconcepts:• Whoistakingpartintheconversation?
• Whereandwhendoestheconversationtakeplace?
• Whatisthemaintopicoftheconversation?
Theanswerstothesequestionsareoftensuggestedinthefirstfewlinesofthetalks.
• Youarenotpermittedtotakewrittennotes,buttrytotake“mentalnotes”onspecificdetails:
facts,figures,dates,places,andsoon.Youcansometimeschecktheinformationyoubelieveyou
hearagainstinformationyoureadintheanswerchoiceswhileyouarepreviewing.
• Answeritemsrightaway.
• Alwaysguess.
LESSON10
AnsweringMainIdea/MainTopic
QuestionsaboutExtended
Conversations
AftereachextendedconversationinPartB,therearefourtofivequestions.Usuallythefirstandsome-
timesthelastquestionsareoverviewquestions.Toanswerthesequestions,youneedanunderstanding
ofthewholelectureorconversationratherthanofanyspecificpoint.
OverviewquestionsfortheExtendedConversations:
• Whatisthemaintopicofthisconversation?
• Whatarethesepeopleprimarilydiscussing?
• Wheredoesthisconversationtakeplace?
• Whendoesthisconversationtakeplace?
• Whatistherelationshipbetweenthespeakers?
• Whatistheman’s/woman’soccupation?
• Whatisonespeaker’sattitudetowardtheotherspeaker?
Maintopicquestionsmustcorrectlysummarizethetalk.Incorrectanswersforthesequestionsaretoo
general,toospecific,orincorrectaccordingtotheconversation.
Althoughthesequestionsrequireanoverallunderstandingoftheconversations,thefirstfewsen-
tencesoften“setthescene.”Inotherwords,theopeninglinesofthetalkestablishthetime,place,and
maintopic.Readtheopeninglinesoftheextendedconversationgivenbelow:
M1: (Answeringphone)Hello?
F1: Hi,Rod,thisisRita—I’minyournineo’clockclass.Imissedclassbecauseofacold,andIwas
wonderingifIcouldborrowyournotes.
M1: Idon’tknowifyoucouldreadmynotes—Ihaveterriblehandwriting.ButIcantellyouwhat
happened.ProfessorPhillipswentoverthematerialinChapter4aboutdifferenttypesofstars
inourgalaxy.And,shetalkedaboutwhatthemidtermexamisgoingtobelike.
F1: Uh-oh,youbettertellmeallaboutthemidterm—Ireallyneedtodowellonit.
Fromthisportionofaconversation,welearnthat:
...bothofthespeakersarestudents
...theyareprobablytakingacourseinastronomy
...theclassisabouthalfwayover(becausetheyaretakingmidtermexaminations)
...therestofthetalkwillprobablydealwiththematerialthatwillbeontheexamination
Notallconversationsbeginwithsomuchdetail.However,itisimportanttoconcentrateontheopening
linestolearnthiskindofinformation.
66
LESSON 10: ANSWERING MAIN IDEA/MAIN TOPIC QUESTIONS ABOUTEXTENDED CONVERSATIONS
EXERCISE10
Focus:Listeningtotheopeninglinesofextendedconversationsandansweringoverviewquestionsabout
thetopics,settings,andspeakers
Directions:Listentotheconversationsandthequestionsaboutthem.
1. Whatwillthemaintopicofthisconversa- 5. Whatwillthetwospeakersprobably
tionprobablybe? discuss?
(A) Methodsofpredictingearthquakes (A) Theirplansforthecomingschoolyear
(B) Waystoimprovetheman’spresentation (B) Tina’svolunteerposition
(C) Themanynewusesofcomputer (C) Tina’striptoEurope
graphics (D) Anarchaeologyclassthattheyboth
(D) Theroleofstatisticsingeology took
2. Whatarethemainpurposesofthis 6. Whatarethespeakersmainlydiscussing?
discussion?
(A) ReadingexperimentsatDukeUniversity
Choosetwo. (B) Reasonswhyscientistsdon’tbelieve
(A) Toexplainthereasonforhigherrents ESPisvalid
(B) Toreviewareadingassignment (C) TheaccomplishmentsofProfessor
(C) Tocontrasttwoformsoftaxation Rhine
(D) Todiscusstheneedforsalestaxes (D) Thefailureofrecentexperimentsin
parapsychology
3. Whatwillthemainsubjectofthisconversa-
tionprobablybe? 7. Whatisthislectureprimarilygoingto
concern?
(A) ProfessorQuinn’sapproachto
teaching (A) Thehistoricalrecordcontainedin
(B) Theprocessofgettingastudent shipwrecks
identificationcard (B) TheroleoftheStateHistoricalSociety
(C) Proceduresforcheckingoutreserve (C) ThehistoryofNewEngland
materials (D) Theleadingcausesofshipwrecks
(D) Severalrecentarticlesinsociology 8. Whatwilltherestofthelectureprobably
journals concern?
4. Whatwilltherestofthistalkmainlybe (A) Problemsofthetobaccoindustryin
about? theUnitedStates
Choosetwo. (B) Governmentregulationofadvertisers
(C) Tacticsinvolvedindeceptive
(A) Thedisadvantagesofbeinginthe advertisements
program (D) Self-regulationoftheadvertising
(B) Thephysicalrewardsofdancing industry
(C) Theimportanceoftheprogramtothe
university
(D) Theproceduresforarrangingatryout
LESSON11
AnsweringDetailandInference
Questionsabout
ExtendedConversations
MostofthequestionsinPartBaredetailquestionsthatrequireanunderstandingofspecificpointsinthe
conversation.Amajorityofthesequestionsarefactualquestions,askingwhat,where,when,why,and
howmuch.Toanswerthequestions,youneedtolistencarefully.
Otherquestionsareinferencequestions.Aspreviouslyexplained,theanswerstoinference
questionsarenotdirectlystatedbutaresuggestedbyinformationinthelecture.Manyofthesequestions
begin,“Whatdothespeakersimplyabout...”or“Whatcanbeinferredfromtheconversationabout...”
Rememberthattheorderofdetailquestionsfollowstheorderoftheconversation.Inotherwords,
thefirstdetailquestionwillbeaboutsomethingmentionedearlyintheconversation,whilethelastoneis
aboutsomethingmentionedneartheendoftheconversation.
Ifanythingintheconversationisemphasized,itwillprobablybeaskedabout.Inotherwords,if
somethingonespeakersaysisrepeatedbythesecondspeakerorifonespeakertalksaboutsomethingin
anemphatictoneofvoice,therewillprobablybeaquestionaboutthatinformation,asinthissectionofa
conversation:
M1: Myprojectformyfilmmakingclasstookmesixweekstofinish.
F1: Sixweeks!Icanhardlybelieveit.Doesn’ttheteacherrealizeyouhaveotherclassestoo?
Youcanbefairlysurethattherewillbeaquestion,“Howlongdidtheman’sprojecttaketocomplete?”
EXERCISE11
Focus:Answeringdetailandinferencequestionsbasedonspecificpointsinshortportionsofextended
conversations
Directions:Youwillhearthreeextendedconversations,eachonedividedintoseveralshort
portions.Aftereachportion,therewillbeseveralquestionsbasedonthatpartofthetalk.
1. WhyisStevetired? 2. HowdidStevefeelaboutthegradehe
received?
(A) Hestayedupmostofthenight.
(B) Hehadtotakeatestlastnight. (A) Itwasanimprovement.
(C) He’sbeenstudyingallmorning. (B) Itwasdisappointing.
(D) He’sbeentoonervoustosleepwell (C) Itwasunfair.
lately. (D) Itwasasurprise.
68
LESSON 11: ANSWERING DETAIL AND INFERENCE QUESTIONS ABOUTEXTENDED CONVERSATIONS
3. WhoteachestheseminarsattheStudy 10. Whyisitimpossibletomonitormostpieces

SkillsCenter? oforbitaldebris?
Choosetwo. (A) Theyaretoosmall.
(A) Undergraduatestudents (B) Theyaretoofaraway.
(B) Professors (C) Theyaremovingtoofast.
(C) Graduatestudents (D) Theyaremadeofreflectivematerial.
(D) Librarians
11. Whichofthefollowingtypesoforbital
4. WhatseminarwillSteveprobablytake? debrisareprobablymostdangerousto
astronautsonaspacecraft?
(A) Basicscientificresearch
Choosetwo.
(B) Businessmanagement
(C) Test-takingskills (A) Alargeboosterrocket
(D) Chemistry (B) Apieceofmetalthesizeofanaspirin
(C) Alosttool
5. WhereisthemainofficeoftheStudySkills (D) Atinyfleckofpaint
Center?
12. Whatmakesorbitaldebrissuchadangerto
(A) Inthelibrary
spacecraft?
(B) InthePhysicsTower
(C) Inadormitory (A) Itshighspeed
(D) InStauntonHall (B) Itsjaggedshape
(C) Itsgiganticsize
6. WhatdoesthewomanthinkSteveshould (D) Itsunusualcomposition
donext?
13. Assumethatthisisarepresentationofa
(A) Studyforhisnextexam
satelliteequippedwithacollector.Where
(B) GototheStudySkillsCenter
wouldthespacedebrisbestored?(Circle
(C) Talktohischemistryprofessor
theletterofthecorrectresponse.)
(D) Getsomesleep
7. Whendidorbitaldebrisfirstappear?
(A) Inthe1950s
(B) Inthe1960s
(C) Inthe1980s
(D) Inthe1990s 14. Inwhichwayscouldthecollectorbeused
tosolvetheproblemoforbitaldebris?
8. Whathappenstomostpiecesoforbital
Choosetwo.
debris?
(A) Itcouldbeusedtotrackevenvery
(A) Theyflyoffintodeepspace.
smallpiecesoforbitaldebris.
(B) Theyremaininorbitforever.
(B) Itcouldserveasaprotectivedevice
(C) Theycollidewithotherpieces.
formannedspacecraft.
(D) Theyburnupintheatmosphere.
(C) Itcouldbemountedonunmanned
9. Howmanyorbitalbodiesarebeingmoni- spacecrafttofindandtrappiecesof
toredtoday? debris.
(D) Itcouldburnuplargepiecesoforbital
(A) 300–400 debris.
(B) 3,000–4,000
(C) About8,000
(D) Halfamillion
15. Whatcanbeinferredaboutthecollector 21. Accordingtotheprofessor,howwasthe

describedinthisportionofthetalk? missionchurchinSanJuanCapistrano
damaged?
(A) IthasalreadybeentestedonEarth.
(B) Itisnolongerincommonuse. (A) Byastorm
(C) Ithasalreadybeeninstalledon (B) Byafire
spacecraft. (C) Byanearthquake
(D) Ithasnotbeenbuiltyet. (D) Bytheswallows
16. WhereisthetownofSanJuanCapistrano 22. Accordingtotheprofessor,whyarethe

located?(Circletheletterofthecorrect swallowspopularwiththepeopleofSan
response.) JuanCapistrano?
Choosetwo.
(A) Theyeliminateinsectpests.
(B) Theyhelpbringmoneyintothe
community.
(C) Theyarebelievedtobringgoodluck.
(D) Theyareextremelybeautifulcreatures.
23. Whenistheguidedtourofthecampus
given?
(A) Beforethesemesterbegins
(B) Onlyduringthefirstweekofthe
17. Whatweretheprofessor’smainreasonsfor
semester
goingtoSanJuanCapistrano?
(C) Wheneverstudentsaskforone
Choosetwo. (D) Onlyintheafternoon
(A) Tovisitafriend 24. Whatdidthemanhavetroublelocatingthe
(B) Toseetheswallowsarrive weekbefore?
(C) Tohelpacolleague
(D) Toseeaparade (A) Atourguide
(B) Aclassroom
18. Whatcanbeinferredabouttheswallows? (C) Amap
(A) Theyareatypeofinsect. (D) Apamphlet
(B) Theyareakindoffish. 25. Wheredoestheself-guidedtourstart?
(C) Theyareatypeofbird.
(D) Theyareatypeofmammal. (A) IntheScienceBuilding
(B) IntheStudentCenterBuilding
19. WhendotheswallowsreturntoSanJuan (C) IntheUniversityRecreationCenter
Capistrano? (D) Intheplanetarium
(A) InMarch
(B) Inearlysummer
(C) InOctober
(D) Inmidwinter
20. Howfardotheswallowsmigrate?
(A) About200miles
(B) About1,000miles
(C) About3,000miles
(D) About7,000miles
LESSON12
AnsweringMatchingand
OrderingQuestions
aboutLongerTalks
Thesetwotypesofitemsareuniquetothecomputer-basedTOEFLtest.Theydidnotappearonthe
paper-basedformofthetest.Theyrequireanunderstandingnotonlyofsingledetailsbutalsoalarge
portionofthetalk.Itwouldbemucheasiertoanswerthesequestionsifyoucouldtakenotesonpaper,
butthisisnotpermitted.You’llhavetotrytotake“mentalnotes”torememberwhatyouhear.
Formosttest-takers,matchingandorderingitemsareprobablythemostdifficultpartsoftheListen-
ingsection.
Orderingquestionsrequireyoutoputfoureventsorfourstepsofaprocessinthecorrectorder.Any
timeyouhearthelecturerorspeakersdiscussingasequenceofevents,abiographyofaperson,thesteps
ofaprocess,orarankingofthingsaccordingtotheirimportance,therewillprobablybeanordering
question.Listenforwordsthatsignalasequence,suchasnext,then,afterthat,laterorbeforethat,
previously,andearlier.Trytokeeptrackoftheeventsorsteps.Theymaynotbegiveninthetalkinthe
orderinwhichtheyarelistedinthequestions.
Toanswerthesequestionsonthecomputer,youmustfirstclickononeofthefourwords,phrases,
orsentencesinthetophalfofthescreenandthenclickontheappropriatebox(labeled1,2,3,or4)in
thelowerhalfofthescreen.Theexpressionfromthetopwillthenappearintheboxonwhichyou
clicked.Dothisforallfourboxes.
Youreallyhavetoputonlythreeanswersintheirproperpositionsbecausethefourthanswermust,
ofcourse,gointheremainingposition.
Matchingquestionsrequireyoutoconnectthreewords,phrases,orsentenceswiththreeother
wordsorphrasessomehowrelatedtothem.Ifthelecturerorspeakerliststhreeormoreconceptsand
thengivesdefinitions,examples,orcharacteristicsorusesofthoseconcepts,youcanexpecttoheara
matchingquestion.
Toansweramatchingquestiononthecomputer,youmustclickononeofthethreeexpressionsin
thetophalfofthescreenandthenontheboxabovetheexpressionthatyoubelieveisrelatedtoit.That
wordorphrasewillthenappearinthebox.Dothisforallthreeboxes.
Youreallyhavetocorrectlymatchtwopairsofanswersbecausetheoneremainingpairofanswers
mustbematched.
71
EXERCISE12
Focus:Listeningtoportionsofmini-lecturesandacademicdiscussionsandansweringmatchingand
orderingquestionsaboutthem
Directions:Writethelettersofthewordsorphrasesintheappropriateboxes.(Note:Thereareno
lettersbythechoicesinthecomputerversion.Yousimplyclickonthechoiceandthenonthebox
whereyouthinkitbelongs.)
1. Thelecturerdiscussesthestepsinvolvedin 3. Matchtheaccountingprinciplewiththe
thecreationofcoal.Summarizethisprocess appropriatedescriptionofit.
byputtingtheeventsintheproperorder. Placethelettersintheproperboxes.
Placethelettersintheproperboxes. 1. costprinciple
(A) Duringtheprocessofdecomposition,
plantsloseoxygenandhydrogen.
(B) Layersofsandandmudputpressure 2. businessentity
onthepeat.
(C) Plantsgrowinswampyareas.
3. matchingprinciple
(D) Plantsdieandfallintoswampywaters.
1.
(A) Owner’saccountsmustbekept
2. separatefrombusinessaccounts
(B) Firmmustrecordsalesexpensesin
3.
periodinwhichtheyweremade
4. (C) Costsmustberecordedattheir
originalprice
2. Matchtheformofcoalwiththetypeof
industrythatprimarilyusesit. 4. Thelecturermentionsfourtypesofcrops
Placethelettersintheproperboxes. thataregrowninHarrisonCounty.Rank
thesefourcropsintheirorderofeconomic
1. coaltar importance,beginningwiththeMOST
important.
2. bituminouscoal Placethelettersintheproperboxes.
(A) Wheat
3. coke (B) Organicfruit
(C) Corn
(D) Soybeans
(A) Electricutilities 1.
(B) Plasticmanufacturers
(C) Steelmakers 2.
3.
4.
LESSON 12: ANSWERING MATCHING AND ORDERING QUESTIONS ABOUTLONGER TALKS
5. Matchthetypeofwheatwiththeproduct 7. MatchtheseAntarcticexplorerswiththe
thatismostoftenmadefromit. countriesfromwhichtheycame.
Placethelettersintheproperboxes. Placethelettersintheproperboxes.
1. Hardred 1. Scott
2. Softwhite 2. Amundson
3. Durumwheat 3. Byrd
(A) Pasta (A) UnitedStates

(B) Breadflour (B) Norway
(C) Breakfastcereals (C) Britain
6. Theprofessordiscussessomeofthehistory 8. Matchtheperformancewithitsmaximum
ofAntarcticexploration.Summarizethis decibellevel.
historybyputtingtheseexpeditionsinthe Placethelettersintheproperboxes.
orderinwhichtheybegan.
1. Thefirstviolinist’ssolo
Placethelettersintheproperboxes.
(A) Amundson’s
(B) Scott’s 2. TheMetropolitan
(C) Byrd’s
(D) Shackleton’s
3. TheCreatures’concert
1.
2. (A) 60decibels
(B) 90decibels
3.
(C) 115decibels
4.
REVIEWTESTC:LONGERTALKS
Directions:Thispartinvolveslongertalks:conversations,discussions,andlectures.Youwillhear
thetalksonlyonce.Aftereachofthesetalks,thereareanumberofquestions.
Whenyouhavereadandheardthequestions,readtheanswerchoicesandselectthebest
answeroranswersbasedonwhatisdirectlystatedoronwhatcanbeinferred.
1. WhydidMarthacometothelibrary? 6. WhydoesthelecturermentionIdaho?
(A) Tolookupsometerms (A) Thefirstdogsweredomesticated
(B) TomeetStanley there.
(C) Togetasnack (B) Afamousmuralofadogwaspainted
(D) Toprepareforanexam there.
(C) Theremainsofanearlyspecimenof
2. WhatdidStanleylose? domesticateddogwerefoundthere.
(A) Hislibrarycard (D) Itwastherethatdogsfirstlearned
(B) Astatisticsbook howtohelphumanstohunt.
(C) Someindexcards
7. Thelecturermentionsanumberofroles
(D) Anotebook
thatdogshaveplayedsincetheywerefirst
3. AccordingtoStanley,whatdoestheterm domesticated.Listtheserolesinthecorrect
stacksreferto? chronologicalorder.
Placethelettersintheproperboxes.
(A) Thepartofthelibrarywherejournals
arestored (A) Hunter
(B) Pilesofnotecards (B) Herder
(C) Thepartofthelibrarywherebooks (C) Companion
areshelved (D) Guard
(D) Aplacetogetsomethingtoeatinthe
library 1.
2.
4. Whatarethemainpurposesofthelecture?
Choosetwo. 3.
(A) Totalkaboutthehunter-gathererstage 4.
ofhumankind
(B) Tooutlinetheprocessofdomestica-
tioningeneral
(C) Todiscussthedomesticationofdogs
(D) Todescribethevarioustasksdogs
havebeengiven
5. Accordingtothelecturer,howdidearly
humansadaptdogstodifferenttasks?
(A) Bycrossingwolveswithotheranimals
(B) Bycarefultraining
(C) Byselectivebreeding
(D) Byrewardingdogswithpiecesoffood
LESSON 12: ANSWERING MATCHING AND ORDERING QUESTIONS ABOUTLONGER TALKS
8. Circlethepartofthepicturethatrepre- 12. WhichoftheseplaysdoesProfessorKemp

sentstheherders’“bestfriend.” showthemostenthusiasmforstaging?
(A) OurTown
(B) TheCrucible
(C) AChorusLine
(D) TheTempest
13. WhatdoesProfessorKempaskthestudents
todobeforetheirnextclass?
(A) Getabook
(B) Attendaplay
(C) Learntheirlines
(D) Makeadecision
9. WhydoesProfessorKempNOTwantto
14. WhatdoesthearticlethatNicoleisreading
stagetheplayOurTownthisspring?
sayaboutHambletonCollege?
(A) Itisaplayusuallyproducedbyhigh
(A) Itstuitionratesaregoingupfaster
schooldramaclasses.
thantheonesatBabcockUniversity.
(B) Itwouldnotinvolveanyworkfor
(B) Ithasthehighesttuitionratesinthe
studentsinterestedincostumesand
state.
scenery.
(C) Itstuitionratesarestilllowerthan
(C) Shedoesn’thavethenecessary
thoseatBabcockUniversity.
backgroundtodirectthisplay.
(D) Ithasactuallylowereditstuitionrates
(D) Shehasneverlikedthisplay.
recently.
10. ProfessorKempandherstudentsdiscussa
15. WhoisPennyChang?
numberofplays.Matchthecharacteristics
oftheplaywiththetitleoftheplay. (A) ThepresidentoftheStudentCouncil
Placethelettersintheproperboxes. (B) AmemberoftheBoardofRegents
(C) Aspokespersonfortheadministration
(A) AShakespeareancomedy (D) Ajournalistforthecampusnewspaper
(B) AplayabouttheSalemwitchtrials
(C) Amusical 16. Whatcanbeinferredfromtheremarkmade
bythespokespersonfortheadministration?
1. TheTempest
(A) Thenewdormitorywillnotbebuilt.
(B) Theproposaltoincreasestudent
2. AChorusLine serviceswillnotbeadopted.
(C) Thetuitionwillnotberaised.
(D) Newcomputerswillbebought.
3. TheCrucible
17. Accordingtothespeaker,whendid
WebstergraduatefromYaleUniversity?
11. InwhattimeperiodistheplayThe
(A) BeforetheRevolutionaryWar
Crucibleset?
(B) DuringtheRevolutionaryWar
(A) Inmedievaltimes (C) AfterAmericanindependence
(B) Intheseventeenthcentury (D) Afterpublicationofhisbooks
(C) Inthe1950s
(D) Inthepresent
18. WhatisNoahWebstermainlyremembered 20. Whichofthefollowingarespellingsthat

fortoday? BenjaminFranklinwouldprobablyhave
approvedof?
(A) Hismilitaryservice
(B) Hispoliticalphilosophy Choosetwo.
(C) Hisdictionary (A) T-H-E-A-T-R-EinsteadofT-H-E-A-T-E-R
(D) Hisunusualspellings (B) F-O-T-O-G-R-A-Finsteadof
19. Accordingtothespeaker,whatkindof P-H-O-T-O-G-R-A-P-H
bookwasthe“blue-backedbook”? (C) L-A-B-O-U-RinsteadofL-A-B-O-R
(D) N-I-FinsteadofK-N-I-F-E
(A) Ahistorybook
(B) Adictionary
(C) Anautobiography
(D) Aspellingbook
TESTBASICS
INTRODUCTIONTOSTRUCTURE
ABOUTSTRUCTURE
ThesecondsectionoftheTOEFLtestexaminesyourunderstandingofEnglishgrammarandusage.There
aretwotypesofquestionsinthissectionofthetest:SentenceCompletionandErrorIdentification.Onthe
paper-basedtest,thesetwotypesofitemswerepresentedinseparatepartsofthesection,butonthe
computerversion,thetwotypesofitemsareintermingled.Exceptforthatfact,thissectionofthetesthas
changedlittlefromthepaper-basedformat.
Thereare20to25itemsinthissection,andthetimelimitrangesfrom15to20minutes.Onthe
average,youhaveapproximately45secondsinwhichtoanswereachitem.Formosttest-takers,thisis
plentyoftime.
Rememberthatyourgradeonthefourthsectionofthetest,EssayWriting,countsforapproximately
halfofyourgradeintheentireStructuresection.Ifyouhaveproblemswithwritingessays,itisespecially
importantthatyoudowellonthispartofthetesttopullupyourStructuregrade.
Althoughawiderangeofgrammarpointsaretested,therearecertainpointsthatappearagainand
again,andyoucanmasterthesepointswiththeinformationandpracticethisbookprovides.
Section2shouldbelessstressfulforyouthanSection1becauseyoudon’thavetodivideyour
attentionbetweenthespokenmaterialandtheinformationonthescreen.Itmayalsoseemlessstressful
thanSection3becauseitiseasiertofinishalltheitemsintheamountoftimeallotted.
LikeListening,Structureiscomputeradaptive.Thefirstitemsyouseewillbeofmediumdifficulty.
Don’trushthroughtheseitems,however,becausethefirsthalfofthesectionisimportanttoyourscore.If
youkeepansweringthequestionscorrectly,theitemswillbecomeprogressivelymoredifficult.
Structuresentencesaregenerallyaboutacademicsubjects:thephysicalsciences(suchasastronomy
orgeology),thesocialsciences(suchasanthropologyoreconomics),orthehumanities(suchasmusicor
literature).YouwillNOTseesentencesthatdealwith“controversial”subjectssuchasabortion,illegal
drugs,orsensitivepoliticalissues.
AnyculturalreferencesinthesentencesaretothecultureoftheUnitedStatesorCanada.Manyof
thesentencescontainreferencestopeople,places,andinstitutionsthatyouwillnotbefamiliarwith.(In
fact,manyNorthAmericansarenotfamiliarwiththeseeither!)It’snotnecessarytoknowtheserefer-
ences;youshouldsimplyconcentrateonthestructureofthesentences.It’salsonotnecessarytounder-
standallthevocabularyinasentence;youcanoftenansweraquestioncorrectlywithoutacomplete
understandingofthesentence.
TherearetwopossibleapproachestoSection2problems:ananalyticapproachandanintuitive
approach.Atest-takerwhousestheanalyticapproachquicklyanalyzesthegrammarofasentencetosee
whatelementismissing(inSentenceCompletionitems)orwhichelementisincorrect(inErrorIdentifica-
tionitems).Someonewhousesthesecondapproachsimplychoosestheanswerthat“soundsright”(in
SentenceCompletionitems)ortheonethat“soundswrong”(inErrorIdentificationitems).Althoughthis
bookemphasizesthefirstapproach,thesecondcanbeuseful,too,especiallyforpeoplewholearned
Englishprimarilybyspeakingitandlisteningtoitratherthanbystudyinggrammarandwriting.Youcan
alsocombinethetwoapproaches:ifyouget“stuck”usingonemethod,youcanswitchtoanother.
SENTENCECOMPLETION
Thistypeofitemconsistsofanincompletesentence.Someportionofthesentencehasbeenreplacedbya
blank.Underthesentence,fourwordsorphrasesarelisted.Oneofthesecompletesthesentencegram-
maticallyandlogically.
77
TESTBASICS
SampleItem
Pepsin__________anenzymethatisusedindigestion.
(A) that
(B) is
(C) of
(D) being
Thecorrectansweris(B).Thesentenceconsistsofanincompletemainclause(Pepsin________an
enzyme)andanadjectiveclause(thatisusedindigestion).Eachclausemustcontainasubjectandaverb.
Thereisasubjectbutnoverbinthemainclause.Onlychoices(B)and(D)areverbforms.However,an
-ingverbcanneverbeusedaloneasasentenceverb.Onlychoice(B),theverbis,suppliesaverbforthe
mainclause.
WhatIstheBestWaytoAnswerSentenceCompletionItems?
Iftheanswerchoicesarefairlyshort,youshouldbeginbytakingaquicklookattheanswerchoicestoget
anideaofwhatismissingfromthesentence.Aglanceattheanswerchoicescanoftentellyouthatyou
arelookingataprobleminvolvingverbforms,wordorder,parallelstructure,misplacedmodifiers,and
others.
Iftheanswerchoicesarelongorcomplicated,beginbyreadingthestem.Don’tanalyzeitwordfor
word,butasyouarereading,trytoformapictureofthesentence’soverallstructure.Howmanyclauses
willtherebeinthecompletesentence?Doeseachclausehaveacompletesubjectandverb?Istherea
connectingwordtojoinclauses?Areanyotherelementsobviouslymissing?Ifyoucan’tfindtheanswer
immediately,trytoeliminateasmanydistractorsaspossible.DistractorsforSentenceCompletionitemsare
generallyincorrectforoneofthefollowingreasons:
• Anecessarywordorphraseismissing,sothesentenceisstillincomplete.
• Anunnecessarywordorphraseisincluded.
• Partoftheanswerchoiceisungrammaticalwhenputintothestem.
Don’tchooseanansweruntilyou’vereadthesentencecompletely;sometimesanoptionseemstofitin
thesentenceunlessyoureadeveryword.
Afteryouhaveeliminatedasmanyanswerchoicesaspossible,readthesentencequicklytoyourself
withtheremainingchoiceorchoicesinplaceoftheblank.Ifananswerdoesn’t“soundright,”itprobably
isn’t.Ifyoustillcan’tdecide,guessandgoon.
ERRORIDENTIFICATION
Thistypeofitemconsistsofasentenceinwhichfourexpressions—singlewordsortwo-orthree-word
phrases—areunderlined.Yourjobistoidentifywhichofthesephrasesmustberewritten(itcan’tsimply
beomitted)forthesentencetobecorrect.Alltheerrorsinvolvegrammarorusage—neverpunctuationor
spelling.
SampleItems
Music,dramatic, andart contributetothecultureofany community.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(A).Thissentenceshouldcorrectlyread,“Music,drama,andartcontributetothe
cultureofanycommunity.”Choice(A)wouldhavetoberewrittentocorrectthesentence,sothatisthe
bestanswer.
Lensesmayhaving eitherconcave orconvexshapes.

A B C D
The correct answer is (A). The correct verb form after a modal auxiliary is the simple form have . This
sentenceshouldread,“Lensesmayhaveeitherconcaveorconvexshapes,”sothebestanswerischoice(A).
INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURE
WhatIstheBestWaytoAnswerErrorIdentificationItems?
Youshouldbeginwithaquickreadingofeachsentencetofindanyobviouserrors.Don’tsimplyreadthe
underlinedportions,because,inmostitems,theunderlinedexpressionisincorrectonlyinthecontextof
thesentence.Don’tanswerthequestionuntilyou’vereadtheentiresentence.
Easyquestionscanbeansweredafterthefirstreading;clickontheanswerandgoontothenext
problem.Ifyoucan’tfindtheerrorimmediately,rereadthesentence,nowconcentratingontheunder-
linedexpressions.Youcan’tusethesametechniquesforreadingtheseitemsasyouwouldtoreadother
materials,suchasnewspapersormagazinearticles.Usually,aperson’seyesmovequicklyover“little
words,”suchasarticlesandprepositions,becausethesewordsdon’tcontainmuchinformation.However,
inthispartofthetest,theseexpressionsmaybeusedincorrectly.Youshouldtrainyoureyestomove
slowlyandpronouncethesentencesinyourmindasifyouwerespeakingthem.
Ifyouhaven’tidentifiedtheerrorafteracarefulreadingofthesentence,gothroughamental
checklistofthemostcommonerrors:wordform,wordchoice,andverberror.Dotheunderlinedexpres-
sionsfitintoanyofthesecategories?
Ifyoustillcan’tfindanerror,eliminateexpressionsthatseemtobeusedcorrectly,thenmakethe
bestguessyoucanfromanyitemsthatremain.
COMPUTERSKILLS FOR THESTRUCTURESECTION

AnsweringStructureitemsonthecomputeriseasy.ForSentenceCompletionitems,yousimplyclickon
eithertheovalbythechoicethatyouthinkisthebestansweroranypartoftheansweritself.Asinall
partsofthetest,itiseasiertoclickontheanswerchoiceitselfthanontheoval.ToansweranError
Identificationitem,youmustclickonsomeportionoftheanswerthatyouthinkisbest.Youcanclick
anywherewithintheunderlinedportion.(Therearenoovalstoclickonwhenansweringthistypeof
item.)Whenyouclickonanunderlinedphrase,itwillbecomehighlighted,indicatingthatthisisyour
choice.Theeasiestwaytochangeanansweristoclickonanotherunderlinedwordorphrase.That
choicewillthenbehighlighted,andthehighlightwilldisappearfromthefirstchoice.That’sallthereis
toit!
STRATEGIES FORSTRUCTURE
InGeneral
• BefamiliarwiththedirectionsforStructure.Assoonasthissectionstarts,clickonDismissDirections.
• Youcanspendanaverageof45secondsoneachitem.Ifanitemseemsdifficult,eliminateunlikely
itemsandmakethebestguessthatyoucan.Don’tspendtoomuchtimeworkingonitemsyoufind
difficult.
• Neveransweranyitemtooquickly,evenifitseemseasy.Alwaysconsiderallfouranswerchoices.Itis
easytomakemistakesinStructurebecauseofcarelessness.
• PaceyourselfcarefullythroughthissectionbykeepinganeyeontheTimeRemainingindicatorandthe
itemnumberindicator.Don’tworksoslowlythattherewillstillbeunansweredproblemswhentime
expires,butdon’tworksoquicklythatyoufinishlongbeforethetimeexpires.
SentenceCompletion
• Iftheanswerchoicesareshort,lookthemoverbeforeyoureadthesentence.Trytogetanideaofwhat
typeofproblemyouareworkingwith.
• Readthesentence,tryingtodeterminewhichelementsaremissing.Neverchooseanansweruntilyou
havereadtheentiresentence;sometimesananswerwillseemtofituntilyouhavereadthelastfew
wordsofthesentence.
• Markyourchoiceimmediatelyiftheanswerisobvious.Ifyou’renotsure,trytoeliminateincorrect
answers.
TESTBASICS
• Readthesentencewiththeremaininganswerchoicesinplaceoftheblank.Choosetheoptionthat
soundsbest.
• Saveyourselftimebyclickingontheansweritselfratherthanontheoval.
• Ifyouarestillunabletodecideonananswer,guessandgoon.
ErrorIdentification
• Skimeachsentence,lookingforobviouserrors.
• Ifyouhaven’tfoundtheerror,readthesentenceagaincarefully,concentratingontheunderlinedparts.
Gothroughamentalchecklistofthemostcommontypesoferrors(wordform,wordchoice,andverb
error)toseeifanyoftheunderlinedexpressionsseemtofallintothosecategories.
• Ifyouarestillunabletofindanerror,tryeliminatingoptionsthatseemtobecorrect.Ifmorethanone
optionremains,takeaguessandgoon.
Now,beginyourpreparationforSection2bytakingthePreviewStructureTest.Besuretoobservethe
20-minutetimelimit.
SECTION2
Structure
PreviewTest2:Structure................................. 82
Lesson13. IndependentClauses....................................... 85
Lesson14. AdjectiveClauses.......................................... 90
Lesson15. AdverbClauses ........................................... 94
Lesson16. NounClauses............................................. 99
Lesson17. Parallelism ............................................... 102
Lesson18. WordForms.............................................. 108
Lesson19. WordChoice............................................. 118
Lesson20. Verbs.................................................... 128
Lesson21. Participles................................................ 135
Lesson22. Gerunds,Infinitives,andSimpleForms....................... 139
Lesson23. Pronouns ................................................ 146
Lesson24. SingularandPluralNouns .................................. 152
Lesson25. Prepositions.............................................. 157
Lesson26. Articles.................................................. 163
Lesson27. WordOrder.............................................. 168
Lesson28. Conjunctions............................................. 175
Lesson29. Comparisons ............................................. 178
Lesson30. Appositives............................................... 182
Lesson31. MisplacedModifiers ....................................... 184
Lesson32. Negatives ................................................ 187
PREVIEWTEST2
Structure
Directions:ThissectiontestsyourabilitytorecognizebothcorrectandincorrectEnglishstructures.
Therearetwotypesofitemsinthissection.
Onetypeinvolvesasentencethatismissingaverborphrase.Fourwordsorphrasesappear
belowthesentence.Youmustchoosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.
ExampleI
__________largenaturallakesarefoundinthestateofSouthCarolina.
(A) Thereareno
(B) Notthe
(C) Itisnot
(D ) No
Thecorrectansweris(D).Thissentenceshouldproperlyread,“Nolargenaturallakesare
foundinthestateofSouthCarolina.”
Theothertypeofiteminvolvesasentenceinwhichfourwordsorphraseshavebeenunderlined.You
mustidentifytheoneunderlinedwordorphrasethatmustbechangedforthesentencetobeconsidered
correct.
ExampleII
When paintingafresco,anartistisapplied paintdirectlytothedampplasterofawall.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(B).Thissentenceshouldread,“Whenpaintingafresco,anartistapplies
paintdirectlytothedampplasterofawall.”Keepinmindtheletterchoiceswillnotappearbelow
theanswerchoices.Wehaveincludedthemheretomakeiteasiertodiscussthequestionsinthe
AnswerKeys.
Assoonasyouunderstandthedirections,beginworkonthisPreviewTest.Thereare25questions.
1. MarthaGraham,____________ofthe 2. There arethousand ofdifferenttypesof
pioneersofmoderndance,didn’tbegin A B C D
dancinguntilshewas21. roses.
(A) who,asone
(B) shewas 3. Spongeshave neitherheads orseparate
(C) one A B C
(D) wasone bodyorgans.
D
82
PREVIEW TEST2: STRUCTURE
4. Tigermoths__________wingsmarkedwith 12. Booleanalgebraismostoften used

stripesorspots. A
tosolve problemsinlogic,probability,and
(A) have B C
(B) with engineer.
(C) their D
(D) whose
13. Therewere__________federallaws
5. Thefirstrecordeduseofnaturalgastolight regulatingminingpracticesuntil1872.
A B
streetlampsitwasinthetownofFrederick, (A) none
(B) not
C D
NewYork,in1825. (C) no
(D) nor
6. MostofAnnieJumpCannon’scareerasan 14. Anumberof thematerialsusedinmanufac-

astronomerinvolvedtheobservation, A
classification,and_________________. turingpaintare potentialdangerous
B C
(A) sheanalyzedstars ifmishandled.
(B) thestars’analysis D
(C) starswereanalyzed
(D) analysisofstars 15. __________experimentalstudiesofthe
agingprocess,psychologistRossMcFarland
7. TheFrenchQuarteristhe mostfamous and determinedthatpeoplecouldwork
A B productivelymuchlongerthanhad
themostoldsectionof NewOrleans. previouslybeenthought.
C D
(A) Inthat
8. Liquidstaketheshape ofany container (B) Through
A B (C) Since
whichintheyareplaced. (D) Into
C D
16. Despite theyaresmall, poniesarestrong
9. There areseveral racesofgiraffes,butthere
A B C
A B C andhave greatstamina.
are onlyonespecies.
D
D
17. Physicaltherapistshelppatientsrelearn
10. Platinumisharderthancopperandis
A
almostaspliable__________. howtouse theirbodiesafterdiseaseor
(A) gold B C
injure.
(B) thangold
(C) asgold D
(D) goldis 18. DesignedbyFredericAugusteBartholdi,the
______________________________________
11. Manycommunitiesaredependenton ______________________________________.
groundwater__________fromwellsfor
theirwatersupply. (A) UnitedStateswasgiventheStatueof
LibertybythepeopleofFrance
(A) thatobtained (B) peopleofFrancegavetheStatueof
(B) obtained LibertytotheUnitedStates
(C) isobtained
(C) StatueofLibertywasgiventothe
(D) obtainit UnitedStatesbythepeopleofFrance
(D) FrenchpeoplepresentedtheUnited
Stateswithagift,theStatueofLiberty
SECTION 2: STRUCTURE
19. In1791,Quebecwasdividedintotwo 23. Notonly____________________placesof

sections,UpperCanadaandLowerCanada, beauty,buttheyalsoservescientificand
_____________wereruledbyelected educationalpurposesaswell.
assemblies.
(A) arebotanicalgardens
(A) theyboth (B) botanicalgardenstobe
(B) bothofthem (C) botanicalgardensare
(C) inwhichboth (D) tobebotanicalgardens
(D) bothofwhich
24. Since 1908,breederssetout toproduce
20. __________quicksandcanbefoundallover A B
theworld,littlewasknownaboutits chickensthatcouldsurviveCanada’s
compositionuntilrecently. C
coldclimate.
(A) Except D
(B) Although
(C) Even 25. Therewas onceawidespreadbelieve that
(D) Despite A B
alllizardswerepoisonous.
21. ________________areaformofcarbonhas C D
beenknownsincethelateeighteenth
century.
(A) Diamonds
(B) Becausediamonds
(C) Thatdiamonds
(D) Diamonds,which
22. Inthelate nineteenthcentury,manypublic

A
buildings,especiallythat oncollege
B
campuses,werebuiltintheRomanesque
C
Revivalstyleofarchitecture.
D
ThisistheendofPreviewTest2.
LESSON13
IndependentClauses
ThestructurespracticedinthislessonaretheonesthataremostoftentestedintheStructuresection.
Approximately20percentofallproblemsinthesection(usuallythreeorfourpertest)involveincomplete
mainclauses.
ABOUTCLAUSES
Allsentencesconsistofoneormoreclauses.Asimplesentenceconsistsofoneclause.Forexample:
Peopleneedvitamins.
Themantookavitaminpill.
JudylivesinnorthernCalifornia.
Inthesummer,Tomwalkstohisoffice.
Acompoundsentenceconsistsoftwoindependentclausesjoinedbyacoordinatingconjunction(such
asandandbut).Suchas:
Themantookavitaminpill,andhedrankaglassoforangejuice.
JudylivesinnorthernCalifornianow,butshewasraisedinOhio.
Acomplexsentenceconsistsofanindependentclause(calledthemainclause)andasubordinate
(dependent)clause.Subordinateclausesmaybeadverbclauses,nounclauses,oradjectiveclauses.Inthe
sentencesbelow,theindependentclausesareitalicized:
Themantookavitaminpillbecausehehadacold.(independentclause+adverbclause)
Ididn’trealizethatNancywashere.(nounclause)
Tomwalkstohisoffice,whichislocatedonBroadway,everydayduringthesummer.
(independentclause+adjectiveclause)
AllthreetypesofsubordinateclausesarecommonlyseenintheStructurepartofthetest,andeachis
consideredinseparatelessons(Lessons14,15,and16).Theemphasisinthischapter,however,isonthe
basiccomponentsofindependentclauses.
MISSINGSUBJECTS,VERBS,OBJECTS,
ANDCOMPLEMENTS
Allclauseshaveasubjectandaverb.Clauseswithanactionverboftentakeadirectobjectaswell.
Subject Verb Object
People need vitamins.
Theverbmissingfromanindependentclausemaybeasingle-wordverb(need,was,took,had,walked)
oraverbphraseconsistingofoneormoreauxiliaryverbsandamainverb(willneed,hasbeen,should
take,wouldhavehad,hadwalked).Theverbsmaybeactive(need,take)orpassive(wasneeded,
istaken).
Themissingsubjectanddirectobjectmaybeanoun(people,vitamins,Tom),anounphrase(some
famouspeople,avitaminpill,myfriendTom),orapronoun(he,she,it,andtheyaresubjectpronouns;
him,her,it,andthemareobjectpronouns).
85
Aftertheverbtobeandcertainothernonactionverbs,asubjectcomplementisusedratherthana
directobject.(Subjectcomplementsarealsoknownaspredicatenominativesandpredicateadjectives.)
Subject Verb Complement
She is anarchitect.
Theteacher seemed upset.
IntheStructuresectionofTOEFLtest,itiscommonforanyoftheseelementsoracombinationoftwoor
moreoftheseelementstobemissingfromthestem.Themostcommonprobleminstructureinvolvesa
missingverb.Amissingsubjectandamissingsubject-verbcombinationarecommonaswell.Themissing
elementmayalsobepart,ofratherthanallof,theverbornounphrase.
SampleItems
Theartofstorytelling ________almostasoldashumanity.
(A) thatis
(B) is
(C) itis
(D ) being
Thecorrectansweris(B).Itsuppliesthemissingverb.Choice(A)isincorrectbecausetheword
thatisusedtoconnectarelativeclausetoamainclause;inthissentence,thereisonlyoneverb,so
therecanonlybeoneclause.Choice(C)isincorrectbecausethereisanunnecessaryrepetitionof
thesubject(Theartofstorytelling it...).Choice(D)isnotcorrectbecausean-ingform(being)
cannotbethemainverbofaclause.
____________afewofthesoundsproducedbyinsectscanbeheardbyhumans.
(A ) Only
(B) Thereareonly
(C) Thatonly
(D) Withonly
Thecorrectansweris(A).Itcompletesthenounphrasethatisthesubjectofthesentence.The
expletiveThereinchoice(B)isincorrectlyused.Inchoice(C),thewordThatcreatesanounclause,
buteachclausemusthaveitsownverb.(Producedisusedasaparticiple,notamainverb,inthis
sentence.)Choice(D)isincorrectbecauseaprepositionmaynotbeuseddirectlybeforethesubject.
______________________whenlavacoolsvery rapidly.
(A) Becausepumiceisformed
(B) Toformpumice
(C) Pumiceisformed
(D) Formingpumice
Thecorrectansweris(C).Itsuppliesanindependentclausetojointotheadverbclausewhen
lavacoolsvery rapidly.Choice(A)consistsofanadverbclause;twoadverbclausescannotbe
joinedtoformacompletesentence.Choices(B)and(D)areincorrectbecausetheydonotcontain
mainverbs,andanindependentclausemustcontainamainverb.(Toformandformingarenot
mainverbs.)Onlychoice(C)couldserve asanindependentclausebecauseitcontainsasubject
(Pumice)andafullverb;thepassiveverbisformed.
LESSON 13: INDEPENDENTCLAUSES
DukeEllingtonwrote_____________________________duringhiscareer.
(A) thatoverathousandsongs
(B) overathousandsongs
(C) overathousandsongswere
(D) therewereoverathousandsongs
Thecorrectansweris(B).Thedirectobjectismissingfromthissentence.Inchoice(A),the
connectingwordthatisusedunnecessarily.Inchoice(C),theverbwereisusedunnecessarily
becausethereisonlyoneclauseandithasaverb(wrote).Inchoice(D),thephrasetherewereis
notneededbetweenaverbanditsdirectobject.
Beforetheinventionoftheprintingpress,books_________________.
(A) thatwerevery rare
(B) werevery rarely
(C) werevery rare
(D) asvery rare
Thecorrectansweris(C).Choice(A)incorrectlyformsanadjectiveclause;anadjectivemust
bejoinedtoamainclause.Choice(B)containsanadverb;aftertheverbtobe,anadjectiveis
required.Choice(D)lacksaverb.Choice(C)correctlysuppliesaverb(were).
CLAUSESWITHTHEREANDIT
Someclausesbeginwiththeintroductorywordthereoritratherthanwiththesubjectofthesentence.
Theseintroductorywordsaresometimescalledexpletives.
Theexpletivethereshowsthatsomeoneorsomethingexists,usuallyataparticulartimeorplace.
Thesesentencesgenerallyfollowthepatternthere+verbtobe+subject.Forexample:
TherearemanyskyscrapersinNewYorkCity.
Therewasagoodmovieontelevisionlastnight.
Theexpletiveitisusedinseveraldifferentsituationsandpatterns:
Itisimportanttobepunctualforappointments.(withtheverbtobe+adjective+infinitive)
Itwasin1959thatAlaskabecameastate.(withtheverbtobe+adverbial+nounclause)
Ittakesalongtimetolearnalanguage.(withtheverbtotake+timephrase+infinitive)
ItwasDavidwhodidmostofthework.(withtheverbtobe+noun+relativeclause)
Itandthere,alongwiththeverbandothersentenceelements,maybemissingfromthestem.
SampleItems
InMichigan,___________________over600feetdeep.
(A) saltdeposits
(B) wheresaltdepositsare
(C) havingsaltdeposits
(D) therearesaltdeposits
Thecorrectansweris(D).Choice(D)correctlysuppliesanintroductoryword(there),averb,
andasubject.Choice(A)lacksaverb.Choice(B)containsasubordinator,usedtointroducea
clause;thereisonlyoneverb,however,sotherecanonlybeoneclause.Choice(C)alsolacksa
mainverb.
_________atomatoplantfromseventy-fivetoeighty-fivedaystodevelopintoamatureplantwith
ripefruit.
(A) Ittakes
(B) Totake
(C) Thattakes
(D) Bytaking
Thecorrectansweris(A).Choice(A)correctlycompletesthesentencewiththeintroductory
wordItandaverb.Choices(B)and(D)donotsupplymainverbs.Choice(C)incorrectlycreatesa
nounclause.
EXERCISE13
Focus:Completingstructureproblemsinvolvingincompleteindependentclauses.(Note:Threeorfour
itemsinthisexercisedoNOTfocusonmissingsubjects,verbs,complements,orintroductorywords;these
itemsaremarkedintheanswerkeywithasterisks.)
Directions:Choosetheoneoption—(A),(B),(C),or(D)—thatcorrectlycompletesthesentences.
1. IntheUnitedStates,____________________ 3. ______________________thedollarasits
isgenerallytheresponsibilityofmunicipal monetaryunitin1878.
governments.
(A) Canadaadopted
(A) forwatertreatment (B) AdoptedbyCanada,
(B) watertreatment (C) ItwasadoptedbyCanada
(C) wherewatertreatment (D) TheCanadianadoptionof
(D) inwhichwatertreatment
4. _______almostimpossibletocapture
2. Croprotation_______________ofpreserv- thebeautyoftheauroraborealisin
ingsoilfertility. photographs.
(A) itisonemethod (A) Being
(B) onemethod (B) Itis
(C) amethodisone (C) Thereis
(D) isonemethod (D) Is
LESSON 13: INDEPENDENTCLAUSES
5. ______________twomajorartmuseums, 11. _______________whowaselectedthefirst

theFoggandtheSadler. womanmayorofChicagoin1979.
(A) HarvardUniversityhas (A) ItwasJaneByrne
(B) AtHarvardUniversity (B) JaneByrne
(C) HarvardUniversity,withits (C) ThatJaneByrne
(D) ThereatHarvardUniversity (D) WhenJaneByrne
6. AmericanactressanddirectorMargaret 12. Everycomputerconsistsofanumberof

Webster___________________forher systems__________together.
productionofShakespeareanplays.
(A) byworking
(A) whobecamefamous (B) work
(B) famousasshebecame (C) theywork
(C) becomingfamous (D) thatwork
(D) becamefamous
13. Onthemoon,__________airbecausethe
7. ____________gastanksconnectedto moon’sgravitationalfieldistooweakto
weldingequipment,onefullofoxygenand retainanatmosphere.
theotherfullofacetylene.
(A) thereisno
(A) Itistwo (B) whereno
(B) Ofthetwo (C) no
(C) Therearetwo (D) isno
(D) Two
14. TheGlassMountainsofnorthwestern
8. __________________ismoreinterestedin Oklahoma_______________withflecksof
rhythmthaninmelodyisapparentfromhis gypsum,whichshineinthesunlight.
compositions.
(A) theyarecovered
(A) ThatPhilipGlass (B) coveredthem
(B) PhilipGlass,who (C) thatarecovered
(C) PhilipGlass (D) arecovered
(D) BecausePhilipGlass
15. Insomecases,___________todecideifan
9. ______________________________by organismisaplantorananimal.
cosmicrays.
(A) difficultif
(A) Theearthisconstantlybombarded (B) itisdifficult
(B) Bombardedconstantly,theearth (C) thedifficulty
(C) Bombardingtheearthconstantly (D) isdifficult
(D) Theearth’sconstantbombardment
16. ThefirstAmericannovelisttohaveamajor
10. _____________primarycolorsarered,blue, impactonworldliterature
andyellow. _____________________________.
(A) Therearethree (A) whowasJamesFenimoreCooper
(B) Thethree (B) JamesFenimoreCooperwas
(C) Threeofthem (C) itwasJamesFenimoreCooper
(D) Thatthethree (D) wasJamesFenimoreCooper
LESSON14
AdjectiveClauses
Asmentionedinthepreviouslesson,therearethreetypesofdependentclauses,allofwhicharetestedin
theStructuresection.
Adjectiveclauses—alsocalledrelativeclauses—arethemostcommonlytestedofthethree.You
willseeoneortwoitemsinvolvingadjectiveclausesonmosttests.
Adjectiveclausesareawayofjoiningtwosentences.Inthejoinedsentence,theadjectiveclause
modifies(describes)anoun(calledtheheadnoun)inanotherclauseofthesentence.Itbeginswithan
adjective-clausemarker.Forexample:
Iwantedthebook.Thebookhadalreadybeencheckedout.
ThebookthatIwantedhadalreadybeencheckedout.
Theadjectiveclauseinthisexamplebeginswiththemarkerthatandmodifiestheheadnounbook.
Adjective-clausemarkersarerelativepronounssuchaswho,that,orwhichortherelativeadverbs
whenorwhere.
Adjective-
Clause
Marker Use Example
who Subject(people) Aneurologistisadoctorwhospecializesinthenervous

system.
whom Object(people) Thisisthepatientwhomthedoctortreated.
whose Possessive(people/things) Mr.CollinsisthemanwhosehouseIrented.
which Subject/object(things) Thatisatopicwhichinterestsme.(whichassubject)
ThatisthetopiconwhichIwillwrite.(whichasobjectof
preposition)
that Subject/object(people/ Artthatisinpublicplacescanbeenjoyedbyeveryone.
things) (thatassubject)
ThepaintingthatMs.Wallaceboughtwasveryexpensive.
(thatasobject)
where Adverb(place) Hereisthesitewherethebankplanstobuilditsnew
headquarters.
when Adverb(time) Thisisthehourwhenthechildrenusuallygotobed.
Likeallclauses,adjectiveclausesmusthaveasubjectandaverb.Insomecases,theadjective-clause
markeristhesubject;insomecases,thereisanothersubject.
Thepaintingwasveryexpensive.Ms.Wallaceboughtit.
Thepainting,whichMs.Wallacebought,wasveryexpensive.
Theadjective-clausemarkerinthejoinedsentencereplacesit,theobjectoftheverbbought.Inthe
joinedsentence,theadjectiveclausekeepsthesubject—Ms.Wallace—whichithadintheoriginal
sentence.Forexample:
Thisisatopic.Itinterestsme.
Thisisatopicthatinterestsme.
90
LESSON 14: ADJEC TIVE CLAUSES
Theadjective-clausemarkerinthejoinedsentencereplacesit,thesubjectofthesecondoriginalsentence.
Inthejoinedsentence,themarkeritselfisthesubjectoftheadjectiveclause.Noticethattheinclusionof
thepronounitinthejoinedsentencesabovewouldbeanerror.
Incorrect:
ThepaintingthatMs.Wallaceboughtitwasveryexpensive.
Thisisatopicthatitinterestsme.
Thistypeofmistakeissometimesseenindistractors.
Whenthemarkerswhich,that,andwhomareusedasobjectsinrelativeclauses,theycancorrectly
beomitted.
ThepaintingMs.Wallaceboughtisveryexpensive.(whichomitted)
Theadjective-clausemarkerswhichandwhomcanalsobeusedasobjectsofprepositions:
Thatisthetopic.Iwillwriteonit.
ThatisthetopiconwhichIwillwrite.
Youmayalsoseesentenceswithadjectiveclausesusedinthispattern:
quantityword+of+relativeclause
Hemetwithtwoadvisers.Hehadknownbothofthemforyears.
Hemetwithtwoadvisers,bothofwhomhehadknownforyears.
Ireadanumberofarticles.Mostofthemwereveryuseful.
Ireadanumberofarticles,mostofwhichwereveryuseful.
AnypartofarelativeclausecanbemissingfromthestemofStructureitems,butmostoften,themarker
andthesubject(ifthereisone)andtheverbaremissing.Anywordorphrasefromanotherclause—
usuallytheheadnoun—mayalsobemissingfromthestem.
SampleItems
Cablecarsaremovedbycables__________undergroundandarepoweredbyastationary
engine.
(A) theyrun
(B) thattheyrun
(C) run
(D) thatrun
Thecorrectansweris(D).Choice(A)isincorrectbecausethepronountheycannotbeusedto
jointwoclauses.Choice(B)isnotappropriatebecausethesubjecttheyisnotneededintheadjec-
tiveclause;themarkerthatserves asthesubjectoftheclause.Choice(C)isincorrectbecausethere
isnomarkertojointheadjectiveclausetothemainclause.
Themeltingpointisthetemperature________asolidchangestoaliquid.
(A ) which
(B) atwhich
(C) whichat
(D ) at
Thecorrectansweris(B).Choice(A)isincorrectbecauseaprepositionisneededbeforethe
adjectiveclause.Choice(C)isincorrectbecausetherelativepronouncomesbeforethepreposition.
Choice(D)isincorrectbecausetherelativepronounhasbeenomitted.
Therearesixtypesofflamingos,all________havelonglegs,longnecks,andbeaksthatcurve
sharplydownward.
(A) ofthem
(B) that
(C) ofwhich
(D ) they
Thecorrectansweris(C).Choices(A)and(D)donotcontainconnectingwordsneededtojoin
clauses.Choice(B)doesnotfollowthecorrectpatternofrelativeclausesafteraquantityword(all).
Thecorrectpatternneededtocompletethissentenceisquantityword+of+marker.Onlychoice(C)
followsthispattern.
EXERCISE14
Focus:Answeringstructureproblemsinvolvingincompleteadjectiveclauses.(Note:Oneortwoitemsin
thisexercisedoNOTfocusonadjectiveclauses;theseitemsaremarkedintheanswerkeywithasterisks.)
Directions:ForSentenceCompletionitems,marktheanswerchoice—(A),(B),(C),or(D)—that
correctlycompletesthesentence.ForErrorIdentificationitems,circletheunderlinedportionofthe
sentencethatwouldnotbeconsideredcorrect.
1. Mostfolksongsareballads________have 3. Dolphinslackvocalcordsbuttheyhavealarge,
simplewordsandtellsimplestories. A
oil-filledorgancalledthe“melon,”whichwith
(A) what B C
(B) although theycan produceavarietyofsounds
(C) when D
(D) that
4. In1850,YaleUniversityestablished
2. Afteritsintroductionin1969,thefloatprocess SheffieldScientificSchool,
_________________ the world’s principal ______________________________.
methodofmanufacturingflatsheetsofglass.
(A) engineerswereeducatedthere
(A) bywhichitbecame (B) whereengineerswereeducated
(B) itbecame (C) inwhichwereengineerseducated
(C) became (D) wherewereengineerseducated
(D) whichbecame
5. Therearethousands ofkindsofbacteria,
A
many ofwhomarebeneficial.
B C D
LESSON 14: ADJEC TIVE CLAUSES
6. TheRinglingBrotherswerefivebrothers 13. Theinstrumentpanelofalightairplane

hasatleastadozeninstruments
which builtasmallgroupofperformers _______________________________.
A B
intotheworld’slargest circus. (A) thepilotmustwatch
C D (B) whatthepilotmustwatch
(C) thatthepilotmustwatchthem
7. Mostbeans_________________________ (D) suchthatthepilotmustwatchthem
________areaformofkidneybean.
14. Akeystonespeciesisaspeciesofplantsor
(A) thatarecultivatedintheUnitedStates
animals________absencehasamajor
(B) theircultivationintheUnitedStates
effectonanecologicalsystem.
(C) arecultivatedintheUnitedStatesthey
(D) theyarecultivatedintheUnitedStates (A) thatits
(B) its
8. Inadditiontobeinganaturalist,StewartE. (C) whose
Whitewasawriter________________ (D) withits
________thestruggleforsurvivalonthe
Americanfrontier. 15. Activestocksarestocks theyare frequently
A B C
(A) whosenovelsdescribe boughtandsold.
(B) hedescribesinhisnovels D
(C) hisnovelsdescribe
(D) who,describinginhisnovels 16. Pipettesareglasstubes,openatboth ends,
A
9. Diamondsareoftenfoundinrockforma- which chemistsusethemtotransfersmall
tionscalledpipes,______________________ B C
thethroatsofextinctvolcanoes. volumes ofliquid.
D
(A) inwhichtheyresemble
(B) whichresemble 17. Thesizeandshapeofanaildepends
(C) thereisaresemblanceto primarilyonthefunction_____________
(D) theyresemble intended.
10. WilliamSamuelJohnson,who helpedwrite (A) whichitis

A B (B) forwhichitis
theConstitution,becomethefirst president (C) whichitisfor
C D (D) forwhichis
ofColumbiaUniversityin1787.
18. GeneKrupahadoneofthefew bigband
A B
11. Sealsappearclumsyontheland, thatwascenteredon adrummer.
__________areabletomoveshortdis- C D
tancesfasterthanmostpeoplecanrun.
19. Ingeometry,atangentisastraightline
(A) butthey ______________acurveatonlyonepoint.
(B) whichthey
(C) they (A) ittouches
(D) which (B) whosetouching
(C) itstouching
12. ThePritzkerPrizeisgiveneveryyear to (D) thattouches
A
architectstheir workbenefitshumanityand 20. There aremanyspecies ofplantsand
B C A B
theenvironment. animalsthattheyarepeculiarto Hawaii.
D C D
LESSON15
AdverbClauses
FULLADVERBCLAUSES
Anadverbclauseconsistsofaconnectingword,calledanadverb-clausemarker(orsubordinate
conjunction),andatleastasubjectandaverb.Forexample:
Thedemandforeconomicalcarsincreaseswhengasolinebecomesmoreexpensive.
Inthisexample,theadverbclausemarkerwhenjoinstheadverbclausetothemainclause.Theadverb
clausecontainsasubject(gasoline)andaverb(becomes).
Anadverbclausecanprecedethemainclauseorfollowit.Whentheadverbclausecomesfirst,itis
separatedfromthemainclausebyacomma:
Whengasolinebecomesmoreexpensive,thedemandforeconomicalcarsincreases.
ThefollowingmarkersarecommonlyseenintheStructuresection:
Adverb-
Clause
Marker Use Example
because cause Becausethespeakerwassick,theprogramwascanceled.

since cause Sincecreditcardsaresoconvenient,manypeopleusethem.
although opposition Althoughheearnsagoodsalary,heneversavesanymoney.
(contrarycause)
eventhough opposition Eventhoughshewastired,shestayeduplate.
(contrarycause)
while contrast Somepeoplearrivedintaxiswhileotherstookthesubway.
if condition Iftheautomobilehadnotbeeninvented,whatwouldpeopleusefor
basictransportation?
unless condition Iwon’tgounlessyoudo.
when time Yourheartrateincreaseswhenyouexercise.
while time Somepeopleliketolistentomusicwhiletheyarestudying.
as time Onetrainwasarrivingasanotherwasdeparting.
since time Wehaven’tseenProfessorHillsinceshereturnedfromhertrip.
until time Don’tputoffgoingtothedentistuntilyouhaveaproblem.
once time Oncethedeanarrives,themeetingcanbegin.
before time Beforeheleftthecountry,heboughtsometraveler’schecks.
after time Shewillgiveashortspeechaftersheispresentedwiththeaward.
Instructureitems,anypartofafulladverb-clause—themarker,thesubject,theverb,andsoon—canbe
missingfromthestem.
94
LESSON 15: ADVERB CLAUSES
CLAUSEMARKERSWITH-EVER
Wordsthatendwith-everaresometimesusedasadverb-clausemarkers.(Insomesentences,thesewords
areactuallynoun-clausemarkers,buttheyareseldomusedthatwayinstructureitems.)
Thethree-everwordsthatyouarelikelytoseeintheStructuresectionaregiveninthechartbelow:
Adverb-Clause
MarkerWith-ever Meaning Example
wherever anyplacethat... Putthatboxwhereveryoucanfindroomforit.
whenever anytimethat... Theystayatthathotelwheneverthey’rein
Boston.
however anywaythat... Howeveryousolvetheproblem,you’llgetthe
sameanswer.
REDUCEDADVERBCLAUSES
Whenthesubjectofthemainclauseandthesubjectoftheadverbclausearethesamepersonorthing,
theadverbclausecanbereduced(shortened).Reducedadverbclausesdonotcontainamainverbora
subject.Theyconsistofamarkerandaparticiple(eitherapresentorapastparticiple)oramarkerandan
adjective.
Whenastronautsareorbitingtheearth,theydon’tfeeltheforceofgravity.(fulladverbclause)
Whenorbitingtheearth,astronautsdon’tfeeltheforceofgravity.(reducedclausewith
presentparticiple)
Althoughithadbeendamaged,themachinewasstilloperational.(fulladverbclause)
Althoughdamaged,themachinewasstilloperational.(reducedclausewithapastparticiple)
Althoughhewasnervous,hegaveawonderfulspeech.(fulladverbclause)
Althoughnervous,hegaveawonderfulspeech.(reducedclausewithanadjective)
Youwillmostoftenseereducedadverbclauseswiththemarkersalthough,while,if,when,before,after,
anduntil.ReducedadverbclausesareNEVERusedafterbecause.
PREPOSITIONALPHRASESWITHTHESAME
MEANINGASADVERBCLAUSES
Therearealsocertainprepositionsthathaveessentiallythesamemeaningasadverb-clausemarkersbutare
usedbeforenounphrasesorpronouns,notwithclauses.
Preposition RelatedMarker Example
becauseof because/since Hechosethatuniversitybecauseofitsfine
reputation.
dueto because/since Theaccidentwasduetomechanicalfailure.
onaccountof because/since Visibilityispoortodayonaccountofair
pollution.
inspiteof although/eventhough Heenjoysmotorcycleridinginspiteofthe
danger.
despite although/eventhough Despiteitsloss,theteamisstillinfirstplace.
during when/while HerfatherlivedinEnglandduringthewar.
Instructureitemswherethecorrectanswerisanadverb-clausemarker,oneofthesewordsoftenappears
asadistractor.
SampleItems
Nooneknowswhatcolordinosaurswere______________nosampleoftheirskinhassurvived.
(A) becauseof
(B) becausethat
(C) itisbecause
(D ) because
Thecorrectansweris(D).Choice(A)isincorrect;becauseofcanonlybeusedbeforenounsor
pronouns.Inchoice(B),thatisunnecessary.Inchoice(C),thephraseitisisusedunnecessarily.
_____________________risestothesurfaceoftheearth,avolcanoisformed.
(A) Liquidmagma
(B) Wheneverliquidmagma
(C) Liquidmagma,which
(D) Thatliquidmagma
Thecorrectansweris(B).Choice(A)createstwoclauses,butthereisnoconnectingwordto
jointhem.Choice(C)createsasentencewithamainclauseandanadjectiveclause,butthemain
clausehastwosubjects(liquidmagmaandavolcano).Choice(D)createsanounclause.Ina
correctsentence,whenanounclausebeginsasentence,theclauseitselfisthesubjectoftheverbin
themainclause,butthissentencealreadyhasasubject(volcano).
____________invisibletotheunaidedeye,ultravioletlightcanbedetectedinanumberofways.
(A) Althoughis
(B) Despite
(C) Eventhoughit
(D ) Although
Thecorrectansweris(D).Itcompletesareducedadverbclause.Inchoice(A),theadverb
clauselacksasubjectandisnotacorrectreductionbecauseitcontainsaverb.Inchoice(B),despite
cannotbeusedwithanadjective(onlywithanounphraseorpronoun).Choice(C)doesnotsupply
averbfortheadverbclauseandisnotacorrectreductionbecauseitcontainsasubject.
Because___________,alabastercanbeeasilycarved.
(A) issoft
(B) softness
(C) ofitssoftness
(D) ofsoft
Thecorrectansweris(C).Choice(A)lacksasubjectintheadverbclause.Choice(B),anoun,
canonlybeusedwithbecauseof.Inchoice(D),becauseofisfollowedbyanadjective;tobe
correct,itmustbefollowedbyanounphraseorpronoun.
LESSON 15: ADVERB CLAUSES
EXERCISE15
Focus:Completingstructureproblemsinvolvingadverbclauses,reducedadverbclauses,andprepositional
expressions.(Note:TwoorthreeitemsdoNOTfocusononeofthesestructures.Theseitemsaremarked
intheanswerkeywithanasterisk.)
1. Smallsailboatscaneasilycapsize________ 7. _____________advertisingissowidespread
theyarenothandledcarefully. intheUnitedStates,ithashadanenormous
effectonAmericanlife.
(A) but
(B) which (A) Why
(C) if (B) Thereason
(D) so (C) Onaccountof
(D) Since
2. ___________theyaretropicalbirds,parrots
canliveintemperateorevencoldclimates. 8. _________________towardshore,itsshape
ischangedbyitscollisionwiththeshallow
(A) Despite
seabottom.
(B) Eventhough
(C) Nevertheless (A) Duringawaverolls
(D) But (B) Asawaverolls
(C) Awaverolls
3. Despite catscannotseeincomplete (D) Awave’srolling
A
darkness,theireyes aremuchmore 9. Snakebirdswerenotgiven theirname
B C A
sensitivetolight thanhumans’eyes. becausethey eatsnakes,butbecauseof
D B C D
theirlong,slendernecksresemblesnakes.
4. ________addedtoaliquid,antifreeze
lowersthefreezingtemperatureofthat
liquid. 10. ___________peopleareincreasinglylinked
overlongdistancesbyelectroniccommuni-
(A) That
cations,butmanyofthemstillprefer
(B) Asis
face-to-faceencounters.
(C) Itis
(D) When (A) Although
(B) Despite
5. Becauseof cheeseisessentially a (C) Today
A B (D) Thefactthat
concentratedformofmilk,itcontains
C 11. _____________________togetherinone
thesame nutrientsasmilk. place,theyformacommunity.
D
(A) Whenpeoplewholive
6. Inspiteof their frighteningappearance,the (B) Whenpeopleliving
A B C (C) Wheneverpeoplelive
squidisshyandcompletelyharmless. (D) Wheneverlivingpeople
D
12. ___________managedbyanindependent 17. Naturalsilkisstillhighlyprized

governorandboardofdirectors,theBank _________________________similar
ofCanadaisownedbytheCanadian artificialfabrics.
government.
(A) althoughisavailable
(A) Andyet (B) despitethereareavailable
(B) Inspiteofit (C) inspiteoftheavailabilityof
(C) Although (D) eventhoughanavailabilityof
(D) Itis
18. Cattleranchesarefoundalmost__________
13. Inthe sixteenthcentury,itwasthought inUtah.
A B (A) wherever
thatacompassneedlepointednorth
C (B) everywhere
because somemysteriousinfluenceofthe (C) overall
D (D) somewhere
stars.
19. Since itsacutesenseofsmell, theblood-
A B C
14. During lavacoolsexceptionally fast, houndisoftenusedin tracking.
A B D
itformsanaturalglasscalled obsidian.
C D 20. ___________throughaprism,abeamof
whitelightbreaksintoallthecolorsofthe
15. ________,theseedsoftheKentuckycoffee rainbow.
plantarepoisonous.
(A) Whenshines
(A) Unlesstheyhavebeencooked (B) Itshines
(B) Cookingthem (C) Itisshone
(C) Theyhavebeencooked (D) Whenshone
(D) Cookeduntil
16. Although AdlaiStevensonwasnever elected

A B
president,hewasoneofthepreeminent
Americanpoliticsofthemid-twentieth
C
century.
D
LESSON16
NounClauses
Nounclausesarethethirdtypeofsubordinateclause.Theybeginwithnoun-clausemarkers .Noun
clausesthatareformedfromstatementsbeginwiththenoun-clausemarkerthat.Nounclausesformed
fromyes/noquestionsbeginwiththenoun-clausemarkerswhetherorif.Thoseformedfrominformation
questionsbeginwithwh-words:what,where,when,andsoon.Forexample:
Dr.Hopkins’officeisinthisbuilding.(statement)
I’msurethatDr.Hopkins’officeisinthisbuilding.
IsDr.Hopkins’officeonthisfloor?(yes/noquestion)
Idon’tknowif(whether)Dr.Hopkins’officeisonthisfloor.
WhereisDr.Hopkins’office?(informationquestion)
PleasetellmewhereDr.Hopkins’officeis.
Noticethatthewordorderindirectquestionsisnotthesameasitisinnounclauses.Thenounclause
followsstatementwordorder(subject+verb),notquestionwordorder(auxiliary+subject+mainverb).
Oftenoneofthedistractorsfornoun-clauseitemswillincorrectlyfollowquestionwordorder.
Idon’tknowwhatishername.(incorrectuseofquestionwordorder)
Idon’tknowwhathernameis.(correctwordorder)
Shecalledhimtoaskwhattimedidhispartystart.(incorrectuseofquestionwordorder)
Shecalledhimtoaskwhattimehispartystarted.(correctwordorder)
Nounclausesfunctionexactlyasnounsdo:assubjects,asdirectobjects,oraftertheverbtobe.
Whenthemeetingwillbeheldhasnotbeendecided.(nounclauseassubject)
Theweatherannouncersaidthattherewillbethunderstorms.(nounclauseasdirectobject)
Thisiswhatyouneed.(nounclauseaftertobe)
Noticethatwhenthenounclauseisthesubjectofasentence,theverbinthemainclausedoesnothavea
nounorpronounsubject.
Instructureitems,thenoun-clausemarker,alongwithanyotherpartofthenounclause—subject,
verb,andsoon—maybemissingfromthestem,orthewholenounclausemaybemissing.
99
SampleItems
______________wascausedbybreathingimpureairwasonceacommonbelief.
(A) Malaria
(B) Thatmalaria
(C) Whymalaria
(D) Becausemalaria
Thecorrectansweris(B).Choice(A)isincorrectbecausetherearetwoverbs(wascausedand
was)butonlyonesubject.Choice(C)isincorrectbecauseWhyisnottheappropriatenoun-clause
markerinthissentence;thenounclauseisbasedonastatement,notonaninformationquestion.
Choice(D)isincorrectbecauseitformsanadverbclause,butthemainclauselacksasubject.Inthe
correctanswer,thenounclauseitself(Thatmalariawascausedbybreathingimpureair)isthe
subjectoftheverbwasinthemainclause.
Onebasicquestionpsychologistshavetriedtoansweris__________________.
(A) peoplelearn
(B) howdopeoplelearn
(C) peoplelearnhow
(D) howpeoplelearn
Thecorrectansweris(D).Choice(A)isincorrect;thereisnoconnectorbetweenthefirstclause
andthesecond.Choice(B)incorrectlyfollowsquestionwordorder.Choice(C)isincorrectbecause
howisinthewrongposition.
EXERCISE16
Focus:Completingstructureproblemsinvolvingincompletenounclauses.(Note:Twoorthreeitemsin
thisexercisedoNOTfocusonnounclauses.Theseitemsaremarkedintheanswerkeywithasterisks.)
1. _______________begintheirexistenceas 3. Itwasin1875_________________joined
icecrystalsovermostoftheearthseems thestaffoftheastronomicalobservatoryat
likely. HarvardUniversity.
(A) Raindrops (A) thatAnnaWinlock
(B) Ifraindrops (B) AnnaWinlock,who
(C) Whatifraindrops (C) asAnnaWinlock
(D) Thatraindrops (D) AnnaWinlockthen
2. Scientistscannotagreeon____________ 4. Atestpilottriesout newkindsof aircraft

relatedtootherordersofinsects. A B
todetermineifarethey safe.
(A) thatfleasare C D
(B) howfleasare
(C) howarefleas
(D) fleasthatare
LESSON 16: NOUN CLAUSES
5. ___________________________________isa 9. Inordertogrowvegetablesproperly,
narrowstripofwoodsalongastreaminan gardenersmustknow
opengrassland. ___________________________________.
(A) Ecologistsusetheterm“galleryforest” (A) whattherequirementsforeach
(B) Whatdoecologistscalla“gallery vegetableare
forest” (B) thattherequirementsforeach
(C) “Galleryforest”isthetermecologists vegetable
use (C) whatareeachvegetable’srequire-
(D) Whatecologistscalla“galleryforest” ments
(D) thatisrequiredbyeachvegetable
6. _____________________developedso
rapidlyinAlabamaprimarilybecauseofits 10. Exactly whenwasthewheel inventedis
richnaturalresources. A B C
not known.
(A) Thatheavyindustry D
(B) Heavyindustry
(C) Heavyindustrythatwas 11. Formanyyearspeoplehavewondered
(D) Whenheavyindustry ___________existselsewhereinthe
universe.
7. ___________________________________so
incredibleisthattheseinsectssuccessfully (A) thatlife
migratetoplacesthattheyhavenevereven (B) lifewhich
seen. (C) whetherlife
(D) lifeasit
(A) Thatmakesthemonarchbutterflies’
migration 12. Although geologistshaveaclearly under-
(B) Themigrationofthemonarchbutter- A B
fliesis standingofwhyearthquakesoccur,they
(C) Whatmakesthemonarchbutterflies’ C
migration cannotreliablypredictwhentheywill take
(D) Themigrationofthemonarchbutter- D
place.
flies,whichis
8. Artcriticsdonotall agreeonwhat
A
arethequalities thatmakeapaintinggreat.
B C D
LESSON17
Parallelism
Incertainstructureitems,thecorrectuseofparallelstructuresistested.Parallelstructureshavethe
samegrammaticformandfunction.Lookatthefollowingsentences:
Shespendsherleisuretimehiking,camping,andfishing.
Hechangedtheoil,checkedthetirepressure,andfilledthetankwithgas.
Nancyplanstoeitherstudymedicineormajorinbiology.
Nancyplanstostudyeithermedicineorbiology.
Allofthestructuresinitalicsareparallel.Inthefirst,threegerundsareparallel;inthesecond,threemain
verbs;inthethird,twosimpleforms;andinthefourth,twonouns.Manyotherstructuresmustbeparallel
incertainsentences:adjectives,adverbs,infinitives,prepositionalphrases,nounclauses,andothers.
Themostcommonsituationinwhichparallelstructuresarerequiredisinasequence(A,B,andC),
asinthefirsttwosentencesabove.Parallelstructuresarealsorequiredwithcorrelativeconjunctionssuch
aseither...orornotonly...butalso.(CorrelativeconjunctionsarepresentedinLesson28.)
SENTENCECOMPLETION
ManytypesofstructuresmaybeinvolvedinthistypeofSentenceCompletionitem:adjectives,noun
phrases,prepositionalphrases,clauses,andothers.
SampleItem
SanFranciscohasapleasantclimate,________andmanyfascinatingneighborhoods.
(A) excitingscenery,
(B) hasexcitingscenery
(C) thatthescenery isexciting
(D) thescenery isexciting,
Thecorrectansweris(A).Thissentencecontainsaseriesofthreeobjectsaftertheverbhas :the
firstandthirdarenounphrases(apleasantclimateandmanyfascinatingneighborhoods).Tobe
parallel,thesecondobjectmustalsobeanounphrase.Choices(B),(C),and(D)arenotparallel.
ERRORIDENTIFICATION
ErrorIdentificationitemsinvolvingparallelismusuallyfeaturenounphrases,adjectives,verbs,prepositional
phrases,gerunds,andinfinitives.
SomeproblemswithparallelismareactuallywordformproblemssimilartothoseinLesson18.
SampleItem
Asayoungman, GeorgeWashingtonlikedboating,tohunt,andfishing.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(C).Choice(C),tohunt,isaninfinitive,whereaschoice(B),boating ,and
choice(D),fishing,aregerunds.
102
LESSON 17: PARALLELISM
EXERCISE17.1
Focus:Identifyingerrorsinvolvingparallelism
Directions:Iftheunderlinedformisparalleltootherformsinthesentence,markthesentenceC .If
theunderlinedformisnotparallel,markthesentenceXandwriteacorrectionfortheunderlined
formintheblankattheendofthesentence.
______ 1. Steelisalloyedwithmanganesetoincreaseitsstrength,hardness,andresistancetowear.
______ 2.
Thetypeofplantandanimallifelivinginandaroundaponddependsonthesoilofthe
pond,whatthequalityofthewateris,andthepond’slocation.
______ 3. Philosophersareconcernedwithquestionsaboutnature,humanbehavior,society,and
reality.
______ 4.
Whentakingpartinwintersports,oneshouldwearclothingthatislightweight,warmth,
andsuitablefortheactivity.
______ 5.
Folkloreconsistsofthebeliefs,customs,traditions,andtellingstoriesthatpeoplepassfrom
generationtogeneration.
______ 6.
Majorsourcesofnoisepollutionincludeautomobilesandothervehicles,industrialplants,
andheavyconstructionequipment.
______ 7. Becauseoftheirhardness,industrialdiamondscanbeusedforcutting,grind,anddrilling.
______ 8. ScholarJohnFiskewroteonhistory,religious,andsocialissues.
______ 9. Electricityisusedtolight,hot,andcoolbuildings.
______ 10. T.S.Eliotwasequallydistinguishedasapoet,hewrotecriticism,andadramatist.
EXERCISE17.2
Focus:Completingstructureproblemsinvolvingparallelism.(Note:Oneortwoitemsintheexercisedo
NOTfocusonitemsinvolvingparallelstructures.Theseitemsaremarkedintheanswerkeywithaster-
isks.)
1. Thebellfloweris awildflowerthatgrowsin 7. Manyplacesofhistory, scientific,cultural,

A B A B
shadyfields,inmarshes,andmountain orscenicimportancehavebeendesignated
C D C
slopes. national monuments.
D
2. Insectsprovidemanybeneficialservices, 8. RogerWilliamswasaclergyman,________
suchas__________________,breaking thecolonyofRhodeIsland,andanoutspo-
downdeadwood,andpollinatingplants. kenadvocateofreligiousandpolitical
freedom.
(A) theyconditionsoils
(B) toconditionsoil (A) founded
(C) conditioningthesoil (B) thefounderof
(D) soilconditioned (C) wasthefounderof
(D) hefounded
3. Computersareoftenused tocontrol,
A 9. Modern motorcyclesarelighter, faster,
adjustment, andcorrectcomplexindustrial A B
B C D andspecializedthanmotorcycles of
operations. C D
twenty-fiveyearsago.
4. Eggsmaybeboiling intheshell, scrambled,
A B 10. Paintcanbeappliedtoasurfacewith
fried,andcookedincountlessother ways. rollers,__________________,orsprayguns.
C D
(A) brushes
5. Frozenorangejuicemustbepacked, (B) brushescanbeused
_______________,andstoredwhenthefruit (C) withbrushes
isripe. (D) bybrush
(A) befrozen 11. Manypeoplewholiveneartheocean
(B) mustbefrozen
(C) frozen dependonitasasourceoffood,recreation,
(D) itmustbefrozen A B C
andtohaveeconomicopportunities.
6. In1900,electricallypoweredcarswere D
morepopularthangasolinepoweredcars
becausetheywerequiet,operated 12. Theuseoflabor-savingdevicesinhomes,
smoothly,and______________. _____________,andinfactoriesaddedto
theamountofleisuretimepeoplehad.
(A) handledeasily
(B) easeofhandling (A) atoffice
(C) handlingeasily (B) usedinoffices
(D) easytohandle (C) offices
(D) inoffices
13. Throughouthistory,traderouteshave 18. BarbaraJordanwasthefirstwomaninthe

increasedcontactbetweenpeople, SouthtowinanelectiontotheHouseof
_________________________________,and Representatives,__________asCongress-
greatlyaffectedthegrowthofcivilization. womanfromTexasfrom1973–1979.
(A) haveresultedinanexchangeofideas (A) toserve
(B) anexchangeofideashasresulted (B) served
(C) resultedinanexchangeofideas (C) serving
(D) resultinginanexchangeofideas (D) hasserved
14. Largecommercialfishingvesselsare 19. Paper maycontainmineral, vegetables,or

A B C
equipped toclean,packaging, andfreeze man-made fibers.
A B C D
thefishthattheycatchatsea.
D 20. R.BuckminsterFullerwasadesign,
A
15. Asabreed, goldenretrieversareintelligent, anarchitect, aninventor,andanengineer.
A B B C D
loyally,andfriendly dogs.
C D
16. Mathematicscanbeconsideredalanguage,
A
anart,ascience, atool,orplayingagame.
B C D
17. Photographers’choiceofacameradepends
onwhatkindofpicturestheywanttotake,
howmuchcontroltheywantoverexpo-
sure,and___________________theywant
tospend.
(A) theamountofmoney
(B) whatmoney
(C) howmuchmoney
(D) somuchmoneythat
REVIEWTESTD:STRUCTURE
Directions:ForSentenceCompletionitems,selecttheanswerchoice—(A),(B),(C),or(D)—that
correctlycompletesthesentence.ForErrorIdentificationitems,selecttheanswerchoice—(A),(B),
(C),or(D)—thatcorrespondstotheunderlinedportionofthesentencethatwouldnotbeconsid-
eredcorrect.
1. ___________________________________by 7. _______________arehotisacommon
AnnaBaldwinin1878. misconception.
(A) Theinventionofthevacuummilking (A) Alldeserts
machine (B) Alldesertswhich
(B) Thatthevacuummilkingmachinewas (C) Ofalldeserts
invented (D) Thatalldeserts
(C) Thevacuummilkingmachine,which
wasinvented 8. Medicalresearchersareconstantlylooking
(D) Thevacuummilkingmachinewas forwaystocontrol,__________,andcure
invented diseases.
(A) prevention
2. Drycleaningistheprocess_____________
(B) preventing
clothesarecleanedinliquidsotherthan
(C) prevent
water.
(D) toprevent
(A) by
(B) whichthrough 9. _________piecesofropeareofdifferent
(C) bywhich thicknesses,theshortbend,orweaver’s
(D) through knot,canbeusedtojointhem.
(A) Twoof
3. Jaguarsthatresemble leopardsbutthey are
(B) Whattwo
A B (C) Twosuch
largerandaremarkedwithrosettes
(D) Iftwo
C
ratherthan spots.
10. _____________imaginativestoriesaboutthe
D
originofthegameofchess.
4. Jobspecializationtakesplace
(A) Many
___________________ofproductionis
(B) Somany
separatedintooccupations.
(C) Therearemany
(A) whenevertheworkis (D) Ofthemany
(B) whenthework
(C) iswhenthework
(D) wheneverworking
5. Despite mostmushroomsareedible, some

A B
speciescauseseriouspoisoning.
C D
6. Judgesindogshows ratedogson
A
suchpoints astheircolorful,posture,
B C
shape,andsize.
D
11. Storksconstantly rearrangetheir neststo 17. NathanielHawthornewrotefournovels,

A B ____________TheScarletLetter,becamean
keeptheireggssafety,dry,andwarm. Americanliteraryclassic.
C D
(A) ofwhichone,
12. TheLoop,thatis thecommercialheartof (B) whichone
A B (C) oneofwhich,
Chicago,isenclosedwithinarectangular (D) onewas
C D
loopofelevatedtraintracks. 18. Anaugerisatool thatacarpenterusesit
A B
toboreholesinwood.
13. JudgeFrancisHopkinsonisprobablybest
C D
knownasasigneroftheDeclarationof
Independence,buthealsoexcelledasa 19. __________________________________isa
poet,_______________,andanorator. generalcategorythatincludesallmental
statesandactivities.
(A) asamusician
(B) byplayingmusic (A) Whatdopsychologistscallcognition
(C) amusician (B) Psychologistscallitcognition
(D) heplayedmusic (C) Whatpsychologistscallcognition
(D) Cognition,asitiscalledbypsycholo-
14. _______________relativelyinexpensive,the gists,which
metalpewtercanbefashionedinto
beautifulandusefulobjects. 20. Themedicine ofprehistoricpeople
(A) Evenitis A
probablyconsistedofamixture ofscientific
(B) Despite B
(C) Nevertheless,itis practices,superstitious,andreligious
(D) Although C
beliefs.
15. Owlscanhunt intotaldarkness D
A
becausetheir remarkablykeensenseof
B C
smell.
D
16. _________aboutfouryearsforanew
aircraftmodeltomovefromthepreliminary
designstagetothefullproductionstage.
(A) Ittakes
(B) Taking
(C) Thattakes
(D) Totake
LESSON18
WordForms
Byfar,themostcommontypeofwrittenexpressionerrorinvolveswordforms.Asmanyaseightornine
itemspertestmaybewordformproblems.Mosterrorsofthistypeinvolveusingonepartofspeechin
placeofanother.Boththeincorrectwordandthecorrectioncomefromthesameroot(rapidandrapidly,
forexample,orinformandinformation).Thefourpartsofspeechgenerallyinvolvedareverbs,nouns,
adjectives,andadverbs.Themostcommonproblemsareadjectivesinplaceofadverbsandadverbsin
placeofadjectives.Nounsinplaceofadjectivesandadjectivesinplaceofnounsarealsocommonlyseen.
Insomewordformproblems,differentformsofthesameformofspeechmaybeinvolved.Forexample,a
nounthatreferstoaperson(leader)maybeusedinplaceofthefield(leadership).Agerund(averbal
noun)mayalsobeusedinplaceofanordinarynoun(judgingandjudgment,forexample).
Partsofspeechcanoftenbeidentifiedbytheirsuffixes(wordendings).
CommonNounEndings
-tion information -ery recovery
-sion provision -ship scholarship
-ence independence -tude multitude
-ance acceptance -ism capitalism
-ity creativity -cracy democracy
-hood childhood -logy biology
-dom wisdom -ness happiness
-th health -ment experiment
Endingsfornounsthatrefertopeople
-er explorer -ee employee
-or sailor -ic comic
-ist psychologist -ian technician
-ent student -ant attendant
CommonVerbEndings
-ize realize -ify justify
-en shorten -ate incorporate
-er recover
CommonAdjectiveEndings
-ate moderate -y sunny
-ous dangerous -ic economic
-al normal -ical logical
-ial remedial -ory sensory
-able comfortable -less hopeless
-ible sensible -ive competitive
-ish sluggish -ly friendly
-ant resistant -ful colorful
CommonAdverbEndings
-ly quickly -ally historically
108
LESSON 18: WORD FORMS
ADJECTIVE/ADVERBERRORS
Themostcommontypeofwordformprobleminvolvestheuseofanadverbinplaceofanadjectiveoran
adjectiveinplaceofanadverb.Afewpointstoremember:
• Adjectivesmodifynouns,nounphrases,andpronouns.
• Adjectivesoftencomebeforenouns.
animportanttest
aquietevening
alongletter
• TheyoftenanswerthequestionWhatkind?
Sheisabrilliantdoctor.(Whatkindofadoctorisshe?Abrilliantone.)
• Adjectivesalsofollowtheverbtobeandotherlinkingverbs.
Theglasswasempty.
Thatsongsoundsnice.
Theylookupset.
• Adverbsmaymodifyverbs,participles,adjectives,prepositions,adverb-clausemarkers,andother
adverbs.Forexample:
Anneagerlyacceptedthechallenge.(adverbmodifyingthemainverbaccepted)
Itwasarapidlychangingsituation.(adverbmodifyingthepresentparticiplechanging)
Sheworeabrightlycoloredscarf.(adverbmodifyingthepastparticiplecolored)
Tedseemedextremelycuriousaboutthattopic.(adverbmodifyingtheadjectivecurious)
Wearrivedattheairportshortlybeforeourflightleft.(adverbmodifyingtheadverb-clause
markerbefore)
Wearrivedattheairportshortlybeforenoon.(adverbmodifyingtheprepositionbefore)
Theaccidentoccurredincrediblyquickly.(adverbmodifyingtheadverbquickly)
• Sometimes adverbs are used at the beginning of sentences, usually followed by a comma. These
adverbssometimesmodifytheentiresentenceratherthanonewordinthesentence.Forexample:
Generally,Ilikemyclasses.
Usually,ProfessorIngram’slecturesaremoreinteresting.
• Mostadverbstestedinthissectionareadverbsofmanner.Theyareformedbyaddingthesuffix
-lyor-allytoanadjective.
quick➔quickly
comic➔comically
comfortable➔comfortably
historic➔historically
• AdverbsofmanneranswerthequestionHow?
Shetreatedheremployeeshonestly.(Howdidshetreatheremployees?Honestly.)
• Afewadverbs(fast,hard,andhigh,forexample)havethesameformasadjectives.
Heboughtafastcar.(adjective)
Hewasdrivingsofastthathegotaspeedingticket.(adverb)
• Wellistheirregularadverbformoftheadjectivegood.
Juanisanexceptionallygoodstudent.
Hedidverywellonthelasttest.
• Someadjectivesalsoendin-ly:friendly,yearly,costly,andlively,forexample.
Thatwasacostlymistake.
IfoundHoustonaveryfriendlycity.
SampleItems
The BlackHillsofSouthDakotaare coveredwithdensely pineforests.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(D).Anadjective,dense,notanadverb,isrequiredtomodifythenoun
phrasepineforests.
Crowsandravensaremembers ofafamily ofbirdsthatincludesexact100species.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(C).Theadverbexactlyisneededinplaceoftheadjectiveexact.
INCORRECTFORMSOFWORDSCONNECTED
WITHCERTAINFIELDS
Thiserrorinvolvesaconfusionbetweenthenamesoffields(biology,forexample)andthenameofa
personwhopracticesinthatfield(biologist)orbetweenoneofthosetermsandtheadjectivethat
describesthefield(biological).
SampleItem
Firstspecializing inindustrial photography,MargaretBourke-Whitelaterbecameafamous
A B
newsphotographerandeditorial.
C D
Thecorrectansweris(D).Theadjectiveeditorialisusedtodescribethefieldofediting.
However,anounreferringtoaperson(editor)isneededinthissentence.
OTHERWORDFORMPROBLEMS
Therearemanyotherwordformproblems.Someexamplesaregivenhere:
SampleItems
Cornplayedan importantrolein theculturalofthecliff-dwelling IndiansoftheSouthwest.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(C).Thenounculture,nottheadjectivecultural,isneeded.
Thegalaxy Andromedaisthemostdistance objectvisibletoobservers intheNorthern

A B C D
Hemisphere.
Thecorrectansweris(B).Theadjectivedistantisneededinplaceofthenoundistance.
Scientistsbelief thatthecontinentsonceformed asinglecontinentsurroundedbyan

A B C
enormous sea.
D
Thecorrectansweris(A).Inthissentence,theverbbelieveisneededinplaceofthenoun
belief.
Bunsenburnersareused tohot materialsinachemistry lab.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(B).Theverbheatisneededinplaceoftheadjectivehot.
Asudden freezing candestroycitruscrops.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(B).Ratherthanthegerund(-ing)form,thenounfreezeisrequired.
EXERCISE18.1
Focus:Correctlyprovidingwordformsfordifferentpartsofspeechthatarecommonlyconfusedin
writtenexpressionproblems
Directions:Fillinthelinesintheblanksbelowwiththeappropriatewordforms.Insomecases,
theremaybemorethanonecorrectanswer.Thefirstoneisdoneasanexample.
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb

1. differ difference different differently
2. compete
3. deeply
4. decision
5. beautify
6. prohibit
7. emphatic
8. inconvenient
9. glory
10. mystify
11. general
12. simply
EXERCISE18.2
Focus:Providingwordformsrelatedtothenamesoffields,toadjectivesdescribingthosefields,andto
peopleinvolvedinthosefields
Directions:Fillintheblanksinthechartbelowwiththeappropriateform.Thefirstoneisdoneas
anexample.
Field Person Adjective

1. music musician musical
2. surgeon
3. poetic
4. architect
5. administration
6. financial
7. photographer
8. theory
athletic
9.
10. grammar
11. philosopher
12. criminal
EXERCISE18.3
Focus:Identifyingerrorsandrecognizingcorrectuseofadjectivesandadverbs
Directions:Underlinetheformthatcorrectlycompletesthesentence.
1. Inanyanimalcommunity,herbivores(great/greatly)outnumbercarnivores.
2. Floodscausebillionsofdollarsworthofpropertydamage(annual/annually).
3. (Regular/Regularly)airmailserviceintheUnitedStatesbeganin1918.
4. WriterErnestHemingwaywasknownforhis(simple/simply)languageandhislivelydialogue.
5. Thetinycoralsnakeis(beautiful/beautifully)butdeadly.
6. (General/Generally),bauxiteisfoundnearthesurface,soitisrelatively(simple/simply)tomine.
7. ThecolonyofNewHampshirewas(permanent/permanently)separatedfromtheMassachusettsBay
Colonyin1692.
8. Themostnumerousand(wide/widely)distributedofallinsectivorousanimalsaretheshrews.
9. Theendocrinesystemfunctionsin(close/closely)relationshipwiththenervoussystem.
10. AgapintheCoastRangeofCaliforniaprovides(easy/easily)accesstotheSanFranciscoBayArea.
11. Mushroomsarefoundinan(incredible/incredibly)rangeofsizes,colors,andshapes.
12. Someairplaneshaveanautomaticpilotthatisconnectedtotheairplane’scontrolsand(automatic/
automatically)keepstheplaneoncourse.
EXERCISE18.4
Focus:Identifyingwhichpartsofspeechareappropriateinsentences
Directions:Underlinetheformthatcorrectlycompletesthesentence.Then,identifythepartof
speechofthewordyouchose.Youcanusetheseabbreviationsforpartsofspeechasfollows:
N=noun G=gerund(-ing )noun
V=verb ADJ=adjective
PN=“person”noun ADV=adverb
Thefirstoneisdoneasanexample.
1. SinclairLewis’novelBabbittissetinthe(fiction/fictional)townofZenith.( ADJ )
2. By-productsfromchickeneggsareusedby(industry/industrial)inmanufacturingsuch(produces/
products)assoapandpaint.(________)(________)
3. Thedaylilyisanattractive,(fragrance/fragrant)flower.(________)
4. Anequationisa(mathematics/mathematical)statementthatsaysthattwoexpressionsare(equal/
equality).(________)(________)
5. TheRichterscalemeasuresthe(severely/severity)ofearthquakes.(________)
6. JustinWinsompromotedthe(developing/development)oflibrariesthroughouttheUnitedStatesin
thenineteenthcentury.(________)
7. Scientists(differ/different)intheiropinionsofhowsnowcrystals(originate/origin).(________)
(________)
8. HarryBlackstonewasafamous(magic/magician).(________)
9. Glassspongesarefoundinoceansata(deep/depth)of300feetormore.(________)
10. ColoradoshareswithWyomingthe(distinction/distinctly)ofhavingfour(perfect/perfectly)straight
borders.(________)(________)
11. RoseHanLeewroteanumberof(scholar/scholarly)accountsabouttheeffectsof(immigrant/
immigration)onminingtownsinthewesternUnitedStates.(________)(________)
12. Mostsnailsventureouttolookfor(feed/food)onlyaftersunsetoron(rain/rainy)days.(________)
(________)
13. Hatsmay(symbolic/symbolize)socialstatusor(occupation/occupational),aswellasbeingfashion
items.(________)(________)
14. Analgesicsareusedto(relieve/relief)painandreducefever.(________)
15. A(member/membership)ofthePaiutetribeofNevada,SarahWinnemucaworkedasaguideandan
(interpret/interpreter).(________)(________)
16. Theearth’s(out/outer)shellisdividedintosectionscalledplates,whichare(constant/constantly)in
motion.(________)(________)
EXERCISE18.5
Focus:Identifyingerrorsinvolvingwordformproblems.(Note:Oneortwoitemsinthisexercisedonot
focusonwordformerrors.Thesearemarkedintheanswerkeywithanasterisk.)
Directions:Decidewhichofthefourunderlinedwordsorphrases—(A),(B),(C),or(D)—would
notbeconsideredcorrect,andwritetheletteroftheexpressionintheblankatthebeginningofthe
sentence.Then,onthelinefollowingthesentence,writethecorrectionfortheunderlinedphrase.
______ 1. Liberalartscollegescultivate generalintellectually abilitiesratherthantechnicalor

A B C
professional skills.
D
______ 2. Goatsareextremelydestructiontonaturalvegetationandareoftenresponsibleforsoilerosion.
A B C D
______ 3.
Wild plantswereofconsiderable importanttoearlysettlers,andmanyarestillused
A B C
medicinally andasfoods.
D
______ 4. Oneimportantbranch oflinguistics issemantics,whichanalysisthemeaning ofwords.

A B C D
______ 5.
Unlikefolkdancers,whicharetheproductofasingleculture,balletisaninternationalartform.
A B C D
______ 6.
Thestrong ofaropeisdirectly proportionaltoitscross-sectional area.
A B C D
______ 7.
Blackbearscanmoverapidly whennecessary andareskillfultreeclimbersfortheirsize
A B C
andweigh.
D
______ 8. Inanarboretum,treesarecultivated forscientific andeducationalpurpose.

A B C D
______ 9.
InmostWesternstates,thefirstmajorindustrywasmining,whichwasgraduallysupplemented
A B C
byfarms.
D
______ 10. Peachtreesgrow good inavarietyofsoiltypes,butdobestinsandy loam.

A B C D
______ 11.
Theunit ofmeasuring calledthefootwasoriginallybasedonthelength ofthehumanfoot.
A B C D
______ 12.
Philosopher TheodoreA.Langermanwasinterested inthefieldsofliteraryandmusic.
A B C D
______ 13.
Achemical react thatabsorbsheat iscalledendothermic.
A B C D
______ 14.
Onecharacteristic ofthepoems ofEmilyDickinsonisthesharpofherimages.
A B C D
______ 15.
LutherGulickwasateacherandphysicianwhospentmuchofhislivepromotingphysicalfitness.
A B C D
______ 16.
Adogshouldbecheckedregularlybyaveterinariantoensurethatitremainsingoodhealthy.
A B C D
______ 17.
Southwestern BostonismadeupofHydePark,WestRoxbury,andotherpleasant residential
A B C
neighbors.
D
______ 18. Pure nitricacidiscolorless,butitacquires ayellowcolorwhenitisexposedof air.

A B C D
______ 19.
Huntingandfishingtechniqueswerehighlydeveloped amongtheNorthAmericanIndians,
A
particularly inregionswhereagriculturewaslesssuccess.
B C D
______ 20. Science requiresthecareful collectandorganization ofdata.

A B C D
LESSON19
WordChoice
Wordchoiceerrorsinvolvetheincorrectuseofonewordinplaceofanother.Thesetwowordsmayberelated
forms(otherandanother,forexample)ortheymaybecompletelydifferent(doandmake,forexample).
Descriptionsofsomeofthemostcommonwordchoiceerrorsaregivenbelow.
WRONGCHOICEOFMAKEORDO
Theverbtodoisoftenusedinplaceoftomake,andtomakeinplaceoftodo.Initsbasicsense,to
makemeanstoproduce,tocreate,andtoconstruct,whereastodomeanstoperform,toact,andto
accomplish.Theseverbsarealsousedinanumberofsetexpressions:
CommonExpressionswithMake
makeacomparison makeanoffer
makeacontribution makeaplan
makeadecision makeapoint
makeadistinction makeaprediction
makeadvancesin makeaprofit
makeaforecast makeapromise
makealaw makeasound/noise
makeanattempt makeasuggestion
makeaninvestment
bemadeof(=becomposedof)
makeup(=compose)
Tomakeisalsousedinthispattern:make+someone+adjective
(Thegiftmadeherhappy.)
CommonExpressionswithDo
doajob(errand,chore) doone’swork
doanassignment doresearch
dobusinesswith dosomeoneafavor
doone’sduty
Theauxiliaryverbdoisusedratherthanrepeatmainverbs:
(Mycomputerdoesn’toperateasfastastheirsdoes.)
AnytimeyouseetheverbmakeordounderlinedintheStructuresection,suspectawordchoiceerror.
SampleItems
Cementisdone fromvarying amountsoflimestone,clay,and gypsum.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(A).Theverbdoneisincorrectinthissentence.Thecorrectwordchoice
ismade.
Smalltownnewspapers oftenurge readerstomakebusinesswithlocal merchants.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(C).Thephraseshouldreaddobusinesswith.
118
LESSON 19: WORD CHOICE
WRONGCHOICEOFSO,SUCH,TOO,ANDAS
Thewordsso,such,andtooareusedinthefollowingpatterns:
so+adjective+thatclause
Theseboxesaresoheavythatwecan’tliftthem.
(Soisalsousedwithmany...thatandmuch...that.)
Thereweresomanypeopleintheauditoriumthatwecouldbarelygetinthefrontdoor.
such+adjective+noun+thatclause
Itwassuchaprettyviewthathetookaphotograph.
too+adjective+infinitive
It’stoocoldtogoswimmingtoday.
Noticethatsoandsucharebothfollowedbythatclauses,buttooisfollowedbyaninfinitive.
Thewordsasandsoarealsosometimesconfused:
*JanedidsowellasIdidontheeconomicsexam.(INCORRECT)
*ThecoffeewasashotthatIcouldn’tdrinkit.(INCORRECT)
Inthefirstsentence,thewordasshouldbeusedinplaceofso;inthesecond,soshouldbeusedinplaceofas.
Also,lookforsomuchortoomuchusedinplaceofsoortoo.
SampleItems
The sunisso brighttolookatdirectly.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(B).Thecorrectpatterntoo+adjective+infinitive.
Inmuch ofAlaska,thegrowing seasonisasshortthatcrops can’tberaised.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(C).Thecorrectpatternisso+adjective+thatclause.
Thegiantsquidisso anelusiveanimalthatatonetime itwasbelievedtobepurely mythical.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(A).Beforeanadjective+noun+thatclause,thewordsuchshouldbe
used.
Themineral grainsinbasaltaresomuch smallthattheycannotbeseen withtheunaidedeye.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(B).Thephraseshouldreadsosmallratherthansomuchsmall.
*Denotesanincorrectuseoftheitalicizedword.
WRONGCHOICEOFANOTHEROROTHER
Another Other
Usedasanadjective another+singular other+plural
noun noun
(Haveanothersandwich.) (Iwonderifthereislifeonotherplanets.)
determiner+other+noun
(Theremaybelifeonsomeotherplanets.)
Usedasapronoun another determiner+other
(Thanks.I’llhaveanother.) (“Ihaveonebook.”“Ihavetheother.”)
Anothermeans“onemore,anadditionalone.”Itcanbeusedasanadjectivebeforeasingularnounor
aloneasapronoun.Forexample:
Heneedsanotherpieceofpaper.
Ihaveoneclassinthatbuildingandanotherinthebuildingacrossthequadrangle.
Otherisusedasanadjectivebeforeapluralnoun.Itisalsousedasanadjectivebeforeasingularnoun
whenprecededbyadeterminersuchasthe,some,any,one,no,andsoon.Itcanalsobeusedaloneasa
pronounwhenprecededbyadeterminer.Forexample:
ThereareothermattersI’dliketodiscusswithyou.
Oneofthebookswasanovel;theotherwasacollectionofessays.
There’snootherplaceI’drathervisit.
SampleItems
WillaCatherisknown forMyAntoniaandanother novelsoftheAmericanfrontier.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(B).Beforeapluralnoun,othermustbeused.
An understudyisanactorwhocan substituteforotheractorincaseof anemergency.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(C).Otherisusedincorrectlyinplaceofanotherbeforeasingularnoun.
WRONGCHOICEOFBECAUSEORBECAUSEOF,
INSPITEOF/DESPITEORALTHOUGH,
ANDDURINGORWHEN/WHILE
Certainexpressions,suchasbecause,areadverb-clausemarkersandareusedonlybeforeclauses.Other
expressions,suchasbecauseof,areprepositionsandareusedbeforenounphrasesorpronouns.
Adverb-clauseMarkers Prepositions
(UsedwithClauses) (UsedwithNounPhrases)
because becauseof
although despite
inspiteof
when
while during
SampleItems
Becausemigration tothesuburbs,thepopulation ofmanylargeAmericancitiesdeclined
A B C D
between1950and1960.
Thecorrectansweris(A).Beforeanounphrase(migration),theprepositionbecauseofmust
beused.
Despite mostpeopleconsider thetomatoavegetable,botanistsclassifyitasafruit.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(A).Beforeafullclause(mostpeopleconsiderthetomatoavegetable),
theadverbmarkeralthoughmustbeused.
WRONGCHOICEOFMUCHORMANYAND
SIMILAREXPRESSIONS
Certainexpressionscanonlybeusedinphraseswithpluralnouns;otherscanbeusedinexpressionsonly
withuncountablenouns.
UsedwithPluralNouns UsedwithUncountableNouns
many much
few,afew little,alittle
fewer,thefewest less,theleast
number amount
SampleItems
Pearlsarefound inmuch colors,includingcream,blue, lavender,andblack.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(B).Manymustbeusedwithapluralnoun(colors).
Evenduring economic booms,thereisasmallnumberofunemployment.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(C).Thewordamountmustbeusedtorefertoanuncountablenounsuch
asunemployment.
OTHERWORDFORMPROBLEMS
Otherpairsofwordsaresometimesconfusedinwrittenexpression,includingthoselistedbelow.(Note:If
oneofthewordsappearsinitalics,thatwordisgenerallyusedincorrectlyinStructuresentences;the
otherwordisthecorrectionfortheerror.)Allofthesentenceswithasterisksareexamplesoferrorsand
areINCORRECT.
no Usedasanadjectivebeforenouns;means“notany”;alsousedintheexpressionnolonger
not Usedtomakeallotherwordsnegative
Notgasolinewasleftinthetank.
ThisisnothestationIusuallylistento.
Inotlongerlistentothatstation.
most Usedinsuperlativeadjectivephrases;alsousedtomean“themajority”
almost Usedasanadverbtomean“nearly”
Thisisthealmostinterestingchapterinthebook.
I’vereadalmostofthechaptersinthebook.
I’vesolvedmostalloftheproblemsinthebook.
twice Usedasanadjectivetomean“twotimes”
double Usedasanadjectivetomean“maketwiceaslarge”
Henryhasdoubleasmuchmoneyashedidbeforeheinvestedit.
Henrytwicehismoney.
earliest Usedasasuperlativeadjectivetomean“mostdistantintime”
soonest Usedasasuperlativeadverbtomean“mostpromptly”
Thesearethesoonestexamplesoftheartist’sworks.
(Youwillprobablynotseeearliestusedincorrectlyinplaceofsoonest.)
percent Usedafteranumber
percentage Notusedafteranumber
Fiftypercentageofthepeoplevotedinfavoroftheinitiative.
Thepercentofpeoplewhoapproveoftheinitiativehasbeensteadilygrowing.
after Usedasaprepositionbeforeanounorasanadverb-clausemarkerbeforeaclause
afterward Usedasanadverb,means“afterthat”
We’llgotodinnerafterwardtheplay.
We’llgotodinnerafterwardtheplayisover.
Firsttheperformerplayedtheguitarandaftersheplayedtheflute.
ago Usedtotalkaboutatimeearlierthanthepresent
before Usedtotalkaboutatimeearlierthansomeotherpointintime
HaroldwonagoldmedalintheOlympicslastyear,andfouryearsagothat,hewonasilver
medal.
(Youwillprobablynotseebeforeusedincorrectlyinplaceofago.)
tell Usedwithanobject;alsousedincertainsetexpressions:tellastory,tellthetruth,
tellasecret
say Usedwithoutanobject
Mr.Huntersaidusthathehadagoodtrip.
Joesaidawonderfulstory.
Mr.Huntertoldthathe’dhadagoodtrip.
ever Means“atanytime”;usedwithnottomean“never”;alsousedinsomesetexpressions
suchaseversinceandhardlyever
never Means“atnotime”;notusedwithanegativeword
Hehardlynevergoestothatclub.
(Youwillprobablynotseeeverusedincorrectlyinplaceofnever.)
alive Usedafteraverb
live Usedbeforeanoun
Suelikestohavealiveplantsinherapartment.
Althoughsheforgottowateritforaweek,theplantwasstilllive.
around Usedasaprepositiontomean“inacircularpath”
round Usedasanadjectivetomean“circularinshape”
Thenewofficebuildingwillbeanaroundglasstower.
(Youwillprobablynotseeroundusedincorrectlyinplaceofaround.)
age Usedasanoun,ofteninthesepatterns:attheageof21and21yearsofage
old Usedasanadjective,ofteninthispattern:21yearsold
Harrietwillbe30yearsagenextweek.
Operatorsofmotorvehiclesmustbe30yearsofoldinthisstate.
near Usedasanadjective;means“closeto”
nearly Usedasanadverb;means“almost”
LynnislookingforanapartmentnearlytheMedicalCenter.
The2-bedroomapartmentshelookedatcostneara$1,000amonth.
some Usedasadeterminerbeforeanountomean“anindefiniteamount”
somewhat Usedasanadverbtomean“slightly”
ThisbicycleissomemoreexpensivethantheoneIlookedatyesterday.
(Youwillprobablynotseesomewhatusedincorrectlyinplaceofsome.)
Note:Thedistinctionsbetweenwordssuchasdesertanddessert,stationaryandstationery,capitaland
capitol,whicharereallyspellingproblems,areNOTtestedontheTOEFLtest.(Onereasonisthatnative
speakersofEnglishoftenmakemistakeswiththesewords!)
EXERCISE19.1
Focus:Correctlychoosingbetweendoandmake
Directions:Underlinethewordthatcorrectlycompleteseachsentencebelow.
1. Thetipsofhigh-speeddentaldrillsare(done/made)oftungstensteelandoftencontaindiamonds.
2. Acottageindustryisaformofmanufacturing(done/made)athome.
3. MargaretMead(did/made)fundamentalcontributionstoboththetheoryandfieldworkof
anthropology.
4. Manyuniversitiesreceivegrantsto(do/make)researchforthefederalgovernment.
5. Researchingeneticsintheearlynineteenthcentury(did/made)muchtoimproveagriculture.
6. Futurologistsstudycurrenttrendsto(do/make)predictionsaboutthefuture.
7. FilmmakerGeorgeLucashas(done/made)manyadvancesintheproductionofmotionpictures,
especiallyintheuseofspecialeffects.
8. Thedistinctionbetweenwildflowersandweedsisonethatisoftendifficultto(do/make).
EXERCISE19.2
Focus:Correctlychoosingbetweenso,such,too,andas
Directions:Underlinethewordthatcorrectlycompleteseachsentencebelow.
1. Themineraltalcis(so/such)softthatitcanbescratchedwithafingernail.
2. Oceanographersuserobotsandunmannedsubmarinestoexplorepartsoftheoceanthatare(so/too)
deepforpeopletoexploresafely.
3. (So/As)muchpapermoneywasprintedduringtheRevolutionaryWarthatitbecamealmostworthless.
4. Thewalkingstickisaninsectwith(so/sucha)closeresemblancetoatwigthatitescapesthenotice
ofitsenemies.
5. Atpresent,solarcellsare(so/too)expensiveandinefficienttobeusedinthecommercialgeneration
ofelectricity.
6. Acrylicplasticsareveryhardandare(so/as)clearasglass.
7. Foundedin1682,Norfolkdeveloped(so/sucha)prosperousseatradethatitquicklybecamethe
largesttowninthecolonyofVirginia.
8. Continentalislandsare(so/somuch)closetocontinentsthattheirplantandanimallifeareidentical
tolifeonthemainland.
EXERCISE19.3
Focus:Correctlychoosingbetweenotherandanother
Directions:Underlinethewordthatcorrectlycompleteseachofthefollowingsentences.
1. Lightningisarushofelectricalcurrentfromacloudtothegroundorfromonecloudto(another/
other).
2. Aballetdancer’stechniquesandskillsareverydifferentfromthoseof(another/other)dancers.
3. ThecommercialcenterofNewYorkCity,theislandofManhattanisjoinedtothe(another/other)
boroughsbybridgesandtunnels.
4. Thelegalsurrenderofacriminalsuspectfromonestateorcountryto(another/other)iscalled
extradition.
5. LifeexpectancyforbothmalesandfemalesishigherinHawaiithanitisinany(another/other)state.
6. RockyMountainspottedfeverisonetypeofdiseasethatiscarriedbyticks,andColoradotickfeveris
(another/other).
7. Theartofphotographyhasoftenbeeninfluencedby—andhasinfluenced—(another/other)finearts.
8. (Another/Other)thanthecheetah,allcatshaveretractableclaws.
9. Few(another/other)SupremeCourtjusticeshavehadasmuchimpactonAmericanlawasWilliamO.
Douglasdidduringhisthirty-sixyearsonthebench.
EXERCISE19.4
Focus:Correctlychoosingbetweenmuchormanyandsimilarwords
Directions:Underlinethewordsthatcorrectlycompleteeachsentencebelow.
1. (Many/Much)industrialproductscanbemadefromsoybeans.
2. Desertplantscompetefiercelyforthe(few/little)availablewater.
3. TheAmericandesignerLouisComfortTiffanytook(many/much)ofhisinspirationfromnature.
4. A(few/little)simpleprecautionscanpreventaccidentsathomeandonthejob.
5. Inaformaldebate,thesame(number/amount)ofpeoplespeakforeachteam,andbothteamsare
grantedanequal(number/amount)oftimeinwhichtomaketheirarguments.
6. Batsdo(few/little)damagetopeople,livestock,orcrops.
7. Evensmall(numbers/amounts)ofzinccanhaveasignificanteffectonthegrowthofplants.
8. Theadrenalglands,oneontopofeachkidney,secrete(many/much)importanthormones.
EXERCISE19.5
Focus:Correctlychoosingbetweenothercommonlyconfusedwords
Directions:Underlinethewordsthatcorrectlycompleteeachofthefollowingsentences.
1. In1941,nylonwasfirstusedtomakestockings,andtheyear(ago/before)itwasfirstusedtomake
toothbrushbristles.
2. TheMissouriRiverisabout(double/twice)aslongastheColoradoRiver.
3. CatherineEstherBeacherestablishedschoolsinConnecticutandOhio,and(after/afterward)founded
theAmericanWomen’sEducationalAssociation.
4. (Most/Almost)antibioticsareantibacterialagents,butsomeareeffectiveagainstfungal,protozoal,or
yeastinfections.
5. At8weeksof(age/old),redfoxesbegintogettheiradultmarkings.
6. ChuckBerrywasoneofthe(soonest/earliest)andmostinfluentialperformersofrockmusic.
7. LongbeforeColumbus,variousthinkersbelievedthattheearthwas(around/round).
8. Apricots,(some/somewhat)smallerthanpeaches,areknownfortheirdelicatetaste.
9. Hugeradiotelescopesaimedintospacemaysomeday(say/tell)uswhetherintelligentlifeexists
elsewhereintheuniverse.
10. Exceptforhumansandapes,allmammalscanproducevitaminCintheirlivers,sothey(ever/never)
sufferfromalackofit.
11. OneofCanada’smostbeautifulbotanicalgardensisButchartGardens(near/nearly)Victoria,British
Columbia.
12. WhentheHopiIndiansperformtheSnakeDance,thedancershandle(alive/live)rattlesnakes.
13. Approximately85(percentage/percent)ofthebauxiteproducedintheUnitedStatesisminedin
Arkansas.
14. ArtistClementineHuntercontinuedtopaintuntilshewasmorethan100years(age/old).
15. Theperiodimmediately(after/afterward)theCivilWarisknownasReconstruction.
16. The(most/almost)familiartypeofpumpinusetodayisthepistonpump.
EXERCISE19.6
Focus:Identifyingavarietyofwordchoiceerrors.(Note:Oneortwoitemsinthisexercisedonotfocus
onwordchoiceerrors.Thesearemarkedintheanswerkeywithanasterisk.)
notbeconsideredcorrect,andwritetheletteroftheexpressionintheblank.
______ 1. One shouldnever throwwateronanaliveelectrical fire.

A B C D
______ 2.
TheUniversityofChicagoisunlike mostother U.S.universitiesinthatithasemphasized
A B
graduatestudentprogramssomuchasundergraduateprogramseversince itopened.
C D
______ 3. Themassproduction ofpaperbagscutcostssomuch thatabagsoonbecamearoutinepart

A B C
ofnear everypurchase.
D
______ 4. Apersonmustbe atleast 30yearsagetoserveas aU.S.senator.

A B C D
______ 5. No other statereceivesasfewrainfallas thestateofNevada.
A B C D
______ 6. Becauseof refraction,thewaterinatankever looksasdeepasitactually is.
A B C D
______ 7. Thelei,whichismade offlowers,shells,andother materials,ispresentedtovisitorsasa
A B C
symbolize ofHawaiianhospitality.
D
______ 8. Thebotanists KatherineHunterandEmilyFosespentmany difficultmonthsmakingresearch

A B C
inthe RockyMountains.
D
______ 9.
Oystersaretoday grownandharvestedmuch likeanyanother crop.
A B C D
LESSON20
Verbs
WhenevertheverbisunderlinedinaStructureproblem,youshouldcheckforthecommonverberrors
outlinedinthislesson.
ERRORSINSUBJECT-VERBAGREEMENT
Ifasubjectissingular,theverbmustbesingular.Ifthesubjectisplural,theverbmustbeplural.Most
problemsinvolvingsubject-verbagreementontheTOEFLtestaresimple,butafewaretricky.
SampleItems
Mineralsin seawaterexists inthesameproportionsinalloftheoceansofthe world.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(B).Thepluralsubjectmineralsrequiresapluralverb,exist.Youmight
havefoundthisquestiontrickybecausethesingularnounseawatercomesbetweenthesubjectand
theverb,andyoumayhavemistakenthatwordforthetruesubject.
Bowling,oneof themostpopular indoorsports,arepopularallovertheUnitedStatesandin

A B C
other countries.
D
Thecorrectansweris(C).Thesubjectofthesentenceisbowling,notsports.Thesingularverb
formisshouldthereforebeused.
Therearesomespecialrulesaboutsubject-verbagreementwithwhichyoushouldbefamiliar:
• Asentencewithtwosubjectsjoinedbyandtakesapluralverb.
Thechemistrylabandthephysicslabare...
• Somewordsendin-sbutaresingularinform.Manyofthesewordsarethenamesoffieldsof
study(economics,physics,andsoon).Newsisanotherwordofthiskind.
Economicsis...
Thenewswas...
• Irregularplurals(children,feet,mice,andsoon)donotendin-sbuttakepluralverbs.
Thewomenwere...
Hisfeetare...
• Whenaclausebeginswiththeexpletivethere,theverbmaybesingularorpluraldependingon
thegrammaticalsubject.
Therewasaloudnoise...
Therewereafewproblems...
128
LESSON 20: VERBS
• Subjectswitheachandeverytakesingularverbs.(Thisincludescompoundwordssuchasevery-
oneandeverything.)
Eachstatehas...
Eachoftherepresentativeswas...
Everypersonwas...
Everyonewants...
• Theverbinrelativeclausesdependsonthenountowhichtherelativepronounrefers.
Thehousethatwasbuilt...
Thestudentswhowereselected...
• Thephrasethenumberof+pluralnountakesasingularverb.Thephraseanumberof+plural
nountakesapluralverb.
Thenumberoftreesis...
Anumberofimportantmattershave...
• Singularsubjectsusedwithphrasessuchasalongwith,accompaniedby,togetherwith,aswell
as,andinadditiontotakesingularverbs.
Themayor,alongwiththecitycouncil,is...
Togetherwithhisfriends,Markhas...
• Quantitiesoftime,money,distance,andsoonusuallytakeasingularverb.
Fivehundreddollarswas...
Twoyearshas...
Tenmilesis...
ERRORSINVOLVINGTENSE
Mosttenseerrorsinvolvethesimplepresenttense,thesimplepasttense,andthepresentperfecttense.
• Thesimplepresenttenseisageneral-timetense.Itusuallyindicatesthataconditionisalways
trueorthatanactionalwaysoccurs.Itmayalsoindicatethatanactionregularlyoccurs.
Theatmospheresurroundstheearth.
Danaoftenstaysatthishotel.
Ingeneral,thelecturesinthisclassareveryinteresting.
• Thesimplepasttenseindicatesthatanactiontookplaceataspecifictimeinthepast.
TheymovedtoPhoenixfiveyearsago.
Thishousewasbuiltinthe1920s.
Dinosaurslivedmillionsofyearsago.
• Thepresentperfecttenseusuallyindicatesthatanactionbeganatsometimeinthepastand
continuestothepresent.Itmayalsoindicatethatanactiontookplaceatanunspecifiedtimein
thepast.
Mr.Grahamhasworkedforthiscompanysince1990.
Shehasn’tbeentoadoctorforayear.
JenniferhasrecentlyreturnedfromEurope.
SampleItems
Themostimportant periodofphysicalgrowth inhumansoccurredduringtheir firsttwoyears.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(C).Thesimplepresenttense,notthepasttense,shouldbeusedbecause
thesituationdescribedinthissentencealwaysoccurs.
Personal taxesfor Americansrosesharply since1945.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(C).Thetimephrasesince1945meansfrom1945untilnow .Therefore,
thepresentperfect(haverisen)isrequiredinplaceofthepasttense.
INCORRECTVERBFORMS
Someoftheverberrorsareerrorsinform.Mostverbformproblemsinvolvemainverbforms:An-ing
formmaybeusedinplaceofapastparticiple,apastparticipleinplaceofapasttenseform,asimple
forminplaceofan-ingform,aninfinitiveinplaceofasimpleform,andsoon.Someinvolveirregular
verbsthathavedifferentformsforthepasttenseandthepastparticiple—tookandtaken—forexample.
Thefollowinginformationmayhelpyouchosethecorrectformofthemainverb.
• Thesimpleformfollowsallmodalauxiliaries.
mightbe canremember shouldstudy
mustknow couldgo mayfollow
(Certainsimilarauxiliaryverbsrequireinfinitives.)
oughttoattend usedtoplay havetohurry
• Thepastparticipleisusedafteraformofhaveinallperfectformsoftheverb.
hasdone hadcalled shouldhavesaid
haverun willhaveread couldhavemade
• The-ingformisusedafteraformofbeinallprogressiveformsoftheverb.
issleeping hasbeenwriting shouldhavebeenwearing
wasworking hadbeenpainting willbewaiting
• Thepastparticipleisusedafteraformofbeinallpassiveformsoftheverb.
isworn hasbeenshown wouldhavebeenlost
isbeingconsidered hadbeenpromised mighthavebeencanceled
weretold willhavebeenmissed
Verbformproblemsmayalsoinvolveauxiliaryverbs:hasmaybeusedinplaceofdid,isinplaceofdoes,
andsoon.
LESSON 20: VERBS
SampleItem
Thefirst bicycleraceonrecord intheUnitedStatestakenplacein 1883.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(C).Thecorrectverbisthepasttenseform(took),notapastparticiple.
TheMichiganDunes,locatedonLakeMichigan’seastern shore,maytoreachaheightof200feet.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(C).Afteramodalauxiliary,thesimpleformoftheverb(reach )should
beusedinplaceofthefullinfinitive(toreach).
Dextrosedoesnottaste assweet astablesugaris.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(D).Thecorrectauxiliary verbinthissentenceisdoes,notis .The
auxiliary doesreplacesthepresenttenseverbtastes.
EXERCISE20.1
Focus:Structureproblemsinvolvingsubject-verbagreement
Directions:Underlinetheformthatcorrectlycompleteseachsentence.
1. Ethics(is/are)thestudyofmoralduties,principles,andvalues.
2. Thefirstbridgetobebuiltwithelectriclights(was/were)theBrooklynBridge.
3. There(is/are)twotypesofcalculus,differentialandintegral.
4. GeorgeGershwin,togetherwithhisbrotherIra,(was/were)thecreatorofthefirstmusicalcomedy
towinaPulitzerPrize.
5. Inachessgame,theplayerwiththewhitepiecesalways(moves/move)first.
6. EarthandPluto(is/are)theonlytwoplanetsbelievedtohaveasinglemoon.
7. Anumberofspecialconditions(is/are)necessaryfortheformationofageyser.
8. EachoftheIceAges(was/were)morethanamillionyearslong.
9. Thebattery,alongwiththealternatorandstarter,(makes/make)uptheelectricalsystemofacar.
10. Teeth(is/are)coveredwithahardsubstancecalledenamel.
11. Themore-or-lessrhythmicsuccessionofeconomicboomsandbusts(is/are)referredtoasthe
businesscycle.
12. Thenumberofprotonsinthenucleusofanatom(varies/vary)fromelementtoelement.
EXERCISE20.2
Focus:Recognizingandcorrectingerrorsinverbtenseandform
Directions:Iftheunderlinedformiscorrect,markthesentenceC.Iftheunderlinedformis
incorrect,markthesentenceX,andwriteacorrectionfortheunderlinedformintheblankafterthe
sentence.
______ 1. Coal,grain,steel,andotherproductsareoftenshippingbybargeoninlandwaterways.
______ 2. ThefirstcottonmillinMassachusettshasbuiltinthetownofBeverlyin1787.
______ 3. PhysicianAliceHamiltonisknownforherresearchonindustrialdiseases.
______ 4.
Whenscientistssearchasiteforfossils,theybeginbyexaminingplaceswherethesoilhas
woreawayfromtherock.
______ 5. Thepopularityofrecreationalvehicleshasbeengrownoverthelastfewdecades.
______ 6. Expertshaveestimatedthattermitescauseasmuchpropertydamageeveryyearasfirehas.
______ 7. Inmusic,achordisthesoundoftwoormorenotesthatareplayingtogether.
______ 8.
ThewhitepineisthemostcommerciallyimportantforesttreeinNorthAmericauntilthe
beginningofthetwentiethcentury.
______ 9. In1846,theSwissnaturalistLouisAgassizcometotheUnitedStatestogiveaseriesof
lectures.
______ 10. Parrotsandcrowsareconsideredthemostintelligentbirds.
______ 11.
ThefirstexperimentaltelegraphlineintheUnitedStatesrunfromBaltimoretoWashington,
D.C.,adistanceof40miles.
______ 12. Portablefireextinguishersgenerallycontainingliquidcarbondioxide.
______ 13. ThefirstsevenAmericanastronautswerechosein1959.
LESSON 20: VERBS
EXERCISE20.3
Focus:Structureproblemsinvolvingverbs(Note:Severalitemsinthisexercisedonotfocusonverbs.
Thesesentencesaremarkedintheanswerkeywithasterisks.)
Directions:ForSentenceCompletionitems,marktheanswerchoicethatcorrectlycompletesthe
sentence.ForErrorIdentificationitems,decidewhichofthefourunderlinedwordsorphrases—(A),
(B),(C),or(D)—wouldnotbeconsideredcorrect,andcirclethatletter.
1. Medicalstudentsmusttostudy both the 7. SarahKnight__________afascinating

A B accountofajourneyshemadefromBoston
theoryandthepracticeofmedicine. toNewYorkin1704.
C D
(A) written
2. R.M.BartlettofPhiladelphia___________ (B) writes
thefirstprivatebusinesscollegeinthe (C) wrote
UnitedStatesin1843. (D) writing
(A) founding 8. Everyoneofthebody’sbillions ofcells
(B) founded A
(C) wasfounded require aconstantsupply offoodand
(D) hasfounded B C D
oxygen.
3. Theseal,like thesealionandthewalrus,is
A B
adescendantofancestorsthatoncelive on 9. In Colonialtimes,flaxandwoolrequired
C D A B
theland. monthsofpreparationbeforetheycouldbe
C
dyedandspin intocloth.
4. In1989,thespaceprobeVoyager2 D
____________bytheplanetNeptune.
10. Althoughsomepeoplefind batsterrifying,
(A) fly A
(B) havingflown theyare actuallybeneficialbecausetheyate
(C) flying B C D
(D) flew harmfulinsects.
5. Thetop layeroftheoceanstores asmuch
A B 11. Allanimals__________onotheranimalsor
heatasdoes gasesintheatmosphere. plants.
C D (A) feed
6. Acupfulofstagnantwatermay__________ (B) feeds
millionsofmicroorganisms. (C) fed
(D) feeding
(A) contains
(B) tocontain 12. Chromium__________inthemanufacture
(C) contain ofstainlesssteel.
(D) containing
(A) using
(B) isused
(C) uses
(D) isusing
13. Eachofthe fourtypesofhumantooth 18. Weaversaresocialbirdsthat__________

A B complexnestshousinghundredsof
aresuitedforaspecific purpose. families.
C D
(A) build
14. TheMasters,oneofthemostimportantof (B) arebuilt
allgolftournaments,__________everyyear (C) arebuilding
inAugusta,Georgia,since1934. (D) built
(A) hasheld 19. Cansofpaintmustbeshaking tomix the
(B) held
A B
(C) isheld pigmentswiththemediuminwhichthey
(D) hasbeenheld C
aresuspended.
15. Porousrocks,suchaschalkandsandstone, D
allowwater__________throughthem.
20. TheAmericandancerMariaTallchieffirst
(A) soaks __________prominentinEurope.
(B) issoaked
(C) tosoak (A) tobecome
(D) cansoak (B) become
(C) hasbecome
16. Electricmilking machineshavemade dairy (D) became
A B
farmingamucheasierjobthanitoncedid.
C D
17. Playwright FrankShinhasoftendescribes
A B
thelivesofChineseAmericansinhis
C
dramas.
D
LESSON21
Participles
Participlesareverbaladjectives.Twokindsofparticiplesaretested:presentparticiplesandpastparti-
ciples.Thepresentparticiplealwaysendsin-ing.Thepastparticipleofregularverbsendsin-ed,butmany
verbshaveirregularpastparticiples.
ParticiplesaretestedinbothtypesofStructureproblems.
SENTENCECOMPLETION
SentenceCompletionitemsusuallytesttheuseofparticipialphrases(aparticipleandrelatedwords)
afternouns.Participialphrasesusedthiswayareactuallyreduced(shortened)adjectiveclauses.Present
participlesareusedtoreduceadjectiveclausesthatcontainactiveverbs.
Minnesota,whichjoinedtheUnionin1858,becamethethirty-secondstate.
(fulladjectiveclausewithactiveverb)
Minnesota,joiningtheUnionin1858,becamethethirty-secondstate.
(participialphrasewithapresentparticiple)
Pastparticiplesareusedtoreduceadjectiveclauseswithpassiveverbs.
TheCollegeofWilliamandMary,whichwasfoundedin1693,isthesecondoldestcollegein
theUnitedStates.
(fulladjectiveclausewithapassiveverb)
TheCollegeofWilliamandMary,foundedin1693,isthesecondoldestcollegeintheUnited
States.
(participialphrasewithapastparticiple)
Participialphrasescanalsocomebeforethesubjectofasentence.
JoiningtheUnionin1858,Minnesotabecamethethirty-secondstate.
Foundedin1693,theCollegeofWilliamandMaryisthesecondoldestcollegeintheUnited
States.
Usually,theparticipleitselfismissingfromthistypeofStructureitem,butanypartofaparticipialphrase,
aswellaspartsofamainclause,maybemissing.
SampleItem
Naturalresourcesprovidetherawmaterials________toproducefinishedgoods.
(A ) needed
(B) areneeded
(C) whichneed
(D ) needing
Thecorrectansweris(A).Choice(B)isapassiveverb;thesentencecannotcontaintwomain
verbs(areneededandprovide)inthesameclause.Choice(C)createsanadjectiveclause,butthe
verbintheclauseisactiveandapassiveverbisneeded.However,arelativeclausewithapassive
verb(whichareneeded)wouldbeacorrectanswer.Choice(D)isapresentparticipleandhasan
activemeaning;apastparticipleisneeded.
135
ERRORIDENTIFICATION
ErrorIdentificationitemsmostoftentestparticiplesusedbeforenounsasone-wordadjectives.Whenused
beforeanoun,presentparticipleshaveanactivemeaning;pastparticipleshaveapassivemeaning.
Itwasanexhausting10-kilometerrace.(presentparticiple)
Theexhaustedrunnersweretootiredtomoveaftertherace.(pastparticiple)
Inthefirstsentence,theraceexhauststherunners.Therace“performs”theaction.Inthesecondsen-
tence,therunnersareexhaustedbytherace.Theyreceivetheaction.
ErrorIdentificationitemsmayalsotesttheuseofparticiplesinphrasesafternounsasreduced
(shortened)relativeclauses.Again,presentparticiplesimplyanactiveidea,pastparticiplesapassiveone.
Themanstealingthemoneywasarrested.(presentparticiple;means“whostole”)
Themoneystolenfromthebankwasrecovered.(pastparticiple;means“whichwasstolen”)
InErrorIdentificationitems,youmayseepastparticiplesusedincorrectlyforpresentparticiplesor
presentparticiplesusedincorrectlyforpastparticiples.
Youmayalsoseeamainverbusedwhenaparticipleisrequired.
EXERCISE21.1
Focus:Identifyingerrorsandcorrectformsofparticiples
Directions:Underlinetheformthatbestcompleteseachsentence.
1. Thelargest(knowing/known)insectsare 5. Anyone(working/worked)underconditions
foundintropicalrainforests. thatcauseaheavylossofperspirationcan
sufferheatexhaustion.
2. Ahummingbird’sheartbeatsatthe(aston-
ished/astonishing)rateof615beatsper 6. Amosquito(filled/isfilled)withbloodis
minute. carryingtwiceitsownbodyweight.
3. Abillofladingisa(writing/written)receipt 7. ThestateofWisconsinhasseventy-two
forgoodsthataresentbypublic counties,many(naming/named)afterIndian
transportation. tribes.
4. Atthepeakofhisjump,apolevaulter 8. Sunspotsoccurincycles,withthegreatest
performsaseriesof(twisting/twisted)body numbergenerally(appearing/areappearing)
motionstoclearthebar. everyelevenyears.
LESSON 21 : PARTICIPLES
EXERCISE21.2
Focus: Structure problems involving incomplete or missing participial phrases. (Note: One or two items in
thisexercisedoNOTfocusonparticipialphrases;theseitemsaremarkedontheanswerkeywithasterisks.)
Directions:Choosetheoneoption—(A),(B),(C),or(D)—thatcorrectlycompletesthesentence.
ForErrorIdentificationitems,circletheunderlinedportionofthesentencethatwouldnotbe
consideredcorrect.Thenmarktheappropriateblank.
1. Aerodynamicsisthestudyoftheforces 6. Elfreth’sAlleyinPhiladelphiaistheoldest
_____________onanobjectasitmoves residentialstreetintheUnitedStates,with
throughtheatmosphere. _____________________from1728.
(A) acting (A) housesaredated
(B) act (B) thedatesofthehouses
(C) areacting (C) thedatingofhouses
(D) acted (D) housesdating
2. Mostcandlesaremadeof paraffinwax 7. TheFarallonIslandsareagroupof

A A
mixing withcompoundsthathavehigher uninhabited islandslyingabout40mile
B B C D
meltingpointstokeep themfrommelting westofSanFrancisco.
C D
inhotweather.
8. In1821,thecityofIndianapolis,Indiana,
waslaidoutinadesign_____________
3. _______________fortheirstrongfiber afterthatofWashington,D.C.
includeflaxandhemp.
(A) patterned
(A) Plantsaregrown (B) waspatterned
(B) Plantsgrown (C) apattern
(C) Plantsthatgrow (D) thatpatterned
(D) Togrowplants
9. Thecrushing leavesofyarrowplants
4. ___________________________________, A
methanecanbeusedasafuel. canserve asatraditionalmedicinefor
(A) It’sproducedbythefermentationof B C
cleansing wounds.
organicmatter
D
(B) Producedbythefermentationof
organicmatter 10. __________________infrontofacamera
(C) Theproductionbyfermentationof lenschangesthecolorofthelightthat
organicmatter reachesthefilm.
(D) Thefermentationoforganicmatteris (A) Placedafilter
produced
(B) Afilterisplaced
5. RalphBlakelockspecializedin painting (C) Afilterplaced
A B (D) Whenafilterplaced
wild,lonelynighttimelandscapes,usually
C
withblacktreesweresilhouetted against
D
theMoon.
11. TheMassachusettsStateHouse,________in 15. Thesolitaryscientist_______________

1798,wasthemostdistinguishedbuilding ______________byhimselfhas,inmany
intheUnitedStatesatthattime. instances,beenreplacedbyacooperative
scientificteam.
(A) completing
(B) whichwascompleted (A) tomakeimportantdiscoveries
(C) wascompleted (B) importantdiscoveriesweremade
(D) tobecompleted (C) hasmadeimportantdiscoveries
(D) makingimportantdiscoveries
12. CheckerboardMesainUtahfeatures a
A 16. Geometryisthebranchofmathematics
strangely crackingexpanseofstone. __________________thepropertiesoflines,
B C D curves,shapes,andsurfaces.
13. BarbaraMcClintock__________forher (A) thatconcernedwith
discoveryofthemobilityofgenetic (B) itisconcernedwith
elements. (C) concernedwith
(D) itsconcernsare
(A) known
(B) whoknows
(C) knowing
(D) isknown
14. Throughoutthe longcareer,PeteSeeger

A
hasbeen aleadingfigureinreviving folk
B C D
music.
LESSON22
Gerunds,Infinitives,and
SimpleForms
Theuseofverbalforms—gerunds,infinitives,and(forthepurposesofthislesson)simpleforms—are
testedinbothtypesofStructureproblems.
Gerundsareverbalnouns:being,going,giving,building.Likepresentparticiples,gerundsendin
-ing.Gerundsareoftenfollowedbyobjects:givingdirections,buildingahouse.Together,agerundand
itsobjectformagerundphrase.
Gerundsareusedasanyothernounisused.Youwillseegerundsassubjects,astheobjectsof
certainverbs(seethelistonpage140),andastheobjectsofprepositions.
Dancingisgoodexercise.(gerundassubject)
Heenjoysgoingtogoodrestaurants.(gerundasobjectofaverb)
Youcansolvethisproblembyusingacalculator.(gerundasobjectofapreposition)
Gerundsarealsousedafterverb+prepositioncombinations.
Michael’sfatherdidn’tapproveofhischanginghismajorfromaccountingtoacting.(gerund
afterverb+preposition)
Thisistrueevenafterphrasesthatcontainthewordto.
Ruthislookingforwardtotakingalongvacation.
Infinitivesconsistofthewordtoandthesimpleformoftheverb:tobe,togo,togive,andtobuild .Infinitives
areoftenfollowedbyanobject:togivedirections,tobuildahouse.Together,aninfinitiveanditsobjectform
aninfinitivephrase.Likegerunds,infinitivescanbethesubjectsofverbsandtheobjectsofcertainverbs(see
thelistonpage140).Unlikegerunds,infinitivescanNEVERbetheobjectsofprepositions.
Tohelpothersisrewarding.(infinitiveassubject)
Heattemptedtoswimacrosstheriver.(infinitiveasobjectofaverb)
Infinitivesareusedinseveralotherways:
• Toshowpurpose(toexplainwhyanactiontakesplace)
Hetooklessonstolearnhowtodance.(Whydidhetakelessons?Tolearnhowtodance.)
Theseinfinitivephrasesoftencomeatthebeginningofasentenceandaresetoffbycommas.
Tolearnhowtodance,hetooklessons.
Thephraseinorder+infinitivealsoshowspurpose.
Inordertolearnhowtodance,hetooklessons.
• Aftercertainadjectives
It’simportanttochangetheoilinyourcarfrequently.
• Afternouns
ThefirstpersontowalkonthemoonwasNeilArmstrong.
Youwilloftenseethisafternounphrasescontainingthewordfirst,last,only,andother
rankingwords.
139
Youmayalsoseeitemsthatfocusonpassiveinfinitives.Apassiveinfinitiveconsistsofthewordsto+
be+pastparticiple.
NancyHongwastheonlypersontobeaskedtospeakattheceremony.
Simpleformsarethebaseformsofverbs;theyconsistoftheinfinitivewithoutthewordto:be,go,give,
andbuild.
Simpleformsareusedafterthecausativeverbshave,make,andletandafterthephrasewould
rather.
Markhadthecarpenterrepairthedoor.
Hisfathermakeshimstudyhard.
Pennylethersongoonthetrip.
She’drathergojoggingthanusetheexercisemachines.
COMMONVERBSTHATTAKEVERBALOBJECTS
VerbsUsedwith VerbsUsedwith
Gerunds VerbsUsedwithInfinitives SimpleForms
admit agree instruct have
anticipate aim know(how) let
avoid allow learn(how) make
consider appear need wouldrather
deny arrange permit
delay ask persuade
discuss attempt prepare
dislike cause promise
enjoy choose require
finish claim seem
justify convince teach(how_
postpone decide tell
practice deserve tend
resist enable use
resume expect vote
risk hope warn
quit
recommend
suggest
understand
SENTENCECOMPLETION
Mostoften,thegerundorinfinitiveismissingfromthesentence.Insomecases,acompletegerundor
infinitivephraseorsomeotherportionofthesentencephrasemaybeneededinordertocorrectly
completethesentence.
LESSON 22: GERUNDS, INFINITIVES, AND SIMPLE FORMS
SampleItems
____________________theeggsofmostbirdsmustbekeptwarm.
(A) Properdevelopment
(B) Byproperlydeveloping,
(C) Theydevelopproperly
(D) Todevelopproperly,
Thecorrectansweris(D).Theonlyoneofthesefourphraseslistedherethatcanshowpurpose
ischoice(D),aninfinitive.Thisexpressionmeans,Inordertodevelopproperly.
In1959,thepoliticalphilosopherHannahArendtbecamethefirstwoman________________
afullprofessoratPrincetonUniversity.
(A) toappoint
(B) wasappointed
(C) tobeappointed
(D) anappointmentas
Thecorrectansweris(C).Afteranounphrasesuchasthefirstwoman,aninfinitiveisusedas
anadjectivephrase.Becauseapassiveformisneeded(HannahArendtreceivestheaction;she
doesn’tperformtheaction),choice(A)isnotthecorrectinfinitiveform.Choice(C),apassive
infinitive,isbest.
Theearistheorganofhearing,butitalsoplaysarolein___________balance.
(A ) maintaining
(B) itmaintains
(C) tomaintain
(D ) maintained
Thecorrectansweris(A).Agerundisusedcorrectlyafterapreposition.Choices(B),(C),and
(D)wouldnotbeappropriateafterapreposition.
EXERCISE22.1
Focus:Identifyingerrorsandcorrectformsofgerunds,infinitives,andsimpleforms
Directions:Underlinetheformthatbestcompleteseachsentence.
1. Sportsparachutesarerelativelyeasy 5. TheWampanoagIndianstaughtthePilgrims
(controlling/tocontrol). how(growing/togrow)corn.
2. Sleevebearingsletpistons(tomove/move) 6. Frogsandcertainkindsofbirdsusetheir
backandforth. tongues(tocatch/catch)insects.
3. Oneofthemostimportantstepsin 7. Modemspermitcomputers(communicat-
(producing/toproduce)amotionpictureis ing/tocommunicate)withoneanotherover
filmediting. telephonelines.
4. Anoperasingerisrequired(having/tohave) 8. Smellscanbemoreeffectivethananyother
apowerfulandbeautifulvoice. sensorystimuliinvividly(bringing/bring)
backmemories.
9. IsadoraMartinezinventedakneetransplant 11. Heavyspringsnowsmaycausethe

thatallowspeoplewithseverearthritis(to branchesoftrees(snap/tosnap).
bend/bend)theirkneeseasily.
12. Modernracecarsstorefuelinrubber
10. Asuddensoundcanmakeagolfer(to bladdersthatarealmostimpossible(ruptur-
miss/miss)ashot. ing/torupture).
EXERCISE22.2
Focus:Completingstructureproblemsinvolvinginfinitiveandgerundphrases(Note:Oneortwoofthe
itemsinthisexercisedoNOTfocusoninfinitivesorgerunds.Theseitemsaremarkedintheanswerkey
withasterisks.)
sentence.ForErrorIdentificationitems,decidewhichofthefourunderlinedwordsorphrases—(A),
(B),(C),or(D)—correctlycompletesthesentence.
1. The mostwidelyused materialforpackage 6. Aclimbinghelmet____________protection

A B C forarock-climber’sheadfromfallingrocks
consumergoodsis cardboard. andotherhazards.
D
(A) toprovide
2. _______________foracareerindance (B) provides
generallybeginsatanearlyage. (C) providing
(D) thatprovides
(A) Peopletrain
(B) Thatpeopletrain 7. Powertoolsrequirecarefulhandling
(C) Iftraining ________injuries.
(D) Training
(A) byavoiding
3. Ababy’sfirstteeth___________are (B) theyavoid
generallythelowerincisors. (C) toavoid
(A) appearance (D) thatavoid
(B) appear 8. Geothermalenergy isenergyobtaining by
(C) toappear
A B
(D) inappearing usingheatfromtheearth’s interior.
C D
4. Oneofthelatest methodsofquarrying
A B 9. Anelectromagnetiscreated___________
stoneistocuttingthestonewitha jet electricalcurrentthroughacoilofwire.
C D
torch. (A) bypassing
(B) passesby
5. In1944,biologistCharlesMichenerdevised (C) tobepassed
A (D) passed
asystemfortoclassify theapproximately
B C 10. ________________________athome
20,000speciesof bees. requiresonlythreetypesofchemicals,
D severalpiecesofsimpleequipment,and
runningwater.
(A) Forthedevelopmentoffilm
(B) Todevelopfilm
(C) Whenfilmisdeveloped
(D) Indevelopingfilm
11. Brownlungisarespiratory diseasecaused 17. Theprocessof_______________byhand

A B haschangedlittlesincethefifteenth
byinhalingdustfromcottonorsome century.
C
another fiber. (A) tobindbooks
D (B) bindingbooks
(C) booksarebound
12. Thepurposeofcostaccountingis (D) boundbooks
_________________________involvedin
producingandsellingagoodorservice. 18. RobertA.Moogdeveloped anelectronic
(A) asadeterminationofitscosts A
devicethatcouldbe usedforplay
(B) thecostsdetermined
B C
(C) thatdeterminesthecosts synthesized music.
(D) todeterminethecosts D
13. __________________wasoneofthemost 19. __________________________oftenobtain
difficulttaskspioneersfacedontheir fundsfromthesaleofstocks.
journeyswest.
(A) Forcorporationstooperate
(A) Crossingrivers (B) Theoperationofcorporations
(B) Whilecrossingrivers (C) Corporationsoperateby
(C) Riversbeingcrossed (D) Tooperate,corporations
(D) Bycrossingrivers
20. Acrescentwrenchhasadjustablejawsfor
14. Itisthefacets cut intoadiamondthat __________anut,bolt,orpipe.
A B C
makeittosparkle. (A) togrip
D (B) theygrip
(C) gripping
15. Bathe inmineralwaterhaslongbeen (D) gripped
A B
believedtohavebeneficialeffects.
C D
16. Energycanbedefinedastheability
_______________.
(A) doworking
(B) todowork
(C) doingwork
(D) worktobedone
REVIEWTESTE:STRUCTURE
Directions:ForSentenceCompletionitems,selecttheanswerchoice—(A),(B),(C),or(D)—which
eredcorrect.
1. ____________, an organism must be able to 8. ____________________onbarrenslopes

adapttochangingfactorsinitsenvironment. canhelppreventerosion.
(A) Ifsurvival (A) Plantingtrees
(B) Forsurviving (B) Fortreestobeplanted
(C) Tosurvive (C) Inordertoplanttrees
(D) Itsurvives (D) Treesareplanted
2. Brickscanbe madefrommany difference 9. Animalsthat hibernateusually eatlarge

A B C A B
typesofclay. numbersoffoodinthe autumn.
D C D
3. The narrow blades of speed skates allow 10. Lightly, sandysoilabsorbs watermore
____________________ speeds of up to 30 A B
milesperhour. quicklythanclayor loam.
C D
(A) forskatersmaintaining
(B) skaterstomaintain 11. In1870HiramR.Revels______________
(C) skatersmaintain thefirstAfricanAmericantobeelectedto
(D) maintenancebyskaters theU.S.Senate.
4. Thegame backgammonhas beenplaying (A) becoming

(B) became
A B C
sinceancienttimes. (C) tohavebecome
D (D) hasbecome
5. TheMummers’Paradehas____________ 12. During theDepressionofthe1930s,many

everyyearinPhiladelphiaonNewYear’s A B
Daysince1901. artistsweregivingjobs bytheFederalArts
C D
(A) holding Project.
(B) beenholding
(C) held
(D) beenheld 13. Sanddunesaremadeofloosesand
__________upbytheactionofthewind.
6. Before thelateeighteenthcentury,most
(A) itbuilds
A
textiles weredoneathome. (B) builds
(C) isbuilding
B C D
(D) built
7. Politicalscience,alike theother social
A B 14. Afeeding animalwillusuallypermit
sciences,isnotanexact science. A
C D competitorsapproaching onlywithina
B
certainarea,theboundariesofwhichare
C
calledits feedingterritory.
D
15. Itisachemical calledcapsaicinthatgives 21. Adeep-tissuemassageisatypeofmassage

A B therapy__________________ononepartof
hotpepperstheirspice flavor. thebody,suchasthelowerback.
C D
(A) itsconcentrationis
16. Amberisahard,yellowish-brown (B) concentrating
___________________fromtheresinof (C) whyitconcentrates
pinetreesthatlivedmillionsofyearsago. (D) tobeconcentrated
(A) substanceformed 22. Someplantsandinsects exhibitso high
(B) toformasubstance
A B
(C) substancehasformed degreeofinterdependencethatthe
(D) formingasubstance
eliminationofoneresultsintheelimination
17. TheUniversityofWisconsinwasthefirst C
A oftheother.
schooltomake aseriousefforttoteaching D
B C
studentspublicadministration. 23. Founded in1620,Plymouthwasthe
D A
soonest ofthefivecoloniesestablished by
18. Diariesand journalswriting duringColonial B C D
A B thePilgrimsinMassachusetts.
timesprovidethebestrecordsofthatera.
C D
24. Truckscanbe usedtotransport awide
19. Snowshoesletapersontowalk onsnow A B C
A various ofcargoes.
withoutsinking intoitbecausethey D
B C
distributetheperson’s weightoverawide 25. Theastronomer GeorgeHalewasapioneer
D A B
area. intheartofphotograph thesun.
C D
20. Beamsofultrasonicsoundwaves canbe
A
send throughpiecesofmetaltodetect
B C D
flaws.
LESSON23
Pronouns
Pronounerrorsinwrittenexpressioninvolveseveraltypesofpronouns:
• Personalpronouns
(he,she,it,they,andsoon)
• Reflexivepronouns
(himself,herself,itself,themselves,andsoon)
• Relativepronouns(adjective-clausemarkers)
(who,whose,which,that,andsoon)
• Demonstrativepronouns
(this,that,these,those)
Forthepurposesofthislesson,possessiveadjectives(hishouse,theirbicycles)areconsideredpersonal
pronouns,anddemonstrativeadjectives(thatbook,thosehorses)areconsidereddemonstrativepronouns.
Thegreatestnumberoferrorsinvolvepersonalpronouns.
ERRORSINPRONOUN/NOUNAGREEMENT
Apronounmustagreewiththenountowhichitrefers(thepronoun’sreferent).
Mostagreementerrorswithpersonalpronouns,reflexivepronouns,anddemonstrativepronouns
consistofasingularpronounreferringtoapluralnounorapluralpronounreferringtoasingularnoun.
Agreementerrorswithrelativepronounsusuallyinvolvetheuseofwhotorefertothingsorwhich
torefertopersons.(Note:Therelativepronounthatcanbeusedincertainsentencestorefertoboth
personsandthings.)
Anothererrorinvolvestheuseofthisortheseinplaceofthatandthose.(Thisandtheseareusedto
refertothingsthatareperceivedascloseintimeorspace;thatandthoseareusedtorefertothingsthat
areperceivedasdistantintimeorspace.)
146
LESSON 23: PRONOUNS
SampleItems
Jackrabbitshave powerfulrearlegs thatenableittoleaplongdistances.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(C).ThepronounreferringtothepluralnounJackrabbitsmustbeplural.
Thebestway forchildrentolearnscience isforthemtoperformexperimentshimself.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(D).Thereferentisplural(children),sothereflexivepronounsmustalso
beplural(themselves)toagreewithit.
TheCanadianShieldisahuge, rockyregionwho curves aroundHudsonBaylike agiant

A B C D
horseshoe.
Thecorrectansweris(B).Thereferentforthepronounwhoisregion.Toagreewiththe
referent,therelativepronounthatmustbeused.Thepronounwhocanreferonlytoaperson.
Trademarksenable acompanytodistinguishits productsfromtheseofanother company.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(C).Thedemonstrativethesecannotbeusedtorefertotheproductsof
anothercompany.Thedemonstrativethoseshouldbeusedinstead.
ERRORSINPRONOUNFORM
Theseerrorsinvolvepersonalpronouns.Asubjectformsuchashemightbeusedinplaceofanobject
formsuchashim,orapossessivepronounsuchashersmightbeusedinplaceofapossessiveadjective
suchasher.Thistypeofpronounerrorisusuallyeasytospot.
SampleItem
HermanMelvillegathered materialforhim novels,includingMobyDick,duringhisyears
A B C
atsea.
D
Thecorrectansweris(B).Thepossessiveformhis,nottheobjectformhim,isrequired.
INCORRECTTYPEOFPRONOUN
Insomesentences,thewrongtypeofpronounisused.Forexample,areflexivepronounmightbeused
whenapersonalpronounisneeded,orapersonalpronounusedwhenarelativepronounisrequired.
SampleItems
Aslarvae, barnaclesare free-swimming,butasadults theyattachthemtostones,docks,and
A B C
hullsofships.
D
Thecorrectansweris(C).Thereflexivepronounisrequiredbecausethesubjectandobjectare
thesameentity:theyattachthemselves.
Abarometerisa deviceitis usedtomeasureatmosphericpressure.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(B).Apersonalpronoun(it)cannotbeusedtoconnectanadjective
clausetotherestofthesentence.Arelativepronoun(whichorthat)mustbeusedinstead.
INCORRECTINCLUSIONOFPRONOUNS
Someerrorsinvolvetheunnecessaryuseofpronouns.Often,thistypeoferroroccurswhenapersonal
pronounisusedasasubjectinasentencethatalreadyhasanounsubject.Itmayalsoinvolveapersonal
pronounusedunnecessarilyinarelativeclause.
Inafewitems,arelativepronounisusedunnecessarily.
SampleItems
BlockIslandin LongIslandSounditis surroundedbycold,dangerous waters.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(B).ThesubjectofthesentenceisBlockIsland;thepersonalpronounitis
anunnecessaryrepetitionofthesubject.
Dutchelmdisease,whichitis caused byafungus,candestroyatreewithin fourweeks.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(A).Therelativepronounwhichisthetruesubjectoftherelativeclause;
thepersonalpronounitisnotneeded.
Certaintypes ofturtlesthatmay liveaslongas100years.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(B).Therelativepronounthatisunnecessaryinthissentencebecause
thereisonlyoneverb(maylive).Asentencethatcontainsarelativeclausemusthaveaverbineach
clause.
LESSON 23: PRONOUNS
EXERCISE23.1
Focus:Identifyingandcorrectingpronounagreement
incorrect,markthesentenceXandwriteacorrectionfortheunderlinedformintheblankafterthe
sentence.Thencirclethereferent(thenountowhichthepronounrefers).
______ 1. Unlikeothermarsupialanimals,theopossumdoesnottransporttheirbabiesinapouch.
______ 2.
Atalusisanaccumulationofrockfragmentsfoundatthebaseofaclifforonaslope
beneaththem.
______ 3. Investmentbankingisconcernedwiththesaleofgovernmentbonds,andtheyalsodeals
withcorporatestocksandbonds.
______ 4. Comparedtothefossilrecordofanimals,thatofplantsisrelativelyskimpy.
______ 5.
Theemeraldgetstheirbeautifulgreencolorfromtitaniumandchromiumimpuritiesinthe
stone.
______ 6. Theviolaislargerandheavierthantheviolin,andshehasadarker,somewhatnasaltone.
______ 7. StormsontheplanetSaturnmaybelargerthantheplanetEarthitself.
______ 8. Themoleculesofaliquidareheldtogethertighterthanthatofagas.
______ 9. Ducksmakenestsoutofleavesanditsownfeathers.
EXERCISE23.2
Focus:Identifyingandcorrectingerrorsinvolvingincorrecttypesandformsofpronouns
incorrect,markthesentenceXandwriteacorrectionfortheunderlinedformintheblankafterthe
sentence.
______ 1. ArtistMargaretLengTancombineddanceandpiano-playinginherperformances.
______ 2. Yearsofbreedingdomesticrabbitshasgiventheirsofter,finerfurthanwildrabbits.
______ 3.
NewEnglandpoetEdwinA.RobinsonmovedtoNewYorkCityin1896anddevotedhimself
tohiswriting.
______ 4. Therearebetween100and400billionstarsinoursgalaxy,theMilkyWay.
______ 5. Theatomsofacrystalalwaysarrangethemintoaspecificarray,calledalattice.
______ 6.
FredAstaireandGeneKellywerebasicallytapdancers,buttheirbothaddedsomeballet
movementstotheirdancesteps.
______ 7. AttorneyClarenceDarrowwasknownforhimdefenseofunpopularpersonsandcauses.
______ 8. Savannah,Georgia,haspreservedtoaremarkabledegreeithistorichousesandfamousgardens.
LESSON 23: PRONOUNS
EXERCISE23.3
Focus:Identifyingerrorsinvolvingpronounproblems(Note:OneortwoitemsinthisexercisedoNOT
focusonpronounerrors.Thesearemarkedintheanswerkeywithanasterisk.)
notbeconsideredcorrectandcirclethatexpression.
1. Abeaver usesitsstrongfrontteeth tocutdowntreesandpeeloffits bark.

A B C D
2. “Sprung”woodfloors,usedintopquality basketballcourtsand dancestudios,theyarethesafest
A B C
surfacesforindoorexercise.
D
3. Antscannotseeredlight,soitis possibletoobservethemselves inanartificialnestwithoutdisturb-
A B C
ingtheir activities.
D
4. TheglaciersinOlympiaNationalParkareunusual becausethey arefoundataltitudeslowerthan
A B
theseatwhich glaciersareusuallyfound.
C D
5. Inhis novels,SinclairLewisdrew criticalportraitsofAmericanswhothoughtofthem asmodel
A B C D
citizens.
6. ElizabethPeabody,founder ofthefirstAmericankindergarten,shehelped gainacceptanceofthat

A B C
institutionasa regularpartofpubliceducation.
D
7. Almost bacteriahave strongcellwallsmuchlikethose ofplants.
A B C D
8. Beescollect pollen,which furnishesproteinforits diet.
A B C D
9. Asmallbusinessoftenlimitstheir operationsto asingleneighborhoodoragroupofneighboring
A B C
communities.
D
10. Acaricatureisapictureinwhich thesubject’sdistinctive featurestheyaredeliberatelyexaggerated.
A B C D
11. Theprinciples usedinairconditioningarebasically thesameasthoseusedbythehumanbodyto
A B C
coolhimself.
D
12. Inthat ageofcomputers,itis difficulttoimaginehowtedioustheworkofbookkeepersandclerks
A B C
musthavebeen inthepast.
D
LESSON24
SingularandPluralNouns
PLURALNOUNSINPLACEOFSINGULARNOUNS
ANDSINGULARNOUNSINPLACEOF
PLURALNOUNS
UnderlinednounsintheStructuresectionmaybeincorrectbecausetheyarepluralbutshouldbesingular,
orbecausetheyaresingularbutshouldbeplural.
Sometimesitisclearthatasingularsubjectisincorrectlyusedbecausetheverbisplural,orthata
pluralnounisusedincorrectlybecausetheverbissingular.Inthistypeofitem,theverbwillNOTbe
underlined,becausethisisnotaverberror.
Sometimesitisobviousthatapluralorasingularnounisneededbecauseofthedeterminersthat
precedethenoun.Certaindeterminersareusedonlybeforesingularnouns,whereasotherdeterminersare
usedonlybeforepluralnouns.
DeterminersUsedwith DeterminersUsedwith
SingularNouns PluralNouns
a/an two,three,four,etc.
one dozensof
asingle hundredsof
each thousandsof
every afew(of)
this many(of)
that anumberof
thenumberof
acouple(of)
everyoneof
eachoneof
eachof
oneof
these
those
Eachcontestantwonaprize.
Eachofthecontestantswonaprize.
Thisflowerisayellowrose.
Theseflowersareyellowroses.
Ionlyattendedonegamethisseason.
ItwasoneofthemostexcitinggamesthatIeverattended.
152
LESSON 24: SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
SampleItems
Severalof WashingtonIrving’s story havebecomeclassicsinAmericanliterature.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(B).Inthisitem,boththedeterminerbeforethenoun(Severalof)andthe
pluralverb(have)indicatethatapluralnoun(stories)shouldbeused.
MaunaLoa,anactive volcanoon theislandofHawaii,usuallyhasoneeruptions every

A B C D
threeyears.
Thecorrectansweris(D).Asingularnounmustbeusedafterthedeterminerone.
Oneofthe mostbeautiful statecapitolistheUtahSateCapitol,located inSaltLakeCity.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(C).Thepatternisoneofthe+superlativeadjective+pluralnoun.The
pluralnouncapitolsmustthereforebeused.
ERRORSINVOLVINGIRREGULARPLURALS
MostpluralnounsinEnglishendin-s,butafewareirregular.Onlythemostcommonirregularpluralsare
testedontheTOEFLtest.(IrregularpluralsthatcometoEnglishfromLatinorGreek—data,cacti,alum-
nae,orphenomena,forexample—willNOTbetestedontheTOEFLtest.)
CommonIrregularPluralNouns
SingularNoun PluralNoun
child children
man men
woman women
foot feet
tooth teeth
mouse mice
fish fish
SampleItem
Aschilds growolder,theirbonesbecomethicker andlonger.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(A).Thepluralformofchildischildren.
ERRORSWITHPLURALFORMSOF
NONCOUNTNOUNS
Insomeitems,anoncountnoun(suchasfurniture,research,sunshine,information,bread,andsoon)is
incorrectlygivenasapluralnoun.
SampleItem
Some encyclopediasdealwith specificfields,suchasmusicorphilosophy,andprovide
A B C
informations onlyonsubject.
D
Thecorrectansweris(D).Informationisanuncountablenounandcannotbepluralized.
ERRORSWITHPLURALCOMPOUNDNOUNS
Compoundnounsconsistoftwonounsusedtogethertoexpressasingleidea:grocerystore,travelagent,
dinnerparty,andhousecat,forexample.Onlythesecondnounofcompoundsispluralized:grocery
stores,travelagents,dinnerparties,andhousecats.
(Therearerareexceptionstothisrule—sportscarsandwomendoctors,forexample—butthese
won’tbetested.)
SampleItem
RaymondChandler’sdetectivesstories areadmired bothbycriticsandgeneralreaders.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(A).Thepluralformofthiscompoundnounisdetectivestories.
ERRORSINVOLVINGPLURALFORMSOFNUMBERS
ANDMEASUREMENT
Someerrorsinvolvenumbers+measurements:
Theywentfora6-milewalk.
Theywalked6miles.
Inthefirstsentence,thenumber+measurementareusedasanadjective,andthemeasurementis
singular.Inthesecond,themeasurementisanounandisthereforeplural.
Numberssuchashundred,thousand,andmillionmaybepluralizedwhentheyareusedindefi-
nitely—inotherwords,whentheydonotfollowothernumbers:
seventhousand thousands
fivemilliondollars millionsofdollars
LESSON 24: SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
SampleItems
The U.S.presidentserves amaximumoftwo4-years terms.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(D).Whenusedbeforeanoun,anumber+measurementissingular.
Thousand ofantibioticshavebeen developed,butonlyaboutthirtyare incommonusetoday.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(A).Thepluralformthousandsshouldbeused.
EXERCISE24
Focus:Identifyingandcorrectingerrorsinvolvingsingularandpluralnouns(Note:Oneortwoitemsin
thisexercisedonotfocusonsingular-pluralerrors.Thesearemarkedintheanswerkeywithanasterisk.)
______ 1. Themale mandrilbaboonisone ofthemostcolorfulofallmammal.

A B C D
______ 2. Zoonosesarediseases thatcanbetransmitted tohumansbeingsbyanimals.
A B C D
______ 3. Manychampionshipautomobiles andmotorcycleraces takeplaceinDaytonaBeach,Florida.
A B C D
______ 4. TheNewberryAwardisgrantedeveryyearstotheauthors ofoutstandingbooksforchildren.
A B C D
______ 5. The majorsource ofairpollutionvaryfromcity tocity.
A B C D
______ 6. Around 75percents oftheearth’ssurfaceiscoveredbywater.
A B C D
______ 7. Allcollege anduniversitiesgettheirfunds fromavarietyofsources.
A B C D
______ 8. RussellCavein northeasternAlabamawasthehome ofcliff-dwellingIndiansthousandof
A B C
years ago.
D
______ 9. TheFederalistPapersisa500-pages collectionof eighteenth-centurynewspaperarticles
A B C
writtentosupport theConstitution.
D
______ 10.
Themathematicianandastronomer DavidRittenhousewas oneofthefirstmanofscience
A B C D
intheAmericancolonies.
______ 11.
Insuranceunderwriter insurepeople againstmanytypesofrisks.
A B C D
______ 12. The electrictoaster wasoneoftheearliestappliancetobedevelopedforthekitchen.

A B C D
______ 13.
Tornadoescanpickupobjects asheavyasautomobiles andcarrythemforhundredsoffoot.
A B C D
______ 14.
Manykinds ofvegetables aregrowthin California’sImperialValley.
A B C D
______ 15.
Intypicalpioneers settlements,men, women,andchildrenworkedfrommorninguntilnight
A B C
atfarm andhouseholdtasks.
D
______ 16. Fewofthedoctors practicinginthethirteenNorthAmericancolonies hadformaltrainingin
A B C
thefieldofmedicines.
D
______ 17.
Thepine treeisprobablythemore importantlumbertree intheworld.
A B C D
LESSON25
Prepositions
Errorswithprepositionsareamongthemostdifficulterrorstocatch.PrepositionuseinEnglishis
complex.Foreveryrule,thereseemstobeanexception.Recently,therehavebeenmoreerrorsinvolving
prepositionsintheStructurepartofTOEFLtest,andtheerrorshavebeenmoredifficulttospot.
Prepositionsareusedinthefollowingways:
• Inadverbialphrasesthatshowtime,place,andotherrelationships
inthemorning onPennsylvaniaAvenue tothepark
byastudent
• Aftercertainnouns
acauseof areasonfor asolutionto
• Aftercertainadjectivesandparticiples
differentfrom awareof disappointedin
• Aftercertainverbs
combinewith relyon referto
• Inphrasalprepositions(two-orthree-wordprepositions)
accordingto togetherwith insteadof
• Incertainsetexpressions
byfar ingeneral onoccasion atlast
TherearetwomaintypesofprepositionerrorsthatyoumayseeintheStructurepartofthetest:errorsin
prepositionchoiceandincorrectinclusionoromissionofprepositions.
ERRORSINPREPOSITIONCHOICE
Thewrongprepositionisusedaccordingtothecontextofthesentence.
TherearetwoparticularsituationsinvolvingprepositionchoicethatareoftentestedinStructure:
• Errorswithfrom...toandbetween...and
Bothoftheseexpressionsareusedtogivethestartingtimeandendingtime.Theycanalsobeusedto
showrelationshipsofplaceandvariousotherrelationships.
HelivedinSeattlefrom1992to1997.
HelivedinSeattlebetween1992and1997.
Route66ranfromChicagotoLosAngeles.
Route66ranbetweenChicagoandLosAngeles.
157
Errorsusuallyinvolveanincorrectpairingofthosewordsortheincorrectuseofotherprepositions:
betweenAtoB fromXandY
betweenAwithB sinceXtoY
• Errorswithsince,for,andin
Sinceisusedbeforeapointintimewiththepresentperfecttense—butneverwiththepasttense.Foris
usedbeforeaperiodoftimewiththepresentperfectandothertenses.Inisusedbeforecertainpointsin
time(years,centuries,decades)withthepasttenseandothertenses—butneverwiththepresentperfect
tense.
He’slivedheresince1995.
He’slivedherefortwoyears.
Hemovedherein1995.
Errorsinvolvetheuseofoneoftheseprepositionsforanother:
He’slivedherein1995.
He’slivedheresincetwoyears.
Hemovedheresince1995.
SampleItems
Thepitchofatuningfork dependsof thesizeandshapeofits arms.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(B).Theprepositionaftertheverbdependison,notof.
TheAlaskanPipelineruns between PrudhoeBayontheArcticCoastalPlaintotheportof

A B C
Valdez,adistance of789miles.
D
Thecorrectansweris(B).Thepatternisfrom...to.
Candlesweremankind’s chiefsourceof illuminationsinceatleast 2,000years.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(C).Beforeaperiodoftime(2,000years),theprepositionforshouldbe
used.
LESSON 25: PREPOSITIONS
INCORRECTINCLUSIONOROMISSIONOF
PREPOSITIONS
Aprepositionisusedwhenoneisnotneededornotusedwhenoneisneeded.
SampleItems
Accordingmany critics,MarkTwain’snovelHuckleberryFinnishisgreatest workandis
A B
oneofthegreatestAmericannovels everwritten.
C D
Thecorrectansweris(A).Theprepositiontohasbeenomittedfromthephraseaccordingto.
Some ofthemostof spectacularwaterfallsintheeasternUnitedStatesarefoundin the

A B C D
PoconoMountainsofPennsylvania.
Thecorrectansweris(B).Theprepositionofshouldnotbeusedinthisphrase.(Whenmost
means“majority,”itcanbeusedinthephrasemostofthe.“Mostofthepeopleagree...,”for
example.However,inthissentence,mostispartofthesuperlativeformoftheadjectivespectacular,
soitcannotbeusedwithof.)
EXERCISE25.1
Focus:Identifyingcorrectandincorrectprepositionchoice
Directions:Underlinetheprepositionsthatcorrectlycompletethefollowingsentences.
1. Wageratesdepend(in/on)part(from/on)thegeneralprosperity(of/for)theeconomy.
2. (For/To)aninjectiontobeeffective(on/against)tetanus,itmustbeadministered(by/within)72
hours(of/for)theinjury.
3. Theinvention(of/for)thehand-crankedfreezeropenedthedoor(for/to)commercialice-cream
production,and(for/since)then,theice-creamindustryhasgrown(in/into)a4-billion-dollar-a-year
industry.
4. (At/On)thetime(of/in)theRevolutionaryWar,theNorthAmericancoloniesweremerelyalong
string(with/of)settlements(along/among)theAtlanticCoast(between/from)MaineandGeorgia.
5. Theprobability(of/for)twopeople(in/on)agroup(of/for)tenpeoplehavingbirthdays(in/on)the
samedayisaboutone(in/of)twenty.
6. Showboatswerefloatingtheatersthattiedup(at/to)towns(in/on)theOhioandMississippiRiversto
bringentertainmentandculture(to/at)thepeople(on/in)thefrontier.
7. Scrimshaw,thepractice(of/for)carvingornatedesigns(in/on)ivory,wasfirstpracticed(by/of)
sailorsworking(by/with)sailneedleswhile(in/on)longseavoyages.
8. AssateagueIsland,(off/of)thecoast(off/of)Virginia,isfamous(for/to)itsherds(of/with)wildponies.
9. (In/On)order(for/to)anobjecttobevisible,lightmusttravel(from/for)thatobject(at/to)a
person’seyes.
10. (In/On)the1930sand1940s,whentraintravelwas(on/at)itspeak,passengerscouldlookforward
(for/to)wonderfulmeals(on/at)trains.
11. (In/Since)the1960s,opart,whichwasbased(in/on)scientifictheories(of/for)optics,employed
patterns(of/in)linesandcolorsthatseemedtochangeshapeastheviewerlooked(on/at)them.
12. Thefirstnationalconventiondevoted(for/to)theissue(of/with)women’srights,organizedpartly
(of/by)ElizabethCadyStanton,washeld(in/on)herhometown(in/of)SenecaFalls,NewYork,
(in/on)1848.
EXERCISE25.2
Focus:Identifyingandcorrectingerrorsinvolvingtheinclusionoromissionofprepositions
Directions:Ifthereisaprepositionunnecessarilyincludedinasentence,markthatsentenceXand
underlinethepreposition.Ifthereisaprepositionincorrectlyomittedfromasentence,markthat
sentenceX,underlinethewordsbeforeandafterthemissingpreposition,andwritethecorrect
prepositiononthelineafterthesentence.Ifthesentenceiscorrectlywritten,markthatsentenceC.
______ 1. Accordingpollstakenthroughoutthetwentiethcentury,LincolnandWashingtonarethe
preeminentAmericanpresidents.
______ 2.
Today,manyvarietiesoffruitareavailableallyearthanksimprovedstorageandshipping
techniques.
______ 3. TheoriginoftheMoonremainsamystery.
______ 4.
Trafficjamscancauseofpollution,delays,andshorttempers.
______ 5. Thesun’sraysheattheearth’ssurface,onwhichthenradiatestheheatintotheair.
______ 6.
Awarm-bloodedanimalisonethatkeepsthesamebodytemperatureregardlesstheair
temperature.
______ 7. CharlieParker,consideredbymanythegreatestimproviserinthehistoryofjazz,influenced
manyotherjazzmusicians.
______ 8. Mostthepeopleareawareoftheneedtovisitdentistsregularly.
______ 9. Musclefibersareattachedbonesbytendons.
LESSON 25: PREPOSITIONS
______ 10. InhisessaySelfReliance,RalphW.Emersontoldtohisreaderswhytheyshouldnot

dependontheideasofothers.
______ 11. Thecrayfishisafreshwatercrustaceanrelatedthelobster.
______ 12. CharlesGorenwasanexpertthegameofbridge.
______ 13.
Stomataarethetinyopeningsintheleavesofplantsthroughwhichoxygenandcarbon
dioxidepass.
______ 14. Duckshavesmalloilglandsbywhichkeeptheirfeathersoilyandrepelwater.
______ 15. Thetailofacometalwayspointsawaythesun.
______ 16.
Lichensgrowinextremeenvironmentsinwherenootherplantcanexist.
______ 17. Notallofwaterfallsareformedinthesameway.
EXERCISE25.3
Focus:Identifyingandcorrectingprepositionerrors(Note:Oneortwoitemsinthisexercisedonotfocus
onprepositionerrors.Thesearemarkedintheanswerkeywithanasterisk.)DIR
Directions:ForSentenceCompletionitems,marktheanswerchoice—(A),(B),(C),or(D)—which
1. __________seedofafloweringplantis 3. Waterpoloisagameinwhich isplayed

coveredbyadenseprotectivecoat. A
inthewater bytwoteams,eachwith seven
(A) Oneach B C D
(B) Each players.
(C) Eachof
(D) Thateach
4. __________1900thereweresome300
2. Dynamiteisordinarilydetonated bicyclefactoriesintheUnitedStatesthat
________________calledablastingcap. producedmorethanamillionbicycles.
(A) adeviceisused (A) In
(B) thatadevice (B) Becausein
(C) withadevice (C) Itwasin
(D) theuseofadevice (D) Thatin
5. Athicklayeroffatcalledblubberkeepswhales 14. Allof thewheatgrownthroughout the

warmeven__________coldestwater. A B
worldbelongsoneoffourteen species.
(A) thoughthe
C D
(B) inthe
(C) the 15. In1886,anumberofnationalunions
(D) ofthe formedtheAmericanFederationofLabor
__________________________________.
6. Manyof radiostationsbegan broadcasting
A B C (A) SamuelGomperswasitsleader
baseballgamesduring the1920s. (B) undertheleadershipofSamuel
D Gompers
(C) which,underSamuelGompers’
7. __________ the United States, the general leadership
movementofairmassesisfromwesttoeast. (D) SamuelGompersledit
(A) Across
16. Harmonicasandautoharps______________
(B) Tocross
folkinstruments.
(C) Theycross
(D) It’sacross (A) areexamples
(B) forexample
8. TheeconomyofMaineisbasedtoagreatex- (C) areexamplesof
A B (D) asexamplesof
tentinitsforests,whichcover80percentof
C D 17. Thereareapproximately 600different
itssurfacearea. A B
speciesoftreesnativeof thecontinental
9. Theremovalofwastematerialsisessentialto C D
UnitedStates.
A B C
allformsoflive. 18. ______________industries,suchasbanking
D andtravel,inwhichcomputersarenota
10. Thebarkofatreethickens_________. conveniencebutanecessity.
(A) withage (A) Wheresome

(B) itgetsolder (B) Insome
(C) asolder (C) Some
(D) byage (D) Therearesome
11. JohnDiefenbaker,PrimeMinisterofCanada 19. Waterwheels,which appearedon the

A B
during 1957to1963,isgiven muchofthe fourthcenturyB.C.E.,wereprobably
A B C
creditfortheadoption oftheCanadianBill thefirstmachinesnotpoweredby humans
D C D
ofRights. oranimals.
12. Asubstancethatisharmlesstoapersonwho
hasnoallergiescancausemildtoseriousre- 20. Since centuries,SouthwesternIndiantribes
actionsinaperson____________allergies. A
havevalued turquoiseandhaveusedit
(A) has B C
(B) whichhaving injewelry.
(C) canhave D
(D) with
13. The first stage on the manufacturing of all

A B
typesofclothingisthecuttingofthematerial.
C D
LESSON26
Articles
ArticlesarespecificallytestedonlyinErrorIdentificationitems.
Likeerrorswithprepositions,errorswitharticlesaresometimeshardtocatch.Thisispartlybecause
ofthecomplexityofthearticlesysteminEnglish,andpartlybecausearticles,likeprepositions,are“small
words,”andone’seyetendstoskipovererrorsinvolvingthesewords.
Thebasicusesofarticlesareexplainedinthechart:
Indefinite Definite
Articlesaandan Articlethe NoArticle
A or an is used before singular Theisusedbeforesingular,plural, Noarticleisusedbeforenoncount
nounswhenonedoesnothavea and noncount nouns when one nounsorpluralnounswhenone
specific person, place, thing, or does not have a specific person, does not have specific persons,
conceptinmind: place,thing,orconceptinmind: places,concepts,orthingsinmind:
anorange theorange orange
achair theoranges oranges
thefruit fruit
thechair chair
thechairs chairs
thefurniture furniture
Theindefinitearticleaisusedbeforewordsthatbeginwithaconsonantsound(achair,abook);anis
usedbeforewordsthatbeginwithavowelsound(anorange,anoceanliner).Beforewordsthatbegin
withthelettersh-andu-,eitheraorancanbeused,dependingonthepronunciationofthewords.
VowelSounds ConsonantSounds
anhonor ahat
anumbrella auniversity
Therearealsosomespecificrulesforusing(ornotusing)articlesthatyoushouldknow.
• Anindefinitearticlecanbeusedtomean“one.”Itisalsousedtomean“per.”
ahalf,aquarter,athird,atenth
amileaminute(onemileperminute)
anappleaday(oneappleperday)
• Adefinitearticleisusedwhenthereisonlyoneexampleofthethingorpersonorwhenthe
identityofthethingorpersonisclear.
Themoonwentbehindsomeclouds.(There’sonlyonemoon.)
Pleaseopenthedoor.(YouknowwhichdoorImean.)
• Adefinitearticleisusuallyusedbeforetheseexpressionsoftimeandposition.
themorning thefront thebeginning
theafternoon theback themiddle
theevening* thecenter theend
thepast thetop
thepresent thebottom
thefuture
*Noarticleisusedintheexpression“atnight.”
163
• Adefinitearticlecomesbeforeasingularnounthatisusedasarepresentativeofanentireclassof
things.Thisisespeciallycommonwiththenamesofanimals,trees,inventions,musicalinstru-
ments,andpartsofthebody.
Thetigeristhelargestcat.
Myfavoritetreeistheoak.
TheWrightbothersinventedtheairplane.
Theoboeisawoodwindinstrument.
Theheartpumpsblood.
• Adefinitearticleisusedbeforeexpressionswithaordinalnumber.Noarticleisusedbefore
expressionswithcardinalnumbers.
thefirst one
thefourthchapter ChapterFour
theseventhvolume VolumeSeven
• Adefinitearticleisusedbeforedecadesandcenturies.
the1930s the1800s
thefifties thetwenty-firstcentury
• Adefinitearticleisusuallyusedbeforesuperlativeformsofadjectives.
thewidestriver themostimportantdecision
• Adefinitearticleisusedinquantityexpressionsinthispattern:quantifier+of+the+noun.
manyofthetextbooks notmuchofthepaper
someofthewater mostofthestudents
allofthepeople afewofthephotographs
Theseexpressionscanalsobeusedwithoutthephraseofthe.
manytextbooks notmuchpaper
somewater moststudents
allpeople afewphotographs
• Adefinitearticleisusedbeforethenameofagroupofpeopleoranationality.Noarticleisused
beforethenameofalanguage.
TheSwedishareproudoftheirancestors,theVikings.
ShelearnedtospeakSwedishwhenshelivedinStockholm.
• Adefinitearticleisusedwhenanadjectiveisusedwithoutanountomean“peoplewhoare...”
Boththeyoungandtheoldwillenjoythismovie.
Thepoorhavemanyproblems.
• Adefinitearticleisusedbeforeanoncountnounorapluralnounwhenitisfollowedbya
modifier.Noarticleisusedwhenthesenounsappearalone.
ThericethatIboughttodayisinthebag.
Riceisastapleinmanycountries.
Treesprovideshade.
Thetreesinthisparkaremostlyevergreens.
• Adefinitearticleisusedbeforethenameofafieldofstudyfollowedbyanofphrase.Ifafieldis
usedaloneorisprecededbyanadjective,noarticleisused.
theliteratureofthetwentiethcentury literature
thehistoryoftheUnitedStates Americanhistory
LESSON 26: ARTICLES
• Definitearticlesareusedbeforethe“formal”namesofnations,states,andcities.(Theseusually
containofphrases.)Noarticlesareusedbeforethecommonnamesofnations,states,andcities.
theUnitedStatesofAmerica America
thestateofMontana Montana
thecityofPhiladelphia Philadelphia
• Definitearticlesareusedbeforemostpluralgeographicnames:thenamesofgroupsoflakes,mountains,
andislands.Noarticleisusedbeforethenamesofindividuallakes,mountains,andislands.
theGreatLakes LakePowell
theRockyMountains MountWashington
theHawaiianIslands LongIsland
IntheStructuresection,therearethreemaintypesoferrorsinvolvingarticles:
INCORRECTARTICLECHOICE
Oneofthemostcommonerrorsistheuseofainplaceofanorviceversa.Fortunately,thisisalsothe
easiesttypeoferrortodetect.Anothererrorisaoranusedinplaceofthe,ortheinplaceofaoran.
SampleItems
Aeclipse ofthesun maybeeithertotalorpartial.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(A).Anmustbeusedbeforeanounbeginningwithavowelsoundsuch
aseclipse.
RoseBirdwasafirst womaninthehistory ofCaliforniatoserve onthe StateSupremeCourt.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(A).Inaphrasewithanordinalnumber(suchasfirst),thedefinitearticle
themustbeused.
INCORRECTOMISSIONORINCLUSIONOF
ANARTICLE
Sometimesanarticleisusedwhennoneisneededoroneisomittedwhenoneisrequired.
SampleItems
Slagconsistsofwaste materialsandimpuritiesthat risetotopofmeltedmetals.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(C).Thedefinitearticletheshouldnotbeomittedfromthephrase
thetopof.
Themost asteroidsare beyondtheorbitoftheplanet Mars.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(A).Definitearticlesareusedonlybeforequantityexpressionsthat
containofphrases.(MostasteroidsorMostoftheasteroidsarebothcorrectinthissentence.)
USEOFADEFINITEARTICLEINPLACEOF
APOSSESSIVE
Adefinitearticlemaybeincorrectlyusedinplaceofapossessiveword—its,his,her,ortheir.
SampleItem
TheOzarkMountainsof Arkansasare famousforthe ruggedbeauty.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(D).Theshouldcorrectlyreadtheirbecausethesentencereferstothe
beautybelongingtotheOzarkMountains.
EXERCISE26.1
Focus:Identifyingthecorrectandincorrectuseofarticles
Directions:Underlinetheformsthatcorrectlycompletethesentence.
1. Onlyabout(theone/one)percentof(thewater/water)onEarthis(thefresh/fresh)water.
2. (Themineral/Mineral)phosphateis(themost/most)commoningredientofalltypesof(thefertilizers/
fertilizers).
3. (The/A)processofrefiningmineralsrequires(a/an)hugeamountof(anelectrical/electrical)energy.
4. (Ahumor/Humor)runsthrough(theAmerican/American)literaturefrom(theearliest/earliest)times
until(thepresent/present).
5. (Theozone/Ozone)layeractsas(a/an)umbrellaagainst(themost/most)of(theSun’s/Sun’s)danger-
ousrays.
6. In(theearly/early)1800s,Sequoia,(aCherokee/Cherokee)leader,created(the/a)firstwrittenformof
(aNorth/North)AmericanIndianlanguage.
7. (TheGoddard/Goddard)familyof(theNew/New)Englandproducedsomeof(the/a)finestfurniture
madein(theUnited/United)Statesin(theseventeenth/seventeenth)century.
8. (Thepopcorn/Popcorn)has(a/the)samefoodvalueasanyotherkindof(acorn/corn).
LESSON 26: ARTICLES
EXERCISE26.2
Focus:Identifyingandcorrectingerrorswitharticles(Note:Oneortwoitemsinthisexercisedonotfocus
onarticleerrors.Thesearemarkedintheanswerkeywithanasterisk.)
______ 1. Themost butterflyeggsarecoatedwitha stickysubstancethatholdsthemtoplants.

A B C D
______ 2. Anumberof largeinsurancecompanies havetheheadquartersin Hartford,Connecticut.
A B C D
______ 3. Tobeeffective, an advertisementmustfirstattractanattention.
A B C D
______ 4. VirginIslandsNationalParkfeaturesaunderwater preservewithcoral reefsandcolorful
A B C
tropicalfish.
D
______ 5. Arthritis,apainful swellingofthe joints,isoftenassociatedwithelderlypeople,butitcan
A B C
afflictyoung aswell.
D
______ 6. Wilmingtonisanonly largecity inthestateof Delaware.
A B C D
______ 7. Aboutthethird oftheearth’s landsurfaceiscoveredbyrelativelyflatplains.
A B C D
______ 8. Inthe1920s, gasoline companiesbegangivingawayfreeroadmapstothecustomers.
A B C D
______ 9. TheTropic ofCancerisimaginary linethatmarksthenorthernboundaryoftheearth’s
A B C D
tropicalzone.
______ 10. Herefordcows areoneofmostcommon breedsofcattleraisedforthebeef.

A B C D
______ 11. AmericansopranoKathleenBattletaughtmusic inelementaryschoolbeforebeginning
A B
thecareerasaprofessional singer.
C D
______ 12. In1891,firststatelawtohelplocal communitiespayforhighwayswaspassedinNewJersey.
A B C D
______ 13. Lumber isdriedandseasoned inanheatedchambercalleda drykiln.
A B C D
______ 14. GrandfatherMountain,ahighestmountainintheBlueRidgemountainrange,isinNorthCarolina.
A B C D
______ 15. The eardrum is the only organ in a human body that is capable of detecting changes in air
A B C D
pressure.
______ 16. Itwasaround1925thataaccurate,convenientsystemforrecordingthechoreographyofballet

A B C D
wasdeveloped.
LESSON27
WordOrder
WordorderistestedinbothtypesofStructureitems.
SENTENCECOMPLETION
AlloftheanswerchoicesforaSentenceCompletioniteminvolvingwordordercontainmoreorlessthe
samewords,buttheyarearrangedinfourdifferentorders.Thewordorderis“scrambled”inthree
choices;inone,itiscorrect.Mostitemsinvolvethreeorfourwords.
(A) XYZ
(B) YXZ
(C) ZYX
(D) XZY
Wordorderproblemsareeasytoidentifybecausetheanswerchoicesareexactly—oralmostexactly—the
samelength,sotheanswerchoicesformarectangle.
(A) sofarawayfrom
(B) awaysofarfrom
(C) fromsofaraway
(D) awayfromsofar
Manydifferenttypesofstructuresareusedinwordorderproblems.Oneofthemostcommonisaphrase
withasuperlativeadjectiveoradverb.
WordorderitemsaretheonlySentenceCorrectionitemsinwhichthedistractorsmaybeungram-
matical.InothertypesofSentenceCorrectionproblems,distractorsarealwayscorrectinsomecontext.
However,atleasttwoofthechoicesmaybegrammatical.Thecorrectchoicedependsonthecontextof
thesentence.SeethefirstSampleItemonpage169foranexampleofthis.
Itissometimeseasytoeliminatedistractorsinwordorderitemsbymakingsurethey“fit”withthe
restofthesentence.Ifyouarenotsurewhichremainingansweriscorrect,useyourear.Saythesentence
toyourself(silently)toseewhichsoundsbest.Sometimesinwordorderproblems,theanswerthatlooks
bestdoesn’talwayssoundbestwhenputintothesentence.
Aspecialtypeofwordorderprobleminvolvesinversions.Thistypeofsentenceusesquestionword
order(auxiliary+subject+mainverb),eventhoughthesentenceisnotaquestion.
WhenAreInversionsUsed?
• Whenthenegativewordslistedbelowareplacedatthebeginningofaclauseforemphasis
notonly rarely
never atnotime
notuntil scarcely
seldom bynomeans
nowhere nosooner
SeldomhaveIheardsuchbeautifulmusic.
Notonlydidthecompanyloseprofits,butitalsohadtolayoffworkers.
168
LESSON 27: WORD ORDER
• Whenaclausebeginswithoneoftheseexpressionswiththewordonly,aninversionisusedinthatclause.
onlyin(on,at,by,etc.) onlyrecently onlyonce
Onlyinanemergencyshouldyouusethisexit.
Onlyrecentlydidshereturnfromabroad.
Onlybyaskingquestionscanyoulearn.
• Whensentencesbeginwiththeseexpressionswiththewordonly,thesubjectandverbofthesecond
clauseareinverted.
onlyif onlyafter
onlywhen onlyuntil
onlybecause
OnlyifyouhaveaseriousproblemshouldyoucallMr.Franklinathome.
Onlywhenyouaresatisfiedisthesaleconsideredfinal.
• Whenclausesbeginwiththewordso+anadjectiveorparticiple
Sorareisthiscointhatitbelongsinamuseum.
Soconfusingwasthemapthatwehadtoaskapoliceofficerfordirections.
• Whenclausesbeginwithexpressionsofplaceororder,thesubjectandverbareinverted(butauxiliary
verbsarenotusedastheywouldbeinquestions).
Infrontofthemuseumisastatue.
OffthecoastofCalifornialietheChannelIslands.
Firstcameapolicecar,thencameanambulance.
SampleItems
Andromedaisagalaxycontainingmillionsofindividualstars,butitis_______________Earth
thatitlookslikeablurry patchoflight.
(A) sofarawayfrom
(B) awaysofarfrom
(C) fromsofaraway
(D) awayfromsofar
Thecorrectansweris(A).Ithasthecorrectwordorderforthissentence.Thewordorderin
choices(B)and(D)wouldbeincorrectinanysentence.Choice(C)mightbecorrectincertain
sentences,butitisnotcorrecthere.
Notonly______________shadeandbeauty,buttheyalsoreducecarbondioxide.
(A) dotreesprovide
(B) treesprovide
(C) providetrees
(D) treesdoprovide
Thecorrectansweris(A).Itcorrectlyusesquestionwordorderafternotonly.Choices(B)and
(C)donotuseanauxiliary verb,whichisrequiredhere.Choice(D)doesnotfollowthecorrectword
order:auxiliary +subject+mainverb.
ERRORIDENTIFICATION
Mostwordordererrorsinwrittenexpressionconsistoftwowordsinreverseorder.Someofthemost
commonexamplesofthistypeoferroraregivenbelow:
Error Example Correction
Noun+adjective driverscareful carefuldrivers
Noun+possessive clothingwomen’s women’sclothing
Mainverb+auxiliary finishedare arefinished
Adjective+adverb abasicextremelyidea anextremelybasicidea
Verb+subject(inanindirect Tellmewhereisit.Ispoketo Tellmewhereitis.Ispoketo
questionorotherwh-clause) Johnwhenwashehere. Johnwhenhewashere.
Preposition/adverb-clausemarker afterimmediately immediatelyafter
+adverb
Participle+adverb bakedfreshlybread freshlybakedbread
Relativepronoun+preposition thehousewhichinshelives thehouseinwhichshelives
adverb,adjective,orquantifier+ totallyalmost,latealmost,all almosttotally,almostlate,almost
almost almost all
enough+adjective* enoughgood goodenough
*Enoughcancorrectlybeusedbeforenouns:enoughmoney,enoughtime.Enoughmayalsobeused
beforeanadjectivewhentheadjectivecomesbeforeanoun.(Thereweren’tenoughgoodseatsatthe
concert.)
SampleItems
Goods suchasflowersfresh andseafoodareoftenshipped byair.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(B).Theadjectivefreshmustcomebeforethenounflowers:freshflowers.
VisitorstoVancouveroftencomment onhowbeautiful itssettingisandonhowcleanisit.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(D).Thecorrectwordorderissubject+verb:itis.
EXERCISE27.1
Focus:Identifyingandcorrectingwordorderinsentences
Directions:Ifthewordorderoftheunderlinedformiscorrect,markthesentenceC.Iftheword
orderisincorrect,markthesentenceXandwriteacorrectionintheblankfollowingthesentence.
______ 1. TheDouglasfiristhesourcechiefoflumberinthestateofOregon.
______ 2. Thepaintedturtleisacoloredbrightly,smooth-shelledturtle.
______ 3. TrainedinEurope,JohnSargentbecameanextremelysuccessfulportraitpainterinthe
UnitedStates.
______ 4. Forthousandsofyears,humankindhasaskedthequestion,“Howoldtheearthis?”
______ 5. Forthousandsofyears,humankindhaswonderedhowoldistheearth.
______ 6. Ammonia,acompoundofnitrogenandhydrogen,hasmanyindustrialuses.
______ 7. TheAtlanticcoastlineoftheUnitedStatesisabout400longermilesthantheGulfcoastline.
______ 8. Identicalcolorsmayappeartobequitedifferentwhenaretheyviewedagainstdifferent
backgrounds.
______ 9. Zoosprovideanopportunitytostudyawiderangeofanimals,oftenintheirhabitatsnatural.
______ Thedevelopmentoftransistorsmadepossibleittoreducethesizeofmanyelectronicdevices.
10.
______ 11. Theairoftheupperatmosphereisjustenoughdensetoignitemeteorsbyfriction.
______ 12. Monterey,California,haslongbeenacenterforartistsandartisans.
______ 13. Cirruscloudsarecomposedentirelyalmostoficecrystals.
______ 14.
Manysailboatsareequippedwithsmallenginesfortimeswhenthereisnotenoughwind.
______ 15.
Beforethe1940s,mostrunwaysweretoomuchshortforlong-distanceairplanestotakeoff
from,somanylong-distanceaircraftwereseaplanes.
______ 16. MargaretWiseBrownwasasuccessfulwriterofbookschildren’s.
EXERCISE27.2
Focus:Identifyingerrorsinvolvingwordorder(Note:Oneortwoitemsinthisexercisedonotfocuson
wordordererrors.Thesearemarkedintheanswerkeywithanasterisk.)
1. Hillsknownaslandislands,orsaltdomes, 8. TheFranklinstove,whichbecamecommon
are____________________________ inthe1790s,burnedwood______________
Louisiana’smarshlands. __________anopenfireplace.
(A) extremelyinterestingfeaturesof (A) efficientlymuchmorethan
(B) ofextremelyinterestingfeatures (B) muchmoreefficientlythan
(C) interestingextremelyfeaturesof (C) muchmorethanefficiently
(D) extremelyinterestingoffeatures (D) moreefficientlymuchthan
2. Duringpioneertimes,theAlleghenyMoun- 9. Mutualismisarelationshipbetween
A A
tainswereabarriermajortotransportation. animalspecies whichinbothbenefit.
B C D B C D
3. Anumbraisashadow’sdarkest 10. Reinforcedconcreteisconcretethatis
A strengthenedbymetalbars
centralpart whereislighttotallyexcluded. _____________________.
B C D
(A) initthatareembedded
4. ____________________ofchambermusicis (B) embeddedthatareinit
thestringquartet. (C) arethatitembeddedin
(D) thatareembeddedinit
(A) Thefamousmostform
(B) Themostfamousform 11. Mostsouthernstateshadsetupprimary
(C) Theformmostfamous schoolsystemsbythelateeighteenth
(D) Mosttheformfamous century,butonlyinNewEngland
________________________andopentoall
5. InPhiladelphia’sFranklinInstitute,thereis
students.
A
aworkingmodel ofahumanheart (A) primaryschoolswerefree
B C (B) wereprimaryschoolsfree
enoughlarge forvisitorstowalkthrough. (C) freewereprimaryschools
D (D) werefreeprimaryschools
6. Notuntiltheseventeenthcentury
_____________________tomeasurethe 12. Slothsaremovingslow, shaggymammals
speedoflight. A
(A) didanyoneevenattempt thatareoftenseen hangingupsidedown
(B) anyonedidevenattempt B C
fromtreelimbs.
(C) didanyoneattempteven
D
(D) didevenattemptanyone
13. Geometryisuseful____________________
7. Alfalfais____________________forlivestock. _______carpentryandnavigation.
(A) aprimarilygrowncrop (A) asinsuchdiverseoccupations
(B) grownprimarilyacrop (B) suchasindiverseoccupations
(C) acropgrownprimarily (C) insuchdiverseoccupationsas
(D) agrowncropprimarily (D) diverseoccupationssuchasin
14. Togrowwell, atreemustbe well-suitedto 20. Today______________________________

A B C majornewproductswithoutconducting
theareawhereisit planted. elaboratemarketresearch.
D
(A) corporationshardlyintroduceever
15. Themineralsgrains inbasaltaremuchtoo (B) hardlyevercorporationsintroduce
A B (C) hardlyeverintroducecorporations
smalltobeseenwiththeunaidedeye. (D) corporationshardlyeverintroduce
C D
21. AcrosstheChesapeakeBayfromtherestof
16. FrankLloydWrightisknownforhis thestate______________________________,
A whosefarmsproducebeans,tomatoes,and
originalhighly methodsof
othergardenvegetables.
B
harmonizingbuildingswiththeirsurroundings. (A) thereliesMaryland’sEasternShore
C D (B) liesMaryland’sEasternShore
17. __________________________oftheearly (C) Maryland’sEasternShoreliesthere
yearsofspaceexplorationwasthediscov- (D) Maryland’sEasternShorelies
eryoftheVanAllenradiationbeltin1958.
22. Stonefruitsarefruitssuchas peachesand
(A) Perhapsthegreatesttriumph A
(B) Thetriumphperhapsgreatest plumsinwhich ahardpitsurroundedisby
(C) Thegreatestperhapstriumph B C
(D) Thetriumphgreatestperhaps softpulp.
D
18. Somealgaearemicroscopicandconsistof
23. Acidophilusbacteriaare_________________
A inanacidmedium.
oneonlycell,butothersarelargeplants
B C (A) thosethatgrowbest
containingmanycells. (B) thosegrowbestthat
D (C) thatthosegrowbest
19. Afullygrown malemountainlion may (D) growbestthosethat
A B 24. Jobenrichmentisatechniqueused to
be8longfeet.
A
C D increasesatisfactionworkers’ by
B
givingthemmoreresponsibilities.
C D
REVIEWTESTF:STRUCTURE
sentence.ForErrorIdentificationitems,circletheunderlinedportionofthesentencethatwouldnot
beconsideredcorrect.
1. Commercialbakeriescanmake 2. __________ book Jubilee, which was based

onthelifeofhergreat-grandmother,Margaret
thousandsof loavesof breadononetime WalkerwasawardedthePulitzerPrize.
A B C
byusing automatedequipment. (A) Forher
D (B) Her
(C) Itwasher
(D) Thather
3. NorthAmericaisathird largest ofthe 12. Many folksongs havebeenwrittenabout

A B C A B C
sevencontinents. railroadsandrailroads workers.
D D
4. Rarely____________________morethan50 13. Theblackwalnuttreeisgrown principally
milesfromthecoast. A
forits lumber,whichisusedforcabinets
(A) redwoodtreesgrow
B C
(B) redwoodtreesdogrow andfurnitures.
(C) growredwoodtrees D
(D) doredwoodtreesgrow
14. Nashville,Tennessee,has________________
5. Until 1960,thestateofMainewasunique thecapitalofcountrymusic.
A (A) aslongbeenknown
inthatitheld PresidentialandCongres-
B (B) beenknownlongas
sionalelectionsonSeptember,twomonths (C) longbeenknownas
C (D) longasbeenknown
earlierthan therestofthenation.
D 15. Flyingsquirrelscanlaunch itself from
A B
6. Fuelinjectionenginesemploy injectors thetopofonetreeandglidetoanother.
A C D
insteada carburetortosprayfuelinto the
B C D 16. Frequently,thecombinationof several
cylinders. A
spiceswillresultof amorepleasingflavor
7. Nervecells,orneurons,_________________ B C
_______inthehumanbody. than theuseofjustone.
D
(A) themostcomplexcellsare
(B) arethemostcomplexcells 17. Hydraulicelevatorsarestillused insome
(C) mostcomplexthecellsare A
(D) mostarethecomplexcells old buildings,butallalmostnewbuildings
B C
8. Ocean currentshaveaenormous effect areequippedwith electricalelevators.
A B D
onlifeonEarth. 18. Mostbirdsthatdonot migrateeatseedsand
C D
A B C
9. About8,000yearsago, peoplebegan using thereforedonotdependinsects forfood.
A B D
animalstocarrythemselvesand 19. Some undergroundwaterisenoughsafe to
C
theirbelongings. A B
drink,butallsurfacewatermustbetreated.
D
C D
10. Asuccessfulsalespersonmusthaveanintui-
20. __________charmingshopsandrestau-
A B rants,OldTownisthemostpicturesque
tiveunderstandingofpsychologyhuman.
sectionofAlbuquerque.
C D
11. Alodestoneis_________________________. (A) Withits
(B) Its
(A) anoccurringnaturallymagnet (C) Becauseits
(B) amagnetnaturallyoccurring (D) Forits
(C) naturallyamagnetoccurring
(D) anaturallyoccurringmagnet
LESSON28
Conjunctions
Youmayencountererrorswitheithercorrelativeconjunctionsorcoordinateconjunctions.
ERRORSWITHCORRELATIVECONJUNCTIONS
Correlativeconjunctionsaretwo-partadjectives.Errorsusuallyinvolveanincorrectcombinationofthetwo
parts,suchasneither...orornotonly...and.Anytimeyouseeasentencecontainingcorrelative
conjunctions,youshouldbeonthelookoutforthistypeoferror.Thisisaneasyerrortospot!
CorrelativeConjunctions
either...or
neither...nor
both...and
notonly...butalso
whether...or
Anothererroristheuseofboth...andtojointhreeelements.
SampleItems
Xrayshave importantapplications,notonlyinmedicineandinindustry.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(C).Thecorrectpatternisnotonly...butalso.
The airthat surroundsourplanetisbothodorless, colorless,andinvisible.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(D).Becauseboth...andcanonlybeusedtojointwoelements,the
wordbothmustbeeliminatedtocorrectthesentence.
ERRORSWITHCOORDINATECONJUNCTIONS
Theconjunctionandiscorrectlyusedtoshowaddition;orisusedtoshowchoicebetweenalternatives;
butisusedtoshowcontrastoropposition.
SampleItem
Brakesandclutchesserve very differentfunctions inanautomobile,andtheirprinciplesof
A B C
operationarenearly thesame.
D
Thecorrectansweris(C).Thefirstclausediscusseshowbrakesandclutchesaredifferent;the
secondclausediscusseshowtheyarethesame.Therefore,theconjunctionjoiningthemmustshow
contrast.Choice(C)shouldreadbut.
175
EXERCISE28
Focus:Identifyingerrorsinvolvingconjunctions
sentence.ForErrorIdentificationitems,circletheunderlinedportionofthesentencethatwouldnot
beconsideredcorrect.
1. Modelairplanescanbe guidedboth by 8. In1923,JeanToomerwroteabooktitled

A B Canethatcombinedfiction__________
controlwiresorby radiotransmitters. poetrytodescribetheexperienceofbeing
C D blackintheUnitedStates.
2. Specialtystores,unlikedepartmentstores, (A) and
handleonlyonelineofmerchandise (B) to
__________alimitednumberofclosely (C) also
relatedlines. (D) or
(A) either 9. Although fishcanhear,they haveneither
(B) but
A B
(C) instead externalearsor eardrums.
(D) or C D
3. ThomasEakinsstudiednotonlypainting 10. Inall animals,whethersimpleand com-
__________anatomywhenhewastraining A B
tobecomeanartist. plex,enzymesaidinthedigestionoffood.
C D
(A) moreover
(B) butalso 11. Endivecanbeused__________asasalad
(C) aswell greenorasacookingvegetable.
(D) and
(A) such
4. Information inacomputercanbelost (B) both
A (C) either
because itisnotlongerstoredor becauseit (D) neither
B C D
isstoredbutcannotberetrieved. 12. Thetwomost commonmethodsflorists
A
areusedto tintflowersarethespray
5. Amosaicisapicture done fromsmallbits B
A B methodandtheabsorption method.
ofeithercolored glassortile. C D
C D
13. Beekeeperscan sellboth thehoneyandthe
6. Althoughtopologyistheyoungestbranch A B
ofgeometry,__________isconsideredthe beeswaxthattheirbeesproduces.
mostsophisticated. C D
(A) butit 14. Glucosedoesnothavetobedigested,
(B) soit __________itcanbeputdirectlyintothe
(C) it bloodstream.
(D) howeverit
(A) so
7. JohnLancasterSpauldingwas notonlya (B) while
A (C) andsince
religious leaderandalsoasocialreformer. (D) such
B C D
LESSON 28: CONJUNC TIONS
15. Thehumanbrainisoften comparedtoa ogy,eitherrealorimaginary,aspartof

A C
computer,and suchananalogycanbe their plot.
B C D
misleading.
D 19. Communitytheaternotonlyprovides
16. Notonlyrustcorrodes thesurface ofmetal, entertainment forlocalaudiencesaswellas

A B A B
butitalsoweakensitsinternalstructure. furnishesacreativeoutletfor amateurs
C D C D
interestedindrama.
17. Naturalfibercomesfromeitheranimal
__________plantsources.
20. Paintis____________________________
(A) or usedtoprotectwood.
(B) otherwise
(C) and (A) notonlythesubstance
(D) nor (B) thesubstancewhichisnotonly
(C) notonlyasubstancewhichis
18. Aworkofsciencefictiongenerally uses (D) nottheonlysubstance
A
scientificdiscoveries andadvancedtechnol-
B
LESSON29
Comparisons
YoumayseesentencesinvolvingcomparisonsinbothtypesofStructureitems.Manyoftheseinvolvethe
comparativeorsuperlativeformsofadjectives.
Mostadjectiveshavethreeforms:theabsolute(thebasicadjectiveform),thecomparative,andthe
superlative.Comparativesareusedtoshowthatoneitemhasmoreofsomequalitythananotherdoes.
Georgeistallerthanhisbrother.
Superlativesareusedtoshowthatoneiteminagroupofthreeormorehasthegreatestamountofsomequality.
Hewasthetallestmanintheroom.
Thechartexplainshowcomparativesandsuperlativesareformed:
Absolute Comparative Superlative
One-syllableadjectives warm warmer thewarmest
Two-syllableadjectivesendingwith-y funny funnier thefunniest
Othertwo-syllableadjectives common morecommon themostcommon
Adjectiveswiththreeormoresyllables important moreimportant themostimportant
Sometwo-syllableadjectiveshavetwocorrectformsofboththecomparativeandthesuperlative:
narrower clever polite
morenarrow moreclever morepolite
narrowest cleverest politest
mostnarrow mostclever mostpolite
A“negative”comparisoncanbeexpressedwiththewordslessandleast.Lessandleastareusednomatter
howmanysyllablesanadjectivehas.
lessbright lessexpensive
theleastbright theleastexpensive
Theabsoluteformofafewadjectivesendsin-er(tender,bitter,slender,clever,andsoon.)Don’tconfuse
thesewiththecomparativeforms(morebitterorbitterer,forexample).
Manyadverbsalsohavecomparativeandsuperlativeforms.Thecomparativeandsuperlativeformsof
all-lyadverbsareformedwithmoreandmost.
morebrightly moreimportantly
mostbrightly mostimportantly
178
LESSON 29: COMPARISONS
Afewadjectivesandadverbshaveirregularcomparativeandsuperlativeforms:
IrregularComparativesandSuperlatives
good/well better thebest
bad/badly worse theworst
far farther thefarthest
further thefurthest
(Farhastwocomparativeandsuperlativeforms,dependingonhowthewordisused,butthedistinction
betweenthesetwoformswillnotbetested.)
Therearetwomaintypesoferrorsinvolvingcomparativesandsuperlatives:
INCORRECTCHOICEOFTHETHREEFORMS
Anyofthethreeforms—absolute,comparative,orsuperlative—maybeincorrectlyusedinplaceofoneof
theotherforms.
SampleItems
Basketballisplayed atamuch fastpacethanbaseball.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(C).Thecomparativeformfasterisneededbecausetwoconcepts—the
paceofbasketballandthepaceofbaseball—arebeingcompared.
Thedeep oceanscontain someofthestrangerofallliving creatures.

A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(C).Thissentencedoesnotcomparetwogroups;asuperlativeform
(strangest)isrequired.
INCORRECTFORMSOFCOMPARATIVESAND
SUPERLATIVES
Incorrectforms,suchasmorebigger,mosthot,andsoon,mayappear.
SampleItem
Themostsmall vesselsinthe circulatory systemare capillaries.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(A).Thecorrectformissmallestbecausesmallisaone-syllableadjective.
EXERCISE29
Focus:Identifyingandcorrectingerrorsandcorrectformsofcomparativesandsuperlatives.
Directions:Choosetheoption—(A),(B),(C),or(D)—thatcorrectlycompletesthesentence.For
ErrorIdentificationitems,circletheunderlinedportionofthesentencethatwouldnotbeconsidered
correct.
1. TheAmericanandCanadianpoliticalsystems 9. Thelargeradropofwater,_____________
A freezingtemperature.
arelikeinthatbotharedominatedbytwo
(A) thehigherits
B C D
majorparties. (B) itshigher
(C) higherthanits
2. Wildstrawberriesare_______________ (D) thehighest
cultivatedstrawberries.
10. __________SanDiegoandSanFrancisco,
(A) notsweeter LosAngeleshasnonaturalharbor.
(B) notassweetas
(C) lesssweeterthan (A) Dissimilar
(D) notsweetas (B) Unlike
(C) Dislike
3. Theperiod isprobably themosteasiest (D) Different
A B C
punctuationmarktouse. 11. During adepression,economic conditions
D A B
arefarworstthantheyare duringa
4. When metalreplacedwood C D
A recession.
intheconstruction ofships’hulls,
B
morestrongshipscouldbebuilt. 12. Thespinalcolumnisalike thebraininthat
C D A
itsmainfunctionscanbeclassifiedas either
5. Seabass____________freshwaterbass. B
sensoryormotorfunctions.
(A) arelargerthan
C D
(B) thelargerthe
(C) areaslarge 13. ThewateroftheGreatSaltLakeis
(D) thanarelarger ________________seawater.
6. Charcoalis themorecommonly used (A) saltierthanthatof
A B (B) assaltyasthatof
cookingfuelintheworld. (C) saltierthan
C D (D) sosaltyas
7. Automobiles,airplanes,andbusesusemore 14. Fungiarethemostimportant decomposers
energyperpassenger____________. A
offorest soil,justlikebacteriaarethemost
(A) asdotrains
(B) thantrainsdo B C
importantdecomposersofgrasslandsoil.
(C) trainsdo
D
(D) liketrains
8. Few Americanpoliticianshavespoken
A B
moreeloquentlyas WilliamJenningsBryan.
C D
LESSON 29: COMPARISONS
15. Apsychosisisaseverementaldisorder, 19. Chicago’sFieldMuseumisone of

________________aneurosis. A
thelargest andbetterknownnaturalhistory
(A) themostserious
B C
(B) asserious museumsinthe UnitedStates.
(C) moreseriousthan D
(D) asthoughserious
20. Theadministrationofprivatecollegesis
16. Thesurfboardsused thirty-fiveyearsago nearly__________thatofpubliccolleges.
A B
weremoreheavythantheones usedby (A) same
(B) justas
C D
surferstoday. (C) thesameas
(D) similar
17. The horsechestnuthasastronger, bitter

A B C
tastethanother chestnuts.
D
18. Thesocialsystemofbumblebeesisnotas
complex__________________.
(A) thanhoneybees
(B) ashoneybees
(C) thathoneybeesare
(D) asthatofhoneybees
LESSON30
Appositives
Anappositiveisanounphrasethatexplainsorrephrasesanothernounphrase.Itusuallycomesafterthe
nounthatitrephrases.Itmayalsocomebeforethesubjectofasentence.
BuffaloBill,afamousfrontiersman,operatedhisownWildWestShow.(appositivefollowinga
noun)
Afamousfrontiersman,BuffaloBilloperatedhisownWildWestShow.(appositivebeforethe
subject)
Appositivesarereducedadjectiveclausesthatcontaintheverbtobe.However,unlikeadjectiveclauses,
theydonotcontainamarkeroraverb.
Oak,whichisoneofthemostdurablehardwoods,isoftenusedtomakefurniture.(adjective
clause)
Oak,oneofthemostdurablehardwoods,isoftenusedtomakefurniture.(appositive)
Appositivesareusuallyseparatedfromtherestofthesentencebycommas,butshortappositives(usually
names)arenot.
EconomistPaulSamuelsonwonaNobelPrizein1970.
InStructureitems,allorpartofanappositivephrasemaybemissing.Inaddition,thenounthatthe
appositivereferstoorotherpartsofthemainclausemaybemissing.
SampleItem
TheNationalRoad,__________ofthefirsthighwaysinNorthAmerica,connectedtheEastCoast
totheOhioValley.
(A) whichone
(B) itwasone
(C) one
(D) wasone
Thecorrectansweris(C).Choice(A)isincorrect;thereisnoverbintherelativeclause.Choice
(B)hasnoconnectingwordtojointheclausetotherestofthesentence.Choice(D)isincorrect
becauseaverbcannotbeusedinanappositivephrase.(Note:whichwasonewouldalsobea
correctanswerforthisproblem.)
182
LESSON 30: APPO SITIVES
EXERCISE30
Focus:Completingstructureproblemsinvolvingappositives(Note:Thefocusforoneortwoitemsinthis
exerciseisNOTappositives;thesesentencesaremarkedintheanswerkeywithasterisks.)
Directions:Marktheanswerchoicethatcorrectlycompletesthesentence.
1. TheDemocraticpartyisolderthanthe 6. ________________avastnetworkof
othermajorAmericanpoliticalparty, computersthatconnectsmanyofthe
________________________. world’sbusinesses,institutions,and
individuals,primarilythroughmodemsand
(A) whichtheRepublicanparty
phonelines.
(B) theRepublicanparty
(C) itistheRepublicanparty (A) TheInternet,
(D) theRepublicanpartyis (B) ThattheInternet,as
(C) TheInternetis
2. __________________________________ (D) TheInternet,which
relationswithfriendsandacquaintances,
playamajorroleinthesocialdevelopment 7. In1878,FrederickW.Taylorinventeda
ofadolescents. conceptcalledscientificmanagement,
______________ofobtainingasmuch
(A) Whatarecalledpeergrouprelations
efficiencyfromworkersandmachinesas
are
possible.
(B) Peergrouprelationsare
(C) Peergrouprelations,the (A) itisamethod
(D) Bypeergrouprelations,wemean (B) amethodwhich
(C) amethod
3. JosephHenry,____________directorofthe (D) calledamethod
SmithsonianInstitution,wasPresident
Lincoln’sadviseronscientificmatters. 8. AgroupofShakers,____________________
______________settledaroundPleasant
(A) thefirst
Hill,Kentucky,in1805.
(B) tobethefirst
(C) wasthefirst (A) membersofastrictreligioussect
(D) asthefirst which
(B) whosemembersofastrictreligious
4. TheWassatchRange,___________________ sect
_______________extendsfromsoutheast- (C) membersofastrictreligioussect,
ernIdahointonorthernUtah. (D) weremembersofastrictreligioussect
(A) whichisapartoftheRockyMoun-
9. Inphysics,__________“plasma”referstoa
tains,
gasthathasanearlyequalnumberof
(B) apartoftheRockyMountainsthat
positivelyandnegativelychargedparticles.
(C) isapartoftheRockyMountains
(D) apartoftheRockyMountains,it (A) theterm
(B) bytheterm
5. ________________RuthSt.Dennisturned (C) istermed
toAsiandancestofindinspirationforher (D) terming
choreography.
(A) Itwasthedancer
(B) Thedancer
(C) Thatthedancer
(D) Thedancerwas
LESSON31
MisplacedModifiers
Amisplacedmodifierisaparticipialphraseorothermodifierthatcomesbeforethesubjectbutdoes
NOTrefertothesubject.
Lookatthissentence:
Drivingdowntheroad,aherdofsheepsuddenlycrossedtheroadinfrontofLiza’scar.
(INCORRECT)
Thissentenceisincorrectbecauseitseemstosaythataherdofsheep—ratherthanLiza—wasdriving
downtheroad.Theparticipialphraseismisplaced.Thesentencecouldbecorrectedasshown:
AsLizawasdrivingdowntheroad,aherdofsheepsuddenlycrossedtheroadinfrontofher.
(CORRECT)
ThissentencenowcorrectlyhasLizainthedriver’sseatinsteadofthesheep.
Thefollowingsentencestructuresareoftenmisplaced:
Misplaced
Structure Example Correction
present Walkingalongthebeach,the Walkingalongthebeach,themenspottedtheship.
participle shipwasspottedbythemen.
pastparticiple Basedonthisstudy,the Basedonthisstudy,severalconclusionscouldbemadeby
scientistcouldmakeseveral thescientist.
conclusions.
appositive AresortcityinArkansas,the AresortcityinArkansas,HotSpringshasapopulationof
populationofHotSpringsis about35,000.
about35,000.
reduced Whilepeelingonions,his Whilehewaspeelingonions,hiseyesbegantowater.
adjective eyesbegantowater.
clause
adjective Warmandmild,everyone Everyoneenjoysthewarm,mildclimateoftheVirgin
phrases enjoystheclimateofthe Islands.
VirginIslands.
expressions Likemostcities,parkingisa Likemostcities,SanFranciscohasaparkingproblem.
withlikeor probleminSanFrancisco.
unlike
Structureitemswithmisplacedmodifiersareusuallyeasytospot.Theygenerallyconsistofamodifying
elementatthebeginningofthesentencefollowedbyacomma,withtherestormostoftherestofthe
sentencemissing.Theanswerchoicestendtobelong.Tofindtheanswer,youmustdecidetowhich
subjectthemodifiercorrectlyrefers.
184
LESSON 31: MISPLACED MODIFIERS
SampleItem
Usingadevicecalledacloudchamber,________________________________________________
________________.
(A) experimentalprooffortheatomictheory wasfoundbyRobertMillikin
(B) RobertMillikin’sexperimentalprooffortheatomictheory wasfound
(C) RobertMillikinfoundexperimentalprooffortheatomictheory
(D) therewasexperimentalprooffoundfortheatomictheory byRobertMillikin
Thecorrectansweris(C).Choices(A)and(B)areincorrectbecausethemodifier(Usinga
devicecalledacloudchamber...)couldnotlogicallyrefertothesubjects(experimentalproofand
RobertMillikin’sexperimentalproof).Choice(D)isincorrectbecauseamodifiercanneverproperly
refertotheintroductorywordsthereorit.
EXERCISE31
Focus:Completingstructureproblemsinvolvingmisplacedmodifiers(Note:ALLtheitemsinthisexercise
focusonmisplacedmodifiers.)
Directions:Marktheanswerchoicethatcorrectlycompletesthesentence.
1. Fearingeconomichardship,_____________ 3. Orbitingfrom2.7to3.6billionmilesfrom
_____________________________________ thesun,______________________________
__________. ________________________________.
(A) manyNewEnglandersemigratedto (A) theastronomerClydeTombaugh
theMidwestinthe1820s discoveredPlutoin1930
(B) emigrationfromNewEnglandtothe (B) Plutowasdiscoveredbytheastrono-
Midwesttookplaceinthe1820s merClydeTombaughin1930
(C) itwasinthe1820sthatmanyNew (C) itwasin1930thattheastronomer
EnglandersemigratedtotheMidwest ClydeTombaughdiscoveredPluto
(D) anemigrationtookplaceinthe1820s (D) thediscoveryofPlutowasmadeby
fromNewEnglandtotheMidwest ClydeTombaughin1930
2. Richanddistinctiveinflavor,____________ 4. Apopularinstrument,__________________
______________________________________ _____________________________________
_______. ________.
(A) thereisintheUnitedStatesavery (A) onlyalimitedrolehasbeenavailable
importantnutcrop,thepecan totheaccordioninclassicalmusic
(B) themostimportantnutcropinthe (B) thereisonlyalimitedroleforthe
UnitedStates,thepecan accordioninpopularmusic
(C) farmersintheUnitedStatesraise (C) classicalmusicprovidesonlyalimited
pecans,averyimportantnutcrop rolefortheaccordion
(D) pecansarethemostimportantnut (D) theaccordionhasplayedonlya
cropintheUnitedStates limitedroleinclassicalmusic
5. Unlikemostbirds,_____________________ 8. Likethefederalgovernment,____________
____________________________________. _____________________________________
___________________.
(A) theheadsandnecksofvultureslack
feathers (A) taxationprovidesmostofthefundsfor
(B) feathersarenotfoundontheheads stateandlocalgovernmentsaswell
andnecksofvultures (B) stateandlocalgovernmentsobtain
(C) vulturesdonothavefeathersontheir mostoftheirfundsthroughtaxation
headsandnecks (C) throughtaxationishowstateandlocal
(D) therearenofeathersonvultures’ governmentsobtainmostoftheir
headsandnecks funds
(D) fundsareprovidedfromtaxationfor
6. Widelyreproducedinmagazinesandbooks,
stateandlocalgovernments
______________________________________
______________________________. 9. OriginallysettledbyPolynesiansaround
(A) AnselAdamsdepictedtheWestern 700C.E.,______________________________
wildernessinhisphotographs ______________________________________.
(B) theWesternwildernesswasdepicted (A) HawaiireceiveditsfirstEuropean
inthephotographsofAnselAdams visitorin1778,whenCaptainJames
(C) AnselAdams’photographsdepictedthe Cooklandedthere
Westernwilderness (B) Hawaii’sfirstEuropeanvisitor,Captain
(D) itwasthroughhisphotographsthat JamesCook,landedtherein1778
AnselAdamsdepictedtheWesternwil- (C) in1778thefirstEuropean,Captain
derness JamesCook,visitedHawaii
(D) thefirstEuropeantovisitHawaiiwas
7. Smaller and flatter than an orange, ________ CaptainJamesCook,landingtherein
______________________________________ 1778
____________________.
(A) atangerineiseasytopeelandits
sectionsseparatereadily
(B) thepeelofatangerineiseasily
removedanditssectionsarereadily
separated
(C) it’seasytopeelatangerineandto
separateitssections
(D) topeelatangerineiseasy,andits
sectionscanbereadilyseparated
LESSON32
Negatives
Theanswerchoicesforthistypeofitemarefournegativeexpressions,suchastheoneslistedbelow:
NegativeWord Use Meaning Example
no adjective notany Therewasnomilkintherefrigerator.
none pronoun notone Theytookalotofpictures,butalmost
noneofthemturnedout.
nothing pronoun notanything Therewasnothinginhisbriefcase.
noone pronoun notanyone Noonearrivedatthemeetingontime.
nor conjunction and...not He’sneverbeenfishing,nordoeshe
plantogo.
without preposition nothaving Shelikeshercoffeewithoutmilkor
sugar.
never adverb atnotime I’veneverbeentoAlaska.
Thenegativewordnotisusedtomakealmostanykindofwordorphrasenegative:verbs,prepositional
phrases,infinitives,adjectives,andsoon.
Bothnoandnotcanbeusedbeforenouns,dependingonmeaning:
Thereisnocoffeeinthepot.(It’sempty.)
Thisisnotcoffee.(It’stea.)
Theadjectivenoisalsousedbeforethewordlongertomean“notanymore”:
Inolongerreadtheafternoonpaper.
SampleItem
Thereisalmost________vegetationintheBadlands,abarrenregionof
SouthDakota.
(A ) not
(B) nor
(C) none
(D ) no
Thecorrectansweris(D).Choices(A),(B),and(C)cannotbeusedbeforenounsasadjectives.
Bytheway,probablythemostcommoncorrectanswerforthistypeofproblemistheadjectiveno.
187
EXERCISE32
Focus:Completingstructureproblemsinvolvingnegativewords(Note:ALLtheitemsinthisexercisefocus
onnegativewords.)
1. Earlycarpenters,having__________nails, 7. Apeanutisnot actuallyanutbut alegume

hadtousewoodenpegstosecuretheir A B
constructions. alikepeasand beans.
C D
(A) no
(B) not 8. Glasssnakesareactuallyleglesslizards,
(C) without __________snakes.
(D) neither
(A) no
2. OldFaithfulisthemostfamousbut (B) not
___________themostpowerfulgeyserin (C) nor
YellowstoneNationalPark. (D) none
(A) noneof 9. Twenty-fourcaratgoldisno 100percent

(B) no A B
(C) nothing goldbecausepuregoldistoosoft tobe
(D) not C D
usedinjewelry.
3. JosephPriestly,thediscoverer ofoxygen,
A 10. Thereis__________truthtotheold
hadlittleornot interestinscienceuntilhe
expression“Lightningneverstrikesthe
B C
met BenjaminFranklininParis. sameplacetwice.”
D (A) without
4. Mobilehomeswere__________countedas (B) none
permanenthousesuntilthe1960census. (C) no
(D) not
(A) not
(B) nor 11. ______________singlepersoncanbesaid
(C) no tohaveinventedtheautomobile.
(D) none
(A) Therewasnota
5. Mostsolomusiciansplay__________sheet (B) Nora
musicinfrontofthem. (C) Notoneof
(D) No
(A) without
(B) nothaving 12. Aseriousstudyofphysicsisimpossible
(C) lacking ________someknowledgeofmathematics.
(D) andno
(A) notwith
6. Desertificationisthecreationofdeserts (B) no
where__________hadexistedbefore. (C) nothaving
(D) without
(A) never
(B) noone
(C) none
(D) notone
LESSON 32: NEGATIVES
REVIEWTESTG:STRUCTURE
Directions:ForSentenceCompletionitems,selecttheanswerchoice—(A),(B),(C),or(D)—that
eredcorrect.
1. ______________________________oneof 7. Releasedin1915,______________________
Canada’sgreatestengineeringprojects,isa _____________________________________
twenty-sevenmilelongwaterwaybetween ______.
LakeErieandLakeOntario.
(A) D.W.Griffithmadeanepicfilmabout
(A) BecausetheWellandShipCanalis theCivilWar,BirthofaNation
(B) TheWellandShipCanalis (B) theCivilWarwasthesubjectofD.W.
(C) ThattheWellandShipCanalis Griffith’sepicfilm,BirthofaNation
(D) TheWellandShipCanal, (C) D.W.Griffith’sepicfilmBirthofa
NationwasabouttheCivilWar
2. PikesPeak,namedforexplorerZebulon (D) thesubjectofD.W.Griffith’sepicfilm
BirthofaNationwastheCivilWar
Pike,isColorado’smostfamous but notits
A B C 8. Onewaypumpkinsandwatermelonsare
mosthighest mountain.
D like isthatboth growonvines
3. Oceanographyisnotasingle scienceand A B
trailingalongthesurfaceoftheground.
A B
ratheragroupofdisciplineswithacom- C D
C 9. __________thereptilesalivetodayis
monfocus. capableofflight.
D
(A) No
4. Theartoflandscapearchitectureis (B) Noneof
________________thatofarchitecture (C) Notone
itself. (D) Not
(A) almostasoldas
10. When thefemaleorioleisabsentfrom the
(B) asalmostold
(C) almostasoldthan A B
nest,themaleorioleserveslike asentinel.
(D) oldasalmost
C D
5. Thetermforgettingrefersto theloss, 11. ElfegoBaca,____________legendary
A Mexican-Americanfolkhero,wasalawman
whethertemporaryand long-term,of inNewMexicointhelate1880s.
B
materialthathaspreviouslybeenlearned. (A) a
C D (B) who,asa
(C) wasa
6. Earlyastronomersbelievedthatthefaintera
(D) andhewasa
star,_____________________.
(A) itwasfartheraway 12. Untilthe 1940s,ahistorian’sownerawas
(B) thefartherawaywasit A
no regardedasaproperfieldof study.
(C) thatitwasfartheraway
(D) thefartherawayitwas B C D
13. Anoperettahassomeofthesamemusical 20. Goldtopazismuchrare than

A B C
eitherwhite orblue topaz.
A B C D
both subjectandstyle.
elementsasan operaand ismuchlighterin
D 21. VermontistheonlystateinNewEngland
_______________anAtlanticcoastline.
14. Properlyadministered,__________________
______________________________________. (A) without
(B) notwith
(A) thesymptomsofmanymentalillnesses (C) whichnothaving
canbetreatedwithdrugs (D) doesn’thave
(B) drugscanbeusedtotreatthesymp-
tomsofmanymentalillnesses 22. TheColoradobeetleisabeautifulinsect,
(C) doctorscanusedrugstotreatsymp- __________itcausesagreatdealofdamage
tomsofmanymentalillnesses tofoodcrops.
(D) manyofthesymptomsofmental (A) but
illnesscanbetreatedwithdrugs (B) what
15. Earlyexplorers inUtahnamedthecliffs (C) or
A (D) which
theyencountered“reefs”because they
23. Jupiter’smoonscanbeeasilyseenthrough
B
thoughtthesecliffslookedalike coral __________binocularsorasmalltelescope.
C D (A) either
formations. (B) if
(C) whether
16. Neitherhumansor dogscanhear aswell (D) or
A B C
ascats. 24. TheKennedy-Nixonraceof1960 wasthe
D A
mostclosest U.S.presidentialelectionof
17. _______________popularchild’stoysince B C
1905,theteddybearwasnamedafter the twentiethcentury.
PresidentTheodoreRoosevelt. D
(A) Ithasbeena 25. __________ariveronland,anocean
(B) A currentdoesnotflowinastraightline.
(C) Oncea (A) Alike
(D) Firstitbecamea
(B) Likewise
18. Justlike microscopeshaveprovided access (C) Like
A (D) Likely
B
totheworldofsmallobjects,high-speed
C
camerashaveprovidedaccesstotheworld
ofshort-durationevents.
D
19. __________planthasanervoussystem,and
mostrespondveryslowlytostimuliintheir
environments.
(A) Nota
(B) Nevera
(C) No
(D) None
TESTBASICS
INTRODUCTIONTOREADING
INTRODUCTION
Thispartoftheexaminationtestsyourabilitytoreadandansweritemsaboutpassagesinformalwritten
English.Itcontainsfourorfivepassages.Aftereachpassagethereare10to14itemsaboutthatpassage,
foratotalof50to60questionsinthispart.Thepassagesvaryinlengthfromapproximately250to350
words.
Thissectiontestsyourabilitytofindmainideas,supportingideas,anddetails;usecontextcluesto
understandthemeaningofvocabulary;drawinferences;recognizecoherence;figureouttheorganization
ofthepassage;andperformotherbasicreadingskills.Thispartofthetestislinear—itisNOTcomputer
adaptive.Youcanskipitemsandcomebacktothemlaterorchangeanswersatalatertime.Theitems
youaregivenarenotchosenaccordingtoyourpreviousanswers.Becausethissectionislinear,thetactics
youusewillbesomewhatdifferentfromthoseinthefirsttwopartsofthetest.
Someitemtypesare“computerunique”—theydidnotappearonthepaper-basedtest.Therearealso
itemtypesthathavebeenchangedsomewhattotakeadvantageofthecomputer’scapabilities.
THEPASSAGES
Thepassagescoverawiderangeoftopicsbutgenerallycanbeclassifiedasfollows:
1. ScienceandTechnology
Includesastronomy,geology,chemistry,physics,mathematics,zoology,botany,medicine,
engineering,mechanics,andsoon
2. NorthAmericanHistory,Government,Geography,andCulture
3. Art
Includesliterature,painting,architecture,dance,drama,andsoon
4. SocialScience
Includesanthropology,economics,psychology,urbanstudies,sociology,andsoon
5. Biography
Somepassagesmaybeclassifiedinmorethanoneway.Forexample,abiographymightbeaboutthelife
ofahistoricalfigure,anartist,orascientist.
Ifthereisanationalcontextforanyofthepassages,itisAmericanoroccasionallyCanadian.There-
fore,ifapassageisabouthistory,itwillbeaboutthehistoryoftheUnitedStatesorCanada.
Althoughthepassagesdealwithvarioustopics,thestyleinwhichtheyarewrittenissimilar,and
theyusuallyfollowfairlysimplepatternsoforganization.
ThevocabularyusedintheReadingportionisfairlysophisticated.Therewillalmostcertainlybe
wordsthatyoudonotrecognize.Sometimesyoucanguessthemeaningofthesewordsbycontext.
However,itisnotnecessarytounderstandallthevocabularyinthepassagestoanswerthequestions.
THEITEMS
Accordingtothewaytheyareanswered,therearethreetypesofitemsonthetest.
191
TESTBASICS
StandardMultiple-ChoiceItems
Thesearesimilartotheitemsfoundonthepaper-basedtest.Mostmultiple-choiceitemscanbecatego-
rizedasoneofthefollowingseventypesofitems:
TypeofItem Explanation Example

1. OverviewItems Theseaskyoutoidentifyananswer “Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?”
choicethatcorrectlysummarizesthe “Whatisthepassageprimarilyabout?”
author’smainidea,thesubjectof
thewholepassage,ortheauthor’s “Whydidtheauthorwritethepassage?”
reasonforwritingthepassage.
2. DetailItems Theseaskyoutolocateandidentify “Accordingtothepassage,wheredid...?”
answerstoquestionsaboutspecific “Accordingtotheauthor,whydid...?”
informationanddetailsinthe
passage. “Accordingtothepassage,whichofthe
followingisTRUE?
3. NegativeItems Theseaskwhichoftheanswer “WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue
choicesisNOTdiscussedinthe about...?”
passage.
“AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT...”
4. PurposeItems
Theseaskyoutoexplainwhythe “Whydoestheauthormention...in
authorofthepassageusesacertain paragraph2?”
word,sentence,orexampleor
“Whatisthepurposeofthefollowing
whatthepurposeofasentenceor
sentenceinparagraph2?”
exampleis.
5. InferenceItems Theseaskyoutodrawconclusions “Theauthorimpliesthatwhichofthe
basedoninformationinthepassage. followingistrue?”
“Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferred
fromthepassage?”
6. Vocabulary-in- Theseaskyouidentifythemeaning “Theword inline5isclosestin
ContextItems ofawordorphraseasusedinthe meaningto...”
passage.
7. ReferenceItems* Theseaskyoutoidentifythenoun “Theworditinline15refersto...”
towhichapronounorother
“Inline20,thewordthererefersto
expressionrefers.
whichofthefollowing?”
*Mostreferenceitemsare“clickon”items,butafewaremultiplechoice.
Abouthalfthemultiple-choiceitemshaveclosedstems;theybeginwithdirectquestions.Theothershave
openstems;theybeginwithincompletesentences.
CLOSEDSTEM
Whichofthefollowingisthemaintopicofthepassage?
OPENSTEM
Themaintopicofthepassageis...
INTRODUCTION TO READING
ClickonthePassageItems
ThesetypesofitemsareNOTfollowedbyalistoffourpossibleanswerswithovalsbythem.Instead,you
mustclickonsomepartofthepassage.Formostoftheseitems,youcanonlyclickonthepartofthe
passagethatisinboldorinaparagraphthatismarkedwithanarrow.Forafewitems,youcanclick
anywhereinthepassage.
TypeofItem Explanation Example

ScanningItems Theseaskyoutofindaword,phrase, Clickontheparagraphinthepassage
orparagraphinthepassagethatplaysa thatoutlines...
specificlogicalororganizationalrolein
Clickonthesentenceinparagraph2
thepassage.
thatexplains...
Synonym/Antonym Theseaskyoutofindawordorphrase Lookattheword inthe
Items inamarkedpartofthepassagethathas passage.Clickonthewordorphrasein
thesamemeaning(synonym)orthe theboldtextthatisclosestinmeaning
oppositemeaning(antonym)asa to .
highlightedword.
Lookattheword inthe
passage.Clickonthewordorphrasein
theboldtextthatismostnearly
opposite inmeaning.
ReferenceItems Theseaskyoutofindinamarked Lookattheword them inthepassage.
portionofapassagethenountowhich Clickonthewordorphraseinthe
a highlightedpronoun orotherword boldtexttowhichitrefers.
refers.
SentenceAdditionItems
Thistypeofitemprovidesyouwithasentencethatcanbeinsertedintoapassage.Youmustdecide
wherethissentencebelongs.Whenyouseeasentenceadditionitem,smallblacksquareswillappear
betweenthesentencesinpartofthepassage—usuallyoneortwoparagraphslong.Youhavetoclickon
thesquaresbetweenthetwosentenceswhereyoubelievethesentenceshouldbeinserted.
WHATIS THEBESTWAY TOATTACK THEPASSAGES?

First,readthearticleatacomfortablespeed.Afteryouhavereadthefirstscreen,scrollthroughtherestof
thepassageatasteadypace.
Word-by-wordreadingslowsyoudownandinterfereswithyourcomprehension.Trytoreadinunits
ofthought,groupingwordsintorelatedphrases.
Duringyourfirstreading,don’tworryaboutunderstandingorrememberingdetails.Youcancome
backandlookforthatinformationlater.Trytogetageneralideaofwhateachoftheparagraphsisabout
andwhatthepassageasawholeisabout.
WHATIS THEBESTWAY TOANSWER THEITEMS?

It’simportanttorememberthatyourgoalisnottounderstandthepassagesperfectlybuttoansweras
manyitemscorrectlyasyoucan.Youneedtofocusontheitems,notthepassage.AlthoughyouCANskip
itemsinthissection,thisisnotagoodidea.Youshouldanswereachitemasitcomesup,evenifyou
havetoguess.However,ifyouhaveanydoubts,youshouldwritedownthenumberofthatitemonyour
notepaper.(YouwillbegivensixsheetsofnotepaperafterthebreakbetweenSections2and3;itis
actuallyfortheWritingsection,butyoucanuseitduringtheReadingsectionaswelltokeeptrackof
difficultitems).
TESTBASICS
ARETHEREANY“SECRETS” FORFINDINGANSWERS IN THEPASSAGEQUICKLY?

Yes!Whenyouareansweringsometypesofitems—mainlydetailitemsandinferenceitems—themost
importantfactorissimplytolocatetheinformationquickly.Herearesomepointersthatwillhelp:
1. Theitems—exceptforthefirstandmaybethelastitemineachset—strictlyfollowtheorderof
thepassage.Inotherwords,theanswersforthefirstfewitemswillbenearthetopofthe
passage.Tofindinformationforthelastfewitems,youwillhavetoscrolldowntothelastpart
ofthepassage.
2. Referenceitemsandvocabularyitemscanhelpyoupinpointtheinformationyouneedto
answerothertypesofitems.Let’ssaythatItem2isasynonymitem.Thecomputerwill
highlightaword.Let’ssayItem3isadetailitemandItem4isaninferenceitem.Then,let’ssay
Item5isareferenceitem.Againthecomputerwillhighlightaword.Thistellsusthatthe
informationneededtoanswerItems3and4issomewherebetweenthetwowordsthatare
highlighted.
WHATARESOMEIMPORTANT FACTORS INSCORINGHIGH INTHISSECTION?
Timing
Timingisanimportantfactor.Mosttest-takersfindthisthehardesttocompletebecausereadingthe
passagestakessomuchtime.Youwillhave70to90minutestocompletethissection—anaverageof15
minutestoreadeachpassageandanswertheitemsaboutit.Usetheclockonthescreentopaceyourself.
Whatshouldyoudoif,neartheendofthetest,yourealizethatyoudon’thaveenoughtimeto
finish?Don’tpanic!Let’ssaythatyouhaveonemorepassagetocompleteandthereareonlyabout4or5
minutesremaining.Youshouldskimoverthepassagetogetthemainidea.Answerthefirstitemaboutthe
passage(whichwillprobablybeamainideaitem).Then,answerallofthevocabularyitemsandreference
itemsbecausetheserequirelesstime.(You’llneedtoclickontheNexticontolocatethese).Then,go
backandansweranyremainingitems(clickingonthePrevicon).Refertothepassageaslittleaspossible.
Ifyoucan’tfindtheinformationneededtoanswertheiteminabout10seconds,justpickthechoicethat
seemsmostlogical.Then,inthelastfewseconds,answeranyremainingitemsbyclickingonyour
“guessanswer.”
Ontheotherhand,ifyoudofinishthetestbeforetimeiscalled,gobackandworkonitemsthat
youhadtroublewiththefirsttime.Don’texitthissectionuntilallthetimeisup.
Concentration
Concentrationisanotherimportantfactor.Thisisthelongestsectionofthetest.Forsomepeople,it’sthe
mostdifficult.Youmayfindithardtoconcentrateonacomputerscreenforsolong.Youreyesmayget
tired.Youmayfinditmoredifficulttomaneuverthroughpassagesonascreenthaninabook.
Practicecanhelp.IfyoupurchasedtheCD-ROMversionofthisbook,youcanaccessPeterson’s
onlineTOEFLpracticetest.Otherwise,visitwww.petersons.comandregistertotaketheonlinepractice
test.AlsovisitsitesontheInternetthatinterestyouorworkwithCD-ROMencyclopedias.
INTRODUCTION TO READING
StrategiesforSection3
• Aswiththeothersections,befamiliarwiththedirectionsandexamplesforSection3sothatyou
canbeginworkimmediately.
• Foreachpassage,beginbybrieflylookingoverthequestions(butnottheanswerchoices).Tryto
keepthesequestionsinmindduringyourreading.
• Readeachpassageatacomfortablespeed.
• Answerthequestions,referringtothepassagewhennecessary.
• Eliminateanswersthatareclearlywrongordonotanswerthequestion.Ifmorethanoneoption
remains,guess.
• Markdifficultortime-consuminganswerssothatyoucancomebacktothemlaterifyouhave
time.Remembertoeraseallthesemarksbeforetheendofthetest.
• Don’tspendmorethan10minutesonanyonereadingandthequestionsaboutit.
• Whenonlyafewminutesremain,don’tstartguessingblindly.Skimtheremainingpassageor
passagesquickly,thenanswerthefirstquestionineachset.Then,answeranyquestionswithline
numbers.Afterthat,readtheremainingquestions,andifyoucan’tfindthequestionquickly,
choosetheonethatseemsmostlogicaltoyou.
• Whenthereareonlyafewsecondsleft,fillinallremainingblankswithyourguessletter.
SECTION3
Reading
PreviewTest3:Reading..................................198
Lesson33. OverviewItems........................................... 206
Lesson34. Detail,Negative,andScanningItems......................... 217
Lesson35. InferenceandPurposeItems................................ 224
Lesson36. VocabularyItems.......................................... 231
Lesson37. ReferenceItems........................................... 238
Lesson38. SentenceAdditionItems ................................... 244
PREVIEWTEST3
Reading
Thissectionofthetestmeasuresyourabilitytounderstandthemeaningofwordsandtocomprehend
writtenmaterials.
Directions:Theremainderofthissectioncontainsseveralpassages,eachfollowedby10–14
questions.Readthepassagesand,foreachquestion,choosetheonebestanswer—(A),(B),(C ),or
(D)—basedonwhatisstatedinoronwhatcanbeinferredfromthepassage.
Passage1 developedcokesmelting,theColoniesdidnot
ThetechnologyoftheNorthAmericancolonies followsuit becausetheyhadplentyofwoodand
didnotdifferstrikinglyfromthatofEurope,but besides,charcoalironwasstrongerthancoke
inonerespect,thecolonistsenjoyedagreat iron.Cokesmeltingledtotechnologicinnova-
advantage.EspeciallybycomparisonwithBritain, tionsandwaslinkedtotheemergenceofthe
Americanshadawonderfullyplentifulsupplyof IndustrialRevolution.Intheearlynineteenth
wood. century,theformercolonieslaggedbehind
Thefirstcolonistsdidnot,asmanypeople Britaininindustrialdevelopmentbecausetheir
imagine,findanentirecontinentcoveredbya supplyofwoodledthemtoclingtocharcoal
climaxforest.EvenalongtheAtlanticseaboard, iron.
theforestwasbrokenatmanypoints.Neverthe-
less,allsortsoffinetreesabounded,andthrough 1. Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
theearlycolonialperiod,thosewhopushed
westwardencounterednewforests.Bytheend (A) Theadvantagesofusingwoodinthe
ofthecolonialera,thepriceofwoodhadrisen colonies
slightlyineasterncities,butwoodwasstill (B) Theeffectsofanabundanceofwood
extremelyabundant. onthecolonies
Theavailabilityofwoodbroughtadvantages (C) TherootsoftheIndustrialRevolution
thathaveseldombeenappreciated.Woodwasa (D) Thedifferencebetweencharcoaliron
foundationoftheeconomy.Housesandall andcokeiron
mannerofbuildingsweremadeofwoodtoa
2. Theword strikingly inthefirstparagraphis
degreeunknowninBritain.Secondly,woodwas
closestinmeaningto
usedasfuelforheatingandcooking.Thirdly,it
wasusedasthesourceofimportantindustrial (A) realistically.
compounds,suchaspotash,anindustrialalkali; (B) dramatically.
charcoal,acomponentof gunpowder;and (C) completely.
tannicacid,usedfortanningleather. (D) immediately.
Thesupplyofwoodconferredadvantages
buthadsomenegativeaspectsaswell.Ironat
thattimewasproducedbyheatingironorewith
charcoal.BecauseBritainwassostrippedof
trees,shewasunabletoexploitherrichiron
mines.ButtheAmericancolonieshadbothiron
oreandwood;ironproductionwasencouraged
andbecamesuccessful.However,whenBritain
198
PREVIEW TEST3: READING
3. Whichofthefollowingisacommon 7. Whydoestheauthormention gunpowder

assumptionabouttheforestsofNorth inparagraph3?
Americaduringthecolonialperiod?
(A) Toillustratethenegativeaspectsof
(A) Theycontainedonlyafewtypesoftrees. someindustrialprocesses
(B) TheyexistedonlyalongtheAtlantic (B) Togiveanexampleofaproductmade
seaboard. withwoodcompounds
(C) Theyhadlittleornoeconomicvalue. (C) Toremindreadersthatthecolonialera
(D) Theycoveredtheentirecontinent. endedinwarfare
(D) Tosuggestthatwoodwasnottheonly
4. Lookattheword plentiful intheboldtext importantproductofthecolonies
below:
8. Thephrase followsuit inparagraph4
EspeciallybycomparisonwithBritain, means
Americanshadawonderfully plentiful
supplyofwood. (A) dothesamething.
(B) makeanattempt.
Thefirstcolonistsdidnot,asmany (C) havetheopportunity.
peopleimagine,findanentireconti- (D) takearisk.
nentcoveredbyaclimaxforest.Even
alongtheAtlanticseaboard,theforest 9. Accordingtothepassage,whywastheuse
wasbrokenatmanypoints.Neverthe- ofcokesmeltingadvantageous?
less,therewasanabundantsupplyof
finetreesofalltypes,andthroughthe (A) Itledtoadvancesintechnology.
earlycolonialperiod,thosewho (B) Itwaslessexpensivethanwood
pushedwestwardencounterednew smelting.
forests. (C) Itproducedastrongertypeofiron
thanwoodsmelting.
Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold (D) Itstimulatedthedemandforwood.
textthathasthesamemeaningas plentiful.
10. Lookatthephrase clingto intheboldtext
5. Accordingtothepassage,bytheendofthe below:
colonialperiod,thepriceofwoodin
easterncities Britainabandonedthecharcoalmethod
andwentontodevelopcokesmelting.
(A) rosequicklybecausewoodwas Thecoloniesdidnotfollowsuitbe-
becomingsoscarce. causetheyhadplentyofwood,and
(B) wasmuchhigherthanitwasin besides,charcoalironwasstronger
Britain. thancokeiron.Cokesmeltingledto
(C) wasslightlyhigherthaninprevious technologicalinnovationsandwas
years. linkedtotheemergenceoftheIndus-
(D) decreasedrapidlybecauseoflower trialRevolution.Theformercolonies
demandforwood. laggedbehindBritaininindustrial
developmentbecausetheirsupplyof
6. Whatcanbeinferredabouthousesin woodledthemto clingto charcoal
Britainduringtheperiodwrittenaboutin
iron.
thepassage?
Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold
(A) Theyweremoreexpensivethan textthatismostnearlyOPPOSITEin
Americanhouses.
meaningtothephrase clingto.
(B) Theyweregenerallybuiltwith
importedmaterials. 11. PutanXnexttotheparagraphthatoutlines
(C) Theyweretypicallysmallerthan themaindisadvantageofanabundanceof
homesinNorthAmerica. wood.
(D) Theywereusuallybuiltfrommaterials
otherthanwood.
SECTION 3: READING
13. Lookattheword He intheboldtext

Passage2
ThePealeswereadistinguishedfamilyof below:
Americanartists.CharlesWillsonPealeisbest ThePealeswereadistinguishedfamily
rememberedforhisportraitsofleadingfiguresof ofAmericanartists.CharlesWillson
theAmericanRevolution.Hepaintedportraitsof Pealeisbestrememberedforhis
FranklinandJeffersonandoveradozenof portraitsofleadingfiguresofthe
GeorgeWashington.Hislife-sizeportraitofhis AmericanRevolution. He painted
sonsRaphaelleandTitianwassorealisticthat portraitsofFranklinandJeffersonand
GeorgeWashingtonreportedlyonce overadozenofGeorgeWashington.
tippedhishattothefiguresinthepicture.
CharlesWillsonPealegaveuppaintingin Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold
hismiddleageanddevotedhislifetothePeale textthattheword He refersto.
Museum,whichhefoundedinPhiladelphia.The
14. TheauthorprobablymentionsthatWash-
world’sfirstpopularmuseumofartandnatural
ington
science,itfeaturedpaintingsbyPealeandhis
tippedhishattothefiguresinthepainting
familyaswellasdisplaysofanimalsintheir
(paragraph1)toindicatethat
naturalsettings.Pealefoundtheanimalshimself
anddevisedamethodoftaxidermytomakethe (A) CharlesWillsonPeale’spaintingwas
exhibitsmorelifelike.Themuseum’smost verylifelike.
populardisplaywastheskeletonofamast- (B) WashingtonrespectedCharlesWillson
odon—ahuge,extinctelephant—whichPeale Peale’swork.
unearthed onaNewYorkfarmin1801. (C) Washingtonwasfriendlywith
ThreeofPeale’sseventeenchildrenwere RaphaelleandTitianPeale.
alsofamousartists.RaphaellePealeoftenpainted (D) thepaintingofthetwobrotherswas
stilllifesofflowers,fruit,andcheese.Hisworks extremelylarge.
showthesameluminosityandattentiontodetail
thattheworksoftheDutchmastersshow.Inthe 15. Lookattheword displays intheboldtext
lateeighteenthcentury,however,portraiturewas below:
therage,andsoRaphaellePealefoundfew Theworld’sfirstpopularmuseumof
buyersforhisstilllifesatthetime.Hisbrother artandnaturalscience,itfeatured
Rembrandtstudiedunderhisfatherandpainted paintingsbyPealeandhisfamilyas
portraitsofmanynotedpeople,includingoneof wellas displays ofanimalsintheir
GeorgeWashington.Anotherbrother,Rubens naturalsettings.Pealefoundthe
Peale,paintedmostlylandscapesandportraits. animalshimselfanddevisedamethod
JamesPeale,thebrotherofCharlesWillson oftaxidermytomaketheexhibitsmore
Peale,specializedinminiatures.Hisdaughter lifelike.
SarahMiriamPealewasprobablythefirst
professionalfemaleportraitpainterinAmerica. Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold
textthathasthesamemeaningas displays.
12. Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage? 16. Forwhichofthefollowingtermsdoesthe
authorgiveadefinitioninthesecond
(A) ThelifeofCharlesWillsonPeale
paragraph?
(B) Portraitureintheeighteenthcentury
(C) ThePealeMuseum (A) Naturalscience
(D) Afamilyofartists (B) Skeleton
(C) Taxidermy
(D) Mastodon
17. Whichofthefollowingquestionsaboutthe Passage3

PealeMuseumdoesthepassageNOT Accordingtothebestevidencegatheredby
supplyenoughinformationtoanswer? spaceprobesandastronomers,Marsisan
(A) Whofoundandprepareditsanimal inhospitableplanet,moresimilartoEarth’sMoon
exhibits? thantoEarthitself—adry, stark,seemingly
(B) Inwhatcitywasitlocated? lifelessworld.Mars’airpressureisequalto
(C) Wherediditsmostpopularexhibit Earth’satanaltitudeof100,000feet.Theair
comefrom? there is95percentcarbondioxide.Marshasno
(D) Inwhatyearwasitfounded? ozonelayertoscreenoutthesun’slethal
radiation.Daytimetemperaturesmayreachabove
18. Theword unearthed inthesecond freezing,butbecausetheplanetisblanketedby
paragraphisclosestinmeaningto themerewispofanatmosphere,theheat
(A) displayed. radiatesbackintospace.Evenattheequator,the
(B) dugup. temperaturedropsto−50°C(−60°F)atnight.
(C) located. Todaythereisnoliquidwater,althoughvalleys
andchannelsonthesurfaceshowevidenceof
(D) lookedover.
havingbeencarvedbyrunningwater.Thepolar
19. Lookatthewordrageintheboldtextbelow: icecapsaremadeoffrozenwaterandcarbon
dioxide,andwatermaybefrozenintheground
Hisworksshowthesameluminosityand aspermafrost.
attention to detail that the works of the Despitethesedifficultconditions,certain
Dutch masters show. In the late eigh- scientistsbelievethatthereisapossibilityof
teenth century, however, still lifes were transformingMarsintoamoreEarth-likeplanet.
notthefashion.Portraiturewastherage, Nuclearreactorsmightbeusedtomeltfrozen
andsoRaphaellePealefoundfewbuyers gasesandeventuallybuilduptheatmosphere.
atthattime. Thisinturncouldcreatea greenhouseeffect
Underline the word or phrase in the bold thatwouldstopheatfromradiatingbackinto
textthathasthesamemeaningas rage. space.Liquidwatercouldbethawedtoforma
polarocean.Onceenoughicehasmelted,
20. Accordingtothepassage,RembrandtPeale suitableplantscouldbeintroducedtobuildup
andhisfatherbothpainted thelevelofoxygenintheatmospheresothat,in
time,theplanetwouldsupportanimallifefrom
(A) miniatures.
Earthandevenpermanenthumancolonies.“This
(B) portraitsofGeorgeWashington.
wasoncethoughttobesofarinthefutureasto
(C) paintingsofflowers,fruit,andcheese.
beirrelevant,”saidChristopherMcKay,a
(D) picturesofanimals.
researchscientistattheNationalAeronauticsand
21. Underlinethesentenceinparagraph3inwhich SpaceAdministration.“Butnowit’sstartingto
the author compares the paintings of one of lookpractical.Wecouldbeginworkinfouror
thePealefamilywiththoseofotherartists. fivedecades.”
Theideaof“terra-forming”Mars,as
22. WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthe enthusiastscallit,hasitsrootsinsciencefiction.
childrenofCharlesWillsonPeale? Butasresearchersdevelopamoreprofound
understandingofhowEarth’secologysupports
(A) TitianPeale
life,theyhavebeguntoseehowitmaybe
(B) RubensPeale
possibletocreatesimilarconditionsonMars.
(C) RaphaellePeale
Don’tplanonhomesteadingonMarsanytime
(D) SarahMiriamPeale
soon,though.Theprocesscouldtakehundreds
23. Theauthor’sattitudetowardthePeales’is oreventhousandsofyearstocomplete,andthe
ingeneral costwouldbe staggering.
(A) envious.
(B) puzzled.
(C) admiring.
(D) disappointed.
SECTION 3: READING
24. Withwhichofthefollowingisthepassage 30. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthe

primarilyconcerned? greenhouseeffect mentionedinthesecond
paragraphis
(A) ThepossibilityofchangingtheMartian
environment (A) thedirectresultofnuclearreactions.
(B) Thechallengeofinterplanetarytravel (B) thecauseoflowtemperatureson
(C) Theadvantagesofestablishingcolonies Mars.
onMars (C) causedbytheintroductionofgreen
(D) TheneedtostudytheMartianecology plants.
(D) apossiblemeansofwarmingMars.
25. Theword stark inthefirstparagraphis
closestinmeaningto 31. Lookattheword thawed intheboldtext
below:
(A) harsh.
(B) unknown. Frozenwatercouldbe thawed toform
(C) dark. apolarocean.Onceenoughicehas
(D) distant. melted,suitableplantscouldbeintro-
ducedtobuildupthelevelofoxygenin
26. Theword there inthefirstparagraphrefers theatmospheresothat,intime,the
to planetwouldsupportanimallifefrom
(A) apoint100milesabovetheearth. Earthandevenpermanenthuman
(B) theearth’smoon. colonies.
(C) Mars. Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold
(D) outerspace. textthathasthesamemeaningas thawed.
27. Accordingtothepassage,theMartian 32. Lookattheword feasible intheboldtext
atmospheretodayconsistsmainlyof below:
(A) carbondioxide. “Notmanyyearsago,noonewould
(B) oxygen. haveconsideredthisaviableplan,”
(C) ozone. saidChristopherMcKay,aresearch
(D) watervapor. scientistattheNationalAeronautics
andSpaceAdministration.“Butnowit’s
28. Underlinethesentenceinthefirstpara-
graphthatexplainswhyMarsissocoldat startingtolook feasible.Wecould
night. beginworkinfourorfivedecades.”
29. Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthor textthathasthesamemeaningas feasible.
NOTlistasacharacteristicoftheplanet
Marsthatwouldmakecolonizationdifficult? 33. AccordingtoChristopherMcKay,the
(A) Thereislittleliquidwater. possibilityoftransformingMars
(B) Daytimetemperaturesaredangerously (A) couldonlyoccurinsciencefiction
high. stories.
(C) Thesun’sraysaredeadly. (B) willnotbeginforhundreds,even
(D) Nighttimetemperaturesareextremely thousandsofyears.
low. (C) iscompletelyimpractical.
(D) couldbestartedinfortytofiftyyears.
34. Accordingtothearticle,thebasicknowl-
edgeneededtotransformMarscomesfrom
(A) thescienceofastronomy.
(B) aknowledgeofEarth’secology.
(C) datafromspaceprobes.
(D) sciencefictionstories.
35. Lookattheword they intheboldtext verselyinfluencediet.Thedegreetowhichpoor

below: nutritionaffectssusceptibilitytocoldsisnotyet
clearlyestablished,butaninadequatedietis
Theideaof“terra-forming”Mars,as suspectedofloweringresistanceingeneral.
enthusiastscallit,hasitsrootsin
sciencefiction.Butasresearchers
developamoreprofoundunderstand- 37. Theparagraphthatprecedesthispassage
ingofhowEarth’secologysupports mostprobablydealswith
life, they havebeguntoseehowitmay (A) minordiseasesotherthancolds.
bepossibletocreatesimilarconditions (B) therecommendedtreatmentofcolds.
onMars. (C) afactorthataffectssusceptibilityto
Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold colds.
textthattheword they refersto. (D) methodsofpreventingcoldsamong
elderlypeople.
36. Theword staggering inthethirdparagraph
isclosestinmeaningto 38. Whichofthefollowingisclosestin
meaningtotheword particulars inthefirst
(A) astonishing. paragraph?
(B) restrictive.
(C) increasing. (A) Minorerrors
(D) unpredictable. (B) Specificfacts
(C) Smalldistinctions
Passage4 (D) Individualpeople
Anothercriticalfactorthatplaysapartin 39. Whatdoestheauthorclaimaboutthestudy
susceptibilitytocoldsisage.Astudydonebythe discussedinthepassage?
UniversityofMichiganSchoolofPublicHealth
revealed particulars thatseemtoholdtruefor (A) Itcontainsmanyinconsistencies.
thegeneralpopulation.Infantsarethemost (B) Itspecializesinchildren.
cold-riddengroup,averagingmorethansixcolds (C) Itcontradictstheresultsofearlier
intheirfirstyear.Boyshavemorecoldsthan studiesinthefield.
girlsuptoagethree.Aftertheageofthree,girls (D) Itsresultsapparentlyarerelevantfor
aremoresusceptiblethanboys,andteenagegirls thepopulationasawhole.
averagethreecoldsayeartoboys’two.
40. Accordingtothepassage,whichofthe
Thegeneralincidenceofcoldscontinuesto
followinggroupsofpeopleismostlikelyto
declineintomaturity.Elderlypeoplewhoarein
catchcolds?
goodhealthhaveasfewasoneortwocolds
annually.Oneexceptionisfoundamongpeople (A) Infantboys
intheirtwenties,especiallywomen,whoshowa (B) Younggirls
riseincoldinfections,becausepeopleinthisage (C) Teenageboys
grouparemostlikelytohaveyoungchildren. (D) Elderlywomen
Adultswhodelayhavingchildrenuntiltheir
thirtiesandfortiesexperiencethesamesudden
increaseincoldinfections.
Thestudyalsofoundthateconomicsplays
animportantrole.Asincomeincreases,the
frequencyatwhichcoldsarereportedinthe
familydecreases.Familieswiththelowest
incomesufferaboutathirdmorecoldsthan
familiesatthehighestend.Lowerincomein
generalforcespeopletoliveinmorecramped
quartersthanthosetypicallyoccupiedby
wealthierpeople,andcrowdingincreasesthe
opportunitiesforthecoldvirustotravelfrom
persontoperson.Lowincomemayalsoad-
SECTION 3: READING
41. Lookattheword incidence inthebold 44. Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthe

textbelow: lastparagraphofthepassageisto
Thegeneral incidence ofcoldscontin- (A) explainhowcoldvirusesare
uestodeclineintomaturity.Elderly transmitted.
peoplewhoareingoodhealthhaveas (B) provethatapoordietcausescolds.
fewasoneortwocoldsannually.One (C) discusstherelationshipbetween
exceptionisfoundamongpeoplein incomeandfrequencyofcolds.
theirtwenties,especiallywomen.The (D) discussthedistributionofincome
rateatwhichtheyareinfectedwith amongthepeopleinthestudy.
coldsrisesbecausepeopleinthisage
grouparemostlikelytohaveyoung 45. Lookattheword cramped intheboldtext
children. below:
Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold Familieswiththelowestincomesuffer
textthathasthesamemeaningas athirdmorecoldsthanfamiliesatthe
incidence. highestend.Lowerincomeingeneral
forcespeopletoliveinmore cramped
42. Thereisinformationinthesecondpara- quartersthanthosetypicallyoccupied
graphofthepassagetosupportwhichof bywealthierpeople,andcrowded
thefollowingconclusions? conditionsincreasetheopportunities
forthecoldvirustotravelfromperson
(A) Menaremoresusceptibletocolds
toperson.
thanwomen.
(B) Childreninfecttheirparentswith Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold
colds. textthathasthesamemeaningas
(C) Peoplewholiveinacoldclimatehave cramped.
morecoldsthanthosewholiveina
warmone. 46. Thefollowingsentencecanbeaddedto
(D) Peoplewhodon’thavechildrenare paragraph3.
moresusceptibletocoldsthanthose Lowincomemayalsohaveanadverse
whodo. effectondiet.
43. Lookatthephrase peopleinthisagegroup Wherewoulditbestfitintheparagraph?
intheboldtextbelow:
Thestudyalsofoundthateconomicsplays
Elderlypeoplewhoareingoodhealth animportantrole.(A)Asincomeincreases,
haveasfewasoneortwocoldsannu- thefrequencyatwhichcoldsarereported
ally.Oneexceptionisfoundamong inthefamilydecreases.(B)Familieswith
peopleintheirtwenties,especially thelowestincomesufferathirdmorecolds
women.Therateatwhichtheyare thanfamiliesatthehighestend.(C )Lower
infectedwithcoldsrisesbecause incomeingeneralforcespeopletolivein
peopleinthisagegroup aremost morecrampedquartersthanthosetypically
likelytohaveyoungchildren.Adults occupiedbywealthierpeople,andcrowded
whodelayhavingchildrenuntiltheir conditionsincreasetheopportunitiesfor
thirtiesandfortiesexperiencethesame thecoldvirustotravelfrompersonto
suddenincreaseincoldinfections. person.(D)Thedegreetowhichdeficient
nutritionaffectssusceptibilitytocoldsis
Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold notyetclearlyestablished.(E)However,an
textthatreferstothephrase inadequatedietissuspectedoflowering
peopleinthisagegroup. resistanceingeneral.
Circletheletterinparenthesesthat
indicatesthebestpositionforthesentence.
47. Lookattheword deficient intheboldtext 49. Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?

below: (A) Therelationshipbetweenaplant’s
Lowerincomeingeneralforcespeople rootsanditsshoots
toliveinmorecrampedquartersthan (B) Whatcanbelearnedbygrowingroots
thosetypicallyoccupiedbywealthier inisolation
people,andcrowdedconditions (C) Howplantscanbegrownwithoutroots
increasetheopportunitiesforthecold (D) Whatelementsarenecessaryforthe
virustotravelfrompersontoperson. growthofplants
Thedegreetowhich deficient nutrition
50. Theword themselves inthefirstparagraph
affectssusceptibilitytocoldsisnotyet
refersto
clearlyestablished.However,an
inadequatedietissuspectedoflowering (A) plantphysiologists.
resistanceingeneral. (B) solutions.
(C) laboratoryflasks.
Underline the word or phrase in the bold (D) roots.
textthathasthesamemeaningas deficient.
51. Accordingtothepassage,whatisATP?
48. Theauthor’stoneinthispassagecouldbest
bedescribedas (A) Abiochemicalprocess
(B) Thetipofaroot
(A) neutralandobjective. (C) Achemicalcompound
(B) humorous. (D) Atypeofplantcell
(C) tentativebutinterested.
(D) highlycritical. 52. Theword intact inthesecondparagraphis
closestinmeaningto
Passage5 (A) mature.
Aboutfiftyyearsago,plantphysiologistssetout (B) wild.
togrowrootsby themselves insolutionsin (C) whole.
laboratoryflasks.Thescientistsfoundthatthe (D) tiny.
nutritionofisolatedrootswasquitesimple.They
requiredsugarandtheusualmineralsand 53. Theuseofthephrase comesinhandy inthe
vitamins.However,theydidnotrequireorganic secondparagraphindicatesthattheprocessis
nitrogencompounds.Theserootsgotalongfine (A) useful.
onmineralinorganicnitrogen.Rootsarecapable (B) predictable.
ofmakingtheirownproteinsandotherorganic (C) necessary.
compounds.Theseactivitiesbyrootsrequire (D) successful.
energy,ofcourse.Theprocessofrespiration
usessugartomakethehighenergycompound 54. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,in
ATP,whichdrivesthebiochemicalreactions. theearlyspring,thebudsofplants
Respirationalsorequiresoxygen.Highlyactive (A) “export”proteinintheformofamino
rootsrequireagooddealofoxygen. acids.
Thestudyofisolatedrootshasprovidedan (B) donotrequirewater.
understandingoftherelationshipbetweenshoots (C) havebegunphotosynthesizing.
androotsin intact plants.Theleavesofthe (D) obtainorganiccompoundsfromtheroots.
shootsprovidetherootswithsugarandvitamins,
55. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthe
andtherootsprovidetheshootswithwaterand
organizationofthepassage?
minerals.Inaddition,rootscanprovidethe
shootswithorganicnitrogencompounds.This (A) Theresultsoftwoexperimentsare
comesinhandy forthegrowthofbudsinthe compared.
earlyspringwhenleavesarenotyetfunctioning. (B) Ageneralizationismadeandseveral
Onceleavesbeginphotosynthesizing,they examplesofitaregiven.
produceprotein,butonlymatureleavescan (C) Thefindingsofanexperimentare
“export”proteintotherestoftheplantinthe explained.
formofaminoacids. (D) Ahypothesisispresented,andseveral
meansofprovingitaresuggested.
LESSON33
Overview Items
MAINIDEA,MAINTOPIC,ANDMAIN
PURPOSEQUESTIONS
Afteralmosteverypassage,thefirstquestionisanoverviewquestionaboutthemainidea,maintopic,or
mainpurposeofapassage.Mainideaquestionsaskyoutoidentifythemostimportantthoughtinthe
passage.
SampleQuestions
• Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
• Theprimaryideaofthepassageis...
• Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheauthor’smainidea?
Whenthereisnotasingle,readilyidentifiedmainidea,maintopicquestionsmaybeasked.Theseask
youwhatthepassageisgenerally“about.”
SampleQuestions
• Themaintopicofthepassageis...
• Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
• Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith...
Mainpurposequestionsaskwhyanauthorwroteapassage.Theanswerchoicesforthesequestions
usuallybeginwithinfinitives.
SampleQuestions
• Theauthor’spurposeinwritingisto...
• Whatistheauthor’smainpurposeinthepassage?
• Themainpointofthispassageisto...
• Whydidtheauthorwritethepassage?
SampleAnswerChoices
• Todefine...
• Torelate...
• Todiscuss...
• Topropose...
• Toillustrate...
• Tosupporttheideathat...
• Todistinguishbetween...and...
• Tocompare...and...
206
LESSON 33: OVERVIEW ITEMS
Don’tanswertheinitialoverviewquestionaboutapassageuntilyouhaveansweredtheotherquestions.
Theprocessofansweringthedetailquestionsmaygiveyouaclearerideaofthemainidea,topic,or
purposeofthepassage.
Thecorrectanswersformainidea,maintopic,andmainpurposequestionscorrectlysummarizethe
mainpointsofthepassage;theymustbemoregeneralthananyofthesupportingideasordetails,butnot
sogeneralthattheyincludeideasoutsidethescopeofthepassages.
Distractorsforthistypeofquestionhaveoneofthesecharacteristics:
1. Theyaretoospecific.
2. Theyaretoogeneral.
3. Theareincorrectaccordingtothepassage.
4. Theyareirrelevant(unrelated)tothemainideaofthepassage.
Ifyou’renotsureoftheanswerforoneofthesequestions,gobackandquicklyscanthepassage.Youcan
usuallyinferthemainidea,maintopic,ormainpurposeoftheentirepassagefromanunderstandingof
themainideasoftheparagraphsthatmakeupthepassageandtherelationshipbetweenthem.
OTHEROVERVIEWITEMS
Severalotheritemstestyouroverallunderstandingofthepassage.Theseareoftenthelastquestioninaset
ofquestions.
Toneitemsaskyoutodeterminetheauthor’sfeelingsaboutthetopicbythelanguagethatheor
sheusesinwritingthepassage.Lookforvocabularythatindicatesiftheauthor’sfeelingsarepositive,
negative,orneutral.
SampleQuestions
• Whattonedoestheauthortakeinwritingthispassage?
• Thetoneofthispassagecouldbestbedescribedas...
SampleAnswerChoices
• Positive • Humorous • Worried
• Favorable • Negative • Outraged
• Optimistic • Critical • Neutral
• Amused • Unfavorable • Objective
• Pleased • Angry • Impersonal
• Respectful • Defiant
Ifyoureadthefollowingsentencesinpassages,wouldthetoneofthosepassagesmostlikelybepositive
ornegative?
1. Thatwasjustthebeginningofaremarkableseriesofperformancesbythisbrilliantactress.
2. Despitesomeminorproblems,thisdevicehasanumberofadmirablefeatures.
3. Thispracticeisawasteoftimeandmoney.
4. Atthetimehispoemswerefirstpublished,theywereverypopular,buttodaymostcriticsfindthem
simplisticandratheruninteresting.
Theitalicizedwordsinsentences1and2showapositivetone;in3and4,theitalicizedwordsindicatea
negativeattitude.Noticethatsentence2containsnegativewords(minorproblems)buttheoverall
meaningofthesentenceispositive.Sentence4containspositivelanguage(verypopular)butoverall,the
toneisnegative.(Wordssuchasdespite,but,although,however,andsimilarwordscan“reverse”thetone
ofthepassage.)
SECTION 3: READING
MostTOEFLreadingpassageshaveaneutraltone,butsometimesanauthormaytakeapositionforor
againstsomepoint.However,answerchoicesthatindicatestrongemotion—angry,outraged,sad,andso
forth—willseldombecorrect.
Attitudequestionsaresimilartotonequestions.Again,youmustunderstandtheauthor’sopinion.
Thelanguagethattheauthoruseswilltellyouwhathisorherpositionis.
Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsmokingonairplanesasexpressedinthesentencebelow?
Althoughsomepassengersmayexperienceaslightdiscomfortfromnotsmokingonlongflights,
theirsmokingendangersthehealthofallthepassengersandcrew.
Theauthoropposessmokingduringflights.Headmitsthatthereissomeargumentinfavorofsmoking—
somepassengersmayfeeldiscomfort—butthisisnotasimportantasthefactthatsmokingcanbedanger-
oustoeveryoneontheflight.Theuseofthewordalthoughshowsthis.
SampleQuestions
• Whatistheauthor’sattitudetoward...?
• Theauthor’sopinionof________isbestdescribedas...
• Theauthor’sattitudetoward________couldbestbedescribedasoneof...
• Howwouldtheauthorprobablyfeelabout...?
Anothertypeofattitudequestionpresentsfourstatementsandaskshowtheauthorwouldfeel
aboutthem.
• Whichofthefollowingrecommendationswouldtheauthormostlikelysupport?
• TheauthorwouldbeLEASTlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements?
• Theauthorofthepassagewouldmostlikelybeinfavorofwhichofthefollowingpolicies?
Organizationitemsaskabouttheoverallstructureofapassageorabouttheorganizationofaparticular
paragraph.
SampleQuestion
• Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassage?
SampleAnswerChoices
• Ageneralconceptisdefinedandexamplesaregiven.
• Severalgeneralizationsarepresented,fromwhichaconclusionisdrawn.
• Theauthorpresentstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesof________.
• Theauthorpresentsasystemofclassificationfor________.
• Persuasivelanguageisusedtoargueagainst________.
• Theauthordescribes________.
• Theauthorpresentsabriefaccountof________.
• Theauthorcompares________and________.
Itemsaboutpreviousorfollowingparagraphsaskyoutoassumethatthepassageispartofalonger
work:Whatwouldbethetopicofthehypotheticalparagraphthatprecedesorfollowsthepassage?To
findthetopicofthepreviousparagraph,lookforcluesinthefirstlineortwoofthepassage;forthetopic
ofthefollowingpassage,lookinthelastfewlines.Sometimesincorrectanswerchoicesmentiontopics
thathavealreadybeendiscussedinthepassage.
SampleQuestions
• Whattopicwouldthefollowing/precedingparagraphmostlikelydealwith?
• Theparagraphbefore/afterthepassagemostprobablydiscusses...
• Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheprevious/nextparagraphconcerns...
• Whatmostlikelyprecedes/followsthepassage?
EXERCISE33.1
Focus:Identifyingcorrectanswersandrecognizingdistractorsinmainidea/maintopic/mainpurposequestions
Directions:Readthepassages.Then,markeachanswerchoiceaccordingtothefollowingsystem:
S Toospecific
G Toogeneral
X Incorrect
I Irrelevant
C Correct
Thefirstquestionisfinishedforyouasanexample.
Passage1 Passage2
Therearetwomaintypesofcelldivision.Most ThelastgoldrushbelongsasmuchtoCanadian
cellsareproducedbyaprocesscalledmitosis .In historyasitdoestoAmerican.Thediscoveryof
mitosis,acelldividesandformstwoidentical goldalongtheKlondikeRiver,whichflowsfrom
daughtercells,eachwithanidenticalnumberof Canada’sYukonTerritoryintoAlaska,drewsome
chromosomes.Mostone-celledcreaturesrepro- 30,000fortunehunterstothenorth.TheYukon
ducebythismethod,asdomostofthecellsin becameaterritory,anditscapitalatthetime,
multicelledplantsandanimals.Sexcells, Dawson,wouldnothaveexistedwithoutthe
however,areformedinaspecialtypeofcell goldrush.Thegoldstrikefurnishedmaterialfor
divisioncalledmeiosis.Thisprocessreducesthe adozenofJackLondon’snovels;itinspired
numberofchromosomesinasexcelltohalfthe RobertServicetowrite“TheShootingofDan
numberfoundinotherkindsofcells.Then, McGrew”andotherpoems;anditprovidedthe
whensexcellsunite,theyproduceasinglecell backgroundforthewonderfulCharlieChaplin
withtheoriginalnumberofchromosomes. movie,TheGoldRush.Italsomarkedthe
beginningsofmodernAlaska.
1. Whatisthemaintopicofthispassage?
2. Thisauthor’smainpurposeinwritingisto
S (A) Themethodbywhich
one-celledorganismsreproduce ______ (A) discussthesignificanceof
mininginCanadaandthe
C (B) Acomparisonbetween
UnitedStates.
mitosisandmeiosis ______ (B) showtheinfluenceofthe
X (C) Meiosis,theprocessby Klondikegoldstrikeonthe
whichidenticalcellsareproduced creativearts.
______
(C) pointoutthesignificanceof
theKlondikegoldstrike.
SECTION 3: READING
4. Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
Passage3
Untilthenineteenthcentury,whensteamships ______ (A) Amanufacturer’snegligence
andtranscontinentaltrainsmadelong-distance canbeshownbydirect
travelpossibleforlargenumbersofpeople,only evidenceonly.
afewadventurers,mainlysailorsandtraders, ______ (B) Enoughcircumstantial
evertraveledoutoftheirowncountries. evidenceisaspersuasiveas
“Abroad”wasatrulyforeignplaceaboutwhich directevidence.
thevastmajorityofpeopleknewverylittle ______
(C) Circumstantialevidencecan
indeed.Earlymapmakers,therefore,hadlittle beveryusefulinscience.
fearofbeingaccusedofmistakes,eventhough
theywereoftenwildlyinaccurate.Whenthey
compiledmaps,imaginationwasasimportantas
Passage5
geographicreality.Nowhereisthismoreevident TheNorthwestOrdinancewaspassedby
Congressin1787.Itsetupthegovernment
thaninoldmapsillustratedwithmythical
structureoftheregionnorthoftheOhioRiver
creaturesandstrangehumans.
andwestofPennsylvania,thencalledthe
NorthwestTerritory.Itsettheconditionsunder
3. Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthe
whichpartsoftheTerritorycouldbecomestates
mainideaofthepassage?
havingequalitywiththeolderstates.Butthe
______ (A) Despitetheirunusual ordinancewasmorethanjustaplanforgovern-
illustrations,mapsmade ment.Thelawalsoguaranteedfreedomof
beforethenineteenth religionandtrialbyjuryintheTerritory.It
centurywereremarkably organizedtheTerritoryintotownshipsof36
accurate. squaremilesandorderedaschooltobebuiltfor
______ (B) Oldmapsoftenincluded eachtownship.Italsoabolishedslaveryinthe
picturesofimaginaryanimals. Territory.Thetermsweresoattractivethat
______ (C) Mapmakerscoulddraw thousandsofpioneerspouredintotheTerritory.
imaginativemapsbeforethe Eventually,theTerritorybecamethestatesof
nineteenthcenturybecause Ohio,Indiana,Illinois,Michigan,andWisconsin.
sofewpeoplehadtraveled.
5. Whatisthemaintopicofthispassage?
Passage4 ______ (A) Thestructureofgovernment
Circumstantialevidenceisevidencenotdrawn ______ (B) Theprovisionsofanimpor-
fromthedirectobservationofafact.If,for tantlaw
example,thereisevidencethatapieceofrock ______ (C) Theestablishmentofschools
embeddedinawrappedchocolatebaristhe intheNorthwestTerritory
sametypeofrockfoundinthevicinityofthe
candyfactory,andthatrockofthistypeisfound
infewotherplaces,thenthereiscircumstantial
Passage6
Thestoryofthemotelbusinessfrom1920tothe
evidencethatthestonefounditswayintothe
startofWorldWarIIin1941isoneofuninter-
candyduringmanufactureandsuggeststhatthe
ruptedgrowth.Motels(thetermcomesfroma
candymakerwasnegligent.Despiteapopular
combinationofthewordsmotorandhotels)
notiontolookdownonthequalityofcircum-
spreadfromtheWestandtheMidwestallthe
stantialevidence,itisofgreatusefulnessifthere
waytoMaineandFlorida.Theyclusteredalong
isenoughofitandifitisproperlyinterpreted.
transcontinentalhighways,suchasU.S.Routes
Eachcircumstance,takensingly,maymeanlittle,
40and66,andalongthenorth-southroutes
butawholechainofcircumstancescanbeas
runningupanddownboththeEastandWest
conclusiveasdirectevidence.
Coasts.Therewere16,000motelsby1930and
24,000by1940.Themotelindustrywasoneof
thefewindustriesthatwasnothurtbythe
Depressionofthe1930s.Theircheaprates
attractedtravelerswhohadverylittlemoney.
6. Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss? Passage8
______ (A) HowtheDepressionhurt Alternativehistoryisingeneralclassifiedasa
U.S.motels typeofsciencefiction,butitalsobearssome
______ (B) Theoriginoftheword relationtohistoricalfiction.Thistypeofwriting
motels describesanimaginaryworldthatisidenticalto
______ (C) Twodecadesofgrowthfor oursuptoacertainpointinhistory,butatthat
themotelindustry point,thetwoworldsdiverge;someimportant
historicaleventtakesplaceinoneworldbutnot
intheother,andtheygoindifferentdirections.
Passage7 Alternativehistoriesmightdescribeworldsin
Anoldbutstillusefulproverbstates,“Bewareof
whichtheRomanEmpirehadneverfallen,in
oak,itdrawsthestroke.”Thissayingishandy
whichtheSpanishArmadahadbeenvictorious,
duringthunderstormseason.Ingeneral,trees
orinwhichtheSouthhadwontheCivilWar.
withdeeprootsthattapintogroundwaterattract
Or,theymaysupposethatsometechnologyhad
morelightningthandotreeswithshallow,drier
beenintroducedearlierintheworld’shistory
roots.Oaksarearound50timesmorelikelyto
thanactuallyhappened.Forexample:Whatif
bestruckthanbeeches.Sprucesarenearlyas
computershadbeeninventedinVictoriantimes?
safeasbeeches.Pinesarenotassafeasthese
Manyreadersfindthesestoriesinteresting
twobutarestillmuchsaferthanoaks.
becauseofthewaytheystimulatetheimagina-
tionandgetthemthinkingaboutthephenom-
7. Whatistheauthor’smainpoint?
enonofcauseandeffectinhistory.
______ (A) Oldproverbsoftencontain
importanttruths. 8. Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?
______ (B) Treeswithshallowrootsare
______ (A) Alternativehistoriesdescribe
morelikelytoavoidlightning
worldsinwhichhistoryhas
thanthosewithdeeproots.
takenanothercourse.
______ (C) Thedeeperatree’sroots,the
______ (B) Alternativehistoriesarea
saferitisduringathunder-
typeofhistoricalnovel.
storm. ______ (C) Sciencefictionwritershave
accuratelypredictedcertain
actualscientificdevelop-
ments.
SECTION 3: READING
EXERCISE33.2
Focus:Answeringavarietyofoverviewquestionsaboutshortpassages
Directions:Readthepassagesandmarkthebestanswerchoice—(A),(B),(C),or(D).
Passage1 terminologyconsistsinpartofeverydaywords
Americanfolkmusicoriginatedwithordinary suchasemotion,intelligence,andmotivation,
peopleatatimewhentheruralpopulationwas butpsychologistsusethesewordssomewhat
isolatedandmusicwasnotyetspreadbyradio, differently.Forexample,anon-psychologistmay
tapes,CDs,ormusicvideos.Itwastransmitted usethetermanxietytomeannervousnessor
byoraltraditionandisnotedforitsenergy, fear,butmostpsychologistsreservethetermto
humor,andemotionalimpact.Themajorsource describeaconditionproducedwhenonefears
ofearlyAmericanfolksongswasmusicfromthe eventsoverwhichonehasnocontrol.
BritishIsles,butsongsfromAfricaaswellas
songsoftheAmericanIndianshaveasignificant 2. Themaintopicofthispassageis
partinitsheritage.Latersettlersfromother (A) effectivecommunication.
countriesalsocontributedsongs.Inthenine- (B) thespeciallanguageofpsychology.
teenthcentury,composerStevenFosterwrote (C) twodefinitionsofthewordanxiety.
someofthemostenduringlypopularofall (D) thejargonofscience.
Americansongs,whichsoonbecamepartofthe
folktradition.Beginninginthe1930s,Woody
Guthriegainedgreatpopularitybyadapting
Passage3
GiffordPinchotwasthefirstprofessionally
traditionalmelodiesandlyricsandsupplyingnew
trainedforesterintheUnitedStates.Afterhe
onesaswell.Inthe1950sand1960s,signer-
graduatedfromYalein1889,hestudiedforestry
composerssuchasPeteSeeger,BobDylan,and
inEurope.Inthe1890shemanagedtheforest
JoanBaezcontinuedthistraditionbycreating
ontheBiltmoreestateinNorthCarolina(now
“urban”folkmusic.Manyofthesesongsdealt
PisgahNationalForest)andbecamethefirstto
withimportantsocialissues,suchasracial
practicescientificforestry.Perhapshismost
integrationandthewarinVietnam.Laterinthe
importantcontributiontoconservationwas
1960s,musicalgroupssuchastheByrdsandthe
persuadingPresidentTheodoreRoosevelttoset
Turtlescombinedfolkmusicandrockandrollto
asidemillionsofacresintheWestasforest
createahybridformknownasfolk-rock.
reserves.Theselandsnowmakeupmuchofthe
nationalparksandnationalforestsoftheUnited
1. Theprimarypurposeofthispassageisto
States.Pinchotbecamethechiefforesterofthe
(A) tracethedevelopmentofAmerican U.S.ForestServicein1905.Althoughheheld
folkmusic. thatpostforonlyfiveyears,heestablished
(B) explaintheoraltradition. guidelinesthatsetforestpolicyfordecadesto
(C) contrastthestylesoffolk-rockmusi- come.
cians.
(D) pointouttheinfluenceofsocialissues 3. Thepassageprimarilydealswith
on“urban”folkmusic.
(A) GiffordPinchot’sworkontheBiltmore
Estate.
Passage2 (B) thepracticeandtheoryofscientific
Everyscientificdisciplinetendstodevelopits forestry.
ownspeciallanguagebecauseitfindsordinary (C) theoriginofnationalparksand
wordsinadequate,andpsychologyisnodiffer- nationalforestsintheUnitedStates.
ent.Thepurposeofthisspecialjargonisnotto (D) thecontributionsGiffordPinchotmade
mystifynon-psychologists;rather,itallows toAmericanforestry.
psychologiststoaccuratelydescribethephenom-
enatheyarediscussingandtocommunicatewith
eachothereffectively.Ofcourse,psychological
includedtheAlgonquinsoftheEasternWood-
Passage4
Off-BroadwaytheaterdevelopedinNewYork land,theBlackfootsofthePlains,andtheWiyots
Cityinabout1950asaresultofdissatisfaction andYuroksofCalifornia.Otherlanguagefamilies,
withconditionsonBroadway.Itsfounders liketheZunifamilyoftheSouthwest,occupied
believedthatBroadwaywasoverlyconcerned onlyafewsquaremilesofareaandcontained
withproducingsafe,commerciallysuccessfulhit onlyasingletriballanguage.
playsratherthandramawithartisticquality.
Off-Broadwayproducerstriedtoassistplay- 6. Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?
wrights,directors,andperformerswhocouldnot (A) Eachoftheculturalareaswasdomi-
findworkonBroadway.Off-Broadwaytheaters natedbyoneofthelanguagefamilies.
werepoorlyequipped,hadlimitedseating,and (B) TheZunilanguageiscloselyrelatedto
providedfewconveniencesforaudiences.But theAlgonquinlanguage.
theoriginalityofthescripts,thecreativityofthe (C) Thereisconsiderablediversityinthe
performers,andthelowcostofticketsmadeup sizeandthenumberoflanguagesin
forthesedisadvantages,andoff-Broadwaytheater languagefamiliesoftheNorthAmeri-
prospered.However,bythe1960s,costsbegan canIndians.
torise,andbythe1970s,off-Broadwaytheater (D) ContactwithEuropeanshadan
wasencounteringmanyofthedifficultiesof extraordinaryeffectonthelanguages
Broadwayandhadlostmuchofitsvitality.With oftheIndiantribesofNorthAmerica.
itsdecline,anexperimentalmovementcalled
off-off-Broadwaytheaterdeveloped.
Passage6
Furtherchangesinjournalismoccurredaround
4. Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?
thistime.In1846,RichardHoeinventedthe
(A) Afterinitialsuccess,off-Broadway steamcylinderrotarypress,makingitpossibleto
theaterbegantodecline. printnewspapersfasterandcheaper.The
(B) Off-Broadwaytheatersproducedmany developmentofthetelegraphmadeitpossible
hitcommercialplays. formuchspeediercollectionanddistributionof
(C) TheatersonBroadwaywerenotwell news.Alsoin1846,thefirstwireservicewas
equipped. organized.Anewtypeofnewspaperappeared
(D) Off-Broadwayplayswerehighly aroundthistime,onethatwasmoreattunedto
creative. thespiritandneedsofthenewAmerica.
Althoughnewspaperscontinuedtocover
5. Theparagraphthatfollowsthispassage politics,theycametoreportmorehuman
mostlikelydealswith intereststoriesandtorecordthemostrecent
(A) thehelpoff-Broadwayproducers news,whichtheycouldnothavedonebefore
providedtodirectors,playwrights,and thetelegraph.NewYorkpapers,andthoseof
performers. othernortherncities,maintainedcorpsof
(B) methodsoff-broadwaytheatersusedto correspondentstogointoallpartsofthecountry
copewithrisingprices. tocovernewsworthyevents.
(C) thedevelopmentofoff-off-Broadway
theater. 7. Themainpurposeofthepassageisto
(D) thedeclineofBroadwaytheater. (A) presentabriefhistoryofAmerican
journalism.
Passage5 (B) outlinecertaindevelopmentsin
AtthetimeofthefirstEuropeancontact,there mid-nineteenth-centuryjournalism.
werefrom500to700languagesspokenby (C) explaintheimportanceofthesteam
NorthAmericanIndians.Theseweredividedinto cylinderrotarypress.
somesixtylanguagefamilies,withnodemon- (D) presentsomebiographicinformation
strablegeneticrelationshipamongthem.Someof aboutRichardHoe.
thesefamiliesspreadacrossseveraloftheseven
culturalareas.TheAlgonquinfamily,forinstance,
containeddozensoflanguagesandoccupieda
vastterritory.SpeakersofAlgonquinlanguages
SECTION 3: READING
8. Whatisthemostprobabletopicofthe Passage8
paragraphprecedingthisone? Therehasneverbeenanadultscientistwhohas
(A) Othertypesofrotarypresses beenhalfascuriousasanychildbetweenthe
(B) Alternativestousingwireservices agesoffourmonthsandfouryears.Adults
(C) Newspapersthatconcentratedon sometimesmistakethissuperbcuriosityabout
politics everythingasalackofabilitytoconcentrate.The
(D) Otherdevelopmentsinjournalism truthisthatchildrenbegintolearnatbirth,and
bythetimetheybeginformalschoolingatthe
9. Thetoneofthepassagecouldbestbe ageof5or6,theyhavealreadyabsorbeda
describedas fantasticamountofinformation,perhapsmore,
factforfact,thantheywilllearnfortherestof
(A) objective.
theirlives.Adultscanmultiplybymanytimesthe
(B) optimistic.
knowledgechildrenabsorbiftheyappreciatethis
(C) angry.
curiositywhilesimultaneouslyencouragingthe
(D) humorous.
childrentolearn.
Passage7 11. Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?

InthewesternthirdofNorthAmerica,the
convolutedfoldsoftheearth’ssurfaceandits (A) Childrenlacktheabilitytoconcen-
fracturedgeologicstructuretendtoabsorbthe trate.
seismicenergyofanearthquake.Evenifan (B) Youngchildrenhaveamuchgreater
earthquakemeasuring8.5ontheRichterscale curiositythanadultscientistsdo.
struckLosAngeles,itsforcewouldfadebythe (C) Thefirstfewyearsofschoolarethe
timeitreachedSanFrancisco,some400miles mostimportantonesformostchildren.
away.Butintheeasterntwothirdsofthe (D) Adultscanusechildren’sintense
continent,thesameenergytravelsmoreeasily. curiositytohelpchildrenlearnmore.
TheearthquakethatstruckNewMadrid,Mis-
souri,in1811,estimatedat8ontheRichter
scale,shookWashington,D.C.,about800miles
away,andwasfeltasfarasBostonandToronto.
10. Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthe
mainideaofthispassage?
(A) IfamajorearthquakestrikesLos
Angeles,itwillprobablydamageSan
Franciscoaswell.
(B) TheNewMadridearthquakeof1811
wasfeltinBostonandToronto.
(C) ThegeologyofthewesternUnited
Statesismuchmorecomplexthanthat
oftheeasternUnitedStates.
(D) EarthquakestravelfartherintheEast
thanintheWest.
EXERCISE33.3
Focus:Understandingthemeaningofmultiparagraphpassagesbyidentifyingthemainpointofeachofthe
paragraphs
Directions:Readthefollowingpassagesandthequestionsaboutthem.Decidewhichofthechoices
bestanswersthequestion,andmarktheanswer.
Passage1 3. Themaintopicoftheentirepassageis
InmostofEurope,farmers’homesandoutbuild- (A) acomparisonoffarminginnorthern
ingsareingenerallocatedwithinavillage.Every andsouthernEurope.
morning,thefarmersandfarmlaborersleave (B) thedifferencebetweenfarmingin
theirvillagetoworktheirlandortendtheir QuebecandtherestofNorthAmerica.
animalsindistantfieldsandreturntothevillage (C) EuropeaninfluenceonAmerican
attheendoftheday.Sociallifeisthuscentrip- agriculture.
etal;thatis,itisfocusedaroundthecommunity (D) acontrastbetweenacentripetal
center,thevillage.Onlyincertainpartsof systemofrurallifeandacentrifugal
QuebechasthispatternbeenpreservedinNorth system.
America.
ThroughoutmostofNorthAmerica,a Passage2
differentpatternwasestablished.Itwasbor-
Whilefatshavelatelyacquiredabadimage,one
rowedfromnorthernEurope,butwaspushed
shouldnotforgethowessentialtheyare.Fats
evenfurtherintheNewWorldwherelandwas
providethebody’sbestmeansofstoringenergy,
cheaporevenfree.Itisacentrifugalsystemof
afarmoreefficientenergysourcesthaneither
sociallife,withlargeisolatedfarmswhose
carbohydratesorproteins.Theyactasinsulation
residentsgotothevillageonlytobuygoodsand
againstcold,ascushioningfortheinternal
procureservices.Theindependenceassociated
organs,andaslubricants.Withoutfats,energy
withAmericanfarmersstemsfromthispatternof
wouldhavenowaytoutilizefat-solublevitamins.
farmsettlement.TheAmericanfarmerisasfree
Furthermore,somefatscontainfattyacidsthat
oftheintimacyofthevillageasistheurbanite.
containnecessarygrowthfactorsandhelpwith
thedigestionofotherfoods.
1. Themaintopicofthefirstparagraphis
Animportantconsiderationoffatintakeis
(A) Europeanfarmproducts. theratioofsaturatedfatstounsaturatedfats.
(B) sociallifeinQuebec. Saturatedfats,whicharederivedfromdairy
(C) theEuropeanpatternofrural products,animalfats,andtropicaloils,increase
settlement. theamountofcholesterolintheblood.Choles-
terolmayleadtocoronaryheartdiseaseby
2. Themaintopicofthesecondparagraphis buildingupinthearteriesoftheheart.However,
the unsaturatedfats,derivedfromvegetableoils,
(A) relativeisolationofNorthAmerican tendtolowerserumcholesteroliftakenina
farmfamilies. proportiontwicethatofsaturatedfats.
(B) relationshipbetweenfarmersand Theconsumptionofavarietyoffatsis
urbanitesinNorthAmerica. necessary,buttheintakeoftoomuchfatmay
(C) lowcostoffarmlandinNorthAmerica. leadtoavarietyofhealthproblems.Excessive
intakeoffats,likeallnutritionalexcesses,isto
beavoided.
SECTION 3: READING
4. Themainideaofthefirstparagraphisthat formed.Italsodependsontheclimateandon
fats therelative“age”ofthesoil.Immaturesoilsare
littlemorethanbrokenrockfragments.Over
(A) deservetheirbadimage.
time,immaturesoildevelopsintomaturesoil,
(B) serveimportantfunctionsinthebody.
whichcontainsquantitiesofhumus,formedfrom
(C) storefoodmoreefficientlythan
decayedplantmatter.Maturesoilisdarker,
proteinsorcarbohydrates.
richerinmicroscopiclife,andmoreconducive
5. Whatisthemainideaofthesecond toplantgrowth.
paragraph?
8. Thefirstparagraphprimarilydescribes
(A) Unsaturatedfatsmayreducecholes-
terollevels. (A) theprocessbywhichrocksarebroken
(B) Theconsumptionofanytypeoffat down.
leadstoheartdisease. (B) theweatheringofigneousrocks.
(C) Fatstakenintheproperproportion (C) gradualchangesintheearth’sweather
mayreduceserumcholesterol. patterns.
6. Themainideaofthethirdparagraphisthat 9. Themaintopicofthesecondparagraphis
(A) peopleareeatinglessandlessfat (A) adescriptionofimmaturesoil.

today. (B) thegrowthofplants.
(B) fatsshouldbegraduallyeliminated (C) theevolutionofsoil.
fromthediet.
10. Themaintopicoftheentirepassageisthat
(C) excessiveconsumptionoffatsmaybe
dangeroustoone’shealth. (A) weatheringbreaksdownrocksand
leadstothedevelopmentofsoil.
7. Withwhichofthefollowingisthewhole (B) soilsmaybeclassifiedasmatureor
passageprimarilyconcerned? immature.
(A) Theroleoffatsinhumanhealth (C) theprocessofsoildevelopmentis
(B) Thedangersofcholesterol moreimportanttohumansthanthatof
(C) Thebenefitsoffatsinthediet weathering.
(D) Theimportanceofgoodnutrition (D) theearth’scrustisconstantly
changing.
Passage3
Thetermweatheringreferstoallthewaysin
whichrockcanbebrokendown.Ittakesplace
becausemineralsformedinaparticularway(say
athightemperatures,inthecaseofigneous
rocks)areoftenunstablewhenexposedto
variousconditions.Weatheringinvolvesthe
interactionofthelithosphere(theearth’scrust)
withtheatmosphereandhydrosphere(airand
water).Itoccursatdifferentratesandin
differentways,dependingontheclimacticand
environmentalconditions.Butallkindsof
weatheringultimatelyproducebrokenminerals
androckfragmentsandotherproductsofthe
decompositionofstone.
Soilisthemostobviousand,fromthe
humanpointofview,themostimportantresult
oftheweatheringprocess.Soilistheweathered
partoftheearth’scrustthatiscapableof
sustainingplantlife.Thecharacterofsoil
dependsonthenatureofrockfromwhichitis
LESSON34
Detail,Negative,and
ScanningItems
DETAILITEMS
Detailitemsaskaboutexplicitfactsanddetailsgiveninthepassage.Theyoftencontainoneofthewh-
questionwords:who,what,when,where,why,howmuch,andsoon.
Detailitemsoftenbeginwiththephrases“Accordingtothepassage...”or“Accordingtothe
author...”Whenyouseethesephrases,youknowthattheinformationneededtoanswerthequestionis
directlystatedsomewhereinthepassage(unlikeanswersforinferencequestions).
Toanswerdetailitems,youhavetolocateandidentifytheinformationthatthequestionasksabout.If
youarenotsurefromyourfirstreadingwheretolookforspecificanswers,usethefollowingtechniques:
• Focusononeortwokeywordsasyoureadthestemofeachitem.Theseareusuallynames,dates,
orothernouns—somethingthatwillbeeasytofindasyouscan.Lockthesewordsinyourmind.
• Scanthepassageasyouscrolldownlookingforthesewordsortheirsynonyms.Lookonlyforthese
words.DoNOTtrytoreadeverywordofthepassage.
• Itmayhelptousetheeraserendofyourpencilasapointertofocusyourattention.Don’treread
thepassagecompletely—justlookfortheseparticularwords.
• Sometimesyoucanusereferenceitemsandvocabularyitemstohelpyoupinpointthelocationof
theinformationyouneed.
• Whenyoufindthekeywordsinthepassage,carefullyreadthesentenceinwhichtheyoccur.You
mayhavetoreadthesentenceprecedingorfollowingthatsentenceaswell.
• Comparetheinformationyoureadwiththefouranswerchoices.
Theorderofdetailquestionsinapassagealmostalwaysfollowstheorderinwhichtheideasarepresented
inthepassage.Inotherwords,theinformationyouneedtoanswerthefirstdetailquestionwillusually
comenearthebeginningofthepassage;theinformationforthesecondwillfollowthat,andsoon.
Knowingthisshouldhelpyoulocatetheinformationyouneed.
Correctanswersfordetailquestionsareseldomthesame,wordforword,asinformationinthe
passage;theyoftencontainsynonymsandusedifferentgrammaticalstructures.
Thereare,ingeneral,morefactualquestions—12–18perreadingsection—thananyothertype
except(onsometests)vocabulary-in-contextquestions.
NEGATIVEITEMS
Theseitemsaskyoutodeterminewhichofthefourchoicesisnotgiveninthepassage.Thesequestions
containthewordsNOT,EXCEPT,orLEAST(whicharealwayscapitalized).
• Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT
• WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassage?
• WhichofthefollowingistheLEASTlikely...
217
SECTION 3: READING
ScanthepassagetofindtheanswersthatAREcorrectorAREmentionedinthepassage.Sometimesthe
threedistractorsareclusteredinoneortwosentences;sometimestheyarescatteredthroughoutthe
passage.Thecorrectanswer,ofcourse,istheonethatdoesnotappear.
Negativequestionsoftentakemoretimethanotherquestions.Therefore,youmaywanttoguessand
comebacktothesequestionsifyouhavetime.
Thereareingeneralfrom3to6negativequestionsperreadingsection.
SCANNINGITEMS
TheseitemsontheCATaskyoutofindasentence(orsometimesaparagraph)inthepassagethatplaysa
certainroleintheorganizationofaparagraphorpassage.Whenyoufindthesentenceorparagraph,you
canclickanywhereonitanditwillbehighlighted.Usethesametechniquesforscanningthataregivenin
PartAfordetailitems.
SampleQuestions
• ClickonthesentenceinParagraph1thatexplains...
• ClickonthesentenceinParagraph3thatdiscusses...
• ClickonthesentenceinParagraph4thatstresses...
• Clickontheparagraphinthepassagethatoutlines...
EXERCISE34.1
Focus:Readingpassagestolocateanswersforscanningitems
Directions:Foreachquestion,locatethesentencesintheparagraphsthatthequestionsrefertoand
underlinethem.
Passage1 straight.Asdeergetolder,theirantlersgrow
Antlersgrowfrompermanentknoblikeboneson largerandformintricatebranches.
adeer’sskull.Deerusetheirantlerschieflyto
fightformatesorforleadershipofaherd. 1. Findthesentenceinparagraph1that
Amongmostspeciesofdeer,onlythemaleshave explainshowdeerprimarilyusetheir
antlers,butbothmaleandfemalereindeerand antlers.
caribouhaveantlers.MuskdeerandChinese
2. Findthesentenceinparagraph2that
waterdeerdonothaveantlersatall. explainshowdeerremovetheskinfrom
Deer that live in mild or cold climates lose theirantlers.
theirantlerseachwinter.Newonesbegintogrow
thenextspring.Deerthatliveintropicalclimates 3. Findthesentenceinparagraph3that
maylosetheirantlersandgrownewonesatother describestheantlersofyoungdeer.
timesoftheyear.Newantlersaresoftandtender.
Thinskingrowsovertheantlersastheydevelop.
Short,finehairontheskinmakesitlooklikevel-
Passage2
Notuntilthe1830swasthereanyserious
vet. Full-grown antlers are hard and strong. The
attempttorecordthesongsandstoriesofNative
velvetyskindriesupandthedeerrubstheskinoff
Americans.HenrySchoolcraftcollectedagreat
byscrapingitsantlersagainsttrees.Theantlersfall
dealofauthenticfolklorefromtheOjibwatribe
offseveralmonthslater.
andfromseveralothergroups.ButSchoolcraft
Thesizeandshapeofadeer’santlers
livedinaromanticage.Thereseemstobelittle
dependontheanimal’sageandhealth.Thefirst
doubtthathenotonlychangedbutalsoinvented
setgrowswhenthedeerisfrom1to2yearsold.
someofthematerial,andthathemixedthe
Onmostdeer,thefirstantlersareshortand
traditionsofseveraltribes.Inspiteofhisfailings,
LESSON 34: DETAIL, NEGATIVE, AND SCANNING ITEMS
hedidsucceedinbringingthetraditionsof Passage4
NativeAmericanstotheattentionofthe In1903,theWrightbrothersmadethefirst
Americanpublic. poweredflightinhistoryatKittyHawk,North
Schoolcraft’sworkcontrastedsharplywith Carolina.Thissitewaschosenbecauseofits
thatoftheethnographerswhoworkedinthelast winds,whichwouldlifttheplanelikeakite.The
decadeofthenineteenthcenturyandthefirst firstattemptlastedonly12secondsandcovered
decadeofthetwentieth.Theiraimwasto adistanceoflessthanthewingspanofthe
achievecompleteaccuracyincreatingarecord largestairplanesofmodernaircraft.Soonthe
ofNativeAmericanlife.Theytendedtotake Wrightsandotherinventorsandpilotswerebusy
notesintheoriginallanguage.Withthedevelop- improvingtheairplane.Theymademuchlonger
mentofthephonograph,itbecamepossibleto flightsandevenputittosomepracticaluses.In
preservenotjustwordsbutalsothetoneand 1909,theWrightsdeliveredthefirstmilitary
emphasisoforaldelivery. planetotheU.S.Army.Asearlyas1914,aplane
hadbeguntocarrypassengersondailyflights,
4. Findthesentenceinparagraph1that andin1918regularairmailservicewasstarted
indicateshowSchoolcraft’sworkhada betweenWashingtonandNewYork.
positiveinfluence.
7. Findasentenceinthepassagethatoffersa
explainswhattheprimarygoalofthe descriptionofthefirstairplaneflight.
ethnographerswas.
Passage5
Passage3 Today’ssupermarketisalargedepartmentalized
retailstore.Itsellsmostlyfooditems,butalso
Becauseofexposuretosaltsprayandfog,coastal
healthandbeautyaids,housewares,magazines,
andoceanstructuressuchasbridges,pipelines,
ships,andoilrigsrequiremorecorrosion andmuchmore.Thedominantfeaturesof
supermarketsarelargein-storeinventorieson
protectionthanstructureslocatedinland.One
self-serviceaislesandcentralizedcheckoutlines.
studyfoundthatanticorrosioncoatingswitha
twenty-five-yearlifespaninlandweregoodfor Theinclusionofnon-fooditemson
supermarketshelveswasonceconsiderednovel.
onlyfiveyearsincoastalareas.Seekingtoreduce
maintenancecoastsforgantriesandother Thispracticeissometimescalled“scrambled
marketing.”Itpermitsthesupermarket,aswell
structuresattheKennedySpaceCenteron
asothertypesofretailstores,tosellitemsthat
Florida’sAtlanticCoast,NASA(theNational
carryahighermarginthanmostfooditems.In
AeronauticandSpaceAdministration)conducted
general,however,supermarketprofitsare
researchaimedatdevelopingasuperiorcoating.
Thiscoatinghadtoresistsaltcorrosionaswellas slim—onlyabout1to3percent.Ownersrelyon
highlevelsofinventoryturnovertoreachtheir
protectlaunchstructuresfromhotrocket
exhaust.Thesuccessfulresearchresultedina profitgoals.
Supermarketswereamongthefirstretailers
newtypeofinorganiccoatingthathasmany
tostressdiscountstrategies.Usingthesestrate-
commercialapplications.
gies,supermarketssellavarietyofhigh-turnover
goodsatlowprices.Tokeeppricesdown,of
6. Findthesentenceinthepassagethat
course,supermarketsmustkeeptheircosts
outlinesthequalitiesforthecoatingthat
down.Otherthanthecostofthegoodstheysell,
wererequiredbyNASA.
supermarkets’primarycostsinvolvepersonnel.
Bynotofferingdeliveryandbyhiringcashiers
andstockersratherthantruesalespersonnel,
supermarketsareabletokeeppricesata
relativelylowlevel.
8. Findthesentenceinparagraph1thatgives
themostimportantcharacteristicsof
supermarkets.
SECTION 3: READING
9. Findthesentenceinparagraph2that Passage6
explainstheadvantageof“scrambled Therehavebeenmanysignificantinnovationsin
marketing.” theenergyefficiencyofwindows.Oneofthemost
recentisfillingthegapbetweentwopanesof
explainshowsupermarketsareabletosell glasswithargoninsteadofair.Argonisanaturally
goodscheaply. occurringinertgasthatisastransparentasair.
Sinceargonisextremelydense,thereislessmove-
mentofthegasbetweentheglasspanes,and
thereforelessheatislost.Addingargoninsteadof
aircanimprovetheinsulationvalueofwindows
by30percent.Argonalsodeadensoutdoornoise.
11. Findthesentenceinthepassagethat
explainshowtheuseofargonimproves
insulation.
EXERCISE34.2
Focus:Answeringfactual,negative,andscanningquestionsaboutreadingpassages
Directions:Readthefollowingpassagesandthequestionsaboutthem.Decidewhichofthe
choices—(A),(B),(C),or(D)—bestanswersthequestion,andmarktheanswer.
Passage1 BytheGreatPuebloPeriod(1100–1300
A. D
MesaVerdeisthecenteroftheprehistoricAnasazi
culture.Itislocatedinthehighplateaulandsnear .),theAnasazipopulationswelledtomore
than5,000andthearchitecturallyambitiouscliff
FourCorners,whereColorado,Utah,New dwellingscameintobeing.TheAnasazimoved
Mexico,andArizonacometogether.Thishigh fromthemesatopsontoledgesonthesteep
groundismajesticbutnotforbidding.Theclimate canyonwalls,creatingtwo-andthree-story
isdrybuttinystreamstrickleatthebottomof dwellings.Theyusedsandstoneblocksandmud
deeplycutcanyons,whereseepsandspringspro- mortar.Therewerenodoorsonthefirstfloor
videdwaterfortheAnasazitoirrigatetheircrops. andpeopleusedladderstoreachthefirstroof.
Richredsoilprovidedfertilegroundfortheir Allthevillageshadundergroundchamberscalled
cropsofcorn,beans,squash,tobacco,andcotton. kivas.Menheldtribalcouncilsthereandalso
TheAnasazidomesticatedthewildturkeyand usedthemforsecretreligiousceremoniesand
hunteddeer,rabbits,andmountainsheep. clanmeetings.Windingpaths,ladders,andsteps
ForathousandyearstheAnasazilived cutintothestoneledfromthevalleysbelowto
aroundMesaVerde.AlthoughtheAnasaziarenot theledgesonwhichthevillagesstood.The
relatedtotheNavajos,nooneknowswhatthese largestsettlementcontained217rooms.One
Indianscalledthemselves,andsotheyare mightsurmisethatthesedwellingswerebuiltfor
commonlyreferredtobytheirNavajoname, protection,buttheAnasazihadnoknown
Anasazi,whichmeans“ancientones”inthe enemiesandthereisnosignofconflict.
Navajolanguage. ButabiggermysteryiswhytheAnasazi
Around550 . .,earlyAnasazi—thenano- occupiedthesestructuressuchashorttime.By
madicpeoplearchaeologistscalltheBasketmak-
A D
1300,MesaVerdewasdeserted.Itisconjectured
ers—beganconstructingpermanenthomeson thattheAnasaziabandonedtheirsettlements
mesatops.Inthenext300years,theAnasazimade becauseofdrought,overpopulation,cropfailure,
rapidtechnologicaladvancements,includingthe orsomecombinationofthese.Theyprobably
refinementofnotonlybasket-makingbutalsopot- movedsouthwardandwereincorporatedinto
tery-makingandweaving.Thisphaseofdevelop- thepueblovillagesthattheSpanishexplorers
mentisreferredtoastheEarlyPuebloCulture. encountered200yearslater.Theirdescendants
stillliveintheSouthwest.
1. ThepassagedoesNOTmentionthatthe 8. Accordingtothepassage,theLEASTlikely
Anasazihunted reasonthattheAnasaziabandonedMesa
Verdewas
(A) sheep.
(B) turkeys. (A) drought.
(C) deer. (B) overpopulation.
(D) rabbits. (C) war.
(D) cropfailure.
2. ThenamethattheAnasaziusedfor
themselves 9. PutanXnexttotheparagraphthat
presentstheoriesaboutwhytheAnasazi
(A) means“Basketmakers”intheNavajo
left.
language.
(B) isunknowntoday.
(C) wasgiventothembyarchaeologists. Passage2
(D) means“ancientones”intheAnasazi Dulcimersaremusicalinstrumentsthatbasically
language. consistofwoodenboxeswithstringsstretched
overthem.Inoneformoranother,theyhave
3. HowlongdidtheEarlyPuebloCulturelast? beenaroundsinceancienttimes,probably
originatingwiththePersiansantir.Todaythere
(A) 200years
aretwovarieties:thehammereddulcimerand
(B) 300years
theAppalachian,ormountaindulcimer.The
(C) 550years
formerisshapedlikeatrapezoid,hastwoor
(D) 1,000years
morestrings,andisplayedwithwoodenmallets.
4. WheredidtheAnasazimoveduringthe Itisthesameinstrumentplayedinanumberof
GreatPuebloPeriod? OldWorldcountries.TheAppalachiandulcimer
isclassifiedbymusicologistsasaboxzither.Itis
(A) Tosettlementsonledgesofcanyon adescendantofthePennsylvaniaDutchschei-
walls tholtandtheFrenchepinette.Appalachian
(B) TopueblosintheSouth dulcimersarepainstakinglyfashionedbyartisans
(C) Ontothetopsofthemesas inthemountainsofWestVirginia,Kentucky,
(D) Ontothefloorsofthecanyons Tennessee,andVirginia.Theseinstrumentshave
threeorfourstringsandarepluckedwithquills
5. Accordingtothepassage,theAnasazi
orthefingers.Theyareshapedliketeardropsor
buildingsweremadeprimarilyof
hourglasses.Heart-shapedholesinthesounding
(A) mud. boardaretraditional.Mostperformersplaythe
(B) blocksofwood. instrumentswhileseatedwiththeinstrumentsin
(C) sandstone. theirlaps,butotherswearthemaroundtheir
(D) theskinsofanimals. neckslikeguitarsorplacethemontablesin
frontofthem.Originallyusedtoplaydance
6. Accordingtothepassage,theAnasazi music,Appalachiandulcimerswerepopularized
enteredtheirbuildingsontheledges byperformerssuchasJohnJacobNilesandJean
(A) bymeansofladders. Ritchieduringthefolkmusicrevivalofthe
(B) fromundergroundchambers. 1960s.
(C) bymeansofstonestairways.
(D) throughdoorsonthefirstfloor. 10. Accordingtothepassage,whichofthe
followingisNOTanancestorofthe
7. Accordingtothepassage,kivaswereused Appalachiandulcimer?
forallthefollowingpurposesEXCEPT
(A) Theboxzither
(A) clanmeetings. (B) Thesantir
(B) foodpreparation. (C) Thescheitholt
(C) religiousceremonies. (D) Theepinette
(D) tribalcouncils.
SECTION 3: READING
11. Accordingtothepassage,howmanystrings Massachusetts,sheturnedherattentiontothe

doestheAppalachiandulcimerhave? neighboringstatesandthentotheWestand
South.
(A) Oneortwo
Dix’sworkwasinterruptedbytheCivil
(B) Threeorfour
War;sheservedassuperintendentofwomen
(C) Fourorfive
hospitalnursesforthefederalgovernment.Dix
(D) Sixormore
sawspecialhospitalsforthementallyillbuiltin
12. Accordingtothepassage,ahammered somefifteenstates.Althoughherplantoobtain
dulcimerismadeintheshapeofa(n) publiclandforhercausefailed,shearoused
concernfortheproblemofmentalillnessall
(A) hourglass. overtheUnitedStatesaswellasinCanadaand
(B) heart. Europe.Dix’ssuccesswasduetoherindepen-
(C) trapezoid. dentandthoroughresearch,hergentlebut
(D) teardrop. persistentmanner,andherabilitytosecurethe
helpofpowerfulandwealthysupporters.
13. Accordingtotheauthor,mostperformers
playtheAppalachiandulcimer
16. In what year was the Dix Mansion School
(A) whilesittingdown. closed?
(B) withtheinstrumentstrappedaround
(A) 1821
theirneck.
(B) 1824
(C) whilestandingatatable.
(C) 1835
(D) withwoodenhammers.
(D) 1841
14. Accordingtotheauthor,whatareJohn
17. Underlinethesentenceinthefirstpara-
JacobNilesandJeanRitchieknownfor?
graphthatexplainswhyDorotheaDixfirst
(A) PlayingdancemusiconAppalachian wenttoaprison.
dulcimers
(B) TheyareartisanswhodesignAppala- 18. WherewasDorotheaDixfirstabletobring
chiandulcimers aboutreformsinthetreatmentofthe
(C) TheyhelpedbringAppalachian mentallyill?
dulcimerstothepublic’sattention (A) Canada
(D) Theybeganthefolkmusicrevivalof (B) Massachusetts
the1960s (C) TheWestandSouth
(D) Europe
15. Underlinethesentenceinthepassagethat
tellswhereAppalachiandulcimersare 19. DorotheaDixwasNOTsuccessfulinher
made. attemptto
(A) becomesuperintendentofnurses.
Passage3 (B) publishbooksforchildren.
HumanitarianDorotheaDixwasborninHamp- (C) arouseconcernforthementallyill.
den,Maine,in1802.Attheageof19,she
(D) obtainpubliclands.
establishedaschoolforgirls,theDixMansion
School,inBoston,buthadtocloseitin1835 20. Underlinethesentenceinparagraph2in
duetoherpoorhealth.Shewroteandpublished whichtheauthorgivesspecificreasons
thefirstofmanybooksforchildrenin1824.In whyDixwassuccessful.
1841,Dixacceptedaninvitationtoteachclasses
ataprisoninEastCambridge,Massachusetts.She
wasdeeplydisturbedbythesightofmentally-ill
peoplethrowninthejailandtreatedlike
criminals.Forthenexteighteenmonths,she
touredMassachusettsinstitutionswhereother
mentalpatientswereconfinedandreportedthe
shockingconditionsshefoundtothestate
legislature.Whenimprovementsfollowedin
22. Accordingtothepassage,afreedivermay
Passage4
Ambientdiversare,unlikediverswhogo useanyofthefollowingEXCEPT
underwaterinsubmersiblevehiclesorpressure (A) arebreather.
resistantsuits,exposedtothepressureand (B) asnorkel.
temperatureofthesurrounding(ambient )water. (C) footfins.
Ofalltypesofdiving,theoldestandsimplestis (D) amask.
freediving.Freediversmayusenoequipmentat
all,butmostuseafacemask,footfins,anda 23. Accordingtothepassage,themaximum
snorkel.Underthesurface,freediversmusthold depthforfreediversisaround
theirbreath.Mostfreediverscanonlydescend
(A) 40feet.
30to40feet,butsomeskilleddiverscangoas
(B) 100feet.
deepas100feet.
(C) 200feet.
Scubadivingprovidesgreaterrangethan
(D) 1,000feet.
freediving.Thewordscubastandsforself-
containedunderwaterbreathingapparatus. 24. Whenusingclosed-circuitdevices,divers
Scubadiverswearmetaltankswithcompressed
airorotherbreathinggases.Whenusing (A) exhaleairintothewater.
open-circuitequipment,ascubadiversimply (B) holdtheirbreath.
breathesairfromthetankthroughahoseand (C) breathethesameairoverandover.
releasestheexhaledairintothewater.A (D) receiveairfromthesurface.
closed-circuitbreathingdevice,alsocalleda
25. Accordingtothepassage,surface-supplied
rebreather,filtersoutcarbondioxideandother
diverstodayusehelmetsmadefrom
harmfulgasesandautomaticallyaddsoxygen.
Thisenablesthedivertobreathethesameair (A) glass.
overandover. (B) copper.
Insurface-supplieddiving,diverswear (C) plastic.
helmetsandwaterproofcanvassuits.Today, (D) canvas.
sophisticatedplastichelmetshavereplacedthe
heavycopperhelmetsusedinthepast.These 26. Underlinethesentenceinparagraph3that
diversgettheirairfromahoseconnectedto explainshowsurface-supplieddiversare
compressorsonaboat.Surface-supplieddivers abletobreath.
cangodeeperthananyothertypeofambient
diver.
21. Ambientdiversareoneswho
(A) candescendtoextremedepths.
(B) usesubmersiblevehicles.
(C) usenoequipment.
(D) areexposedtothesurroundingwater.
LESSON35
InferenceandPurposeItems
INFERENCEITEMS
AsintheListeningsection,therearequestionsintheReadingsectionthatrequireyoutomakeinfer-
ences.Theanswerstothesequestionsarenotdirectlyprovidedinthepassage—youmust“readbetween
thelines.”Inotherwords,youmustmakeconclusionsbasedindirectlyoninformationinthepassage.
Manytest-takersfindthesequestionstobethemostdifficulttypeofreadingquestion.
Inferencequestionsmaybephrasedinseveralways.Manyofthesequestionscontainsomeformof
thewordsinferorimply.
• Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?
• Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat...
• Theauthorimpliesthat...
• Whichofthefollowingdoesthepassageimply?
• Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostreasonableguessabout________?
• Theauthorsuggeststhat...
• Itisprobablethat...
TherewillprobablybefromfivetoeightofthesequestionsperReadingsection.
SampleItem
Astarvery similartothesunisoneoftheneareststarstoEarth.ThatstarisAlphaCentauri,
just4.3light-yearsaway.Otherthanourownsun,theneareststartotheearthisatinyredstar,not
visiblewithoutatelescope,calledProximaCentauri.
Itcanbeinferredfromthispassagethat
(A) ProximaCentauriissimilartotheearth’ssun.
(B) ProximaCentauriisthecloseststartotheearth.
(C) AlphaCentauriisinvisiblefromtheearth.
(D) ProximaCentauriislessthan4.3light-yearsfromtheearth.
Thecorrectansweris(D).Choice(A)isnotavalidinference;AlphaCentauriissimilartothe
sun,butProximaCentauriis“atinyredstar.”Choice(B)alsocannotbeinferred;thecloseststarto
theearthisourownsun.Norcanchoice(C)beinferred;ProximaCentauriisinvisible,butthereis
noinformationastowhetherAlphaCentauriis.BecauseAlphaCentauriis4.3light-yearsaway,it
canbeinferredthatAlphaCentauri,thecloseststar,islessthanthat.
224
LESSON 35: INFERENCE AND PURPOSE ITEMS
PURPOSEITEMS
Theseitemsaskwhytheauthorofapassagementionssomepieceofinformation,orincludesaquote
fromapersonorastudy,orusessomeparticularwordorphrase.
SampleItems
• Whydoestheauthormention________?
• Theauthorrefersto________toindicatethat...
• Theauthorquotes________inordertoshow...
• Thephrase________inline________ismentionedtoillustratetheeffectof...
SampleAnswerChoices
• Tostrengthentheargumentthat________
• Toprovideanexampleof________
• Tochallengetheideathat________
• Tocontradict________
• Tosupporttheproposalto________
ThereareusuallyfromonetofourpurposequestionsperReadingsection.
EXERCISE35.1
Focus:Identifyingvalidinferencesbasedonsentences
Directions:Readeachsentence,thenmarktheoneanswerchoice—(A),(B),or(C)—thatisavalid
inferencebasedonthatsentence.
1. Ametalworkerof3,000yearsagowould 3. Highcholesterolusedtobethoughtofasa
recognizevirtuallyeverystepofthe problemonlyforadults.
lost-waxprocessusedtocasttitaniumfor
(A) Highcholesterolisnolongera
jetengines.
problemforadults.
(A) Titaniumhasbeenforgedforthou- (B) Onlychildrenhaveaproblemwith
sandsofyears. highcholesterol.
(B) Thelost-waxmethodofcastingisold. (C) Highcholesterolaffectsbothadults
(C) Metalworkinghaschangedverylittle andchildren.
in3,000years.
4. AlphaCentauri,oneofthecloseststarsto
2. Whenapplegrowerstalkaboutnew
Earth,isjust4.3light-yearsaway.Itcanbe
varietiesofapples,theydon’tmean
seenonlyfromtheSouthernHemisphere.
somethingdevelopedlastmonth,lastyear,
However,thecloseststar,otherthanour
oreveninthelastdecade.
ownsunofcourse,isatinyredstar,
(A) Applegrowershaven’tdevelopedany ProximaCentauri,whichisnotvisible
newvarietiesinrecentdecades. withoutatelescope.
(B) Somevarietiesofapplescanbe
(A) ProximaCentauriisthecloseststarto
developedinashorttime,butothers
theearth.
takealongtime.
(B) AlphaCentauriisinvisiblefromEarth
(C) Newvarietiesofapplestakemany
withoutatelescope.
yearstodevelop.
(C) ProximaCentauriiscloserthan4.3
light-yearsfromtheearth.
SECTION 3: READING
5. Comparedwiththerestofitsbrain,the 9. Mostfishtakeon,toacertaindegree,the
visualareaofaturtle’sbrainiscompara- colorationoftheirnaturalsurroundings,so
tivelysmallsinceturtles,likeallother itisnotsurprisingthatthefishinhabiting
reptiles,dependonsensesotherthansight. warm,shallowwatersaroundtropicalreefs
arecoloredallthebrillianttintsofthe
(A) Noreptileusessightasitsprimary
rainbow.
sense.
(B) Animalsthatdependonsightallhave (A) Tropicalfishareunlikeotherfish
largervisualareasintheirbrainsthan becausetheytakeonthecolorationof
turtlesdo. theirenvironment.
(C) Thevisualareasofotherreptilebrains (B) Tropicalfisharebrightlycolored
arecomparativelysmallerthanthoseof becausetheyinhabitwarmwaters.
turtles. (C) Tropicalreefsarebrightlycolored
environments.
6. Contrarytopopularbelief,thereisno
validitytothestoriesonehearsofinitials 10. Althoughsheepherdingisanolderand
carvedinatreebyayoungboybecoming morebelovedoccupation,shepherdsnever
elevatedhighabovehisheadwhenhevisits caughttheattentionofAmericanfilmmak-
thetreeasanoldman. ersthewaycowboysdid.
(A) Treesdon’tgrowthewaymany (A) TherehavebeenmoreAmericanfilms
peoplethinktheydo. aboutcowboysthanaboutshepherds.
(B) Ifachildcarvesinitialsinatree,it (B) Filmsaboutshepherdswerepopular
won’tgrow. beforefilmsaboutcowboys.
(C) Overtime,initialsthatarecarvedinto (C) Cowboysaregenerallyyoungerthan
atreewillbeelevated. shepherds.
7. Illegiblehandwritingdoesnotindicate 11. TheOkefenokeeSwampisafascinatingrealm
weaknessofcharacter,asevenaquick thatbothconfirmsandcontradictspopular
glanceatthepenmanshipofGeorge notionsofaswamp,becausealongwithhuge
Washington,FranklinD.Roosevelt,orJohn cypresses,dangerousquagmires,anddimwa-
F.Kennedyreveals. terways,theOkefenokeehassandypineis-
lands,sunlitprairies,andclearlakes.
(A) Washington,Roosevelt,andKennedy
allhadhandwritingthatwasdifficult (A) Peoplegenerallyfeelthatswampsare
toread. fascinatingplaces.
(B) Aperson’shandwritingrevealsalot (B) TheOkefenokeehasfeaturesthatmost
aboutthatperson. peopledonotassociatewithswamps.
(C) TheauthorbelievesthatWashington, (C) Mostswampsdonothavehuge
Roosevelt,andKennedyallhadweak cypresses,dangerousquagmires,and
characters. dimwaterways.
8. WilliamFaulknersetmanyofhisnovelsin 12. Asanarchitect,ThomasJeffersonpreferred
andaroundanimaginarytown,Jefferson, theRomanstyle,asseenintheUniversity
Mississippi,whichhecloselypatternedafter ofVirginia,totheEnglishstylefavoredby
hishometownofOxford,Mississippi. CharlesBullfinch.
(A) WilliamFaulknerwrotemanyofhis (A) TheUniversityofVirginiawasinflu-
novelswhilelivinginJefferson, encedbytheRomanstyle.
Mississippi. (B) BullfinchwasanEnglisharchitect.
(B) ThetownofOxford,Mississippi,exists (C) Jeffersonpreferredtobuildinthe
onlyinFaulkner’snovels. Englishstyleofarchitecture.
(C) Faulkneractuallywroteabouthis
hometownbutdidnotuseitsreal
name.
EXERCISE35.2
Focus:Answeringinferenceandpurposequestions
Directions:Readthefollowingpassagesandthequestionsaboutthem.Decidewhichofthe
choices—(A),(B),(C),or(D)—bestanswersthequestion,andmarktheanswer.
Passage1 2. Thepassageimpliesthat,atbirth,human
Pigeonshavebeentaughttorecognizehuman babies
facialexpressions,upsettinglong-heldbeliefsthat (A) havenervoussystemscapableof
onlyhumanshadevolvedthesophisticated recognizingsubtleexpressions.
nervoussystemstoperformsuchafeat.Inrecent (B) canlearnfrompigeons.
experimentsattheUniversityofIowa,eight (C) arenotabletorecognizefamiliarfaces.
trainedpigeonswereshownphotographsof (D) maynotbeabletoidentifybasic
peopledisplayingemotionsofhappiness,anger, emotionsthroughfacialexpressions.
surprise,anddisgust.Thebirdslearnedto
distinguishbetweentheseexpressions.Notonly 3. Whydoestheauthormentiontheexperi-
that,buttheywerealsoabletocorrectlyidentify mentsconductedseveralyearsagoatthe
thesameexpressionsonphotographsofunfamil- UniversityofIowa?
iarfaces.Theirachievementdoesnotsuggest,of
(A) Theyprovedthatpigeonswerenotthe
course,thatthepigeonshadanyideawhatthe
onlykindofanimalwiththeabilityto
humanexpressionsmeant.
recognizefacialexpressions.
Somepsychologistshavetheorizedthat
(B) Theywerecontradictedbymore
becauseoftheimportanceoffacialexpressionto
recentexperiments.
humancommunication,humansdeveloped
(C) Theyprovedthattheabilityto
specialnervoussystemscapableofrecognizing
recognizehumanexpressionswasnot
subtleexpressions.Thepigeonscastdoubton
innateinhumanbabies.
thatidea,however.
(D) Theyshowedthesimilaritiesbetween
Infact,theabilitytorecognizefacial thementalorganizationofpigeonsand
expressionsofemotionisnotnecessarilyinnate thatofhumans.
eveninhumanbabies,butmayhavetobe
learnedinmuchthesamewaypigeonslearn.In 4. IfCharlesDarwincouldhaveseenthe
experimentsconductedseveralyearsagoatthe resultsofthisexperiment,hismost
UniversityofIowa,itwasfoundthatpigeons probableresponsewouldhavebeenoneof
organizeimagesofthingsintothesamelogical
categoriesthathumansdo. (A) rejection.
Noneofthisworkwouldcomeasany (B) surprise.
surprisetoCharlesDarwin,wholongagowrote (C) agreement.
aboutthecontinuityofmentaldevelopmentfrom (D) amusement.
animalstohumans.
Passage2
1. Fromthepassage,whichofthefollowing ThespectacularandfamouseruptionsofOld
canbeinferredaboutpigeons? FaithfulgeyserinYellowstoneNationalParkdo
notoccurlikeclockwork.Beforetheearthquake
(A) Theycanshowthesameemotions
of1959,eruptionscameevery60to65minutes;
humanscan.
todaytheyareaslittleas30minutesorasmuch
(B) Theycanunderstandhumanemotions.
as90minutesapart.Changesinweatherandin
(C) Theycanonlyidentifytheexpressions
atmosphericpressurecaninfluencetheregularity
ofpeopletheyarefamiliarwith.
oftheeruptionsandtheheightofthecolumn.
(D) Theyhavemoresophisticatednervous
Thegeyserusuallygivesawarning:ashortburst
systemsthanwasoncethought.
ofsteam.Thenagracefuljetofwaterandsteam
risesupto150feetintheair,unfurlinginthe
SECTION 3: READING
sunlightwiththecolorsoftherainbowplaying 5. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthe
acrossit. earthquakeof1959madeOldFaithful
Theeruptionisonlythevisiblepartofthe geysererupt
spectacle.Inorderforageysertoerupt,there
(A) morefrequently.
arethreenecessaryingredients:aheatsource,a
(B) lessregularly.
watersupply,andaplumbingsystem.Inthe
(C) moresuddenly.
geyserfieldsofYellowstone,asteadysupplyof
(D) lessspectacularly.
heatisprovidedbyhotspotsofmoltenrockas
littleastwomilesbelowthesurface.Thewater 6. Whydoestheauthormentionarainbowin
supplyofOldFaithfulcomesfromgroundwater paragraph1?
andrainfall,butothergeysersinYellowstoneare
locatedonriverbanks.Geysershavevarious (A) Thecolumnofwaterformsanarcin
typesofplumbingsystems.Geologistsstudying theshapeofarainbow.
OldFaithfultheorizedthatithadarelatively (B) Inthesunlight,thecolumnofwater
simpleoneconsistingofanunderground mayproducethecolorsofthe
reservoirconnectedtothesurfacebyalong, rainbow.
narrowtube.In1992aprobeequippedwitha (C) Rainbowscanbeseenquitefrequently
videocameraandheatsensorswasloweredinto inYellowstoneNationalPark.
thegeyserandconfirmedtheexistenceofa (D) Therainbow,likethegeyser,isan
deep,narrowshaftandofacavern,aboutthe exampleofthebeautyofnature.
sizeofalargeautomobile,about45feetbeneath
7. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
thesurface.
whichofthefollowingwouldbeLEAST
AswaterseepsintoOldFaithful’sunder-
likelytocauseanychangeinOldFaithful’s
groundsystem,itisheatedatthebottomlikewa-
eruptions?
terinateakettle.Butwhilewaterinakettlerises
becauseofconvection,thenarrowtubeofthe (A) Adropinatmosphericpressure
plumbingsystempreventsfreecirculation.Thus, (B) Anearthquake
thewaterintheuppertubeisfarcoolerthanthe (C) Ariseinthewaterlevelofanearby
wateratthebottom.Theweightofthewaterputs river
pressureonthecolumn,andthisraisestheboiling (D) Aperiodofunusuallyheavyrainfall
pointofthewaternearthebottom.Finally,the
confined,superheatedwaterrises,andthewater 8. ThepassageimpliesthatOldFaithfulwould
intheupperpartofthecolumnwarmsandex- probablynoteruptatallif
pands,someofitwellingoutofthemouthofthe (A) thetubesofthegeysersystemwere
geyser.Thisabruptlydecreasesthepressureon wide.
thesuperheatedwater,andsudden,violentboiling (B) theclimatesuddenlychanged.
occursthroughoutmuchofthelengthofthetube, (C) therehadnotbeenanearthquakein
producingatremendousamountofsteamand 1959.
forcingthewateroutoftheventinasuperheated (D) theundergroundtubeswerelonger.
mass.Thisistheeruption,anditcontinuesuntil
thewaterreservoirisemptiedorthesteamruns 9. Theauthorimpliesthat,comparedtoOld
out. Faithful,manyothergeysers
Therearetwomaintypesofgeysers.A
(A) aremorefamous.
fountaingeysershootswateroutinvarious
(B) haveamorecomplexplumbing
directionsthroughapool.Acolumnargeyser
system.
suchasOldFaithfulshootswaterinafairly
(C) shootwatermuchhigherintotheair.
narrowjetfromaconicalformationatthemouth
(D) havefarlargerreservoirs.
ofthegeyserthatlookslikeaminiaturevolcano.
10. Theauthormentionstheprobethatwas hadamuchhardertimeagreeingontheplant’s

loweredintoOldFaithfulin1992to scientificname.Ingeneral,botanistscomparea
indicatethat planttopublishedaccountsofsimilarplants,orto
sampleskeptasspecimens.Unfortunately,no
(A) itisdifficulttoinvestigategeysers.
bookdescribedtheweedandnosamplesexisted
(B) thegeologists’originaltheoryabout
inherbariaintheUnitedStates.
OldFaithfulwascorrect.
(C) OldFaithful’sstructurewasmore
12. Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferred
intricatethanhadbeenbelieved.
abouttumbleweeds?
(D) somesurprisingdiscoverieswere
made. (A) Theyhavestrong,deeproots.
(B) Theyrequirealotofcare.
11. Theauthorprobablycomparestheforma- (C) Theyreproduceefficiently.
tionatthemouthofOldFaithfulwitha (D) Theyprovidedfoodforranchersand
volcanobecauseoftheformation’s animals.
(A) age.
13. Thepassagesuggeststhatmostpresent-day
(B) power.
Americans
(C) size.
(D) shape. (A) considerthetumbleweedbeneficial.
(B) don’tknowwhentumbleweedscame
Passage3 toNorthAmerica.
In1881,anewtypeofweedbeganspreading (C) haveneverheardoftumbleweeds.
acrossthenorthernGreatPlains.Unlikeother (D) believetumbleweedsarenewcomers
weeds,thetumbleweeddidnotspenditslife totheUnitedStates.
rootedtothesoil;instead,ittumbledandrolled
14. TheauthormentionsthenovelsofZane
acrossfieldsinthewind.Theweedhadsharp, Greyandclassicwesternmovies(paragraph
spinyleavesthatcouldlaceratethefleshof 2)becausethey
ranchersandhorsesalike.Itexploitedthevast
areaoftheplains,thrivinginregionstoobarren (A) tellthestoryoftheinvasionof
tosupportotherplants.Withitsabilityto tumbleweeds.
generateanddisseminatenumerousseeds (B) aresourcesofpopularinformationabout
quickly,itsoonbecamethescourgeofthe tumbleweeds.
prairies. (C) presentinaccuratepicturesoftum-
Topresent-dayAmericans,thetumbleweed bleweeds.
symbolizestheOldWest.TheyreadtheZaneGrey (D) werewrittenlongbeforetumbleweeds
novelsinwhichtumbleweedsdriftacrossstark werepresentintheUnitedStates.
westernlandscapesandseeclassicwesternmovies
inwhichtumbleweedssharesceneswithcowboys 15. Itisprobablethatthe“groupofimmi-
andcoveredwagons.Yetjustoveracenturyago, grants”mentionedinparagraph3
thetumbleweedwasanewcomer.Thefirstsignof (A) wasfromsouthernRussia.
theinvasionoccurredinNorthandSouthDakotain (B) hadlivedinNorthandSouthDakota
thelate1870s. formanyyears.
Farmershadnoticedthesuddenappearance (C) importedtumbleweedsintotheUnited
ofthenew,unusualweed.Onegroupofimmi- States.
grants,however,didnotfindtheweedatallunfa- (D) wroteseveralaccountsabouttum-
miliar.Thetumbleweed,itturnsout,wasanative bleweeds.
ofsouthernRussia,whereitwasknownasTartar
thistle.ItwasimportedtotheUnitedStatesby
unknownmeans.
Frontiersettlersgavetheplantsvarious
names:saltwort,Russiancactus,andwindwitch.
ButbotanistsattheDepartmentofAgriculture
preferredthedesignationRussianthistleasthe
plant’scommonname.However,thesebotanists
SECTION 3: READING
16. Fromthepassageitcanbeinferredthatthe 17. Itcanbeinferredthatscalewouldnotpose

botanistsattheDepartmentofAgriculture amajordesignproblematairportsif
(A) couldnotfindanytumbleweedson (A) airportswerelarger.
theplains. (B) aircraftdidnotneedsomuchspaceto
(B) gavethenamessaltwort,Russian maneuverontheground.
cactus,andwindwitchtothe (C) otherformsoftransportationwere
tumbleweed. moreefficient.
(C) couldnotdecideonacommon (D) airplanescouldflyfaster.
designationforthetumbleweed.
(D) founditdifficulttoclassifytheplant 18. Thelinearplanwouldprobablybebestat
scientifically. a(n)
(A) busyairport.
Passage4 (B) airportusedbymanysmallaircraft.
Formostmodernairports,themajordesign (C) airportwithonlyafewarrivalsor
problemisscale—howtoallowadequatespace departures.
onthegroundformaneuveringwide-bodyjets (D) airportthatservesalargecity.
whilepermittingconvenientandrapidmove-
mentofpassengersdeparting,arriving,or 19. Thepassageimpliesthattheterm“satellite
transferringfromoneflighttoanother. plan”isusedbecause
Mostdesignsforairportterminalstakeone (A) satellitesarelaunchedandtracked
offourapproaches.Inthelinearplan,the fromthesesites.
buildingmaybestraightorcurved.Thepassen- (B) smallterminalsencirclethemain
gersboardaircraftparkednexttotheterminal. terminallikesatellitesaroundaplanet.
Thisplanworkswellforsmallairportsthatneed (C) theplanmakesuseofthemost
toprovideboardingareasforonlyafewaircraft modern,high-technologyequipment.
atatime. (D) airportsthatmakeuseofthisplanuse
Inthepierplan,narrowcorridorsorpiers datafromweathersatellites.
extendfromacentralbuilding.Thisplanallows
manyaircrafttoparknexttothebuilding. 20. Thepassagesuggeststhatshuttletrains
However,itcreateslongwalkingdistancesfor transferpassengerstosatelliteterminals
passengers. from
Inthesatelliteplan,passengersboard
(A) themainterminal.
aircraftfromsmallterminalsthatareseparated (B) airplanes.
fromthemainterminals.Passengersreachthe
(C) downtown.
satellitesbywayofshuttletrainsorunderground
(D) othersatelliteterminals.
passagewaysthathavemovingsidewalks.
Thetransporterplanemployssomesystem 21. Itcanbeinferredthatmobilelounges
oftransporttomovepassengersfromthe wouldbemoredesirablethanbuseswhen
terminalbuildingtotheaircraft.Ifbusesare
used,thepassengersmustclimbaflightofstairs (A) passengersareinahurry.
toboardtheaircraft.Ifmobileloungesareused, (B) flightshavebeendelayed.
theycanlinkupdirectlywiththeaircraftand (C) theweatherisbad.
protectpassengersfromtheweather. (D) passengersneedtosavemoney.
LESSON36
VocabularyItems
WhenETSeliminatedthefirstsectionofSection3,whichconsistedof30discretevocabularyitems,it
replacedthemwithanincreasednumberofquestions(from12to18)aboutthevocabularyinthereading
passages.Mosttest-takersfindthat,ingeneral,itiseasiertoanswervocabularyquestionsbasedonthe
contextofapassagethanitistoanswerquestionsaboutvocabularyinsingle,isolatedsentences.
Invocabularyitems,youmustdeterminewhichoffourwordsorphrasescanbestsubstitutefora
wordorwordsinthepassage.
Mostofthequestionsaskaboutsinglewords(usuallynouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs).Some
askabouttwo-orthree-wordphrases.
Sometimestwooftheanswerchoicesfortheseitemsmightbe“correct”definitionsofthewordthat
isaskedabout.Inthosecases,youmustdecidewhichofthetwoiscorrectinthecontextofthepassage.
Inordinaryreading,thereareseveralcluesthatcanhelpyoutodeterminethemeaningofan
unknownword:
• Synonyms
ThefirststatetoinstitutecompulsoryeducationwasMassachusetts,whichmadeitmandatoryfor
studentstoattendschooltwelveweeksayear.
Thewordmandatoryisasynonymforthewordcompulsory.
• Examples
Manygardenersusesomekindofmulch,suchaschoppedleaves,peatmoss,grassclippings,pine
needles,orwoodchips,tostopthegrowthofweedsandholdinmoisture.
Fromtheexamplesgiven,itisclearthatmulchisplantmatter.
• Contrast
Inthe1820s,theSouthernstatessupportedimprovementsinthenationaltransportationsystem,
buttheNorthernstatesbalked.
SincetheSouthernstatessupportedimprovements,andsinceawordsignalingcontrast(but )is
used,itisclearthattheNorthernstatesdisagreedwiththisidea,andthatthewordbalked
mustmeanobjectedorrefused.
• Generalcontext
Inadesert,vegetationissoscantyastobeincapableofsupportinganylargehumanpopulation.
Asisgenerallyknown,desertscontainlittlevegetation,soclearlythewordscantymustmean
scarceorbarelysufficient.
Whenansweringvocabularyitems,youmustmostoftendependonthegeneralcontextofthesentenceto
helpyouchoosethecorrectanswer.
Youshouldfollowthesestepstoanswervocabularyitems:
1. Lookatthewordbeingaskedaboutandthefouranswerchoices.Ifyouarefamiliarwiththe
word,guesswhichansweriscorrect.DoNOTmarkyouranswersheetyet.
2. Readthesentenceinwhichthewordappears.Ifyouwerefamiliarwiththewordandguessed
attheanswer,makesurethatthewordthatyouchosefitswiththewordasitisusedinthe
sentence.Ifyouwereunfamiliarwiththeword,seeifcontextcluesinthesentenceorinthe
sentencesbeforeorafterhelpyouguessthemeaning.
3. Ifyouarenotsurewhichansweriscorrect,readthesentencewitheachofthefouranswer
choicesinplace.Doesoneseemmorelogical,giventhecontextofthesentence,thantheother
three?Ifnot,doanyseemillogical?(Youcaneliminatethose.)
4. Ifyou’restillnotsure,makethebestguessyoucanandgoon.
231
SECTION 3: READING
SampleItems
InBritain’sNorthAmericancolonies,university-trainedphysicianswere atapremium.Atthetimeof
theRevolution,therewereprobablyonlyaround400physiciansandsome3,000practitionerswho
hadon-the-jobtrainingasbarber-surgeonsorphysicians’apprentices.Whetheruniversitytrainedor
not,nonehadmuchknowledgeofthecausesofdisease,andthe“cures”theyoftenrecommended—
bleeding,blistering,andtheuseofviolentpurgatives—wereatbestineffectiveandatworst lethal.
1. Thephrase atapremium inthefirstsentenceisclosestinmeaningto

(A) well-paid.
(B) notvery numerous.
(C) very experienced.
(D) notwell-respected.
Thecorrectansweris(B).Thephrase“onlyaround400”indicatesthattherewasashortageof
university-trainedphysicians.
2. Whichofthefollowingwordscouldbestbesubstitutedfortheword lethal inthelastsentence?

(A) Impractical
(B) Brutal
(C) Impossible
(D) Deadly
Thecorrectansweris(D).Thephrase“atbestineffectiveandatworstlethal”indicatesthatthe
correctanswermustdescribeasituationmuchworsethanineffective.Choices(A)and(C)don’t
createlogicalsentenceswhensubstitutedforlethal.Choice(B),brutal(whichmeanssavageor
violent),ismorelogical,butonlychoice(D)issynonymouswithlethal.
EXERCISE36.1
Focus:Usingcontextcluestoanswer“click-on”items
Directions:Writethewordfromthepassagethatistheclosestinmeaning(ormostnearlyopposite
inmeaning)intheblanks.
Passage1 1. Findthewordorphraseinparagraph1that
EverydaylifeintheBritishcoloniesofNorth ismostnearlyOPPOSITEinmeaningtothe
Americamaynowseem glamorous,especiallyas word glamorous.__________
reflectedinantiqueshops.Butjudgedbymodern 2. Findthewordorphraseinparagraph2that
standards,itwasquiteadrabexistence.Formost
isclosestinmeaningtotheword refuse.
people,thelaborwasheavyandconstantfrom
__________
daybreaktonightfall.
Basiccomfortsnowtakenforgrantedwere
lacking.Publicbuildingswereoftennotheatedat Passage2
all.Draftyhomeswereheatedonlybyinefficient Bloodisacomplexfluidcomposedofseveral
fireplaces.Therewasnorunningwaterorindoor typesofcellssuspendedinplasma,theliquid
plumbing.Theflickeringlightofcandlesand portionoftheblood.Redbloodcellsmakeup
whaleoillampsprovidedinadequateillumination. thevastmajorityofbloodcells.Hemoglobinin
Therewasnosanitationservicetodisposeofgar- theredbloodcellspicksupoxygenintheblood
bage;instead,long-snoutedhogswereallowedto anddeliversittothetissuesofthebody.Then
roamthestreets,consumingrefuse.
LESSON 36: VOCABULARY ITEMS
thesecellscarrycarbondioxidefromthebody’s 8. Findthewordorphraseinthepassagethat
cellstothelungs. isclosestinmeaningtotheword
Thinkofitasarailroadthat hauls freight. emphasized.__________
The cargo (oxygen)isloadedintoarailroadcar
(hemoglobin).Thenthelocomotive(aredblood 9. Findthewordorphraseinthepassagethat
cell)carriesthecarswheretheyareneeded. ismostnearlyOPPOSITEinmeaningtothe
Afterunloading,thetrainreturnswithadifferent word required.__________
cargo (carbondioxide)andtheprocessstarts
over. Passage4
Hemoglobinisthepartofthecellthat ThePleiades,namedafterthesevensistersof
traps oxygenandcarbondioxide.Itcontainsa Greekmythology,isastar cluster thatcanbe
compoundcalledporphyrinthatconsistsofa seenwiththenakedeye.Itappearsasadipper-
carbon-basedringwithfournitrogenatoms shapedgroupofstarshighoverheadonautumn
facingacentralhole.Thenitrogenbondstoan evenings.Itissoyoung(onlyafewmillionyears
ironatom,andtheironthencapturesone old)thatmanyofitsstarsappeartobesur-
moleculeofoxygenorcarbondioxide. roundedbyaluminousblue mist.Thishazeis
actuallystarlightreflectingoffdebrisleftbehind
3. Findthewordorphraseinparagraph2that afterthestarswereformed.OurownSun’s
isclosestinmeaningtotheword hauls. stellarneighborhoodprobablylookedmuchlike
__________ thisjustafteritsformation.
4. Findthewordorphraseinparagraph2that 10. Findthewordorphraseinthepassagethat
isclosestinmeaningtotheword cargo. isclosestinmeaningtotheword cluster.
__________ __________
5. Findthewordorphraseinparagraph3that 11. Findthewordorphraseinthepassagethat
isclosestinmeaningtotheword traps. isclosestinmeaningtotheword mist.
__________ __________
Passage3 Passage5
TakingoveraspresidentofHarvardin1869,
Interiordesignersmayclaimthata solitary
CharlesW.Eliot pioneered abreakwiththe goldfishdisplayedinaglassbowlmakesa
traditional curriculum.Theusualcourseof strikingminimalistfashionstatement,but
studiesatU.S.universitiesatthetime accordingtoateamofBritishresearchers,
emphasized classicallanguages,mathematics, goldfishlearnfromeachotherandarebetteroff
rhetoric,andethics.Eliotinitiatedasystem ingroupsthanalone.Inoneexperiment,two
underwhichmost required courseswere groupsofgoldfishwerereleasedintoalarge
droppedinfavorofelectivecourses.The aquariumseparatedbya transparent plastic
universityincreaseditsofferingsandstressed panel.Ononeside,foodwashiddeninvarious
physicalandsocialsciences,thefinearts,and locations.Thefishonthatside foraged forthe
modernlanguages.Soonotheruniversitiesall foodwhilethefishontheothersideoftheclear
overtheUnitedStateswerefollowingHarvard’s panelwatched.Whenreleasedintothefeeding
lead. area,theseobservantfishhuntedforthefood
exactlyintheproperlocations.Otherexperi-
6. Findthewordorphraseinthepassagethat mentsshowedthatfishraisedinagroupareless
isclosestinmeaningtotheword fearfulofattackthanfishraisedalone.Andnot
pioneered.__________ onlyaretheyless skittish,theyarealsobetterat
7. Findthewordorphraseinthepassagethat avoidingenemiesintheeventofactualdanger.
isclosestinmeaningtotheword
curriculum.__________ 12. Findthewordorphraseinthepassagethat
isclosestinmeaningtotheword solitary.
__________
SECTION 3: READING
13. Findthewordorphraseinthepassagethat terminateapartnership.Generally,apartnerwho

isclosestinmeaningtotheword wantstoleavemustfindsomeone—eitheran
transparent.__________ existingpartneroranoutsideracceptabletothe
remainingpartners—tobuyhisorherinterestin
14. Findthewordorphraseinthepassagethat thefirm.
isclosestinmeaningtotheword foraged.
__________ 16. Findthewordorphraseinthepassagethat
ismostnearlyOPPOSITEinmeaningtothe
15. Findthewordorphraseinthepassagethat
word drawbacks.__________
isclosestinmeaningtotheword skittish.
__________ 17. Findthewordorphraseinthepassagethat
isclosestinmeaningtotheword liable.
Passage6 __________
Althoughbusinesspartnershipsenjoycertain
advantagesoversoleproprietorships,thereare 18. Findthewordorphraseinthepassagethat
drawbacks aswell.Oneproblemthatmayafflict isclosestinmeaningtotheword conflicts.
partnershipsisthefactthateachgeneralpartner __________
is liable forthedebtsincurredbyanyother 19. Findthewordorphraseinthepassagethat
partner.Moreover,heorsheisresponsiblefor isclosestinmeaningtotheword plague.
lawsuitsresultingfromanypartner’smalpractice. __________
Interpersonal conflicts mayalso plague partner-
ships.Allpartnerships,fromlawfirmstorock 20. Findthewordorphraseinthepassagethat
groups,facetheproblemofpersonaldisagree- isclosestinmeaningtotheword dissolve.
ments.Anotherproblemisthedifficultyof __________
dissolvingpartnerships.Itismucheasierto
dissolve asoleproprietorshipthanitisto
EXERCISE36.2
Focus:Answeringbothtypesofvocabularyitemsaboutwordsorphrasesinreadingpassages
Directions:Answertheitemsaboutthevocabularyinthepassages.Marktheproperovalfor
multiple-choiceitemsandunderlinetheappropriatewordorphraseintheboldtexttoanswer“click
on”items.
Passage1 atranscontinentalrailroad,andassumeda
studiedstanceofnoninterventioninprivate
TheCivilWarcreated feverish manufacturing
enterprise.TheSocialDarwinismofBritish
activitytosupply critical material,especiallyin
philosopherHerbertSpencerandAmerican
theNorth.Whenthefightingstopped,
economistWilliamGrahamSummer prevailed.
thestagewasset fordramaticeconomicgrowth.
Thetheorywasthatbusiness,if
Wartimetaxesonproductionhadvanished,and
lefttoitsowndevices,wouldeliminatethe
thefewtaxesthatremainedleanedheavilyon
weakandnurturethestrong.Butasbusiness
realestate,notonbusiness.Thepopulationflow
expanded,therivalryheatedup.Inthe1880s,
fromfarmtocityincreased,andthelaborforce
fiverailroadsoperatingbetweenNewYorkand
itprovidedwas buttressed bymillionsofnewly
Chicagoviedfortraffic,andtwomorewere
arrivedimmigrantswillingtoworkforlowwages
underconstruction.Asaresultofthebattle,the
inthemillsoftheNorthandontherailroad
farebetweenthecitiesdecreasedto$1.Petro-
crewsoftheMidwestandWest.
leumcompanieslikewisecompeted savagely
Thefederalgovernment’spositiontoward
and,inthe1880s,manyofthemfailed.
economicexpansionwasnothingifnot
accommodating.Thegovernmentestablished
tariffbarriers,providedloansandgrantstobuild
1. Theword feverish inparagraph1isclosest 7. Theword accommodating inparagraph2is

inmeaningto closestinmeaningto
(A) extremelyrapid. (A) persistent.
(B) sicklyandslow. (B) indifferent.
(C) verydangerous. (C) balanced.
(D) understandable. (D) helpful.
2. Whichofthefollowingisclosestin 8. Lookattheword stance intheboldtext

meaningtotheword critical inparagraph below:
1?
Thefederalgovernment’sposition
(A) Industrial towardeconomicexpansionwas
(B) Serious nothingifnotaccommodating.It
(C) Crucial establishedtariffbarriers,provided
(D) Insulting loansandgrantstobuildatransconti-
nentalrailroad,andassumedastudied
3. Thephrase thestagewasset inparagraph stance ofnoninterventioninprivate
1isclosestinmeaningtowhichofthe enterprise.
following?
(A) Theplaywasover. textthatisclosestinmeaningtotheword
(B) Theprogresscontinued. stance.
(C) Thefoundationwaslaid.
(D) Thedirectionwasclear. 9. Theword prevailed inparagraph2is
closestinmeaningto
4. Lookattheword newcomers inthebold
textbelow. (A) influenced.
(B) triumphed.
Thepopulationflowfromfarmtocity (C) premiered.
increased,andthelaborforceit (D) evolved.
providedwasbuttressedbymillionsof
recentimmigrants.These newcomers 10. Thephrase lefttoitsowndevices in
werewillingtoworkforlowwagesin paragraph2means
themillsoftheNorthandonthe
(A) forcedtodoadditionalwork.
railroadcrewsoftheMidwestandWest.
(B) allowedtodoasitpleased.
Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold (C) madetochangeitsplans.
textthatisclosestinmeaningtotheword (D) encouragedtoproducemoregoods.
newcomers.
11. Lookattheword vied intheboldtext
5. Thephrase realestate inparagraph1refers below:
to
Inthe1880s,fiverailroadsoperating
(A) toolsandmachines. betweenNewYorkandChicago vied
(B) actualincome. fortraffic,andtwomorewereunder
(C) newenterprises. construction.Asaresultofthebattle,
(D) landandbuildings. thefarebetweenthecitiesdecreasedto
$1.Petroleumcompanieslikewise
6. Theword buttressed inparagraph1is competedsavagelyand,inthe1880s,
closestinmeaningto manyofthemfailed.
(A) concerned. Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold
(B) supplemented. textthatisclosestinmeaningtotheword
(C) restructured. vied.
(D) enriched.
SECTION 3: READING
12. Theword savagely inparagraph2isclosest 15. Theword showy inparagraph2isclosest

inmeaningto inmeaningtowhichofthefollowing?
(A) fiercely. (A) Ornamental
(B) suddenly. (B) Graceful
(C) surprisingly. (C) Colorless
(D) genuinely. (D) Powerful
16. Lookattheword slim intheboldtext

Passage3 below:
Allbirdshavefeathers,andfeathersareunique
tobirds.Noothermajorgroupofanimalsisso Feathersformthesoftdownofgeese
easyto categorize.Allbirdshavewings,too,but andducks,thelongshowyplumesof
wingsarenotpeculiartobirds. ostrichesandegrets,andthestrong
Manyadaptationsarefoundinbothfeathers flightfeathersofeaglesandcondors.
andwings.Feathersformthesoftdownofgeese Wingsvaryfromtheshort,broadones
andducks,thelong showy plumesofostriches ofchickens,whoseldomfly,tothe
andegrets,andthestrongflightfeathersof long slim onesofalbatrosses,who
eaglesandcondors.Wingsvaryfromtheshort, spendalmostalltheirlivessoaringon
broadonesofchickens,whoseldomfly,tothe aircurrents.
long,slimonesofalbatrosses,whospendalmost Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold
alltheirlivessoaringonaircurrents.Inpen- textmostnearlyOPPOSITEinmeaningto
guins,wingshavebeenmodifiedintoflippers theword slim.
andfeathersintoawaterproofcovering.Inkiwis,
thewingsarealmostimpossibleto detect. 17. Theword detect inparagraph2isclosest
Yet diversity amongbirdsisnotsostriking inmeaningto
asitisamongmammals.Thedifferencebetween
(A) utilize.
ahummingbirdandapenguinisimmense,but
(B) extend.
hardly asstartlingasthatbetweenabatanda
(C) observe.
whale.Itisvariationsindetailsratherthanin
(D) describe.
fundamental patternsthathavebeenimportant
intheadaptationofbirdstomanykindsof 18. Whichofthefollowingisclosestin
ecosystems. meaningtotheword diversity inparagraph
3?
13. Lookatthewords peculiarto inthebold
textbelow: (A) Function
(B) Heredity
Allbirdshavefeathers,andfeathersare (C) Specialty
uniquetobirds.Noothermajorgroup (D) Variety
ofanimalsissoeasytocategorize.All
birdshavewings,too,butwingsare 19. Lookattheword striking intheboldtext
not peculiarto birds. below:
Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold Yetdiversityamongbirdsisnotso
textclosestinmeaningtothewords striking asitisamongmammals.The
peculiarto. differencebetweenahummingbirdand
apenguinisimmense,buthardlyas
14. Theword categorize inparagraph1is startlingasthatbetweenabatanda
closestinmeaningto whale.
(A) appreciate. Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold
(B) comprehend. textclosestinmeaningtotheword
(C) classify. striking.
(D) visualize.
20. Theword hardly inparagraph3isclosest 24. Whichofthefollowingcouldbestsubsti-

inmeaningto tutefortheword rugged inparagraph1?
(A) definitely. (A) Streamlined
(B) notnearly. (B) Roomy
(C) possibly. (C) Sturdy
(D) notalways. (D) Primitive
21. Theword fundamental inparagraph3is 25. Whichofthefollowingisclosestin

closestinmeaningto meaningtotheword jolts inparagraph1?
(A) basic. (A) Signs
(B) shifting. (B) Shocks
(C) predictable. (C) Sights
(D) complicated. (D) Shots
26. Thephrase boundfor inparagraph1is

Passage4 closestinmeaningto
Manufacturedinthe tranquil NewEnglandtown
ofConcord,NewHampshire,thefamous (A) belongedto.
ConcordCoachcameto symbolize theWild (B) destinedfor.
West.Its rugged bodyandasuspensionsystem (C) builtby.
ofleatherstrapscouldhandlethehard jolts from (D) paidfor.
roughroads.Ajournalistin1868,describinga
27. Lookattheword splendidly inthebold
railroadshipmentof30coaches boundfor
textbelow:
Wells,FargoandCompany,wrote,“Theyare
splendidlydecorated...thebodiesredandthe “Theyaredecorated splendidly ...the
runningpartsyellow.Eachdoorhasahandsome bodiesredandtherunningparts
picture,mostlylandscapes,andnotwocoaches yellow.Eachdoorissuperblypainted,
areexactlyalike.” mostlywithlandscapes,andnotwo
Wells,FargoandCompanywasfoundedin coachesareexactlyalike.”
1852toprovidemailandbankingservicesfor
thegoldcampsofCaliforniaandlaterwona
textclosestinmeaningtotheword
monopolyonexpressserviceswestofthe
splendidly.
Mississippi.AWells,FargoConcordCoach
carriedninetofourteenpassengersplusbaggage 28. Lookattheword plush intheboldtext
andmail.Theaccommodationswerebyno below:
meansplush.However,whileconditionsmay
havebeenprimitiveandservicenotalways Theaccommodationswerebyno
prompt,thestagecoachwasthe swiftest method means plush.However,whilecondi-
oftravelthroughmuchoftheFarWest. tionsmayhavebeenprimitiveand
servicenotalwaysprompt,thestage-
22. Theword tranquil inparagraph1isclosest coachwasstilltheswiftestmethodof
inmeaningto travelthroughmuchoftheFarWest.
(A) peaceful. Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold

(B) bustling. textmostnearlyOPPOSITEinmeaningto
(C) industrial. theword plush.
(D) tiny.
29. Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaning
23. Theword symbolize inparagraph1is totheword swiftest inparagraph2?
closestinmeaningto (A) Mostcomfortable
(A) recollect. (B) Cheapest
(B) fulfill. (C) Mostdirect
(C) deny. (D) Fastest
(D) represent.
LESSON37
ReferenceItems
Referenceitemsaskyoutofindthenoun(calledthereferent)thatapronounorotherwordrefersto.Two
thingstoremember:
1. Thereferentalmostalwayscomesbeforethereferencewordinthepassage.
2. ThereferentisNOTalwaysthenounthatisclosesttothereferencewordinthesentence.
Onthecomputer-basedtest,mostreferenceitemsareClickonthePassageitemsbutafewareMultiple-
Choiceitems.
ClickonReferenceItems
Whenyouseethistypeofitem,asectionofthepassage—usuallyoneortwosentences—appearsinbold
text,justasinVocabularyitems.Apronounorotherreferencewordwillbehighlighted.Youhavetofind
thereferentintheboldtexttowhichthehighlightedwordorphraserefers.
Youcanidentify“possibleanswers”intheboldtextaccordingtothetypeofreferencewordthatis
highlighted.Forexample,ifthepronounheisbeingaskedabout,youwouldonlylookfornounsthatnamea
singularmaleperson.Here’salistofcommonreferencewordsandthekindsofnounstheyreferto:
ReferenceWords PossibleReferents
she her hers herself Asingularfemale
he his him himself Asingularmale
it its itself Asingularthing,place,animal,action,idea
they their them themselves Pluralpersons,things,animals,places,actions,ideas
who whose Person(s)
which Things(s),place(s),animal(s),action(s),idea(s)
that (relativepronoun) Person(s),thing(s),place(s),animal(s),action(s),
idea(s)
then Time
there Place
this that (demonstrative) Singularthing,action,idea
these those Pluralthings,actions,ideas
This,that,these,andthosecanalsobeusedwithnouns:thisperson,thattime,thoseanimals,orthese
places.
Afteryouhaveidentifiedpossibleanswers,youshouldreadthesentencewiththeanswersinplaceofthe
reference.Whichoneisthemostlogicalsubstitute?Ifyouarenotsure,youcanatleasteliminateunlikely
choicesandguess.
Multiple-ChoiceReferenceItems
Afewreferenceitemswillaskyoutochoosetowhichoneoffournounsapronounorotherwordrefers.
Again,youshouldreadthesentencewitheachofthefourchoicesinplaceofthehighlightedwordto
decidewhichofthefouranswersisthemostlogical.
238
LESSON 37: REFERENCE ITEMS
EXERCISE37.1
Focus:Identifyingthereferentsforpronounsandotherexpressionsinsentencesandshortpassages
Directions:Readtheitems.Decidewhichwordorphraseintheitemsisthecorrectreferentfor
the highlighted wordorphraseandunderlineitor(forMultiple-Choiceitems)markthecorrect
answer.Iftherearetwohighlightedwordsorphrases,circlethefirstreferenceandunderlinethe
second.
1. Xraysallowarthistorianstoexamine 8. Leavesarefoundonalldeciduoustrees,but
paintingsinternallywithoutdamaging they differgreatlyinsizeandshape.
them.
9. YasuoKuniyashiwasborninJapanin1883
2. Thepoisonous,plantlikeanemonelivesina andstudiedartattheLosAngelesSchoolof
coralreef.Whenasmallfishventuresnear ArtandDesign.HealsostudiedartinNew
thiscreature,itisstungandeaten.For YorkCity,wherehegavehisfirstone-man
somereason,theanemonemakesan show.In1925hemovedfrom there to
exceptionoftheclownfish.Whenthe Pariswherehewasinfluencedbythe
clownfishisendangeredbyanotherfish,it worksofChagallandotherartists.
dashesamongtheanemone’stentacles.It
(A) Japan
evenbuildsitsnestwheretheanemonecan
(B) Paris
protect it.
(C) LosAngeles
3. Floristsoftenrefrigeratecutflowersto (D) NewYorkCity
protect their freshappearance. 10. Inthepast,biologistsconsideredmush-
(A) Florists’ roomsandotherfungiatypeofnongreen
(B) Flowers’ plant.Today,however, they aremost
commonlyregardedasaseparatekingdom
4. Unlikeaboxkite,aflatkiteneedsatailto oflivingthings.
supplydragandtokeep it pointedtoward
thesky.Asimple one consistsofcloth 11. WilliamDeanHowells,acontemporaryand
stripstiedendtoend. friendofMarkTwain,wroteanumberof
booksthatrealisticallyportrayedlifeon
5. Waterisanexceptiontomanyofnature’s farmsinMidwesternAmerica.Oneofhis
rulesbecauseof its unusualproperties. followers,HamlinGarland,wasevenmore
bitterin his criticismofruralAmericathan
6. Ropesarecordsatleast.15inchesin hismentor.
diameterandaremadeofthreeormore
strandswhichare themselves formedof 12. TheWisconsinDellsisaregionwherethe
twistedyarns. WisconsinRivercutsthroughsoftsand-
stone.Thestrangeformationsthathave
(A) Yarns
beencarvedoutoftherockstherearea
(B) Ropes
(C) Strands delighttotourists. They havenamessuch
(D) Cords asDevil’sElbow,GrandPiano,andFat
Man’sMisery.
7. Grocersslicesides,quarters,andwhatare
calledprimalcutsofbeefintosmaller
pieces. Thesepieces arethenpackagedand
sold.
SECTION 3: READING
EXERCISE37.2
Focus:Answeringreferencequestionsbasedonlongerpassages
Directions:Readthefollowingpassagesandthequestionsaboutthem.ForMultiple-Choiceitems,
decidewhichofthechoices—(A),(B),(C),or(D)—bestanswersthequestion,andmarkthe
answer.Underlinethecorrectreferentsfor“click-on”items.
Passage1 2. Lookattheword These intheboldtext

Inadditiontothesevarioustypesofdeep below:
mining,severaltypesofsurfaceminingmaybe Powershovelspickupthepiecesand
usedwhenmineralslierelativelyclosetothe loadthemintotrucks. These carryit
surfaceoftheearth.Onetypeisopen-pitmining. uprampstogroundlevel.Softoresare
Thefirststepistoremovetheoverburden,the removedbydrillingscrews,called
layersofrockandearthlyingabovetheore,with augers.
giantscrapers.Theoreisbrokenupinaseries
ofblastingoperations.Powershovelspickupthe Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold
piecesandloadthemintotrucksor,insome textthatrefersto These.
cases,oretrains.Thesecarryituprampsto
3. Thephrase Anothertype inparagraph2is
groundlevel.Softoresareremovedbydrilling
areferencetoanothertypeof
screws,calledaugers.
Anothertype iscalled“placer”mining. (A) deepmining.
Sometimesheavymetals,suchasgold,arefound (B) ore.
insoildepositedbystreamsandrivers.Thesoil (C) metal.
ispickedupbyapowershovelandtransferred (D) surfacemining.
toalongtrough.Waterisrunthroughthesoilin
thetrough.Thiscarriessoilparticlesawaywith 4. Lookattheword it intheboldtextbelow:
it.Themetalparticlesareheavierthanthesoil Thesoilispickedupbyapowershovel
andsinktothebottomwheretheycanbe andtransferredtoalongtrough.Water
recovered. isrunthroughthesoilinthetrough.
Thefinishing-offprocessofminingiscalled Thiscarriessoilparticlesawaywith it.
mineralconcentration.In thisprocess,the
desiredsubstancesareremovedfromthewaste Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold
invariousways.Onetechniqueistobubbleair textthatrefersto it.
throughaliquidinwhichoreparticlesare
5. Lookattheword they intheboldtext
suspended.Chemicalsareaddedthatmakethe
below:
mineralsclingtotheairbubbles.Thebubbles
risetothesurfacewiththemineralparticles Thiscarriessoilparticlesawaywithit.
attached,andtheycanbeskimmedoffand Themetalparticlesareheavierthanthe
saved. soilandsinktothebottomwhere they
canberecovered.
1. Lookattheword them intheboldtext
below:
textthatrefersto they.
Theoreisbrokenupinaseriesof
blastingoperations.Powershovelspick 6. Inparagraph3,thephrase thisprocess
upthepiecesandload them into refersto
trucks. (A) surfacemining.
Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold (B) thedepositingofsoil.
textthatrefersto them. (C) mineralconcentration.
(D) placermining.
7. Lookattheword they intheboldtext 9. Lookattheword These intheboldtext

below: below:
Chemicalsareaddedthatmakethem MountRainierhasapermanenticecap
clingtotheairbubbles.Thebubbles andextensivesnowfields,whichgive
risetothesurfacewiththeorepar- risetooverfortyglaciers. These feed
ticlesattached,and they canbe swiftstreamsandtumblingwaterfalls
skimmedoffandsaved. thatracethroughtheglacialvalleys.
Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold
textthatrefersto they. textthatrefersto These.
10. Theword which inparagraph2refersto

Passage2
MountRainier,theheartofMt.RainierNational (A) forests.
Park,isthehighestmountaininthestateof (B) wildflowers.
WashingtonandintheCascadeRange.The (C) alpinemeadows.
mountain’ssummitisbroadandrounded.Itis (D) glacialvalleys.
14,410feetabovesealevelandhasanareaof
aboutonesquaremile.Numeroussteamandgas 11. Lookattheword Its intheboldtextbelow:
jetsoccuraroundthecrater,butthevolcanohas Paradise Valley, where hotel accommo-
beensleepingformanycenturies. dations are available, perches on the
MountRainierhasapermanenticecapand mountain’sslopeat2,700feet.TheWon-
extensivesnowfields,whichgiverisetomore derlandTrailencirclesthemountain. Its
thanfortyglaciers.Thesefeedswiftstreamsand 90-milelengthcanbecoveredinabouta
tumblingwaterfallsthatracethroughtheglacial week’stime.
valleys.Forestsextendto4,500feet.Thereare
Underline the word or phrase in the bold
alpinemeadowsbetweentheglaciersandthe
textthatrefersto Its.
forests, which containbeautifulwildflowers.
TheNisquallyGlacierisprobablytheiceregion
thatismostoftenexploredbyvisitors.Paradise Passage3
Valley,wherehotelaccommodationsareavail- Somepeopleassociatemigrationmainlywith
able,perchesonthemountain’sslopeat5,400 birds.Birdsdotravelvastdistances,butmam-
feet.TheWonderlandTrailencirclesthemoun- malsalsomigrate.Caribougrazeonthegrassy
tain.Its90-milelengthcanbecoveredinabouta slopesofnorthernCanada.Whentheweather
week’stime. turnscold,theseanimalstravelsouthuntil
spring.Theirtracksaresowell-wornthatthey
8. Lookattheword It intheboldtextbelow: areclearlyvisiblefromtheair. Anotherexample
istheAlaskanfurseal.Thesesealsbreedonlyin
MountRainier,theheartofMt.Rainier thePribilofIslandsintheBeringSea.Theyoung
NationalPark,isthehighestmountain areborninJuneandbySeptemberarestrong
inthestateofWashingtonandinthe enoughtogowiththeirmothersonajourneyof
CascadeRange.Themountain’ssummit morethan3,000miles.Togethertheyswim
isbroadandrounded. It is14,410feet downthePacificCoastofNorthAmerica.The
abovesealevelandhasanareaof femalesandyoungtravelasfarassouthern
aboutonesquaremile. California.Themalesdonotjourneysofar.They
Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold swimonlytotheGulfofAlaska.Inthespring,
textthatrefersto It. malesandfemalesallreturntotheislands,and
there thecyclebeginsagain.Whalesareamong
thegreatestmigratorsofall.Thehumpback,fin,
andbluewhalesmigratethousandsofmileseach
yearfromthepolarseastothetropics.Whales
eathugequantitiesoftinyplantsandanimals.
Thesearemostabundantincoldpolarwaters.In
winter,thewhalesmovetowarmwatersto
breedandgivebirthtotheiryoung.
SECTION 3: READING
12. Lookattheword they intheboldtext Passage4

below: Designisthearrangementofmaterialsto
Caribougrazeonthegrassyslopesof producecertaineffects.Designplaysarolein
northernCanada.Whentheweather visualartsandinthecreationofcommercial
turnscold,theseanimalstravelsouth products.Designersareconcernedwiththe
untilspring.Theirtracksaresowell directionoflines,thesizeofshapes,andthe
wornthat they areclearlyvisiblefrom shadingofcolors.Theyarrangethesepatternsin
theair. waysthataresatisfyingtoviewers.Thereare
variouselementsinvolvedincreatingapleasing
Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold design.
textthatrefersto they. Harmony,orbalance,canbeobtainedin
severalways.Itmaybeeithersymmetrical(in
13. Thephrase Anotherexample inthepassage
balance)orasymmetrical(outofbalance,butstill
referstoanexampleofa
pleasingtotheeye).Orasmallareamaybalance
(A) migratorymammal. alargeareaifithasanimportancetotheeye
(B) placewhereanimalsmigrate. (becauseofcolorortreatment)equalingthatof
(C) bird. thelargerarea.
(D) personwhoassociatesmigrationwith Contrastistheoppositeofharmony.The
birds. colorsredandorangeharmonize,becauseorange
containsred.Acircleandanovalharmonize,
14. Lookattheword They intheboldtext becausetheyarebothmadeupofcurvedlines.
below: Butatriangledoesnotharmonizewithacircle.
Thefemalesandyoungtravelasfaras Becauseofitsstraightlinesandangles,itisin
southernCalifornia.Themalesdonot contrast.
journeysofar. They swimonlytothe Unityoccurswhenalltheelementsinade-
GulfofAlaska.Inthespring,malesand signcombinetoformaconsistentwhole.Unity
femalesallreturntotheislands,and resemblesbalance.Adesignhasbalanceifits
therethecyclebeginsagain. massesarebalancedorifitstonesandcolorshar-
monize.Butunitydiffersfrombalancebecauseit
Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold impliesthatbalancedelementsworktogetherto
textthatrefersto They. formharmonyinthedesignasawhole.
15. Inthepassage,theword there refersto 17. Lookattheword They intheboldtext
(A) theGulfofAlaska. below:
(B) thePribilofIslands. Designersareconcernedwiththe
(C) southernCalifornia. directionoflines,thesizeofshapes,
(D) thePacificCoastofNorthAmerica. andtheshadingofcolors. They
arrangethesepatternsinwaysthatare
16. Lookattheword These intheboldtext
satisfyingtoviewers.
below:
Whaleseathugequantitiesoftiny
textthatrefersto They.
plantsandanimals. These aremost
abundantincoldpolarwaters.In 18. Lookattheword that intheboldtext
winter,thewhalesmovetowarm below:
waterstobreedandgivebirthtotheir
young. Orasmallareamaybalancealarge
areaifithasanimportancetotheeye
Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold (becauseofcolorortreatment)equal-
textthatrefersto These. ing that ofthelargerarea.
textthatrefersto that.
19. Lookattheword they intheboldtext 21. Inthelastsentence,theword it refersto

below:
(A) unity.
Thecolorsredandorangeharmonize, (B) balance.
becauseorangecontainsred.Acircle (C) adesign.
andanovalharmonize,because they (D) aconsistentwhole.
arebothmadeupofcurvedlines.
textthatrefersto they.
20. Lookattheword it intheboldtextbelow:

Acircleandanovalharmonize,
becausetheyarebothmadeupof
curvedlines.Butatriangledoesnot
harmonizewithacircle.Becauseofits
straightlinesandangles, it isin
contrast.
textthatrefersto it.
LESSON38
SentenceAdditionItems
Thistypeofitemprovidesyouwithasentencethatcanbeaddedtoapassage.Youhavetodecidewhere
toplacethissentence.Blacksquareswillappearbetweenthesentencesofoneoftheparagraphsofthe
passage.Youhavetoclickonthesquarewhereyouthinkthesentencebelongs.Therewillprobablybe
fromfourtotenpossiblesiteswhereyoucaninsertthesentence.
Ingeneral,youwillseetwotofiveSentenceAdditionitemspertest.
SentenceAdditionproblemstestyourknowledgeofparagraphorganizationandcoherence .You
canthinkofcoherenceasthe“glue”thatholdsthesentencesofaparagraphtogether.
Therearesomedevicesthatwritersusetoachievecohesion.Youcanusetheseascluestohelpyou
findthebestplacetoputthemissingsentences.Thesedevicesmayoccurineitherthemissingsentence
orthepassage.
1. SignalWords
ScientistshavemanytheoriesaboutwhytheIceAgestookplace.However,noneofthesetheories
canfullyexplainwhyicesheetsformatcertainperiodsandnotatothers.
Stonetoolsaremoredurablethanbones.Therefore,thetoolsofearlyhumansarefoundmore
frequentlythanthebonesoftheirmakers.
Ifwewatchacelldivideunderamicroscope,whatdowesee?First,thenucleusofthecellbeginsto
lookdifferent.Thedensematerialthinsoutinthemiddle,formingtwoparts.Thenthesetwoparts
separate,andtherearetwonucleiinsteadofone.Finally,anewcellwallformsbetweenthenew
nuclei.Thecellhasdivided.
2. PersonalPronouns
Bloodtravelsfirstthroughthegreatarteries.Itthenpassesintosmallerarteriesuntilreachingthe
capillaries.Theyjointoformveins,whichcarrythebloodbacktotheheart.
3. Demonstratives
Therewereanumberofmethodsofimprovingworkermotivationandperformanceintroducedinthe
1970s.OneofthesewascalledManagementbyObjectives(M.O.).Thistechniquewasdesignedto
improvemoralebyhavingworkerssettheirowngoals.
4. Synonyms
Theearliestremainsofancientanimalsarethoseofsoft-bodiedjellyfish-likeanimals,worms,and
proto-insects.Thefossilsofthesecreaturesshowusthat,whilesomeanimalsremainedsimple,others
werebecomingincreasinglycomplex.
5. RepetitionofWords
HydrillaisaninvasiveplantimportedtoFloridafromSriLankafortyyearsagoforuseinaquariums.
Hydrillahasovergrownmorethan40percentofthestate’sriversandlakes,makinglifemiserablefor
boatersandoftenimpossiblefornativewildlife.
Inadditiontotheselanguageclues,youcanalsousecontentclues.Themissingsentencemightbein
contrasttooneofthesentencesinthepassage,oroneofthesentencesintheparagraphmightbein
contrasttothemissingsentence.Themissingsentencemightgiveanexampleofsomethingmentionedin
thepassageormightrepresentamissingstepfromaprocessorachronologydescribedinthepassage.
Foranyonetoanswerthistypeofitemcorrectly,theremustbesomecluesineitherthemissingsentence
or the passage. There must be something—an idea or a word or a phrase—that links the missing sentence
eithertothesentencethatcomesbeforeitortotheonethatcomesafterit.It’suptoyoutofindtheclues!
244
LESSON 38: SENTENCE ADDITION ITEMS
Youshouldfollowthesestepswhenyouanswerasentenceadditionproblem:
1. Readthemissingsentencecarefullyandreadoverthesentencesmarkedwithsquares(inour
exercises,wehaveusednumbersinparenthesesinsteadofboxestomakeiteasiertodiscuss
theanswers).
2. Lookforsignalwords,personalpronouns,demonstratives,synonyms,andrepetitionofwords,
firstinthesentenceandtheninthepassage.Doanyofthesedeviceslinkthemissingsentence
toanyothersentenceinthepassage?
3. Lookforplacesinthepassagewherethefocusshiftsfromonetopictoanotherabruptly,with
notransition.
4. Iftheanswerisnotclear,lookforcontentcluesthattiethesentenceeithertothesentence
thatcomesbeforeitortothesentencethatcomesafterit.
5. Youmaybeabletoeliminatecertainsquaresbetweentwosentencesbecausethosesentences
arecloselyjoinedandcouldnotlogicallybeseparated.
6. Ifyoustillcannotfindtheanswer,guessandgoon.
SentenceAdditionitemsaregenerallyquitedifficultandtakeupalotofyourtime—andyoudon’tgetany
extracreditforansweringthesequestionscorrectly!Don’tspendtoomuchtimeontheseitemsonyour
firsttimethroughthetest.Ifpossible,comebacktothemlaterifyouhaveextratime.
EXERCISE38
Focus:Understandingparagraphorganizationandcohesionandansweringsentenceadditionquestions
Directions:Circlethepropernumberinparenthesestomarktheplacewherethesentencebestfits
intothepassage.
Passage1 caterpillar’sskin,growintowings.(13)When
Whenamammalisyoung,itlooksmuchlikea thechangeiscomplete,thepupalskinsplits
smallerformofanadult.(1)However,animals openandthebutterflyemerges.(14)Butsoonit
thatundergometamorphosisdevelopquite driesout,itswingsunfurl,anditfliesoff.(15)
differentlyfrommammals.(2)Theyoungof Nowitisreadytomateandtolayeggsthatwill
theseanimals,whicharecalledlarvae,lookvery developintolarvae.(16)
littlelikethematureformsandhaveavery
differentwayoflife.(3)Taketheexampleof 1. Thefollowingsentencecanbeaddedto
butterfliesandcaterpillars,whicharethelarval paragraph1:
formofbutterflies.(4)Caterpillars,ontheother Butterflieshavetwopairsofwingsand
hand,arewinglessandhavemorethansixlegs. sixlegsandfeedonthenectarof
Theymovebycrawlingandfeedonleaves.(5) flowers.
Tobecomeadults,thelarvaemustradically
changetheirforms.(6) Circlethecorrectnumbertoshowwhereit
Toaccomplishthischange,alarvamustgo wouldbestfitintotheparagraph.
throughtheprocessofmetamorphosis.(7)It
2. Thefollowingsentencecanbeaddedto
doesthisinthesecondstageoflife,calledthe
paragraph2:
pupastage.(8)Whentheyarereadytopupate,
caterpillarssettleinshelteredpositions.(9)Some Atfirstitisdampanditswingsare
spinacocoonaroundthemselves.(10)The curledup.
caterpillarthenshedsitsoldskinandgrowsa
Circlethecorrectnumbertoshowwhereit
protectivepupalskin.(11)Insidethisskin,the
wouldbestfitintotheparagraph.
bodyofthecaterpillargraduallytransforms
itself.(12)Thewingbuds,whichwereunderthe
SECTION 3: READING
mythaboutthecreationoftheworld,butof
Passage2
Theprocessofminiaturizationbeganinearnest thosethatdo,theEarthDivermythisthemost
withthetransistor,whichwasinventedin common.(10)ItisfoundinallregionsofNorth
1947.(1)Itwasmuchsmallerthanthesmallest AmericaexcepttheSouthwesternUnitedStates
vacuumtubeitwasmeanttoreplaceand,not andtheArcticregionsandisalsofoundinmany
needingafilament,itconsumedfarlesspower locationsinAsiaandthePacificIslands.(11)
andgeneratedvirtuallynowasteheat.(2)There AnothercommonmythisthatoftheTheft
wasalmostnolimittohowsmallthetransistor ofFire.(12)Inthisstory,acreaturesetsoutto
couldbeonceengineershadlearnedhowto stealfirefromadistantsource,obtainsit,often
etchelectroniccircuitsontoasubstrateof throughtrickery,andcarriesithome.(13)The
silicon.(3)Inthe1950s,thestandardradiohad bestknownversionofthisstoryistheGreek
fivevacuumtubesanddozensofresistorsand mythofPrometheus.(14)OtherOldWorld
capacitors,allhandwiredandsolderedontoa versionsofthisstoryaretoldinCentralAsia,
chassisaboutthesizeofahardboundbook.(4) India,andAfrica.(15)InsomeNewWorld
Infact,thelimitingfactorinmakingappliances locations,itisreplacedbyTheftoftheSun,
smallerisnotthesizeoftheelectroniccompo- TheftofDaylight,orTheftofHeatstories.(16)
nentsbutthehumaninterface.(5)Thereisno
pointinreducingthesizeofapalm-held 4. Thefollowingsentencecanbeaddedto
computermuchfurtherunlesshumanscan paragraph1:
evolvesmallerfingers.(6) Morerecentarrivalsnodoubttookthe
sameroute,crossingonwinterice.
3. Thefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothe
passage: Circlethecorrectnumbertoshowwhereit
Todayallthatcircuitryandmuchmore
canfitintoamicroprocessorsmaller 5. Thefollowingsentencecanbeaddedto
thanapostagestamp. paragraph2:
Circlethecorrectnumbertoshowwhereit Butinitsclaws,theotheranimalsfind
wouldbestfitintothepassage. abitofmud.
Passage3 wouldbestfitintotheparagraph.
ItisbelievedthatthefirstAmericanswere
hunterswhoarrivedbywayoftheonlylink 6. Thefollowingsentencecanbeaddedto
betweenthehemispheres,theSiberian-Alaskan paragraph3:
landbridge.(1)Thisstripoflandremained IntheNewWorld,itappearsamong
abovewateruntilabout10,000yearsago.(2) manyNativeAmericantribeswestof
Thesemigrantsunquestionablybroughtwith theRockyMountainsandinthe
themtheskillstomakeweapons,furclothing, AmericanSoutheast.
andsheltersagainstthebittercold.(3)Itseems
safetoassumethattheyalsobroughtmythsand Circlethecorrectnumbertoshowwhereit
folktalesfromtheOldWorld.(4)Butwhich wouldbestfitintotheparagraph.
mythsandwhichfolktales?(5)
Amongmyths,themostimpressive Passage4
candidateforOldWorldoriginisthestoryofthe Whendrawinghumanfigures,childrenoften
EarthDiver.(6)Thisisthestoryofagroupof maketheheadtoolargefortherestofthe
watercreatureswhotaketurnsdivingforapiece body.(1)Arecentstudyofferssomeinsightinto
ofsolidland.(7)Theduck,themuskrat,the thiscommondisproportioninchildren’sillustra-
turtle,thecrawfish,orsomeotheranimal tions.(2)Aspartofthestudy,researchersasked
succeedsbuthastodivesodeepthatbythe childrenbetween4and7yearsoldtomake
timeitreturnstothesurface,itishalf-drowned severaldrawingsofadults.(3)Whentheydrew
ordead.(8)Theanimalsmagicallyenlargethis frontalviewsofthesesubjects,thesizeofthe
tinypieceofsolidlanduntilitbecomesthe headswasmarkedlyenlarged.(4)Theresearch-
earth.(9)NoteveryNativeAmericantribehasa erssuggestthatchildrendrawbiggerwhenthey
knowtheymustleaveroomforfacialdetails.(5) Passage6
Therefore,thedistortedheadsizeinchildren’s Lawntennisisacomparativelymodernmodifica-
illustrationsisaformofplanningaheadandnot tionoftheancientgameofcourttennis.(1)
anindicationofapoorsenseofscale.(6) MajorWalterC.Wingfieldthoughtthatsome-
thinglikecourttennismightbeplayedoutdoors
7. Thefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothe onthegrass,andin1873heintroducedhisnew
passage: gameunderthenameSphairistikèatalawn
However,whenthechildrendrewrear partyinWales.(2)Playersandspectatorssoon
viewsoftheadults,thesizeofthe begantocallthenewgame“lawntennis.”(3)In
headswasnotnearlysoexaggerated. 1874,awomannamedMaryOuterbridge
returnedtoNewYorkwiththebasicequipment
Circlethecorrectnumbertoshowwhereit ofthegame,whichshehadobtainedfroma
wouldbestfitintothepassage. BritishArmystoreinBermuda.(4)Thefirst
gameoflawntennisintheUnitedStateswas
Passage5 playedonthegroundsoftheStatenIsland
Ithasbeenobservedthatperiodsofmaximum CricketandBaseballClubin1874.(5)
rainfalloccurinboththenorthernandthe Thegamewentoninahaphazardfashion
southernhemispheresataboutthesame foranumberofyears.(6)Ayearlater,theU.S.
time.(1)Thisphenomenoncannotbead- LawnTennisAssociationwasformed.(7)
equatelyexplainedonaclimatologicalbasis,but InternationalmatchesfortheDavisCupbeganin
meteorsmayofferaplausibleexplanation.(2) 1900.(8)TheywereplayedatChestnutHill,
Whentheearthencountersaswarmofmeteors, Massachusetts,betweenBritishandAmerican
eachmeteorstrikingtheupperreachesofthe players.(9)Thehometeamwonthisfirst
atmosphereisvaporizedbyfrictionalheat.(3) championshipmatch.(10)
Theresultingdebrisisafinesmokeorpow-
der.(4)This“stardust”thenfloatsdownintothe 9. Thefollowingsentencecanbeaddedto
loweratmosphere,wheresuchdustmight paragraph1:
readilyserveasnucleiuponwhichicecrystalsor Itwasanimmediatesuccessandspread
raindropscouldform.(5)Thedelayofamonth rapidly,buttheoriginalnamequickly
allowstimeforthedusttofallthroughtheupper disappeared.
atmosphere.(6)Onoccasion,largemeteors
leavevisibletracesofdust.(7)Inafewwit- Circlethecorrectnumbertoshowwhereit
nessedcases,dusthasremainedvisibleforover wouldbestfitintotheparagraph.
anhour.(8)Inoneextremeinstance—thegreat
meteorthatbrokeupintheskyoverSiberiain
paragraph2:
1908—thedustcloudtraveledallovertheworld
beforedisappearing.(9) Thenin1879,standardequipment,
rules,andmeasurementsforthecourt
8. Thefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothe wereinstituted.
passage: Circlethecorrectnumbertoshowwhereit
Confirmation thatthisphenomenonac- wouldbestfitintotheparagraph.
tuallyhappensisfoundintheobserved
factthatincreasesinworldrainfallcome Passage7
aboutamonthaftermeteorsystemsare Photosynthesisistheprocessbywhichplants
encounteredinspace. capturethesun’senergytoconvertwaterand
Circlethecorrectnumbertoshowwhereit carbondioxideintosugarstofueltheir
wouldbestfitintothepassage. growth.(1)Infact,chlorophyllissoessentialto
thelifeofplantsthatitformsalmostinstantlyin
seedlingsastheycomeincontactwithsun-
light.(2)Agreenpigment,chlorophyllis
responsibleforthegreencoloringofplants.(3)
Butwhatturnstheleavesofdeciduousplants
SECTION 3: READING
brilliantredandorangeandgoldintheau- 11. Thefollowingsentencecanbeaddedto

tumn?(4) paragraph1:
Treesdonotmanufacturenewpigments
Thisprocesscannottakeplacewithout
forfall.(5)Orange,red,yellow,andother
chlorophyll.
coloredpigmentsarepresentintheleaves
throughoutthespringandsummer.(6)How- Circlethecorrectnumbertoshowwhereit
ever,thesearemaskedbythefargreaterquantity wouldbestfitintotheparagraph.
ofchlorophyll.(7)Whenthedaysgrowshorter
andtemperaturesfall,leavessensetheonsetof 12. Thefollowingsentencecanbeaddedto
fall.(8)Theyforman“abscissionlayer.”(9)This paragraph2:
layerisabarrieroftissueatthebaseofeachleaf Itpreventsnourishmentfromreaching
stalk.(10)Thus,sugarbuildsupintheleaf, theleafand,conversely,preventssugar
causingthechlorophylltobreakdown.(11)The createdintheleaffromreachingthe
greensofsummerthenbegintofade.(12)The restofthetree.
orange,red,yellow,andbrownpigmentsnow
predominate,givingtheleavestheirvibrant Circlethecorrectnumbertoshowwhereit
autumncolors.(13) wouldbestfitintotheparagraph.
REVIEWTESTH:READING
Directions:Thistestconsistsofseveralpassages,eachfollowedby10to15questions.Readthe
passagesand,foreachquestion,choosetheonebestanswerbasedonwhatisstatedinthepassage
orcanbeinferredfromthepassage.
Assoonasyouunderstandthedirections,beginwork.
Passage1 livingorganisms,primarilyinsectsandmicroor-
Humanshavestruggledagainstweedssincethe ganisms.
beginningsofagriculture. Marring ourgardensis Thebiologicalagentsnowusedtocontrol
amongthemildereffectsofweeds—anyplants weedsareenvironmentallybenignandofferthe
thatthrivewheretheyareunwanted.They benefitofspecificity.Theycanbechosenfor
destroywildlifehabitatsandimpedefarming. theirabilitytoattackselectedtargetsandleave
Theirspreadeliminatesgrazingareasand cropsandotherplantsuntouched,including
accountsforonethirdofallcroploss.They plantsthatmightberelatedtothetargetweeds.
Theyspareonlythosethatarenaturallyresistant
competeforsunlight,nutrients,andwaterwith
usefulplants.Theymayalsohamperharvesting. orthosethathavebeengeneticallymodifiedfor
Theglobalneedforweedcontrolhasbeen resistance.Furthermore,anumberofbiological
answeredmainlybythechemicalindustry.Its agentscanbeadministeredonlyonce,after
herbicidesareeffectiveandsometimesnecessary, whichnoadded applications areneeded.
butsomeposeseriousproblems,particularlyif Chemicalstypicallymustbeusedseveraltimes
theyaremisused.Toxiccompoundsmayinjure pergrowingseason.
animals,especiallybirdsandfish.Theythreaten Biologicalapproachesmayneversupplant
thepublichealthwhentheyaccumulateinfood standardherbicidesaltogether,buttheyshould
plants,groundwater,anddrinkingwater.They sharplylimittheuseofdangerouschemicalsand
alsodirectlyharmworkerswhoapplythem. reducetheassociatedrisks.Theymightalso
Inrecentyears,thechemicalindustryhas makeitpossibletoconquerweedsthatdefy
introducedseveralherbicidesthataremore managementbyconventionalmeans.
ecologicallysoundthanthoseofthepast.Yet
newchemicalsalonecannotsolvetheworld’s
weedproblems.Hence,anincreasingnumberof
scientistsareexploringbiologicalalternatives
thatharnesstheinnateweed-killingpowersof
1. Withwhattopicdoesthispassageprimarily 5. Lookattheword harm intheboldtext

deal? below:
(A) Theimportanceofthechemical Itsherbicidesareeffectiveandsome-
industry timesnecessary,butsomeposeserious
(B) Thedangersoftoxicchemicals problems,particularlyiftheyare
(C) Advantagesofbiologicalagentsover misused.Toxiccompoundsmayinjure
chemicalones animals,especiallybirdsandfish.They
(D) Aproposaltobantheuseofall threatenthepublichealthwhenthey
herbicides accumulateinfoodplants,groundwa-
ter,anddrinkingwater.Theyalso
2. Theword marring inparagraph1isclosest harm directlyworkerswhoapply
inmeaningto them.
(A) spoiling. Clickonthewordorphraseinthebold
(B) dividing. textthatisclosestinmeaningtotheword
(C) replacing. harm.
(D) planting.
6. Withwhichofthefollowingstatements
3. Lookattheword hamper intheboldtext abouttheuseofchemicalagentsas
below: herbicideswouldtheauthormostlikely
Theydestroywildlifehabitatsand agree?
impedefarming.Theirspreadelimi- (A) Itshouldbeincreased.
natesgrazingareasandaccountsfor (B) Ithasbecomemoredangerous
onethirdofallcroploss.Theycom- recently.
peteforsunlight,nutrients,andwater (C) Itissafebutinefficient.
withusefulplants.Theymayalso (D) Itisoccasionallyrequired.
hamper harvesting.
7. WhichofthefollowingisNOTgivenasan
Clickonthewordorphraseinthebold
advantageofusingbiologicalagentsover
textthatisclosestinmeaningtotheword
chemicalherbicides?
hamper.
(A) Theyarelesslikelytodestroydesirable
4. Whichofthefollowingtermsdoesthe plants.
authordefineinparagraph1? (B) Theyaresaferforworkers.
(A) Nutrients (C) Theyaremoreeasilyavailable.
(B) Grazingareas (D) Theydonothavetobeusedasoften.
(C) Weeds
8. Accordingtothepassage,biologicalagents
(D) Wildlifehabitats
consistof
(A) insectsandmicroorganisms.
(B) usefulplants.
(C) weeds.
(D) herbicides.
SECTION 3: READING
9. Thefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothe 12. Lookattheword standard intheboldtext

paragraphbelow: below:
Incontrast,someofthemosteffective Biologicalapproachesmaynever
chemicalskillvirtuallyalltheplants supplant standard herbicidesalto-
theycomeincontactwith. gether,buttheyshouldsharplylimit
theuseofdangerouschemicalsand
Wherewoulditbestfitintheparagraph?
reducetheassociatedrisks.Theymight
Thebiologicalagentsnowusedtocontrol alsomakeitpossibletoconquerweeds
weedsareenvironmentallybenignandoffer thatdefymanagementbyconventional
thebenefitofspecificity.(1)Theycanbe means.
chosenfortheirabilitytoattackselected
targetsandleavecropsandotherplants Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold
untouched,includingplantsthatmightbe textthatisclosestinmeaningtotheword
relatedtothetargetweeds.(2)Theyspare standard.
onlythosethatarenaturallyresistantor 13. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthe
thosethathavebeengeneticallymodified organizationofthepassage?
forresistance.(3)Furthermore,anumber
ofbiologicalagentscanbeadministered (A) Ageneralideaisintroduced,and
onlyonce,afterwhichnoaddedapplica- severalspecificexamplesaregiven.
tionsareneeded.(4)Chemicalstypically (B) Arecommendationisanalyzedand
mustbeusedseveraltimespergrowing rejected.
season.(5) (C) Aproblemisdescribed,andpossible
solutionsarecompared.
Circlethenumberthatindicatesthebest (D) Twopossiblecausesforaphenom-
positionforthesentence. enonarecompared.
10. Theword applications inparagraph4
couldbestbereplacedbywhichofthe Passage2
following? WestSideStoryisamusicaltragedybasedon
WilliamShakespeare’stimelesslovestory,Romeo
(A) Requests andJuliet.Itissetintheearly1950s,when
(B) Specialpurposes gangwarfareinbigcitiesledtoinjuriesandeven
(C) Treatments death.WestSideStorytransformedtheMon-
(D) Qualifications taguesandCapuletsofShakespeare’splayinto
11. Lookattheword they intheboldtext rivalstreetgangs,theJetsandtheSharks.The
below: SharkswerenewlyarrivedPuertoRicans,theJets
nativebornNewYorkers.Theplottellsthestory
Biologicalapproachesmaynever ofMaria,aPuertoRicanwhosebrotherBernardo
supplantstandardherbicidesalto- istheleaderoftheSharks,andofTony,a
gether,but they shouldsharplylimit memberoftheJets.Astheopposinggangsbattle
theuseofdangerouschemicalsand inthestreetsofNewYork,thesetwofallinlove.
reducetheassociatedrisks. Whileattemptingtostopastreetfight,Tony
inadvertentlykillsMaria’sbrotherBernardoand
isultimatelykilledhimself.
textthattheword they refersto.
WestSideStoryfeaturedthetalentsofa
triooftheatricallegends.LeonardBernstein,who
composedthebrilliant score,wasaclassical
composerandtheconductoroftheNewYork
Philharmonic.StephenSondheim,makinghis
Broadwaydebut,revealedaremarkabletalentfor
writinglyrics.Amongthehitsongsoftheplay
are“Tonight,”“Maria,”“America,”“GeeOfficer
Krupke,”and“IFeelPretty.”JeromeRobbins’
electrifyingchoreographybrokenewgroundfor
musicaltheaterinthe1950s.BeforeWestSide
Story,noonethoughtthatdancecouldbeas below:
integraltoanarrativeasthemusicandthelyrics. 17. Lookattheword rival intheboldtext
WestSideStorytransformedthe
ButthedancesinWestSideStoryareamongthe
MontaguesandCapuletsofShakes-
mostthrillingelementsoftheplay.
peare’splayinto rival streetgangs,the
TheplayopenedonSeptember26,1957.It
JetsandtheSharks.TheSharkswere
ranfor734performances,touredfortenmonths,
newlyarrivedPuertoRicans,theJets
andthenreturnedtoNewYorkforanadditional
native-bornNewYorkers.Theplottells
246performances.Theclassicmotionpicture
thestoryofMaria,aPuertoRican
staringNatalieWoodwasreleasedin1961.It
whosebrotherBernardoistheleader
garneredtenAcademyAwards,includingones
oftheSharks,andofTony,amember
forBestPictureandBestDirector.Theplaywas
oftheJets.Astheopposinggangsbattle
successfullyrevivedinNewYorkin1980and
inthestreetsofNewYork,thesetwo
thenagainin1995,almostfortyyearsafterits
fallinlove.
premierperformance.
14. Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheplayis textthatisclosestinmeaningtotheword
generally rival.
(A) favorable. 18. Underlinethesentenceinparagraph1that
(B) critical. introducesthemaincharactersinWestSide
(C) emotional. Story.
(D) regretful.
19. Accordingtothearticle,thewordstothe
15. Accordingtothepassage,whendoesthe songsofWestSideStorywerewrittenby
actionoftheplayWestSideStorytake
place? (A) JeromeRobbins.
(B) LeonardBernstein.
(A) InShakespeare’stime (C) WilliamShakespeare.
(B) Intheearly1950s (D) StephenSondheim.
(C) In1957
(D) In1980 20. Theword score inparagraph2couldbest
bereplacedbywhichofthefollowing?
16. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthe
CapuletsandMontagues (A) Talent
(B) Music
(A) werefamiliesinShakespeare’splay. (C) Performance
(B) were1950sstreetgangs. (D) Dialogue
(C) foughtagainsttheJetsandSharks.
(D) weregroupsofactors,dancers,and 21. Lookattheword electrifying inthebold
singers. textbelow:
JeromeRobbins’ electrifying choreog-
raphybrokenewgroundformusical
theaterinthe1950s.BeforeWestSide
Story,noonethoughtthatdancecould
beasintegraltoanarrativeasthe
musicandthelyrics.Butthedancesin
WestSideStoryareamongthemost
thrillingelementsoftheplay.
Underline the word or phrase in the bold
text that is closest in meaning to the word
electrifying.
SECTION 3: READING
22. Lookattheword ones intheboldtext mid-1880s.ButtheUnitedStatespioneeredthe

below: merchandisingoftheautomobile.Theautoshow
provedtobeaneffectivemeansofgettingthe
TheplayopenedonSeptember26,
publicexcitedaboutautomotiveproducts.
1957.Itranfor734performances,
Byhappenstance,thenumberofpeopleat
touredfortenmonths,andthen
thefirstNewYorkshowequaledtheentirecar
returnedtoNewYorkforanadditional
populationoftheUnitedStatesatthattime.In
246performances. Theclassicmotion
1900,10millionbicyclesandanunknown
picturestarringNatalieWoodwas
numberofhorse-drawncarriagesprovidedthe
releasedin1961.Itgarneredten
primemeansofpersonaltransportation.Only
AcademyAwards,including ones for
about4,000carswereassembledintheUnited
BestPictureandBestDirector.
Statesin1900,andonlyaquarterofthosewere
Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold gasolinepowered.Therestranonsteamor
textthattheword ones refersto. electricity.
Afterviewingthecarsmadebyfortycar
23. Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage makers,theshow’saudiencefavoredelectriccars
aboutmusicalplaysproducedbeforeWest becausetheywerequiet.Theriskofaboiler
SideStory? explosionturnedpeopleawayfromsteamers,
(A) Theyinvolvedfewersongs. andthegasoline-poweredcarsproducedsmelly
(B) Dancewasnotsuchanimportant fumes.TheDuryeaMotorWagonCompany,
featureinthem. whichlaunchedtheAmericanautoindustryin
(C) Theydependedondanceandsong 1895,offeredafragrantadditivedesignedto
morethanonplot. maskthesmellsofthenaphthathatitburned.
(D) Legendarytalentsdidnothelpcreate Manyofthe1900modelswere
them. cumbersome—theGasmobile,theFranklin,and
theOrient,forexample,steeredwithatillerlike
24. DuringitsinitialappearanceinNewYork, aboatinsteadofwithasteeringwheel.Noneof
howmanytimeswasWestSideStory themwasequippedwithanautomaticstarter.
performed? Theseearlymodelcarswerepractically
handmadeandwerenotverydependable.They
(A) 10
werebasicallytoysofthewell-to-do.Infact,
(B) 26
WoodrowWilson,thenaprofessoratPrinceton
(C) 246
UniversityandlaterPresidentoftheUnited
(D) 734
States,predictedthatautomobileswouldcause
conflictbetweenthewealthyandthepoor.
Passage3 However,amongtheexhibitorsatthe1900
TheNationalAutomobileShowinNewYorkhas showwasayoungengineernamedHenryFord.
beenoneofthetopautoshowsintheUnited Butbeforetheendofthedecade,hewould
Statessince1900.OnNovember3ofthatyear, revolutionizetheautomobileindustrywithhis
about8,000peoplelookedoverthe“horseless ModelTFord.TheModelT,firstproducedin
carriages.”Itwasopeningdayandthefirst 1909,featuredastandardizeddesignanda
opportunityfortheautomobileindustrytoshow streamlinedmethodofproduction—theassembly
offitswarestoalargecrowd;however,the line.Itslowercostsmadeitavailabletothemass
black-tieaudiencetreatedtheoccasionmoreasa market.
socialaffairthanasasalesextravaganza.Itwas Carsatthe1900showrangedinpricefrom
alsoonthefirstdayofthisshowthatWilliam $1,000to$1,500,orroughly$14,000to$21,000
McKinleybecamethefirstU.S.presidenttoride intoday’sprices.By1913,theModelTwas
inacar. sellingforlessthan$300,andsoontheprice
Theautomobilewasnotinventedinthe woulddropevenfurther.“Iwillbuildcarsfor
UnitedStates.Thatdistinctionbelongsto themultitudes,”Fordsaid,andhekepthis
Germany.NikolausOttobuiltthefirstpractical promise.
internal-combustionenginetherein1876.Then,
GermanengineerKarlBenzbuiltwhatare
regardedasthefirstmodernautomobilesinthe
25. Thepassageimpliesthattheaudience 32. Lookattheword fragrant

viewedthe1900NationalAutomobileShow below:
primarilyasa(n)
intheboldtext Theriskofaboilerexplosionturned
(A) formalsocialoccasion. peopleawayfromsteamers,andthe
(B) chancetobuyautomobilesatlow gasolinepoweredcarsproducedsmelly
prices. fumes.TheDuryeaMotorWagon
(C) opportunitytolearnhowtodrive. Company,whichlaunchedtheAmeri-
(D) chancetoinvestinoneofthirty-two canautoindustryin1895,offered a
automobilemanufacturers. fragrant additivedesignedtomaskthe
smellsofthenaphthathatitburned.
26. Accordingtothepassage,whodeveloped Manyofthe1900modelswerecumber-
thefirstmoderncar? some—theGasmobile,theFranklin,
(A) KarlBenz andtheOrient,forexample,steered
(B) NikolausOtto withatillerlikeaboatinsteadofwith
(C) WilliamMcKinley asteeringwheel.
(D) HenryFord Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold
textthatismostnearlyOPPOSITEin
27. Underlinethesentenceinparagraph2that
explainstheU.S.contributiontotheearly meaningtotheword fragrant.
developmentofautomobiles. 33. Thepurposeoftheadditivementionedin
28. Approximatelyhowmanycarswerethere paragraph4wasto
intheUnitedStatesin1900? (A) increasethespeedofcars.
(B) makeenginesrunmoreefficiently.
(A) 4,000
(C) hidestrongsmells.
(B) 8,000
(C) 10million (D) makecarslookbetter.
(D) Anunknownnumber 34. Theword cumbersome inparagraph4is
29. Whichofthefollowingisclosestin closestinmeaningto
meaningtothephrase byhappenstance as (A) clumsy.
usedinparagraph3? (B) unshapely.
(C) fragile.
(A) Generally
(D) inconvenient.
(B) Forexample
(C) Coincidentally 35. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentioned
(D) Bydesign inthepassageassteeringwithatillerrather
thanwithasteeringwheel?
30. Approximatelyhowmanyofthecars
assembledintheyear1900weregasoline (A) AFranklin
powered? (B) ADuryea
(C) AnOrient
(A) 32
(D) AGasmobile
(B) 1,000
(C) 2,000
(D) 4,000
31. Accordingtothepassage,peopleatthe
1900NationalAutomobileShowfavored
carspoweredby
(A) electricity.
(B) naphtha.
(C) gasoline.
(D) steam.
SECTION 3: READING
36. Lookatthephrase well-to-do inthebold 38. Whatwasthehighestpriceaskedforacar

textbelow: atthe1900NationalAutomobileShowin
thedollarsofthattime?
Theseearlymodelcarswerepractically
handmadeandwerenotverydepend- (A) $300
able.Theywerebasicallytoysofthe (B) $1,500
well-to-do.Infact,WoodrowWilson, (C) $14,000
thenaprofessoratPrincetonUniver- (D) $21,000
sityandlaterPresidentoftheUnited
States,predictedthatautomobiles
wouldcauseconflictbetweenthe
wealthyandthepoor.
Underlinethewordorwordsinthebold
textthatisclosestinmeaningtothephrase
well-to-do.
paragraph3:
Thecarsheexhibitedatthe1900show
apparentlyattractednospecialnotice.
Theseearlymodelcarswerepractically
handmadeandwerenotverydepend-
able.(1)Theywerebasicallytoysofthe
well-to-do.(2)Infact,WoodrowWilson,
thenaprofessoratPrincetonUniversityand
laterPresidentoftheUnitedStates,pre-
dictedthatautomobileswouldcause
conflictbetweenthewealthyandthe
poor.(3)However,amongtheexhibitorsat
the1900showwasayoungengineer
namedHenryFord.(4)Butbeforetheend
ofthedecade,hewouldrevolutionizethe
automobileindustrywithhisModelT
Ford.(5)TheModelT,firstproducedin
1909,featuredastandardizeddesignanda
streamlinedmethodofproduction—the
assemblyline.(6)Itslowercostsmadeit
availabletothemassmarket.
SECTION4
EssayWriting
AboutEssayWriting.....................................256
PreviewTest4:EssayWriting ............................263
Lesson39. Prewriting................................................ 267
Lesson40. WritingtheEssay.......................................... 276
Lesson41. ImprovingYourEssay...................................... 281
Lesson42. CheckingandEditingYourEssay............................ 288
AboutEssayWriting
Onthecomputer-basedtest,theEssayWritingsectionisaMANDATORY(required)sectionofeverytest.
Thissection(previouslycalledtheTestofWrittenEnglish,ortheTWE)isgivenafterthethreemultiple-
choicesectionsofthetest.TheWritingsectiondiffersfromtherestoftheTOEFLtestinthatitisproduc-
tive.Insteadofchoosingoneoffouranswerchoices,youhave30minutesinwhichtowriteyourown
shortessay.Youmayeitherwriteyouranswerwithpencilandpaperorwordprocess(type)itonthe
computer.Ifyouchoosetowritetheessaybyhand,someoneatthecenterwillgiveyouaspecialtest
formonwhichtowriteit.
THEPROMPTS
TheEssayWritingsectionconsistsofasingleessaytopic,calledaprompt.Thereisnochoiceoftopic;
youmustwriteonthepromptthatisgiven.Allofthepromptsaregeneral.Theydonotrequireany
specialknowledge,andtheyarenotaboutanycontroversialissues.
Somecommoncontextsforessaywritingpromptsare:education,business,thefuture,technology,
travel,family,friendship,sportsandgames,entertainment,communication,andtransportation.
Therearethreecommontypesofprompts:
1. DefendanOpinion
Thistypeofpromptpresentstwopointsofviewandasksyoutochooseonesidetosupport.Theseprompts
usuallyfollowthispattern:“SomepeoplebelieveA,butotherpeoplebelieveB.Whichdoyoubelieve?”
SampleItem
Somepeoplebelievethatmoneyspentonspaceresearchbenefitsallofhumanity.Otherpeople
taketheoppositeviewandsaythatmoneyspentonthistypeofresearchiswasted.Tellwhich
pointofviewyouagreewithandexplainwhy,usingspecificdetailsandreasons.
2. AgreeorDisagreewithaStatement
Thistypeofpromptpresentsageneralstatementandaskswhetheryouagreeordisagreewithit.
SampleItem
Doyouagreeordisagreewiththisstatement?Itismucheasiertolearninasmallclassthanina
largeone.Usespecificexamplesandreasonstosupportyouranswer.
3. ExplaintheImportanceofaDevelopment,Invention,or
Phenomenon
Thistypeofpromptessentiallysays,“TherehavebeenmanyimportantX’sintheworld,suchas
__________.ChooseanotherexampleofX,andexplainwhyitisimportant.”
SampleItem
Developmentsintransportation,suchastheautomobile,havehadanenormousimpacton
modernsociety.Chooseanotherdevelopmentintransportationthatyouthinkisofgreat
importance.Usespecificexamplesandreasonsforyourchoice.
ETSnowpublishesalistofallthepromptsthatwillappearonthetestinanygivenyear.Youcanfindthis
listintheBulletinandontheTOEFLWebsite.Ofthe110topicslisted,youwillseeoneonthedaythat
youtakethetest.(Ifonlyyouknewwhichone!)It’sagoodideatolookoverthislistandthinkabouthow
youwouldrespondtoeachtopic.
256
ABOUTESSAY WRITING
THEWRITINGPROCESS
Youhaveonly30minutestowritetheessay,soyouwillbeunderacertainamountoftimepressure.You
shoulddivideyourtimemoreorlesslikethis:
Pre-Writing(Approximately5Minutes)
• Readingtheprompt
• Thinkingabouttheprompt
• Brainstormingandnotetaking
• Makinganinformaloutline
WritingtheEssay(Approximately20Minutes)
CheckingtheEssay(Approximately5Minutes)
Lookingforandcorrectingstructural,mechanical,andgrammaticalproblems
THEESSAY
Togetatopscoreinthissection,youressayshouldbeapproximately200–300wordsinlength.Typically,
thistypeofessayisorganizedintofourorfiveparagraphs.
• IntroductoryParagraph
• BodyParagraph1
• BodyParagraph2
• ConcludingParagraph
Someessaysmayhaveathirdorevenfourthbodyparagraph.
SpecifichintsfororganizingeachparagraphareprovidedinLesson40,“WritingtheEssay.”
ComputerorHandwritten?
Youhavethechoiceofwritingtheessaybyhandorwordprocessingit.Whichmethodshouldyou
choose?Youshouldprobablyhandwritetheessayifyou...
• havelittleornoexperiencetyping
• cannottypemorethanapproximately10to15wordsaminuteinEnglish
• haveseldomorneverusedakeyboardwithEnglishcharacters
Otherwise,youshoulddefinitelywritetheessayonthecomputer.Infact,wordprocessingissuchan
importantskilltohave—especiallyifyouplantoattendauniversityinanEnglish-speakingcountry—that
youmaywanttoconsiderlearninghowtotypebeforeyoutakethetest.Therearecomputerprograms
thatcanteachyouthebasics,oryoucanpracticeonyourown.
Herearesomeadvantagesofwritingtheessayonacomputer:
• Thefinishedproductismuchneaterandwillbeeasierforthereaderstoread.
• Therearecertainfunctions—especiallycutandpaste—thatyoucandoonlyonacomputer.
• Ifyouaresomewhatexperiencedatwordprocessing,youcanworkmuchmorequicklyonthe
computerthanwithapencil.
• Youcanmakecorrectionsmorequicklyandmoreneatly.
• Finally—andthismaybethemostimportantadvantage—ifyouwordprocessyouressay,youwill
getyourfinalgradeinapproximatelytwoweeks,butifyouhandwriteyouressay,itwilltake
approximatelyfiveweeks.
SECTION 4: ESSAY WRITING
SCORING THEESSAY
AtETS,youressayisreadbytworeaderswhoscoreitholistically.Inotherwords,theessayisnot
judgedaccordingtoindividualmistakesyoumightmakebutbytheoveralleffectivenessofyourwriting.
Thesearesomeofthepointsthatscorerslookfor:
• Topic
Doesthewriterwriteonthetopicthatisgivenintheprompt?Doestheessayrespondtothe
entirepromptorjusttopartofit?
• Organization
Istheessayclearlydividedintoanintroduction,abody,andaconclusion?Doesthewriterfollow
anoverallplan,ordoesheorshemovefrompointtopointfornoparticularreason?
• Development
Doesthewriterusespecificreasons,examples,anddetailstosupporthisorherideas?
• Clarity
Arethewriter’sideasexpressedclearly?Canareadermovefromthebeginningoftheessaytothe
endwithoutbeingconfused?
• Unity
Arealltheparagraphsdirectlyrelatedtothemainideaoftheessay?Areallthesentencesineach
paragraphclearlyrelated?
• Coherence
Dotheparagraphsandthesentencesfolloweachotherinanorderlyway?Aretransitionsusedto
connectparagraphsandsentences?
• SentenceVariety
Doesthewriterusesentencesinvolvingdifferentstructuresandofdifferentlengths?
• Vocabulary
Doesthewriterusesophisticatedlanguage?
• Grammar
Aretherefrequentgrammaticalmistakes?Dothemistakesmakeitdifficulttounderstandthe
writer’sthoughts?
• Spelling
Aretheremanymisspelledwords?Isitsometimesdifficulttounderstandwhichwordthewriter
intended?
• Mechanics
Aretherefrequentmistakesincapitalizationandpunctuation?Aretheparagraphsindented?
ABOUTESSAY WRITING
Thescoreisbasedonascaleof1to6;half-pointscores(5.5,4.5,andsoon)arealsogiven.Thescoring
systemETSusesissimilartothefollowingone:
Score ExplanationofScore
6 Stronglyindicatestheabilitytowriteawell-organized,well-developed,andlogicalessay.
Specificexamplesanddetailssupportthemainideas.Allessayelementsareunifiedand
cohesive.Avarietyofsentencestructuresareusedsuccessfully,andsophisticatedvocabu-
laryisemployed.Grammaticalandmechanicalerrorsareinfrequent,butafewminor
mistakesmayoccur.
5 Indicatestheabilitytowriteanorganized,developed,andlogicalessay.Themainideas
areadequatelysupportedbyexamplesanddetails.Sentencestructuremaybelessvaried
thanthatofalevel-6essayandvocabularylesssophisticated.Somegrammaticaland
mechanicalerrorswillappear.
4 Indicatessomeabilityinwritinganacceptableessay,butinvolvesweaknessesinorganiza-
tionanddevelopment.Sentencestructureandvocabularymaylacksophistication,and
theremaybefrequentgrammaticalandmechanicalerrors.
3
Indicatesamoderateabilitytowriteanacceptableessay.Althoughmainideasmaybe
adequatelysupported,seriousweaknessesinorganizationanddevelopmentareapparent.
Sentencestructureandvocabularyproblemsoccurfrequently.Grammaticalerrorsare
frequentandmaymakethewriter’sideasdifficulttocomprehend.
2 Indicatestheinabilitytowriteanacceptableessay.Organizationanddevelopmentare
weakornonexistent.Maylackunityandcohesion.Fewspecificdetailsaregivento
supportthewriter’sideas.Ifdetailsaregiven,theymayseeminappropriate.Significant
andfrequenterrorsingrammaroccurthroughouttheessay,makingitdifficulttounder-
standthewriter’sideas.Writermaynothavefullyunderstoodtheessayprompt.
1
Stronglyindicatestheinabilitytowriteanacceptableessay.Noapparentdevelopmentor
organization.Sentencesmaybebrief,fragmentary,andunrelatedtoeachother.Significant
grammaticalandmechanicalerrorsoccurthroughouttheessayandmakeitdifficultto
understandanyoftheauthor’sideas.Writermayhavecompletelymisunderstoodtheessay
prompt.
0
Didnotwriteanessay,didnotwriteonthetopic,orwroteinalanguageotherthan
English.
Followingaresixessays,eachillustratingoneofthesixscores.Theyarewrittenonthefollowingtopic:
ESSAY1
Score6
Ithasbecomequiteacommonproverbthat“thereisnofreelunch.”Anotherwaytosaythisisthat
spendingmoneyalwayshasits“opportunitycost.”Inotherwords,moneyspentonsomeventurecould
havebeenusedforfinancingsomeotheralternativeventure.Somepeoplebelievethatmoneyspenton
spaceresearchhasabenefitforallpeople.Otherpeoplebelievethattherearebetteropportunitiesfor
spendingthisfund.
Thefirstgroupofpeoplesaythatspaceresearchhashelpedallpeoples’livesverymuch.Theypoint
outthatresearchonspacehasinformedusaboutmanyenvironmentaldamageswhichwehavecausedto
ourplanet.Similarly,theysaythattoday’smodernsatellitesystemisduetotheresearchdoneinthepast
onspace.Therearealsomanynewmaterialsandinventionsthatcanbetraceddirectlytospaceresearch.
Thesepeoplewanttospendmoremoneyonresearch,visitalltheplanets,andbuildspacecolonies.
Intheotherhand,therearepeoplewhothinkthatmoneyspentonspaceisacompletewastage
becauseitdoesnothaveenoughdirectbenefittoallofthehumanity.Forexample,billionsofUS$were
spentontheProjectApolloandtheyonlybroughtbackabagofrocks.Inthemeanwhile,thereisa
sizeableportionofthehumanitythatdoesnothaveanyaccesstofood,education,sanitation,healthcare,
andespeciallypeace.
Personally,IfindthatIcannotalignmyselfcompletelywitheithergroup.Ihavesomereservation
aboutbothpositions.Noonecandenythatweathersatellitesandcommunicationsatellitesareagood
investment.ButIthinkthat“unrealistic”researchlikeexploringMarsorVenusdoesnothaveanygood
bearingonmostofhumans’developmentatthepresenttime.Somescientistsmaybeinterestedinthe
compositionofthoseplanets,buttheopportunitycostistoomuch.Inmyopinion,itislikethepoorman
whowantstobuydiamondjewelrywhenhisfamilydoesnothaveenoughfoodtoeatorclothestowear.
ESSAY2
Score5
Somepeopledoreallybelievethatspaceresearchesbenefitallofhumanity.Andit’squiteunderstandable
becauseallthehistoryofhumanitydevelopmentisconnectedwiththespacediscovers.Fromthebegin-
ningpeoplehavebeenlookingtheskyandobservingthestar’smovementanditsinfluence.Forexample,
everyoneknowsaboutastrologyandhowancientpeopletrytopredictthefutureusingknowledgeofthe
stars.
Thepresentspacediscoverystartedin1957,whentheSputnikwaslaunched.Thefirstpersonflew
inthespacein1961,andafterseveralyearsfirstAmericanslandedonmoon.
Nowdaysspaceresearchescansolvealotofproblems,Forexample,researcheswithnewmaterials
andtechnologies.Suchmaterialscanbeusedinmedicine,chemistry,andetc.Withthehelpofspace
satelliteswecanobservetheatmospherearoundtheEarthandthat’swhywecantrytopredictstormsand
soon.Throughsuchobservationwecansavepeople’slifesanddecreasedestructions,alsowecansolve
problemswiththedifferentkindsofpollutionsofoceanandatmosphere.
However,itisquiteunderstandablethepositionofthosewhosaythatspaceresearchesarewasted.
Therearetomanyplaceswherethemainproblemoflifeistosurvive.Mynativecountryoncewaspartof
SovietUnion,wherethebigfirststepsinspaceweretaken.Iseepeopletherewhoworkshardand
doesn’treceiveenoughoranysalary.Iwonderiftheyapprovethespaceresearches?
ButI’msurethatifweconcentrateonlyonthequestionofhowtosurvive,thehumanitywilllose
thereasonfordevelopment.Ifwerefusefromspaceresearches,oranykindofthescientificresearches,we
willstopmovingforward.Andtheabsenceofmovingforwardmeansthedeathofthehumanity’sspirit.
That’swhyIagreewiththestatement.
ABOUTESSAY WRITING
ESSAY3
Score4
Oneofhistory’sgreatesteventcaughtushereinthetwenty-firstcentury.Aninternationalspacestation
membershavedecodedsomeofthemysterioussoundsrecordedlately.Itseemshumanbeingfromother
planetaregoingtomeetusastheirlostbrothers.Psychologistssay,thattheemotionsandstyleofthinking
ofthesemessagesendersascomparedwithEarthpopulationisveryclosetotwins!Thesemessagesare
spreadoutthroughoutthespaceonlyonceinhundredyear.Thesemessagesenderscanteachusthings
thatwilltakethousandofyearstolearnbyourselves.
Almostthisisasgreatasthediscoverytenyearsago,whenthebigmeteorgoingtohittheearthwas
seenbyasatelliteandcouldbeexplodedbeforeitcouldmakeanydamage.
Couldyouimaginetheperspectiveifwewerestoppedspaceresearchassomescientistsandother
peopleshadrequestedatthebeginningofthetwenty-firstcentury.
(ArticleoftheWorldTribune,28December2049)
ESSAY4
Score3
Well,aboutthetopic,Ithinkthatthereotherssubjectsmuchmoreimportantstoberesearching.Oneof
them,andtomethemostimportant,isthehealth.Thecancercureisnottotallydevelopedyet.TheAIDs’
victimsincreasingatanincrediblyway.So,althoughIfindin“space”averyfascinatingandmisterious
subject,Ishouldagreewiththeoppositeviewthatthemoneyspendonitwastedwhenaresomanyof
peopledyingaroundtheworldasaresultofunknownsdiseasesornothavinganswersorcuresforthe
oneswealreadyknown,orbecauseisnotenoughmoneyforpurificationofthewaterorvaccinesforthe
diseases.Moremoneyfortheeducationisalsoveryimportant.
Ibelievecientificsshouldfocus“health”inthefirstplaceandthentoextendtheresearchesinotherfield.
ESSAY5
Score2
Atthefirsttheresearchinanythingisveryusefulforpeoplebecausewithoutresearchwewillnot
developmentourlife,sothatIbelievethatthemoneyspentinspaceresearchbenefitthehumantity.
Maybetheothersidepeoplethingthatthemoneywhichpaidfortheseresearchissomuchandif
wepaiditforpoorpeopleitwellbehelphimintheylifeandhelphimformanythinglikefoodor
healthyoranywayoftheylife.
Butthepeoplewhichagreeswithhavealotofpointforexample:oneofthisisthelifemustbe
development.Otherpoint,therulematerialsbecomelessandwemustfindanewoneandmustfindnew
resourceofpower,sothattheyagreewitharesearchinspace.
ESSAY6
Score1
Thepeoplestaketheopposiveviewbecausewedon’tbuysomethingonetimeandwedon’tseeanother
things.Thatisasaveway.
themoneyisimportantthings.forthisreasontospentmoneythepeoplesneedtobeverycerfullyI
havetwoopinionforspentmoney.Themoneyimportanttospentallhumanity,becausethispointisvery
important.I’mnotagreemoneywested.inthefuturreveryimportant
TACTICSFORESSAYWRITING
• Decidebeforethetestwhetheryouaregoingtowordprocesstheessayorhandwriteit.
• AswithallpartsoftheTOEFLtest,befamiliarwiththedirectionsforEssayWritingsothatyou
don’thavetowastetimereadingthem.
• Usetheclockonthescreentopaceyourself.Youhaveonlyahalfhourinwhichtocompleteyour
work.Giveyourself5minutestoreadthepromptandplantheessay,20minutestowriteit,and5
minutestocheckit.
• Don’texittheessayearly.Keepworkinguntiltimeisup.
• Readthepromptcarefully.Youmustwriteonthetopicexactlyasitisgiven.
• Beforeyoubegintowrite,spendaminuteortwo“brainstorming.”Thinkaboutthetopicandthe
bestwaytoapproachit.
• Takenotesandplanyouressaybeforeyoubegin.
• Followaclear,logicalorganization.Mostessaysconsistofthreebasicparts:anintroduction,abody
oftwoorthreeparagraphs,andaconclusion.
• Useconcreteexamplesandspecificreasons.Wheneveryoumakeageneralstatement,supportit
withspecificexamples.Ifyoustateanopinion,givereasons.
• Usesignalwordstoindicatetransitions.Signalwordscanbeusedtojoinparagraphtoparagraph
andsentencetosentence.
• Ifyouchoosetohandwriteyouressay,besureyourhandwritingisasclearandlegibleaspossible.
Yourhandwritingshouldnotbetoobigortoosmall.
Ifyouintendtowordprocesstheessay,youshouldpracticetakingthispreviewtestonthecomputerby
usinganyword-processingprogram.Youcanusethecut,paste,andundofunctions,butdon’tusethe
spell-check,grammar-check,orthesaurusfunctions.
PREVIEWTEST4
EssayWriting
• Beforeyoubegin,thinkabouttheprompt.Youmaywanttomakesomenotestoorganizeyour
thoughts.Usethespacefornotesthathasbeenprovided.
• Writeonlyonthetopicthatispresented.
• Ifyoufinishinlessthan30minutes,checkyouressayforerrors.
• Stopwritingafter30minutes.
263
ESSAYPROMPT
Good,affordablehousingisoneofthefactorsthatmakesacommunityadesirableplacetolive.Choose
oneotherfactorthatyouthinkisimportant.Givespecificdetailsandreasonsforyourchoice.
NOTES
Usethisspaceforessaynotesonly.Writethefinalversionofyouressayonthenexttwopages.
PREVIEW TEST4
Name:
Writeyouressayhere.
LESSON39
Prewriting
Youshouldspendapproximately5minutes“prewriting”theessay.Whatshouldyoudoduringthistime?
Youwillhavethreemaintasks:
1. Readtheessayprompt(topic)carefully.
2. Brainstorm(thinkabout)thetopic.
3. Planyouressay.
Duringthesecondandthirdtasks,youshouldtakenotestouseasanoutlinewhenyouwritetheessay.
Youshouldspendonly5minutesonprewriting—butit’sanimportanttime!
READING THEPROMPT
Insomeways,thisisthemostimportantstepoftheentireprocess.Ifyoudon’tunderstandtheprompt,
youcan’tproperlyrespondtoit.Ifyouwriteanessaythatdoesnotfullyrespondtotheprompt,youwill
receivealowerscore,nomatterhowwellyouhavewrittentheessay.
TheessaypromptsarewritteninsimpleEnglish.Ifanyofthevocabularyis“difficult,”itisusually
explained.
Notonlydoyouneedtoreadthepromptcarefully,butyoualsoneedtounderstandwhatitisasking
youtodo.Youneedtoanalyzetheprompt—toparaphraseit(putitintoyourownwords)andto
explaintoyourselfwhatitasksyoutodo.(Youdon’tneedtodothisanalysisinwriting,onlymentally.)
Readtheseanalysesofthesamplepromptsgivenintheintroduction:
PromptA
Analysis
Thispromptsaysthattherearetwoopinionsaboutspaceresearch.Somepeoplethinkthatmoney
spentonspaceresearch(forsatellites,spaceshuttles,probestootherplanets,andsoon)isgener-
allyagoodthing,helpingallpeople.Otherpeoplethinkitisawasteofmoney.Theythinkthis
moneycouldbeusedforbetterthings.Torespondtothisprompt,Ihavetodecidewhichofthese
positionsIwanttosupport.IcouldgivesomegoodreasonswhyIthinkspaceresearchbenefits
everyone.Ontheotherhand,ifIchoosetodefendtheoppositesideofthisargument,Ihaveto
explainwhyIthinkmoneyforspaceresearchshouldbespentonsomethingelse.
PromptB
Doyouagreeordisagreewiththisstatement?
Itismucheasiertolearninasmallclassthaninalargeone.
Usespecificexamplesandreasonstosupportyouranswer.
Analysis
ThispromptasksaboutmyopinionofclasssizeandwhetherIthinkithasaneffectonlearning.I
canchooseoneoftwopositions.OnepositionisthatsmallclasssizeDOESmakeiteasiertolearn,
andI’llneedtogiveexamplesofwaysinwhichitdoes.IfIchoosetheotherside,Ihavetosaythat
sizeisNOTanimportantfactor.Icouldsaythatagoodteachercanmakesurestudentslearnin
evenalargeclassandgiveexamplesofwaysinwhichheorshecoulddothat.
267
PromptC
Developmentsintransportation,suchastheautomobile,havehadanenormousimpacton
modernsociety.Chooseanotherdevelopmentintransportationthatyouthinkisofgreat
importance.Usespecificexamplesandreasonsforyourchoice.
Analysis
Forthisprompt,IhavetochoosesomedevelopmentintransportationthatIthinkisimportant
oralmostasimportantasthedevelopmentoftheautomobile.Ican’tchoosetheautomobile
becausethepromptsaystochooseanotherdevelopment.Icould,forexample,choosethe
developmentoftherailroadandtalkabouthowthishadanimpactontheworldingeneralor
ononecountryinparticular.
BRAINSTORMING
Theprocessofbrainstorminginvolvesgeneratingideasonthetopic.Justsitbackforamomentandthink
aboutthetopic,andwritedownanyideasthatcometoyou.Thesemaybethingsyouhavereadin
newspapersandmagazines,thingsyou’veheardinclassesorontelevision,orpersonalexperiences.These
ideasmayturnouttobeusefulornot—justwritethemalldown.
Let’ssaythatyouareassignedthefirstprompt.Youwouldtrytothinkaboutanything—positiveor
negative—thatyouhavereadaboutorheardaboutinconnectionwithspaceexploration,andquicklywrite
downtheseideas.Forthesecondtopic,youwouldprobablyuseyourownexperiences.Canyouremember
anypositiveexperiencewitheitheralargeclassorasmallone?Anynegativeones?Writethemdown.
Someonebrainstormingthefirsttopicmightjotdowntheseideas:
manybenefitsforpeopleonEarth—weathersatellites,etc.
consumerproducts—PCs,freeze-driedfoods,etc.
peoplethinkastronautsareheroes
peopleneedachallengelikespace
butveryexpensive—moneycouldbeusedinmanyotherways—schools,housing,etc.
PLANNING THEESSAY
ThisstageofprewritingblurswithStepB;whileyouarebrainstorming,youarebeginningtoplanyour
essay.
Thefirststepinplanningistochooseyourbasicthesis.Athesisisthecentralorcontrollingideaof
anessay.Forthefirsttwotypesofprompts—defendinganopinionandagreeing/disagreeingwitha
statement—choosingathesissimplymeanschoosingwhichsideoftheargumentyouaregoingtosupport.
Forexample,forthefirstpromptyourthesismightbe,“Inmyopinion,researchinspacebenefitshuman-
ity.”Forthesecond,yourthesismightbe,“Withtherightteacher,largeclasssizehaslittleeffecton
learning.”Forthethirdprompt,youhavetochoosewhatdevelopmentyouaregoingtodiscuss.“Ibelieve
thatthedevelopmentofjetairlinerswasextremelyimportant.”
Remember,whenyouchooseathesis,thereisnorightorwronganswer.ThereadersatETSdon’tcare
whetheryouareinfavorofspaceresearchoragainstit,whetheryoulikesmallclassesorbigones,orwhether
youthinkthedevelopmentofrockets,railroads,orrollerskateswasmostimportant.Infact,youshould
choosewhateversideoftheargumentiseasiesttosupport.It’spossible,forexample,thatyouhavehadgen-
erallygoodexperienceinlargeclasses,butthatyoucanthinkofmorereasonswhysmallclassesarebetter.
Itisnotnecessarytofullysupporteitherpointofview.SampleEssay1isanexampleofanessaythat
partiallysupportsbothpointsofview.
Onceyouhavechosenathesis,youmustthinkofwaystosupportit.Lookatthenotesyoutook
whilebrainstorming.Arethereanyconcretedetailsorcompellingreasonsthatsupportthethesisyouhave
chosen?Ifnot,thinkofsomenow.
LESSON 39: PREWRITING
Next,youneedtowriteasimpleoutline.Youdon’thavetowriteaformaloutlinewithRoman
numeralsandletters,justabasicplanforyourfourorfiveparagraphs.
Youmaybetemptedtoskipthissteptosavetime,butwritinganoutlineisimportant.Followinga
simpleoutlineisthebestwaytokeepanessayorganized,andgoodorganizationisoneofthemost
importantthingsreaderslookforinscoringyouressay.
Forthe“opinion”prompts(types1and2),therearetwobasicwaystoorganizeyouressay.Oneis
towritetwoormoreparagraphs,eachprovidingareasonwhyyouropinionisthe“correct”one.
• Introduction
Hereismyopinion.
• BodyParagraph1
Myopinionisrightbecause...
• BodyParagraph2
Myopinionisalsorightbecause...
• Conclusion
Asyoucansee,myopinionISright.
Anotherapproachistorestatebothsidesoftheargument—AandB—inyourintroduction.Theintroduc-
tiondoesnotsaywhichsideoftheargumentis“correct.”Then,inoneparagraphofthebody,you
provideseveralreasonstosupportthesidethatyoudoNOTagreewith—opinionA.Thistacticissome-
timescalledadmittingtheopposition.Then,inthenextparagraphofthebody,yougiveevenstronger
reasonswhytheotherpointofview,opinionB,isthebetterormorelogicalone.Theconclusionrestates
theideathatopinionBistherightone.
• Introduction
Therearetwopossibleopinionsonthistopic,opinionsAandB.
• BodyParagraph1
HerearesomereasonstobelieveopinionAisright.
• BodyParagraph2
HerearesomeevenbetterreasonstobelieveopinionBisright.
• Conclusion
Asyoucansee,opinionBISright.
Simpleoutlinesforthethreepromptsgiveninthislessonmaylooklikethis:
PromptA
Notes
Introduction
Spaceresearchfor150years:expensive—$wellspentorwasted?
−ideas +ideas
costsbillions;alsohumanresources;no consumerproducts;e.g.,PCs,freeze-dried
realbenefits foods,pacemakers
e.g.,triptoMoononlybroughtbackrocks weather&communicationsatellites
manyimportantusesforthis$onEarth: scientificknowledgeaboutplanets,Moon,
e.g.,education,environment,housing evenEarth
Conclusion
Asshown,manybenefits—also,humanraceneedschallengejustasindividualsdo—
therefore,spaceresearchisworthallthemoneyspent
PromptB
Notes
Introduction
Sometimesit’snecessarytohavebigclasses.Goodteachercanmakebigclassesasgooda
learningenvironmentassmallones
Introductoryclasses,lecturethesamenomatterwhatsize
Sometimeslecturersmoredynamicinlargeclasses
Somepeoplethinknotasmuchinteractioninbigclasses
But...teachercanbreakclassintosmallgroupsfordiscussion,projects,etc.
Teachercanuseteachingassistanttoleaddiscussiongroups
Conclusion
Manypeoplethinksmallisbest,butbigclassescanbegoodplacestolearntoo
PromptC
Notes
Introduction
Oneofmostimportantdevelopmentsisinternationaljettransport—since’60s—becauseof
speed&lowcosts,haschangedwaypeoplethinkabouttravel
Speed
100yearsago,tookweekstocrossocean:today,fewhours—thishaschangedpeople’s
conceptofspace
LowCosts
Inpast,onlywealthycouldtravelcomfortably;poorpeoplehadtosaveforyears—today,
moreandmorepeoplecantravel
businesspeople
students
tourists
Conclusion
Countriesnolongersoisolated;peoplethinkofworldasownhometowns
EXERCISE39.1
Focus:ReadingandanalyzingEssayWritingprompts
Directions:Readthesixpromptsgivenbelow.Thenchoosethreeprompts—oneofeachtype—and
writeananalysisforeachonesimilartotheanalysesfoundearlierinthelesson.
TYPEA
Prompt1
Somepeoplebelievethatschoolsshouldprimarilyteachstudentshowtobestcompetewithothers.Other
peoplebelievethatschoolsshouldprimarilyteachstudentshowtocooperatewithothers.Whichofthese
approachesdoyoufavor?Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.
Prompt2
Someuniversitystudentspreferlivingincampushousing,suchasdormitories.Otherstudentspreferliving
inoff-campushousing,suchasapartments.Ifyouwerefacedwiththisdecision,whichofthesetwo
optionswouldyouchoose?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstoexplainyourchoice.
TYPEB
Prompt3
Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?
Professionalathletes(suchasfootballstars)andentertainers(suchassingersandactors)are
paidtoomuchmoneyfortheworkthattheydo.
Usespecificdetailsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.
Prompt4
Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?
Itisbetterforuniversitystudentstofirstgetageneraleducation,takingclassesinmanyfields,
thanitisforthemtotakeclassesonlyintheirownfieldofstudy.
Usespecificdetailsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.
TYPEC
Prompt5
Imaginethatyoucantalkfor1hourwithanypersonwhohaslivedatanytimeinhistory.Whichperson
wouldyouchoosetomeet?Usespecificdetailsandexamplestoexplainyourchoice.
Prompt6
Yourhometownhasjustreceivedagrantfromaninternationalorganizationtofundonesingleimprove-
mentproject.Whichofthefollowingwouldyourecommendtoreceivethefunding?
thecityairport thepolicedepartment
thelocalschools thecityparks
thefiredepartment thestreetsandroads
thepublictransportationsystem thelocalhospitals
theartmuseum
Givespecificexamplesandreasonstosupportyourrecommendation.
ANALYSIS1
ANALYSIS2
ANALYSIS3
EXERCISE39.2
Focus:BrainstormingandtakingnotesonEssayWritingprompts
Directions:BrainstormthethreepromptsthatyouchoseinExercise39.1,andtakenotesonany
ideasthatoccurtoyou.Don’tspendmorethan1or2minutesperprompt.
NOTES1
NOTES2
NOTES3
EXERCISE39.3
Focus:Writinginformaloutlinesforessays
Directions:UsingthethreepromptsyouchoseinExercise39.1,writeshort,informaloutlinesfor
essays.Donotspendmorethan3or4minutesperoutline.
OUTLINE1
OUTLINE2
OUTLINE3
LESSON40
WritingtheEssay
Afterspendingapproximately5minutesonprewriting,youarenowreadytogetdowntotherealtask:
writingtheessay.
Youhaveonlyapproximately20minutesinwhichtowriteit,andyouneedtoproducea200–300
wordessay.That’sapproximately10to15wordsaminute.Youcandothisifyouconcentrateandkeep
working.
ETSsaysthatqualityismoreimportantthanquantityintheessay,buttypicallyonlylongeressaysget
topscores.Alongessaydoesnotguaranteeagoodscoreonthissection,butashortessayalmostguaran-
teesalowone.
Thislessonwilldiscusswritingallthreepartsofthetypicalessay.
WRITING THEINTRODUCTION
Thereareseveralfunctionsthatagoodintroductioncanserve(butnointroductionwillserveallthese
functions):
• Togetthereaders’attention
• Torestatetheideasoftheprompt
• Topresentsomegeneralbackgroundinformationaboutthetopic
• Topreviewthemainpointsthatwillappearintheessay
• Topresentaclearstatementofthemainideaoftheessay.(Thisiscalledthethesisstatement;it
typicallyisthelastsentenceoftheintroduction,butsometimesitappearsintheconclusion.)
Herearethreeintroductoryparagraphs,writteninresponsetothethreepromptspresentedinLesson39.
Introduction1
Foraroundfiftyyears,anumberofnationshavebeeninvolvedintheexplorationofouter
space.Thisresearchhasbeenverycostly,ofcourse.Hasthismoneybeenwell-spentor
wasted?
Thisintroductionmakesacoupleofgeneralstatementsaboutspaceresearchtoprovidebackgroundand
thenasksifresearchisworththecost.NoticethatthisquestionisNOTansweredintheintroduction.The
answertothatquestion—whichisreallythethesisstatementoftheessay—willappearintheconclusion.
Introduction2
Manystudentsbelievethatsmallclassesoffermuchbettereducationalopportunitiesthan
largeones.However,inmyexperience,thatisnotnecessarilytrue.Ibelievethat,withagood
teacher,alargeclasscanprovideasgoodalearningopportunityasasmallone.
Intheintroduction,thewriterparaphrasesthepromptinthefirstsentence.However,inthesecond
sentence,thewriterdisagreeswiththeideastatedintheprompt.Inthelastsentenceoftheintroduction,
thewritergivesthethesisstatement:thatlearningdependsongoodteaching,notclasssize.
276
LESSON 40: WRITING THE ESSAY
Introduction3
Ibelievethatoneofthemostimportantdevelopmentsintransportationhasbeenthe
developmentofinternationaljettransport.Jetairlinersfirstappearedintheearly1960s.
Sincethen,planeshavegottenbiggerandfasterandcapableofflyinglongerdistances.Jet
transporthashadsomerevolutionaryeffects.Becauseofthehighspeedsandtherelatively
lowcostsofthistypeoftravel,ithaschangedthewaypeoplelookattheworld.
Inthefirstsentenceoftheparagraph,thewriteranswersthequestionbroughtupintheprompt.The
writerthenprovidesalittlebackgroundinformationaboutthisdevelopment,andthenthewriterprovides
apreviewofthemainpointsthatthebodyoftheessaywilldiscuss:speedandlowcostsandhowthese
havechangedpeople’sviewoftheworld.
WRITING THEBODY OF THEESSAY

Itisinthebodyoftheessaythatthewriterdevelopsthethesis(mainidea).
Atypicalparagraphinthebodybeginswithatopicsentence,whichcontainsthemainideaofthat
paragraph(justasthethesisstatementcontainsthemainideaoftheessay).Italsocontainsseveral
sentencesthatsupportthismainidea.Thewritershouldprovidespecificdetails,reasons,examples,and/or
personalexperiencestosupportthesesentences.
TopicSentence
SupportingSentence
Detail
Detail
SupportingSentence
Detail
Detail
Rememberthatthesupportingsentencesandthedetailsmustbedirectlyrelevanttothemainideaofthe
paragraph;donotincludeirrelevantmaterial.
LookattheseparagraphsfromthebodyofessayswritteninresponsetothepromptsinLesson39.
Body1
Somepeoplebelievethatallormostspaceresearchshouldbeeliminatedbecauseofits
incredibleexpense,notonlyintermsofmoney,butalsointermsofscientificandhuman
resources.Thesepeoplepointoutthefactthatitcostsbillionsofdollarstosendastronautsto
themoon,butalltheybroughtbackweresomeworthlessrocks.Thesepeoplesaythatthe
moneyandeffortnowbeingwastedinouterspacecouldbespentonmoreimportant
projectsrighthereonEarth,suchasprovidinghousingforhomelesspeople,improvingthe
educationalsystem,savingtheenvironment,andfindingcuresfordiseases.
However,otherpeoplebelievethatspaceresearchhasprovidedmanybenefitsto
humankind.Theypointoutthathundredsofusefulproducts,frompersonalcomputersto
heartpacemakerstofreeze-driedfoods,arethedirectorindirectresultsofspaceresearch.
Theysaythatweatherandcommunicationsatellites,whicharealsoproductsofspace
research,havebenefitedpeopleallovertheglobe.Inadditiontothesepracticalbenefits,
supportersofthespaceprogrampointtothescientificknowledgethathasbeenacquired
aboutthesun,themoon,theplanets,andevenourownEarthasaresultofspaceresearch.
Inthefirstparagraph,thewriter“admitstheopposition,”givingreasonswhyopinionA(moneyspenton
spaceiswasted)iscorrect.Thisisclearlystatedinthetopicsentenceofthefirstparagraph.Thewriter
thenprovidesreasonstosupportthisidea:therehavebeennogreatrewardsforspendingallthismoney
(just“worthlessrocks”)andlistsmoreimportantwaystospendthismoney,suchasonhousingand
education.
Inthesecondparagraph,thewriterpresentstheoppositepointofview,thatmoneyspentonspace
hasbenefitedeveryone.Specificbenefitsarelisted:usefulproducts,weatherandcommunicationssatel-
lites,andscientificknowledge.
Body2
WhenIwasanundergraduatestudent,mostofthelargeclassesItookwereintroductory
classesforfirst-andsecond-yearstudents.Forexample,Itookclassesinworldhistoryand
economicsthathadover100studentsandmetinlargelecturehalls.Ithinktheseclasses
wereasgoodassomeofthesmallclassesItooklater.Atthebasiclevel,thelecturesthata
professorgivesarebasicallythesamenomatterwhatsizetheclassis.Moreover,theprofes-
sorswhotaughttheseclassesseemedmoreenthusiasticandenergeticthantheteachersIhad
insmallerclasses.Personally,Ithinktheyenjoyedhavingalargeaudience!
Onesupposedadvantageofsmallclassesisthatthereisusuallyalotmoreinteraction
amongstudentsandbetweentheteacherandthestudentsthaninlargeones.However,in
thelargeclassesItook,therewerediscussionsessionsheldeveryweekwithagraduate
teachingassistantinwhichtherewasalotofinteraction.Besides,theteachersforthese
classeshadlongofficehours,andtheywerealwayswillingtoanswerquestionsandtalk
overproblems.
Thewriterusespersonalexperienceswithlargeandsmallclassesinbothparagraphstosupportthethesis
statement.Inthefirstparagraph,thewritersaysthatinintroductoryclassestheteachers’lecturesare
basicallythesamenomatterhowmanystudentsthereare.Infact,inthewriter’sexperience,teachers
weremoredynamicinlargerclasses.
Thesecondparagraphsaysthatpeoplethinkthereismoreinteractioninsmallclassesthaninlarge
ones,butthat,infact,thewriterfoundtherewasalotofinteractionintheweeklydiscussionsessions
heldinconjunctionwiththelargeclasses.Thewriteralsosaysthattheteachersheldlongofficehoursin
whichtoanswerquestions.
Body3
Themostobviouslyimportantcharacteristicofjettravelisthehighspeedinvolved.A
hundredyearsago,ittookweekstocrosstheAtlanticorPacificOceansbyship.However,
today,thosesametripscanbecompletedinamatterofhours.Onecanattendameetingin
ParisandhavedinnerinNewYorkonthesameday.Theseamazingspeedshavechanged
people’sconceptsofspace.Todaytheworldismuchsmallerthanitwasinthepast.
Anotherimportantaspectofjettravelisitsrelativelylowcost.Aninternationaljourney
onehundredyearsagowasextremelyexpensive.Onlywealthypeoplecouldaffordtotravel
comfortably,infirstclass.Poorpeoplehadtosaveforyearstopurchaseaticket,andthe
conditionsinwhichtheytraveledwereoftenmiserable.Todayitispossibleformoreand
morepeopleineverycountrytotravelincomfort.Thusitispossibleforbusinesspeopletodo
businessallovertheworld,forstudentstoattenduniversitiesinothercountries,andfor
touriststotakevacationsanywhereintheworld.
Initstopicsentence,thefirstparagraphgivesthefirstreasonwhyjettransportisanimportantdevelop-
ment:itsspeed.Itgoesontocomparethespeedofjetswiththoseofships100yearsago,givesan
exampleofthespeedofjets(meetinginParis,dinnerinNewYork),andshowstheeffectofthisspeedon
thewaypeopleviewtheworld.
Thesecondparagraphbeginsbystatinganotherimportantaspectofjettravel,itsrelativelylowcost.
Thewriteragaincomparestraveltodaywithtravelinthepastandshowshowmoreandmorepeople
travelcomfortably.Thewritergivesexamplesofspecifictypesofpeoplewhohavebeenaffectedbythis:
businesspeople,students,andtourists.
LESSON 40: WRITING THE ESSAY
WRITING THECONCLUSION
Thefinalparagraphofanessayshouldgivethereaderthefeelingofcompletion,NOTafeelingthatthe
writerhassimplyrunoutofideasoroutoftime.
Herearesomeofthefunctionsaconclusioncanserve:
• Topresentthethesisstatement(ifthisisNOTpresentedintheintroduction)
• Torestatethethesisstatement(ifthisISgivenintheintroduction)
• Tosummarizethemainpointspresentedinthebody
• Toshowthesignificanceofthepointsmadeinthebody
• Topresentonelastcompellingreasonwhythewriter’sopinionisthecorrectone
Lookattheseexamplesofconcludingparagraphs:
Conclusion1
Iagreewiththosepeoplewhosupportspaceresearchandwantittocontinue.Spacere-
search,asshown,hasalreadybroughtmanybenefitstohumanity.Perhapsitwillbring
morebenefitsinthefuture,onesthatwecan’tevenimaginenow.Moreover,justasindi-
vidualpeopleneedchallengestomaketheirlivesmoreinteresting,Ibelievethehumanrace
itselfneedsachallenge,andIthinkthatthepeacefulexplorationofouterspaceprovidesjust
suchachallenge.
Thisconclusionbeginswiththethesisstatementfortheessay—thatthewriteragreeswiththosewho
supportspaceresearch.Thewriteralsopresentstwomorereasonswhythereadershouldagreewiththis
idea:becausetheremaybemorebenefitsinthefuture,andbecausespaceexplorationprovidesachal-
lengeforthehumanrace.
Conclusion2
Inconclusion,Idon’tthinkthatthesizeofaclassisveryimportant.Ithinkthatlearning
dependsmoreonthequalityoftheteachingthanonthenumberofstudentsintheclass.
Thisisasimpleconclusionthatrestatesthethesisstatementfromtheintroductionandsummarizesthe
mainpointofthebodyparagraphs.
Conclusion3
Tosummarize,thespeedandlowcostofinternationaljettravelhavechangedtheworld.
Individualnationsarenotasisolatedastheywereinthepast,andpeoplenowthinkofthe
wholeplanetastheyoncethoughtoftheirownhometowns.
Thisconclusionsummarizespointsmadeinthebodyparagraphsandshowsthesignificanceofthese
points.
EXERCISE40.1
Focus:Writingintroductionsforessays
Directions:WriteintroductoryparagraphsforthethreepromptsyouwrotenotesforinLesson39.
Ifpossible,writeyourintroductionsonacomputer.
EXERCISE40.2
Focus:Writingbodyparagraphsforessays
Directions:WritebodyparagraphsforthethreeintroductionsyouwroteinExercise40.1.If
possible,writeyourparagraphsonacomputer.
EXERCISE40.3
Focus:Writingconclusionsforessays
Directions:WriteconclusionsforthethreeessaysyouwroteinExercises40.1and40.2.Ifpossible,
writeyourconclusionsonacomputer.
LESSON41
ImprovingYourEssay
Thereareseveraltechniquesyoucanusetowritemoreinteresting,moresophisticated,andcleareressays.
VARYING SENTENCELENGTH
GoodwritinginEnglishconsistsofamoreorlessequalbalancebetweenshortsimplesentenceshaving
onlyoneclauseandlongersentencescontainingtwoormoreclauses.Makeanefforttousesentencesof
variouslengths.
Herearesomeofthemostcommonwaystocombinesimple(one-clause)sentences:
1. Withadjective-clausemarkers(relativepronouns)
Therearemanyreasonstoagreewiththisstatement.Iwilldiscussthreeoftheminthisessay.
Therearemanyreasonstoagreewiththisstatement,threeofwhichIwilldiscussinthisessay.
2. Withadverb-clausemarkers(subordinateconjunctions)
Theinventionoftheautomobileisundoubtedlyoneofhumankind’sgreatestinventions.
Noteverybodycanenjoythebenefitsofowningacar.
Althoughtheinventionoftheautomobileisundoubtedlyoneofhumankind’sgreatest
inventions,noteverybodycanenjoythebenefitsofowningacar.
3. Withcoordinateconjunctions(but,and,or,so,andsoon)
Theinventionoftheautomobileisundoubtedlyoneofhumankind’sgreatestinventions.
Noteverybodycanenjoythebenefitsofowningacar.
Theinventionoftheautomobileisundoubtedlyoneofhumankind’sgreatestinventions,
butnoteverybodycanenjoythebenefitsofowningacar.
LookbackattheparagraphsyouwroteforExercises40.1,40.2,and40.3.Ifmostofthesentencesyou
wroteweresimpleone-clausesentences,youshouldbecombiningsomeofthesesentencesusingthese
andothertechniques.Ontheotherhand,ifallofthesentencesyouwrotearecomplicatedandcontain
twoormoreclauses,youshouldwritesomeoftheseasshorter,simplersentences.
VARYING THEORDER OFSENTENCEPARTS

Youshouldalsovarytheorderofpartsofasentence.Beginsomesentenceswithprepositionalphrasesor
subordinateclauses.
Insteadof
Idisagreewiththisideaforseveralreasons.
Try
Forseveralreasons,Idisagreewiththisidea.
Insteadof
IsupportIdeaAeventhoughIdeaBhassomepositiveattributes.
Try
EventhoughIdeaBhassomepositiveattributes,IsupportIdeaA.
281
USINGSIGNALWORDS
Signalwordscanbeusedtojoinparagraphtoparagraphandsentencetosentence.Thesewordsmake
youressayclearerandeasiertofollow.Someoftheseexpressionsandtheirmeaningsaregivenbelow:
1. Expressionsusedtolistpoints,examples,orreasons
FirstExampleorReason
First,
Forexample,
Thefirstreasonforthisisthat...
AdditionalExamplesorReasons
Second,(Third,Fourth,)
Asecond(third,fourth)exampleis...
Anotherexampleis...
Anotherreasonisthat...
Inaddition,
Furthermore,
Moreover,
FinalExampleorReason
Finally,
ToGiveIndividualExamples
Forexample,
Forinstance,
Togiveaspecificexample,XisanexampleofY.
ToShowContrast
However,
Ontheotherhand,
Nevertheless,
ToShowaConclusion
Therefore,
Consequently,
Thus,
ToShowSimilarity
Likewise,
Similarly,
ToBeginaConcludingParagraph
Inconclusion,
Insummary,
ToExpressanOpinion
Inmyopinion,
Personally,
LESSON 41: IMPROVING YOUR ESSAY
2. ExamplesoftheUseofSignalWords
Iagreewiththeideaofstricterguncontrolforanumberofreasons.First,statisticsshowthat
gunsarenotveryeffectiveinpreventingcrime.Second,accidentsinvolvinggunsfrequently
occur.Finally,gunscanbestolenandlaterusedincrimes.
Ibelievethatagoodsalaryisanimportantconsiderationwhenlookingforacareer.However,
thenatureoftheworkismoreimportanttome.Thus,IwouldnotacceptajobthatIdidnot
findrewarding.
Forme,thereasonsforlivinginanurbanareaarestrongerthanthereasonsforlivinginarural
community.Therefore,Iagreewiththosepeoplewhobelieveitisanadvantagetoliveinabigcity.
Don’toverusesignalwords.Ingeneral,don’tusemorethanoneortwoperparagraph.
EXERCISE41.1
Focus:Joiningsimpleone-clausesentencesintomorecomplicatedsentences
Directions:Usingthewordslistedbelow,jointhesentencesintoasinglesentence.Don’tchange
theorderinwhichtheclausesaregiven.Insomecases,theremaybemorethanonewaytojointhe
sentences.
so who eventhough although since
but or which and because
1. Oneofthemostimportantholidaysinmycoun- 5. Afriendisanacquaintance.Heorshewill
try is Independence Day. It is celebrated on helpyouwheneverpossible.
September16th.
6. Ibelievecorporationsshoulddomoreto
2. Youngchildrenhaveaspecialtalentfor recyclematerials.Ibelievetheyshoulddo
languagelearning.Childrenshouldbe moretoreduceairpollution.
taughtotherlanguagesatanearlyage.
7. Smallclassesarethebestenvironmentfor
3. Mybrotherbeganstudyingattheuniversity. learning.Sometimesuniversitiesmusthave
Hehastakenseverallargeclasses. largeclasses.
4. Someformsofadvertisingserveauseful
purpose.Manyformsofadvertisingdonot.
EXERCISE41.2
Focus:Varyingtheorderofadverbclausesandprepositionalphrases
Directions:Youwrotefoursentencesinthepreviousexerciseusingadverb-clausemarkers(be-
cause,since,although,andeventhough).Rewritethesefoursentencesinthefirstfourspaces
below,changingtheorderofthemainclauseandtheadverbclause.
Thenrewritethenexttwosentences,changingthepositionofprepositionalphrasesorother
sentenceparts.
1. 5. Studentsgetmorepersonalattentionin
smallclasses.
2.
6. Iwouldusee-mailifIneededtogetin
touchwithabusinessassociate.
3.
4.
EXERCISE41.3
Focus:Recognizingsignalwordsandunderstandingtheiruse
Directions:Severalsignalwordsareusedinthesampleintroductions,bodies,andconclusions
presentedinLesson40.Lookbackatthesesamplesandunderlineallthesignalwordsthatyoucan
find.Ineachcase,trytounderstandwhythewriterusedthosewords.
EXERCISE41.4
Focus:Usingsignalwordstolinksentences
Directions:Usethesignalwordslistedtolinkthesentencesbelow.Insomecases,theremaybe
morethanonecorrectanswer.Notallthesignalwordswillbeused.
likewise furthermore therefore forexample
however inconclusion ontheotherhand personally
1. Ibelievethatwomenshouldhavetheright 4. IusedtoworkinarestaurantwhenIwas
toserveinthemilitary.____________,I incollege.Irealizewhatadifficultjob
don’tbelievethattheyshouldbeassigned restaurantworkis.____________,whenever
tocombatroles. Igoouttoeat,Itrytoleaveagoodtipfor
mywaiterorwaitress.
2. Manyactors,rockmusicians,andsports
starsreceivehugeamountsofmoneyfor 5. Manypeoplewouldagreewiththeidea
theworkthattheydo.____________,a thatthebestusefortheopenspaceinour
baseballplayerwasrecentlyoffereda communityistobuildashoppingcenterin
contractworthover12milliondollars. thiscommunity.____________,thereare
____________,Ifeelthatthisisfartoo otherpeoplewhofeelweshouldturnthis
muchtopayapersonwhosimplyprovides openspaceintoapark.
entertainment.
3. Thedevelopmentoftheautomobilehashad
agreatimpactonpeopleeverywhere.
____________,thedevelopmentofhigh-
speedtrainshashadanimpactonpeoplein
manycountries,includingmyhomecountry
ofFrance.
EXERCISE41.5
Focus:Usingsentencevarietytoimprovethequalityofwritinginanessay
Directions:Thefollowingessaycontainsshortsimplesentencesconsistingofonlyoneclause.
Rewritetheessay.Combinesentences,varytheorderofsentenceparts,usesignalwords,andmake
whateverotherchangesyouthinkarenecessarytocreateamoreinterestingessay.
Remember,don’teliminateallsingle-clausesentences.Goodwritingconsistsofamixtureof
short,simplesentencesandlonger,morecomplicatedones.
Thisessaywaswritteninresponsetothefollowingprompt:
Somepeopleliketogotothesameplacefortheirvacations.Otherpeopleliketotaketheir
vacationsindifferentplaces.Whichofthesetwochoicesdoyouprefer?Givespecificreasons
foryourchoice.
Therearecertainpeople.Theyalwaysliketotaketheirvacationsinthesameplace.They
return fromavacation.Theyaskthemselves,“WhencanIgobackthereagain?”Thereare
otherpeople.Theyliketogomanyplaces.Theyliketodomanydifferentthingsontheir
vacations.Theyreturn fromavacation.Theyaskthemselves,“WherecanIgonext?”
Myparentsareperfectexamplesofthefirstkindofpeople.Theyalwaysliketogotoa
lakeinthemountains.Theywentthereontheirhoneymoon.Theyboughtavacationcabin
there.Theyboughtitseveralyearsaftertheyweremarried.Theyhavegonetheretwoor
threetimesayearforovertwenty-fiveyears.Myparentshavemadefriends.Theyhave
madefriendswiththepeoplewhoalsoowncabinsthere.Theyenjoygettingtogetherwith
them.Bothmyparentsenjoysailingandswimming.Myfatherlikestogofishing.Myparents
enjoyvariety.Theysaytheycangetvarietybygoingtotheircabinatdifferenttimesofthe
year.Theyparticularlyliketogothereintheautumn.Theleavesarebeautifulthen.
Iamanexampleofaperson.Iliketogotodifferentplacesforhervacation.Iwasachild.
Iwenttomyparents’cabin.Igotolder.Iwantedtotraveltomanydifferentplaces.Ispenta
lotoftimeandmoneylearninghowtoski.IwantedtotraveltoplaceswhereIcouldski.Icould
skiinSwitzerland.Iwasinterestedinvisitinghistoricplaces.IwenttoAngkorWatinCambo-
dia.Itwasdifficulttogetthere.IwouldliketogotoEgypt.Iwanttoseethepyramidsthere.I
wouldliketogotoRome.IwanttoseetheColiseumthere.
Ienjoygoingtofamiliarplaces.Ifindthatgoingtostrangeplacesismoreexciting.The
worldissohugeandexciting.Idon’twanttogotothesameplacetwice.Ialsounderstandmy
parents’pointofview.Theybelievethatyoucannevergettoknowaplacetoowell.
EXERCISE41.6
Focus:Usingsentencevarietytoimprovethequalityofyourownwriting
Directions:Lookbackatthethreeintroductions,bodies,andconclusionsyouwroteforExercises
40.1,40.2,and40.3.Cantheseessaysbeimprovedbyvaryingthelengthofthesentences(either
combiningshortsentencesorbreakinglongeronesintotwosentences),byvaryingtheorderof
sentenceparts,orbyusingsignalwordsappropriately?Makeanychangesintheseparagraphsthat
youthinkwillmakethemclearerandmoreinteresting.
LESSON42
CheckingandEditingYourEssay
Youshouldspendthelast5minutesofthe30-minuteperiodcheckingyouressay(lookingforerrors)and
editingit(correctingtheerrors).Therearethreetypesofcheckingandeditingyoushoulddo.Ofcourse,
youcandoanyeditingmoreeasilyandmoreneatlyifyouwritetheessayoncomputer.
CHECKING FOR ANDEDITINGORGANIZATIONALPROBLEMS

Youwillnothavetimetomakeanymajorchangesintheorganizationoftheessay.However,youshould
askyourselfthesequestions:
• Isthereathesisstatementthatsummarizesthemainideaoftheessay?(Ifnot,addit.)
• Doallthesentencesintheessaysupportthismainidea?(Ifnot,deletethem.)
CHECKING FOR ANDEDITINGGRAMMATICALERRORS

Therearemanytypesofgrammaticalerrorsthatyoucancheckfor.Someofthemorecommononesare
listedhere:
1. VerbErrors
Verberrorsaresocommonthatyoushouldcarefullycheckalltheverbsintheessay.Besurethattheverb
agreeswiththesubject,thattheverbisintherighttense,andthatyouareusingactiveformsandpassive
formsappropriately.
is
Eachofthesetheoriesareveryimportant.
moved
Ihavemovedtomypresentapartmentthreemonthsago.
agree
Iamagreewiththisstatement.
2. PronounError
Themostcommonpronounerrorinvolvespronounagreement(usingasingularpronountorefertoa
pluralnounorusingapluralpronountorefertoasingularnoun).
It
Theonlywaythisproblemcanbesolvediswiththehelpofthegovernment.They
mustspendmoremoneyonschoolsandteachers’salariesinordertoimprovethe
educationalsystem.
3. SentenceFragmentsandRun-onSentences
Asentencefragmentisanincompletesentence;thesentenceismissinganessentialelement,suchasthe
subjectorverb.Arun-onsentenceisasentencethatgoeson“toolong.”Itusuallyconsistsoftwoor
moreclausesthatarenotproperlyconnected.
suchas
Mycountryimportsseveralagriculturalproducts.Forexample,wheatandbeef.
.Psychology
IbelievethemostimportantsubjectIhaveeverstudiediseconomics,psychologyis
anotherimportantsubject.
288
LESSON 42: CHECKING AND EDITING YOUR ESSAY
4. SingularandPluralWords
Checknounstomakesureasingularformisusedwhenneededandapluralformisusedwhenneeded.
Also,rememberthatthereisnopluraladjectiveforminEnglishasthereisinsomelanguages.
research
Inmyopinion,medicalresearchesshouldreceivemorefunding.
scientific
Manyscientifiesexperimentsstillneedtobeperformed.
5. WordForms
Besureyouareusingthecorrectform(adjective,adverb,noun,orverb)oftheword.
institution
Tome,themostimportantinstitutionalinanycountryisthelegalsystem.
Thereare,ofcourse,manyothertypesofgrammaticalerrors.Ifyouhaveevertakenawritingclass,look
atthecorrectionstheteachermadeonyourpaperstoseewhatkindsofmistakesyoucommonlymade,
andlookforthosemistakeswhenyoucheckyouressay.
CHECKING ANDEDITINGMECHANICALERRORS
1. SpellingErrors
Lookforwordsthatyoumayhavemisspelled.Lookespeciallyforwordsthataresimilarinyourlanguage
andEnglishbuthavedifferentspellings.However,don’tspendtoomuchtimelookingforspellingmis-
takes—thescorerswillnotsubtractmuchformisspellingsunlesstheyareespeciallyfrequentandmakeit
difficulttounderstandyouressay.
2. PunctuationErrors
Themostimportantthingtocheckisthateachsentenceendswithaperiodor,inthecaseofquestions,
withaquestionmark.Alsocheckforcommasafterinitialadverbclauses,betweencitiesandstatesorcities
andcountries,andbetweendatesandyears.
IcomefromtheWestAfricancountryofTogo.Mycountrybecameanindependent
republiconApril27,1960.
WhenIfirstcametotheUnitedStates,IlivedinCambridge,Massachusetts.
3. CapitalizationErrors
Besurethatyouhavecapitalizedthefirstwordofeverysentence,thenamesofpeopleandplaces,and
thewordI.
EXERCISE42.1
Focus:Correctinggrammaticalandmechanicalerrorsinessayparagraphs
Directions:Eachofthefollowingparagraphscontainsseveralmistakes.Findthemistakes,cross
themout,and,whennecessary,writethecorrectionabovetheerror.
Paragraph1
Thereismanyspeciesofanimalsintheworldthreatenedwithextinction.Onethreatened
animalistiger.Ibelievethatisveryimportantthatgovernmentsprotecttiger.InIndonesia
tigersprotectedbythegovernment.Manyofthemiskilledeveryyear.
Paragraph2
Thetechnologyhashadmajorimpactinmanyfield.Nowadayswecan’tevensuppose
business,communication,ortravelingwithoutcomputers.Iwanttodiscussaboutthe
impactofcomputersontheeducation.Themoderntechnologyhasmadeliveeasyfor
studentsandprofessors.Ifastudentwanttocontactwithaprofessor,youhaven’tproblem.
Itisenoughonlytosendprofessor’sane-mailandyouhaven’ttogotooffice.Moreover,
manyuniversitycreatedspecialnetworkforstudentsinordertomakethestudyingprocess
easyforitsstudents.Forsuchkindnetyoucouldenteronlybyusingyourpasswordand
identificationnumber.Therearemanycategoriesyoucanchosetoenter,suchas“student
tools”or“assignmentbox”whereyoucanknowaboutyourhomeworks.Alsoispossibleto
accesstotheuniversitylibrarytomakeresearches. Computersalsogivestudentsopportun-
itytogatherinformationsaboutvarioustopicfromtheinternet.Itisoneofmosteasiest
waysofmakingresearch forstudent.Oneotherwaythatcomputerscanhelpstudents,
especiallythosefromanothercountries,tostaytouchwiththeirfreindsandfamilyattheir
home,personallyIcouldnotstudyinusaifnotcontactwithmyfamily,becauseIamboth
studentaswellasworkasamanagerinmyfamiliesbusinesssoImuststayintouchwith
myassistents.
Paragraph3
OneofthemostinterestingbookIamreadingrecentlywasabiographyofwinston
churchill.hewasprimeministerofthegreatbritainduringtheworldwarII.ofcourse
manypeopelknowwhatagreatleadershiphewasduringthewar.butIfoundhislife
beforeandafterthewarwerealsoveryinteresting.
Paragraph4
Somepeoplearebelievingthatisimpossiblefallinginlovewithsomeone“atfirstsight.”In
theotherhand,thereareotherspeoplewhoarebelievingthatyourecognitionapersonthat
youloveimmediately.Iknowitspossiblefallinginloveatfirstsight.Becausethishappened
tomywifeandI.
Paragraph5
IfyouareeverinthailandinmonthofmayIsuggestyoutogototheRocketFestival.It
heldeveryyearinasmalltowncalledyasothonabout300milefrombangkok.bangkokhas
manybeautifultemples,includingthetempleofthedawn.Thisfestivaliswellknownand
famousinthailand.Peoplefromalloverthecountryjointhelocalpeopleincelebrate.The
localfarmerslaunchhundredofcolorfulrocketsforgainingthefavorofspiritswhothey
believewillbringraintotheirricecrops.However,ifyougo,youneedbeingcareful.Both
farmersortouristssometimeinjureorevenkillbyrocketsthatgoesoutofcontrol.
Paragraph6
WhenIwaschildIliveinthetownofSendai,thebiggestcityinthenorthpartofjapan.My
grandmotherliveinTokyo.WhichisinthecenterpartofJapan.WhileIwasliveinSendai,
Ioftenwenttoseemygrandmother,butittakesfivehourstogettotokyobylocaltrain.
Since1983,thehighspeedexpresstraincalledthe“Shinkansen”built,andconnected
betweenSendaiandTokyo.Formepersonally,thiswasmostimportentdevelopmentin
transportation.ItnowtakeonlyahourandhalftotraveltoTokyofromSendai.Thetrip
becomeveryeasy.Italsowasagreatimpactonsendai.Economicsdevelopmentthere
increased.Inthenegativeside,pricesforhousingandotherthingswentup.Inthewhole,
however,thisdevelopmentwasverybigbenefitforthecity.
EXERCISE42.2
Focus:Checkingandeditingyourownwriting
Directions:Lookbackatthethreeintroductions,bodies,andconclusionsyouwroteforExercises
40.1,40.2,and40.3.Lookfororganizational,grammatical,andmechanicalerrorsandmakecorrec-
tions.Don’tspendmorethan5minutesperessay.
Ifyouintendtowordprocesstheessay,youshouldpracticetakingthisReviewTestonthe
computerbyusinganyword-processingprogram.Youcanusethecut,paste,andundofunctions,
butdon’tusethespell-check,grammar-check,orthesaurusfunctions.
REVIEWTESTI:ESSAYWRITING
ESSAYPROMPT
Doyouagreeordisagreewiththisstatement?
Themostimportantknowledgedoesnotcomefrombooks.
Usespecificreasonsandexamplestoexplainyourchoice.
NOTES
Name:
Writeyouressayhere.
PRACTICETEST
TakingthePracticeTest..................................298
Section1. Listening ................................................. 301
Section2. Structure ................................................. 306
Section3. Reading .................................................. 309
Section4. EssayWriting ............................................. 317
TAKINGTHE
PRACTICETEST
OneofthebestwaystopreparefortheTOEFLtestistotakearealisticpracticetest.Thetestincluded
withthisprogramisanup-to-dateversionofthelatestcomputer-basedtestsandincludesallthenew
item-typesfoundonthecomputer-basedtest.Ascloselyaspossible,itduplicatestheactualtestintermsof
format,content,andlevelofdifficulty.Ofcourse,itisnotpossibletocompletelyduplicatethecomputer-
testingenvironmentinabook,butifyoucandowellonthisversionofthetest,youshoulddowellon
thecomputer-basedtestwhenyoutakeit.
Therearecertainguidelinesyoushouldfollowforeachsectionwhenyoutakethesetestsinthebook:
• Listening
TotaketheListeningSection,youwillhavetousetheaudiotapesorCDs.Theitemsinthispart
aretimedastheitemswereonthepaper-and-pencilversionoftheTOEFLtest—inotherwords,
theyare12secondsapart.However,ifyouaretakingthistestalone,youcanstoptherecordingor
usethefastforwardtogiveyourselfmoreorlesstime.Ifpossible,listentotherecordedmaterial
throughheadphones.IfyourbookdoesnotincludeaudiotapesorCDs,askafriendorteacherwho
speaksEnglishtoreadoutloudfromthescriptattheendofthisbook.
Whilethequestionsarebeingread,lookonlyatthequestions.Don’tlookatthefouranswer
choicesuntilyouhaveheardthequestions.Don’tskipitemsanddon’tgobacktoanyitemsafter
youhavefinished.
• Structure
Useawatchtotimeyourselfforthissection.Donotskipanyitemsanddon’tgobacktoanyitems
afteryouhaveansweredthem.
• Reading
Useawatchtotimeyourself.Whenworkingonthissection,youCANskipitemsandgobackto
themafteryouhavemarkedtheanswers.
• EssayWriting
Timeyourselfcarefully.Ifpossible,writeyouressayonacomputer.
298
TAKING THE PRACTICE TEST
SCORINGTHEPRACTICETESTS
Youcanusethechartsonthenextpagestocalculatearangeofscoresforthetestinthisbook.After
completingthetest,obtainarawscorebycountingthenumberofcorrectanswersinthethreesections.
Then,lookattheconversioncharttodeterminetherangeofscaledscoresforeachsection.Addthethree
lowscoresfromtherangeofscoresforeachsection,thenthethreehighscores.Your“actual”scoreon
theTOEFLtestwillliesomewhereinthatrangeofnumbers.Youwillthenhavetoestimateyourscorefor
theEssayWritingsectionandaddthatnumbertoyourStructurescorebeforeyouarriveatafinalscore.
YoucanusethechartonthenextpagetoestimateyourEssayWritingscore.
Supposethat,onthePracticeTest,youhad28correctanswersinListening,21inStructure,and40
inReading.SupposealsothatyourestimatedscoreonEssayWritingis4.Youradjustedstructurescores
arenow24–25.Yourscoreonthepracticetestwouldliebetween230and240.
RawScore RangeofScaledScores
(NumberCorrect) (fromConversionChart)
Section1 28 21–22
Section2 21 13–14
Section3 40 24–26
Estimatedscoreon 4 Add11to
Section4 bothSection2scores
ScoreConversionChart
Section1 Section2 Section3

Raw Rangeof Raw Rangeof Raw Rangeof
Scores ScaledScores Scores ScaledScores Scores ScaledScores
36–38 28–30 24–25 14–15 48–50 28–30
33–35 25–26 21–23 13–14 45–47 27–29
30–32 23–24 18–20 12–13 43–44 26–28
27–29 21–22 15–17 11–12 41–42 25–27
24–26 19–20 12–14 10–11 39–40 24–26
21–23 17–18 9–11 8–10 37–38 23–25
18–20 15–16 6–8 7–9 35–36 22–24
15–17 13–14 3–5 6–8 33–34 21–23
12–14 11–12 0–2 4–6 31–32 20–22
9–11 9–10 29–30 19–21
6–8 7–9 27–28 18–20
3–5 5–6 25–26 17–19
0–2 3–4 23–24 16–18
21–22 15–17
19–20 14–16
17–18 13–15
15–16 12–14
13–14 11–13
11–12 9–12
9–10 8–10
7–8 7–9
5–6 6–8
3–4 5–7
0–2 4–6
PRACTICE TEST
IfyourestimatedscoreontheEssayWritingSectionis6,add15pointstoyourStructureScore.
5.5,add14 4.5,add12 3.5,add10 2.5,add7 1.5,add5
5,add13 4,add11 3,add9 2,add6 1,add3
UsetheblanksbelowtochartyourprogressasyoutakethePracticeTest.
PERSONALSCORERECORD
PracticeTest
Section1 Section2 Section3 Section4 Total
(Estimated) Score
SECTION1
Listening
Time:60Minutes
ThissectiontestsyourabilitytocomprehendspokenEnglish.Itisdividedintotwoparts,eachwithits
owndirections.Thereare38questions.Thematerialthatyouhearandthequestionsaboutthematerial
arepresentedonlyonce.
PARTA
Directions:Eachiteminthispartconsistsofabriefdialogueinvolvingtwospeakers.Following
eachconversation,athirdvoiceasksaquestion.Whenyouhaveheardeachdialogueandquestion,
readthefouranswerchoicesandselecttheonethatbestanswersthequestionbasedonwhatis
directlystatedoronwhatcanbeinferred.
Nowlet’sbeginwiththefirstitem.
1. WhatdoesthewomanimplyaboutSallyHill? 5. Howdidthewomanmainlylearnabouttrees?
(A) Shedoesn’thaveanappointment. (A) Shestudiedforestryincollege.
(B) Herproblemiscomplicated. (B) Sheonceworkedinaforest.
(C) Shemustlivesomewhereelse. (C) Shereadalotofbooksaboutthem.
(D) Herapartmentisn’tfaraway. (D) Herfathertaughther.
2. WhatdoesMarytelltheotherwoman? 6. WhatdoesTomaskBrenda?
(A) Shecanusethephoneifshewants. (A) Howmanypageshemustwrite
(B) Thereisnochargeforphonecalls. (B) WhatProfessorBarclaydiscussed
(C) Herphoneisoutoforder,too. (C) Howlongtheclasslasted
(D) Shecancallherlaterifshewants. (D) Whenthepaperisdue
3. WhatdidLillian’sparentsdo? 7. WhatdoesthewomanimplyaboutJulie?
(A) DisapprovedofLillian’splan (A) Shedoesn’tlikeanymusicexcept
(B) WateredLillian’splants classical.
(C) Traveledoverseas (B) Thereissomeclassicalmusicshe
(D) Caughtcolds doesn’tlike.
(C) Shelikesclassicalmusicbutshecan’t
4. Whatdoesthewomansayherroommate playit.
didlastnight? (D) Classicalmusicdoesn’tinterestherat
(A) Shecleanedupaftercooking. all.
(B) Sheforgottoputthepotsandpans
away.
(C) Shewentoutinaterriblestorm.
(D) Sheputsomeplantsinthekitchen.
301
PRACTICE TEST
8. Whatdoesthemansayaboutthehistory 12. Whatdoesthewomanmean?

test?
(A) SheoriginallysupportedMargaretLing.
(A) Hewastoobusytostudyforit. (B) ShecannolongersupportEdMiller.
(B) Hedidquitewellonit. (C) EdMillerisnolongerrunninginthe
(C) Heleftsomequestionsunansweredon race.
it. (D) MargaretLingisnolongerastudent.
(D) Hetookittwotimes.
13. Whatdoesthemansuggestthewomando?
9. Whatdoesthewomansayaboutthedesk?
(A) BorrowStephanie’scomputer
(A) Itwastooexpensive. (B) Getherowncomputer
(B) Sheboughtitattheshopnextdoor. (C) Savesomemoney
(C) Itwasgiventoherasagift. (D) Stayhomeandcompleteherassignment
(D) Shepaidverylittleforit.
14. WhatdoesthemansayaboutShelly?
10. Whatcanbeinferredfromtheconversation?
(A) Sheseemstobefeelingbetter.
(A) Theweatherisgoingtochangesoon. (B) Shehasquiteanimagination.
(B) Emma’slasttwoclasseshavebeen (C) Shetakesbeautifulpictures.
canceled. (D) She’stoosicktogoout.
(C) Theweatherhasn’tbeenpleasantuntil
today. 15. Whathadthemanoriginallyassumedabout
(D) Emma’sclasseswillbeheldoutside thewoman?
today. (A) Sheneededtoprepareforanexam.
(B) Shehadalreadypassedthephysics
test.
(A) Garythankedherforthetapeplayer. (C) Shewasgoingcampingthisweekend.
(B) Shewantshertapeplayerback. (D) Shewasn’tstudyingphysicsanymore.
(C) She’sgladGaryisfinallyhere.
(D) Garycankeephertapeplayer.
ThisistheendofPartA.Let’sgoontoPartB.
PARTB
Directions:PartBinvolveslongertalks.Aftereachofthesetalks,thereareanumberofquestions.
Youwillheareachtalkonlyonce.Whenyouhavereadandheardthequestions,readthe
answerchoicesandselectthebestansweroranswersbasedonwhatisdirectlystatedoronwhat
canbeinferred.
Nowlet’sbeginwiththefirsttalk.
16. Whatdothetwospeakershaveincommon? 20. Matchthetypeofairshipwiththecategory
inwhichitbelongs.
(A) Theyarebothstudyingsocial
anthropology. Placetheletterofthechoiceinthe
(B) Theyarebothgoingtothemuseum properbox.Useeachchoiceonlyonce.
onSaturday. 1. TheItalianairshipNorge.
(C) Theybothhavethesameteacher.
(D) Theyarebothattendingthesame
class. 2. TheblimpColumbia.
17. Whendoesthewoman’sclassmeet?
(A) Inthemorning 3. TheGermanzeppelinHindenburg.
(B) Intheafternoon
(C) Intheevening (A) Rigidairship
(D) OnlyonSaturdays (B) Semirigidairship
18. Whichofthefollowingtopicswouldmost (C) Non-rigidairship
likelybediscussedintheman’sclass? 21. WhatdoesthespeakersayabouttheItalian
(A) Therelationshipsbetweenparentsand airshipNorge?
children (A) ItflewovertheNorthPole.
(B) Thetoolsusedbyancientpeople (B) Itwasinvolvedinmilitaryoperations
(C) Leadershipincontemporarysociety inWorldWarI.
(D) Marriagecustoms (C) Ithadaveryunusualdesign.
(D) Itcarriedmanypayingpassengers
19. Whatisthemainsubjectofthelecture?
acrosstheAtlantic.
(A) Anoutcomeofafootballgame
(B) Thedevelopmentofjetengines 22. Whateventinthehistoryofairshipstook
(C) TheresultsoftheHindenburgdisaster placeinLakehurst,NewJersey,in1937?
(D) Airshipsofthepast,present,and (A) Theageoflargeairshipsendedin
future disasterthere.
(B) Itwastherethatthefirstblimpwas
designed.
(C) ThefirstzeppelintocrosstheAtlantic
landedthere.
(D) Itwastherethatthelastzeppelinwas
built.
PRACTICE TEST
23. Whatcanbeinferredaboutairshipsofthe 28. Wherecancontinentalglaciersbefound

future? today?
Choosetwo. Choosetwo.
(A) Theywouldbesaferthantherigid (A) Greenland
airshipsofthepast. (B) WestVirginia
(B) Theywouldbemuchlargerthanthe (C) Iceland
airshipsofthepast. (D) Antarctica
(C) Theywouldflyfasterthanmodernjet
airliners. 29. Matchthetypeofglacierwithitsdescription.
(D) Theywoulduselessfuelthanmodern Placetheletterofthechoiceinthe
jetairliners. properbox.Useeachchoiceonlyonce.
24. WhatwillTedbedoingonFriday? 1. Valleyglacier
(A) Attendingaclass
(B) Goingtoadance 2. Continentalglacier
(C) Readinghisworkaloud
(D) Goingfishing
3. Piedmontglacier
25. WhathasTedbeenwritingmostrecently?
(A) Anovel
(A) Largestglacier;giganticsheetsofice
(B) Apoem
(B) Formedfromtwoormoreglaciers
(C) Anewspaperarticle
(C) Confinedbymountains
(D) Abiography
30. Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutreceding
26. WhatisthesubjectofTed’smostrecent
glaciers?
writing?
(A) Theyactuallymoveuphill.
(A) Childhoodmemories
(B) Theyaremeltingfasterthantheyadd
(B) Thelivesofhiscollegeclassmates
newice.
(C) Theexperiencesofcommercialfishers
(C) Theytendtodisappearveryrapidly.
(D) AtriptoAlaska
(D) Theyappearcompletelystationary.
27. Thespeakermentionsthreetypesof
materialsthatmakeupglaciers.Givethe
orderinwhichthesematerialsappear.
Placetheletterofthechoiceinthe
properbox.Useeachchoiceonlyonce.
OnechoicewillNOTbeused.
(A) Firn
(B) Glacialice
(C) Rockice
(D) Ordinarysnow
1.
2.
3.
31. Whichpartofthepicturerepresentsacirque? 35. Accordingtotheprofessor,howwould

mostpeopleprobablyhavecharacterized
BenjaminFranklin’splanfordaylightsaving
timewhenitwasfirstproposed?
(A) Asconfusing
(B) Asinnovative
(C) Asridiculous
(D) Aswasteful
36. Whenwasdaylightsavingtimefirstactually
putintoeffect?
(A) Inthe1790s
(B) DuringtheCivilWar
32. Whichpartofthepicturerepresentsahorn? (C) DuringWorldWarI
(D) DuringWorldWarII
37. Whichofthesegroupsopposeddaylight
savingtime?
Choosetwo.
(A) Militaryleaders
(B) Farmers
(C) Writers
(D) Parentsofsmallchildren
38. WhatwastheeffectoftheUniformTime
Actof1966?
(A) Tohelpstandardizedaylightsaving
time
33. Whatisthemaintopicofthisdiscussion? (B) Toestablishyear-rounddaylight
(A) TheUniformTimeAct savingstime
(B) Theroleofdaylightsavingtimein (C) Toabolishdaylightsavingtime
wartime (D) Toshortendaylightsavingtime
(C) Waystosaveenergy
(D) Thehistoryofdaylightsavingtime
34. WhenareclocksintheUnitedStatesset
back?
(A) Inthespring
(B) Inthesummer
(C) Inthefall
(D) Inthewinter
SECTION2
Structure
Time:20Minutes
ThissectiontestsyourabilitytorecognizebothcorrectandincorrectEnglishstructures.
Directions:Therearetwotypesofitemsinthissection.Onetypeinvolvesasentencethatis
missingawordorphrase.Fourwordsorphrasesappearbelowthesentence.
Youmustchoosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.
Example:
_________largenaturallakesarefoundinthestateofSouthCarolina.
(A) Thereareno
(B) Notthe
(C) Itisnot
(D ) No
Thecorrectansweris(D).Thissentenceshouldproperlyread,“Nolargenaturallakesare
foundinthestateofSouthCarolina.”
Theothertypeofiteminvolvesasentenceinwhichfourwordsorphraseshavebeenunderlined.Youmust
identifytheoneunderlinedwordorphrasethatmustbechangedforthesentencetobeconsideredcorrect.
Example:
When paintingafresco,anartistisapplied paintdirectlytothedampplasterofawall.
A B C D
Thecorrectansweris(B).Thissentenceshouldread,“Whenpaintingafresco,anartistapplies
paintdirectlytothedampplasterofawall.”
Assoonasyouunderstandthedirections,beginworkonthissection.Thereare25questions.
1. _________teamsportsrequirecooperation. 3. Noteveryone realizesthatthemostlargest
A B
(A) Ofall organofthehumanbodyistheskin.
(B) Theyareall
C D
(C) All
(D) Whyareall 4. CliffordHolland,_________civilengineer,
wasinchargeoftheconstructionofthe
2. Ceramicscanbeharder,light, andmore firsttunnelundertheHudsonRiver.
A
resistant toheatthanmetals. (A) Hewasa
B C D (B) a
(C) beinga
(D) whowas,asa
306
5. Moldisextremely destruction tobooksina 13. Sharkscandetect minuteelectrical dis-

A B C A B
library. chargescomingfromits prey.
D C D
6. Atapestryconsistsof afoundationweave, 14. Adarknebulaconsistsofacloudof
A A
calledthewarp,whichacross arepassed interstellardustenoughdense toobscure
B B C
differentcoloredthreads,calledtheweft, thestarsbeyond it.
C D
formingdecorativepatterns.
D 15. Thevarious partsofthebodyrequireso
A B
7. Perhapshumans’first importantmusical differentsurgicalskillsthatmany surgical
A B C D
influencewerethesongsofbirds. specialtieshavedeveloped.
C D
8. FrontiersurgeonEphraimMacDonaldhadto 16. Onereasonbirdshavebeen sosuccessfulis
performoperations___________anesthesia. A
becauseof theirabletoescapefromdanger
(A) no
B C
(B) nothaving quickly.
(C) without D
(D) therewasn’t
17. Amajorconcernamongarchaeologists
9. ___________________,herteaching,and todayisthepreservationofarchaeological
herwriting,MariaCadrilladeMartinez sites,_____________arethreatenedby
helpedpreservethetraditionsandcustoms development.
ofhernativePuertoRico.
(A) ofwhichmany
(A) Throughherresearch (B) manyofthem
(B) Herresearch (C) manyofwhich
(C) Byresearching (D) whichmany
(D) Herdoingresearch
18. ________parrotsarenativetotropical
10. Thetechniquesofscienceandmagic are regionsisuntrue.
A
quitedifferent, buttheirbasicaims— (A) Thatall
B (B) All
tounderstandandcontrolnature—theyare (C) Whyall
C D (D) Sinceall
verysimilar.
19. Chemicalengineering isbasedonthe
A
11. ItwasinacavenearMagdalena,New principles ofphysics,chemists,and
B C
Mexico,when theoldest knownearsof mathematics.
A B C D
cultivatedcornwerediscovered.
D 20. Balletperformersmustbe believableactors
A B
12. Mostmodern barnsarebothinsulated, andactressesaswellasexperts dancers.
A B C D
ventilated,andequippedwithelectricity.
C D
PRACTICE TEST
21. _____________young,chimpanzeesare 24. Thehigherthetemperatureofamolecule,

easilytrained. _____________________.
(A) Whenare (A) themoreenergyithas
(B) When (B) thanithasmoreenergy
(C) Theyare (C) moreenergyhasit
(D) Whenarethey (D) ithasmoreenergy
22. Chemicalcompoundswith barium,cobalt, 25. Thework oftheearlyAmericanwoodcarv-

A A
andstrontiumare responsibletomanyof ershadmany artisticqualities,butthese
B C B
thevividcolors infireworks. craftsmenprobablydidnotthinkofthem as
D C D
artists.
23. Rarely_________________seenfarfrom
water.
(A) spottedturtles
(B) spottedturtlesare
(C) havespottedturtles
(D) arespottedturtles
ThisistheendofSection2.GoontoSection3.
SECTION3
Reading
Time:80Minutes
Thissectionofthetestmeasuresyourabilitytounderstandthemeaningofwordsandtocomprehend
writtenmaterials.
Directions:Thissectionconsistsofseveralpassages,eachfollowedby10to14questions.Readthe
passagesand,foreachquestion,choosetheonebestanswerbasedonwhatisstatedinorcanbe
inferredfromthepassage.
Assoonasyouunderstandthedirections,beginworkonthispart.
Passage1 Afterthesunhasbecomeablackdwarf,the
Thesuntodayisayellowdwarfstar.Ithas earthwillbedarkandcold.Ifanyatmosphere
existedinitspresentstateforabout4billion, remainsthere,itwillhavefrozenontotheearth’s
600millionyearsandisthousandsoftimeslarger surface.
thantheearth.Thesunis fueled bythermo-
nuclearreactionsnearitscenterthatconvert 1. Whatistheprimarypurposeofthis
passage?
hydrogentohelium.Theyreleasesomuch
energythatthesuncanshineforabout10billion (A) Toalertpeopletothedangersposed
yearswithlittlechangeinitssizeorbrightness. bythesun
ThisbalanceofforceskeepsthegasesoftheSun (B) TodiscussconditionsonEarthinthe
frompullinganyclosertogether. farfuture
Bystudyingotherstars,astronomerscan (C) Topresentatheoryaboutredgiant
predictwhattherestofthesun’slifewillbe stars
like.About5billionyearsfromnow,thecoreof (D) Todescribechangesthatthesunwill
thesunwillshrinkandbecomehotter.The gothrough
temperatureatthesurfacewillfall.Thehigher
temperatureoftheinteriorwillincreasetherate 2. Theword fueled inparagraph1isclosest
ofthermonuclearreactions.Theouterregionsof inmeaningto
thesunwillexpandapproximately35million (A) powered.
miles,aboutthedistancetoMercury,whichis (B) bombarded.
theclosestplanettothesun.Thesunwillthen (C) created.
bearedgiantstar.Temperaturesontheearth (D) propelled.
willbecometoohotforlifetoexist.
Oncethesunhasusedupitsthermo-
nuclearenergyasaredgiant,itwillbeginto
shrink.Afteritshrinkstoaboutthesizeofthe
earth,itwillbecomeawhitedwarfstar.Thesun
may throwoff hugeamountsofgasesinviolent
eruptionscallednovaexplosionsasitchanges
fromaredgianttoawhitedwarf.
Afterbillionsofyearsasawhitedwarf,the
sunwillhaveusedupallitsfuelandwillhave
lostitsheat.Suchastariscalledablackdwarf.
309
PRACTICE TEST
3. Lookattheword They intheboldtext 6. Lookattheword core intheboldtext

below: below:
Ithasexistedinitspresentstatefor About5billionyearsfromnow,the
about4billion,600millionyearsandis core ofthesunwillshrinkandbecome
thousandsoftimeslargerthanthe hotter.Thetemperatureatthesurface
earth.Thesunisfueledbythermo- willfall.Thehighertemperatureofthe
nuclearreactionsnearitscenterthat interiorwillincreasetherateof
converthydrogentohelium. They thermonuclearreactions.
releasesomuchenergythatthesun
canshineforabout10billionyears
textthatismostnearlyOPPOSITEin
withlittlechangeinitssizeorbright-
meaningtotheword core.
ness.
Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold 7. Whatwillprobablybethefirststageof
textthattheword They refersto. changeasthesunbecomesaredgiant?
(A) Thecorewillcooloffanduseless
fuel.
paragraph1.
(B) Thesurfacewillbecomehotterand
Itmaintainsitssizebecausetheheat shrink.
deepinsidethesunproducespressure (C) Thesunwillthrowoffhugeamounts
thatoffsetstheforceofgravity. ofgases.
(D) Thecorewillgrowsmallerandhotter.
Thesuntodayisayellowdwarfstar.(1)It 8. Whenthesunbecomesaredgiant,what
hasexistedinitspresentstateforabout4 willconditionsbelikeonEarth?
billion,600millionyearsandisthousands (A) Itsatmospherewillfreezeandbecome
oftimeslargerthantheearth.(2)Thesun solid.
isfueledbythermonuclearreactionsnear (B) Itwillbeenvelopedintheexpanding
itscenterthatconverthydrogentohe- surfaceofthesun.
lium.(3)Theyreleasesomuchenergythat (C) Itwillbecometoohotforlifetoexist.
thesuncanshineforabout10billionyears (D) Itwillbedestroyedinnovaexplo-
withlittlechangeinitssizeorbright- sions.
ness.(4)Thisbalanceofforceskeepsthe
gasesofthesunfrompullinganycloser 9. Asawhitedwarf,thesunwillbe
together.
(A) thesamesizeastheplanetMercury.
Circlethenumberinparenthesesthat (B) thousandsoftimessmallerthanitis
indicatesthebestpositionforthesentence. today.
(C) around35millionmilesindiameter.
5. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthe (D) coldanddark.
sun
10. Accordingtothepassage,whichofthe
(A) isapproximatelyhalfwaythroughits
followingbestdescribesthesequenceof
lifeasayellowdwarf.
stagesthatthesunwillprobablypass
(B) hasbeeninexistencefor10billion
through?
years.
(C) israpidlychanginginsizeand (A) Yellowdwarf,whitedwarf,redgiant,
brightness. blackgiant
(D) willcontinueasayellowdwarffor (B) Redgiant,whitedwarf,blackdwarf,
another10billionyears. novaexplosion
(C) Yellowdwarf,redgiant,whitedwarf,
blackdwarf
(D) Whitegiant,redgiant,blackdwarf,
yellowdwarf
SECTION 3: READING
11. Thephrase throwoff inparagraph3is forlackoffunds.Thecostoftheprojectwasan

closestinmeaningto estimated$5million,anenormousamountfor
thosedays.Therewassome on-again-off-again
(A) eject.
federalfunding,butthistimetheWarof1812
(B) burnup.
putanendtoconstruction.In1817,DeWitt
(C) convert.
ClintonwaselectedGovernorofNewYorkand
(D) letin.
persuadedthestatetofinanceandbuildthe
12. Lookattheword there intheboldtext canal.Itwascompletedin1825,costing$2
below: millionmorethanexpected.
Thecanalrapidlyliveduptoitssponsors’
Afterbillionsofyearsasawhitedwarf, faith,quicklypayingforitselfthrough tolls.It
thesunwillhaveusedupallitsfuel wasfarmoreeconomicalthananyotherformof
andwillhavelostitsheat.Suchastar transportationatthetime.Itpermittedtrade
iscalledablackdwarf.Afterthesun betweentheGreatLakeregionandtheEast
hasbecomeablackdwarf,theearth coast,robbingtheMississippiRiverofmuchof
willbedarkandcold.Ifanyatmo- itstraffic.ItallowedNewYorktosupplant
sphereremains there,itwillhave Boston,Philadelphia,andothereasterncitiesas
frozenontotheearth’ssurface. thechiefcenterofbothdomesticandforeign
Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold commerce.Citiessprangupalongthecanal.It
textthattheword there refersto. alsocontributedinanumberofwaystothe
North’svictoryovertheSouthintheCivilWar.
13. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthe Anexpansionofthecanalwasplannedin
toneofthepassage? 1849.Increasedtrafficwouldundoubtedlyhave
warranted itsconstructionhaditnotbeenfor
(A) Alarmed
thedevelopmentoftherailroads.
(B) Pessimistic
(C) Comic
14. Whydoestheauthormostlikelymention
(D) Objective
GeorgeWashingtoninthefirstparagraph?
Passage2 (A) HewasPresidentatthetimetheErie

ItissaidthatGeorgeWashingtonwasoneofthe Canalwasbuilt.
firsttorealizehowimportantthebuildingof (B) Hewasinvolvedinpioneeringefforts
canalswouldbetothenation’sdevelopment.In tobuildcanals.
fact,beforehebecamePresident,heheadedthe (C) Hesuccessfullyopenedthefirstcanal
firstcompanyintheUnitedStatestobuilda intheUnitedStates.
canal,whichwastoconnecttheOhioand (D) Hecommissionedengineerstostudy
Potomacrivers.Itwasnevercompleted,butit thepossibilityofbuildingtheErie
showedthenationthe feasibility ofcanals.As Canal.
thecountryexpandedwestward,settlersin
15. Theword feasibility inparagraph1is
westernNewYork,Pennsylvania,andOhio
closestinmeaningto
neededameanstoshipgoods.Canalslinking
naturalwaterwaysseemedtosupplyaneffective (A) profitability.
method. (B) difficulty.
In1791engineerscommissionedbythe (C) possibility.
stateofNewYorkinvestigatedthepossibilityof (D) capability.
acanalbetweenAlbanyontheHudsonRiverand
BuffaloonLakeErietolinktheGreatLakesarea
withtheAtlanticseacoast.Itwouldavoidthe
mountainsthatservedasabarriertocanalsfrom
theDelawareandPotomacrivers.
Thefirstattempttodigthecanal,tobe
calledtheErieCanal,wasmadebyprivate
companiesbutonlyacomparativelysmall
portionwasbuiltbeforetheprojectwashalted
PRACTICE TEST
16. Lookattheword means intheboldtext 20. ThecompletionoftheErieCanalwas

below: financedby
Itwasnevercompleted,butitshowed (A) NewYork.
thenationthefeasibilityofcanals.As (B) privatecompanies.
thecountryexpandedwestward, (C) thefederalgovernment.
settlersinwesternNewYork,Pennsyl- (D) DeWittClinton.
vania,andOhioneededa means to
shipgoods.Canalslinkingnatural 21. TheactualcostofbuildingtheErieCanal
waterwaysseemedtosupplyaneffec- was
tivemethod. (A) $5million.
Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold (B) lessthanhadbeenestimated.
textthatisclosestinmeaningtotheword (C) $7million.
(D) morethancouldberepaid.
means.
17. Accordingtothepassage,theErieCanal 22. Theword tolls inparagraph4isclosestin

connectedthe meaningtowhichofthefollowing?
(A) PotomacandOhioRivers. (A) Jobs

(B) Grants
(B) HudsonRiverandLakeErie.
(C) DelawareandPotomacRivers. (C) Links
(D) AtlanticOceanandtheHudsonRiver. (D) Fees
18. Lookattheword halted intheboldtext 23. WhichofthefollowingisNOTgivenasan

effectofthebuildingoftheErieCanalin
below:
paragraph4?
Thefirstattempttodigthecanal,tobe
calledtheErieCanal,wasmadeby (A) ItallowedtheEastcoasttotradewith
theGreatLakesarea.
privatecompaniesbutonlyacompara-
tivelysmallportionwasbuiltbefore (B) Ittookwatertrafficawayfromthe
MississippiRiver.
theprojectwas halted forlackof
(C) Ithelpeddeterminetheoutcomeof
funds.Thecostoftheprojectwasan
theCivilWar.
estimated$5million,anenormous
(D) ItestablishedBostonandPhiladelphia
amountforthosedays.Therewassome
asthemostimportantcentersoftrade.
on-again-off-againfederalfunding,but
thistimetheWarof1812putanendto 24. Whatcanbeinferredaboutrailroadsin
construction. 1849fromtheinformationinthelast
Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold paragraph?
textthatisclosestinmeaningtotheword (A) Theywerebeingplannedbuthadnot
halted. yetbeenbuilt.
(B) Theywereseriouslyunderdeveloped.
19. Thephrase on-again-off-again inparagraph
(C) Theyhadbeguntocompetewiththe
3couldbereplacedbywhichofthe
ErieCanalfortraffic.
followingwiththeleastchangeinmeaning?
(D) Theywereweakenedbytheexpansion
(A) Intermittent ofthecanal.
(B) Unsolicited
(C) Ineffectual 25. Theword warranted inparagraph5is
(D) Gradual closestinmeaningto
(A) guaranteed.
(B) justified.
(C) hastened.
(D) prevented.
SECTION 3: READING
28. Lookattheword drawn intheboldtext

Passage3
It’sasoundyouwillprobablyneverhear,a below:
sickenedtreesendingoutadistresssignal. It’sasoundyouwillprobablynever
However,ateamofscientistsattheU.S.Depart- hear,asickenedtreesendingouta
mentofAgriculture’sForestServicehasrecently distresssignal.However,ateamof
heardthecries,andtheythinksomeinsectsalso scientistswiththeU.S.Departmentof
hearthetreesandaredrawnto them like Agriculture’sForestServicehasrecently
vulturesattractedtoadyinganimal. heardthecries,andtheythinksome
Researchershypothesizedthatthese insectsalsohearthetreesandare
sounds—actuallyvibrationsproducedbythe drawn tothemlikevulturesattracted
surfaceofplants—werecausedbyaseverelack toadyinganimal.
ofmoisture.Theyfastenedelectronicsensorsto
thebarkofdrought-strickentreesandclearly Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold
hearddistresscalls.Accordingtooneofthe textthatisclosestinmeaningtotheword
scientists,mostparchedtreestransmittheir drawn.
plight inthe50–500-kilohertzrange.(The 29. Lookattheword parched intheboldtext
unaidedhumanearcandetectnomorethan20 below:
kilohertz.)Theyexperimentedonredoak,
maple,whitepine,aspen,andbirchandfound Researchershypothesizedthatthese
thatallmakeslightlydifferentsounds.With sounds—actuallyvibrationsproduced
practice,scientistscouldidentifythespeciesof bythesurfaceofplants—werecaused
treebyitscharacteristicsoundsignature. byaseverelackofmoisture.They
Thescientistssurmisethatthevibrations fastenedelectronicsensorstothebark
arecreatedwhenthewatercolumnsinsidetubes ofdrought-strickentreesandclearly
thatrunthelengthofthetreesarecrackedasa hearddistresscalls.Accordingtoone
resultoftoolittlewaterflowingthroughthem. ofthescientists,most parched trees
Thesefracturedcolumnssendoutdistinctive transmittheirplightinthe50–500-
vibrationpatterns.Becausesomeinsectscommu- kilohertzrange.(Theunaidedhuman
nicateatultrasonicfrequencies,theymay earcandetectnomorethan20kilo-
pickup thetrees’vibrationsandattackthe hertz.)
weakenedtrees.Researchersarenowrunning
testswithpottedtreesthathavebeendeprived
ofwatertoseeifthesoundiswhatattracts
parched.
theinsects.“Water-stressedtreesalsohavea
differentsmellfromothertrees,andthey 30. Theword plight inparagraph2isclosestin
experiencethermalchanges,soinsectscouldbe meaningto
respondingtosomethingotherthansound,”one
scientistsaid. (A) cry.
(B) condition.
26. Whichofthefollowingisthemaintopicof (C) need.
thepassage? (D) presence.
(A) Thevibrationsproducedbyinsects 31. Underlinethesentenceinthesecond

(B) ThemissionoftheU.S.ForestService paragraphthatexplainshowtheresearch-
(C) Theeffectofinsectsontrees ersconductedtheirexperiment.
(D) Thesoundsmadebytrees
27. Theword them inparagraph1refersto

(A) trees.
(B) scientists.
(C) insects.
(D) vultures.
PRACTICE TEST
32. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthe 37. Allofthefollowingarementionedas

soundsproducedbythetrees possiblefactorsindrawinginsectsto
weakenedtreesEXCEPT
(A) serveasaformofcommunication
amongtrees. (A) thermalchanges.
(B) arethesamenomatterwhattypeof (B) smells.
treeproducesthem. (C) sounds.
(C) cannotbeheardbytheunaided (D) changesincolor.
humanear.
(D) fallintothe1–20kilohertzrangeplight 38. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,at
parched. thetimethepassagewaswritten,research
concerningthedistresssignalsoftrees
33. Lookattheword fractured intheboldtext
(A) hadbeenconductedmanyyears
below:
previously.
Thescientistssurmisethatthevibra- (B) hadbeenunproductiveupuntilthen.
tionsarecreatedwhenthewater (C) wascontinuing.
columnsinsidetubesthatrunthe (D) wasnolongersponsoredbythe
lengthofthetreesarecrackedasa government.
resultoftoolittlewaterflowing
throughthem.These fractured col- Passage4
umnssendoutdistinctivevibration Probablythemostfamousfilmcommentingon
patterns. twentiethcenturytechnologyisModernTimes,
Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold madein1936.CharlieChaplinwasmotivatedto
textthatisclosestinmeaningtotheword makethefilmbyareporterwho,whileinter-
fractured. viewinghim,happenedtodescribeworking
conditionsinindustrialDetroit.Chaplinwastold
34. Whichofthefollowingisbelievedtobea thathealthyyoungfarmboyswereluredtothe
causeofthetrees’distresssignals? citytoworkonautomotiveassemblylines.
Withinfourorfiveyears,theseyoungmen’s
(A) Tornroots
healthwasdestroyedbythestressofworkinthe
(B) Attacksbyinsects
factories.
(C) Experimentsbyscientists
Thefilmopenswithashotofamassof
(D) Lackofwater
sheepjammedintopens.Abruptlythescene
35. Lookattheword they intheboldtext shiftstoasceneoffactoryworkerspackedintoa
below: narrowentranceway,jostlingoneanotheron
theirwaytoafactory.Thisbitingtoneof
Thesefracturedcolumnssendout criticism,however,isnotsustainedthroughout
distinctivevibrationpatterns.Because thefilm.Itisreplacedbyagentlenoteofsatire.
someinsectscommunicateatultrasonic Chaplinpreferredtoentertainratherthanlecture
frequencies, they maypickupthe totheaudience.
trees’vibrationsandattacktheweak- Scenesoffactoryinteriorsaccountforonly
enedtrees. aboutonethirdofthefootageofModernTimes,
Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold buttheycontainsomeofthemostpointedsocial
textthattheword they refersto. commentaryaswellasthefunniestcomic
situations.Noonewhohasseenthefilmcan
36. Inparagraph3,thephrase pickup could everforgetChaplinvainlytryingtokeeppace
bestbereplacedbywhichofthefollowing? withthefast-movingconveyorbelt,almost
losinghismind intheprocess.Anotherpopular
(A) Perceive scenefeaturesanautomaticfeedingmachine
(B) Lift broughttotheassemblylinesothatworkers
(C) Transmit neednotinterrupttheirlabortoeat.Ithurls
(D) Attack foodatChaplin,whoisstrappedintohis
positionontheassemblylineandcannotescape.
SECTION 3: READING
Thisservestoillustratepeople’s utter helpless- 43. Lookattheword biting intheboldtext

nessinthefaceofmachinesthataremeantto below:
servetheirbasicneeds.
This biting toneofcriticism,however,
Clearly,ModernTimeshasitsfaults,but
isnotsustainedthroughoutthefilm.It
despiteitsflaws,itremainsthebestfilmtreating
isreplacedbyagentlenoteofsatire.
technologywithinasocialcontext.Itdoesnot
Chaplinpreferredtoentertainrather
offeraradicalsocialmessage,butitdoes
thanlecturetotheaudience.
accuratelyreflectthesentimentsofmanywho
feeltheyarevictimsofanovermechanized Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold
world. textthatismostnearlyOPPOSITEin
meaningtotheword biting.
39. Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthis
passageisto 44. Whichofthefollowingcouldbestreplace
thephrase losinghismind inparagraph3?
(A) criticizethefactorysystemofthe
1930s. (A) Gettingfired
(B) analyzeanimportantfilm. (B) Doinghisjob
(C) explainChaplin’sstyleofacting. (C) Goinginsane
(D) discusshowfilmrevealsthebenefits (D) Fallingbehind
oftechnology.
40. Accordingtothepassage,Chaplingotthe paragraph3.
ideaforthefilmModernTimesfroma Allatonce,thisfeedingdevicebegins
(A) newspaperarticle. tomalfunction.
(B) sceneinamovie. Wherewoulditbestfitintheparagraph
(C) jobhehadonceheld. below?
(D) conversationwithareporter.
Scenesoffactoryinteriorsaccountforonly
41. Lookattheword jammed intheboldtext aboutone-thirdofthefootageofModern
below: Times,buttheycontainsomeofthemost
pointedsocialcommentaryaswellasthe
Withinfourorfiveyears,theseyoung
funniestcomicsituations.(1)Noonewho
men’shealthwasdestroyedbythe
hasseenthefilmcaneverforgetChaplin
stressofworkinthefactories.
vainlytryingtokeeppacewiththefast-
Thefilmopenswithashotofamassof movingconveyorbelt,almostlosinghis
sheep jammed intopens.Abruptlythe mindintheprocess.(2)Anotherpopular
sceneshiftstoasceneoffactory scenefeaturesanautomaticfeeding
workerspackedintoanarrowen- machinebroughttotheassemblylineso
tranceway,jostlingoneanotheron thatworkersneednotinterrupttheirlabor
theirwaytoafactory. toeat.(3)IthurlsfoodatChaplin,whois
strappedintohispositionontheassembly
lineandcannotescape.(4)Thisservesto
illustratepeople’sutterhelplessnessinthe
jammed. faceofmachinesthataremeanttoserve
42. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattwo theirbasicneeds.(5)
thirdsofthefilmModernTimes Circlethenumberinparenthesesthat
(A) isextremelyunforgettable. indicatesthebestpositionforthesentence.
(B) takesplaceoutsideafactory.
(C) ismorecriticalthantheotherthird.
(D) entertainstheaudiencemorethanthe
otherthird.
PRACTICE TEST
46. Lookattheword their intheboldtext 49. Lookattheword faults intheboldtext

below: below:
IthurlsfoodatChaplin,whois Clearly,ModernTimeshasits faults,
strappedintohispositiononthe butdespiteitsflaws,itremainsthebest
assemblylineandcannotescape.This filmtreatingtechnologywithinasocial
servestoillustratepeople’sutter context.Itdoesnotofferaradical
helplessnessinthefaceofmachines socialmessage,butitdoesaccurately
thataremeanttoserve their basic reflectthesentimentsofmanywhofeel
needs. theyarevictimsofanover-mechanized
world.
textthattheword their refersto. Underlinethewordorphraseinthebold
47. Accordingtothepassage,thepurposeofthe faults.
sceneinvolvingthefeedingmachineistoshow
people’s 50. Theauthorwouldprobablyuseallofthe
followingwordstodescribethefilm
(A) ingenuity.
ModernTimesEXCEPT
(B) adaptability.
(C) helplessness. (A) revolutionary.
(D) independence. (B) entertaining.
(C) memorable.
48. Theword utter inparagraph3isclosestin (D) satirical.
meaningtowhichofthefollowing?
(A) Notable
(B) Complete
(C) Regrettable
(D) Necessary
ThisistheendofSection3.Youmaygobackandcheckyour
answersinSection3untiltimeisupforthissection.Then,go
ontoSection4.
SECTION4
EssayWriting
Time:30Minutes
317
PRACTICE TEST
ESSAYPROMPT
Therearemanydifferenttypesofmovies,includingactionmovies,science-fictionmovies,andcomedies.
Whichtypeofmoviedoyouenjoymost?Whyisthistypeyourfavorite?Usespecificdetailsandexamples
inyourresponse.
NOTES
Name:
Writeyouressayhere.
PRACTICE TEST
ANSWERKEYS
ANDAUDIOSCRIPTS
SECTION1
Listening
PREVIEWTEST1:LISTENING
PartA
1. C 10. D
2. B 11. B
3. B 12. A
4. C 13. D
5. D 14. A
6. B 15. A
7. C 16. D
8. B 17. C
9. D
PartB
18. B 30. D
19. C 31. A,B
20. C 32. B
21. B,D 33. A
22. A 34. A,C,B
23. A,D 35. B
24. C 36. C
25. A,D,B,C 37. B,C
26. C 38. C
27. A 39. D,C,A,B
28. A 40. C
29. C
AUDIOSCRIPT
PartA
1. F1: Ilikeyournewbicycle,Henry.
M1: Thanks,butitisn’tnew.Ihadmyoldonerepainted.
M2: WhatcanbesaidaboutHenry’sbicycle?
2. F2: Willthatbecash,check,orcharge?
M1: I’mgoingtowriteacheck,butIjustrealizedIleftmycheckbookinmycar.I’llberightback.
M2: Whatwillthemanprobablydonext?
3. M1: I’llneverbeabletogetthroughallthesebooksonProfessorBryant’sreadinglist.
F2: ButMark,notallofthemarerequired.
M2: WhatdoesthewomantellMark?
4.
M1: Whatdoyouthinkofthenewsoftware?
F1: It’sreallyeasytouse.
M1: Isn’titthough!
322
5. M1: AnyonecallwhileIwasgone?
F1: Yourbrotherdid.Hewantsyoutomeethimfordinner.
M1: Oh,really?Didhesaywhattime?
M2: Whatdoesthemanwanttoknow?
6. F2: HaveyouheardfromHowardlately?
M1: Funnyyoushouldask.Yesterday,fromoutoftheblue,Igotaletterfromhim.
M2: WhatdoesthemansayaboutHoward?
7. M1: IthinkIdeservedahighergradeinchemistryclass.DoesProfessorWelcheverchangethe
gradeshegives?
F1: Sure—aboutonceacentury!
M2: WhatcanbeinferredaboutProfessorWelchfromthisconversation?
8. M1: I’mgoingtodropmypoliticalscienceclass.Itmeetstooearlyinthemorningforme.
F2: Allen,isthatreallyagoodreasontodroptheclass?
M2: WhatisthewomanreallysayingtoAllen?
9.
M1: HowdidyoudoonProfessorPorter’stest?
F1: Ihavenoidea—shehasn’treturnedthemyet.
M1: No,butshe’spostedthegradesonherofficedoor.
M2: WhatdoesthemansayaboutProfessorPorter?
10. F1: Williamcomesupwithsomeweakexcuseoranotherforjustabouteverymistakehemakes,
doesn’the?
F2: Waittillyouhearhislatest!
11. M2: WhatdothespeakersimplyaboutWilliam?
F1: DidyourstudentIDcardeverturnup?
M1: Yeah,themanagerofthecampusbookstorecalledmeyesterdayandsaiditwasthere.
IguessItookitoutwhenIcashedacheckanddidn’tputitbackinmywallet.
F1: Well,you’reluckyyougotitback.
M1: Iknow.I’mgoingtohavetotakebettercareofitinthefuture.
M2: Whatdidthemanthinkhehadlost?
12. F2: Weshouldbearrivingattheairportinanother10minutes.
M1: Waitasecond—thisbusisgoingtotheairport?
M2: Whatcanbeinferredabouttheman?
13. M1: Iwonderwhentheboardofregentswillpickanewdean.
F1: Whoknows?They’renotevenscheduledtomeetuntilnextmonth.
M2: Whatdoesthewomanimply?
14. M1: WeshouldneverhavelistenedtoHarvey.
F1: Ifonlywe’daskedsomeoneelseforadvice!
M2: Whatdotheymean?
15. M2: Howwasyourroomlastnight?
M1: Isleptlikeababy.Andtherateswerequitereasonable.
M2: Whatarethemenprobablydiscussing?
16.
M1: Allright,let’sbeginbytakingaquicklookatthesyllabusIjusthandedout.
F1: Uh,ProfessorWhite?Afewofusinthebackoftheroomdidn’tgetacopyofit.
M1: Hmm...thereare23namesonmyclasslist,soIonlybrought23copies.
M2: WhatcanbeinferredfromProfessorWhite’sremark?
17. F2: PeterisfavoredtowinthetennismatchSaturday.
M1: Oh,thenthatmatchwasn’tcanceledafterall?
M2: Whathadthemanoriginallyassumed?
PartB
Questions18–20
M1: (knock,knock)Hi,ProfessorLamont.MayIcomein?
F1: Oh,hi,Scott,sure.What’sonyourmind?
M1: Well,I’vedecidedIshoulddropmyadvancedmathcourse.
F1: Hmm,you’remajoringinbiochemistry,right?Well,that’sarequiredcourseforyourmajor.
M1: Iknow.ButmaybeIcouldtakeitnextsemester.
F1: Besides,todowellinbiochemistry,youneedtoknowmath.Mathisthelanguageofscience.
M1: Iknow—myfatheralwayssaystryingtostudysciencewithoutknowingmathisliketryingto
studymusicwithoutknowinghowtoreadnotes.
F1: Well,yourfatherisabsolutelyright.
M1: ButI’vegottenreallylowgradesonthefirsttwoquizzes.MaybeIshouldjustchangemajors.
F1: Iwouldn’tdothatifIwereyou,Scott.Whydon’tyoutrytogetagraduatestudenttotutor
you,andseeifyoucanpullyourgradesup?Ithinkyoucandoit.
18. WhatcoursedoesScottwanttodrop?
19. WhatdoesProfessorLamontsuggestthatScottdo?
20. WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesProfessorLamont’sattitudetowardScott?
Questions21–26
M2: Listentoastudent’spresentationinanastronomyclass.Studentsintheclassaregiving
presentationsonourSolarSystem.ThispresentationfocusesontheplanetVenus.
M1: Well,uh,hi,everyone...uh,MondayweheardDontellusabouttheSunandLisatalkabout
Mercury,theplanetclosesttotheSun.Myreporttodayisaboutthenextplanet,Venus.Okay,
nowyoumayalreadyknowthat,uh,exceptfortheMoonandSun,Venusisthebrightest
objectinthesky.You,uh,canseeitinthemorningandintheevening.Infact,alongtime
ago,peoplethoughtthatVenuswastwodistinctobjects:Phosphorus,themorningstar,and,
Hesperus,uh,theeveningstar.Oh,andwhenyoulookatVenuswithatelescope,youcan
actuallyseethe“phases”ofVenus—justlikethephasesoftheMoon.That’sbecausedifferent
partsofVenus’sunlitareafaceEarthatdifferenttimes.
OneofthearticlesIreadaboutVenussaidthatsometimesit’scalled“Earth’stwin.”That’s
becauseVenusandEartharejustaboutthesamesizeandalsobecausetheyaresoclosetogether.
OnlyEarth’smoongetsclosertoEarththanVenusdoes.But,fromwhatIlearned,EarthandVe-
nusarenotreallythatmuchalike.Foralongtimepeopledidn’tknowmuchofanythingabout
Venusbecauseit’scoveredwithclouds,whicharemainlymadeofcarbondioxideandsulfurdiox-
ide—anduh—someothergases,too.Peopleusedtothinkthatundertheclouds,theremightbe
strangejunglesfullofalienmonsters.Butnowadays,weknowVenusiswaytoohotforthat—
hotterthananoven!It’stoohoteventohaveliquidwater,so—nojungles!Nomonsters!
Here’sastrangefactaboutVenus.IttakesVenusonly225Earthdaystogoaroundthesun,
asopposedtoEarth,whichtakes365days,ofcourse—that’swhatwecallayear.ButVenusspins
aroundonitsaxisreallyslowly.Ittakesabout243Earthdaystospinaroundcompletely.TheEarth
takes—youguessedit...24hours.ThatmeansthatadayonVenusislongerthanayearonVe-
nus!Andhere’ssomethingelseweird—Venusdoesn’trotateinthesamedirectionasanyofthe
otherplanets.Ithaswhattheycalla,uh—let’ssee,a“retrograde”spin.
Now,therehavebeenalotofspaceprobesthathavegonetoVenus,andsoI’llonlymen-
tionsomeofthemostimportantones.There’sonetherenowcalledMagellanthatismakingin-
crediblydetailedmapsofthesurfacebyusingradar.It’sbeentheresince1990.Thefirstprobeto
gotherewasMariner2.Thatwasbackin1962.AnotherimportantonewastheVenera4,which
wasaSovietspaceprobe.Itarrivedtherein—let’ssee—1967anddroppedinstrumentsontothe
surfacewithaparachute.ThentherewastheVenusPioneer2,in1978.Itenteredtheatmosphere
andfoundoutthattheatmospherewasmademainlyofcarbondioxide.AsIsaid,therewerealot
ofotherones,too.
Well,uh,that’saboutallIhavetosayaboutVenus,unlessyouhavesomequestions.Caro-
linewillbegivingthenextreport,whichisaboutthethirdplanetfromtheSun.Sincewealllive
there,thatoneshouldbeprettyinteresting!
21. Accordingtothespeaker,inwhatwaysareEarthandVenustwins?
22. WhichofthefollowingcanbeseenthroughatelescopeaimedatVenus?
23. Accordingtothespeaker,whichofthefollowingwereoncecommonbeliefsabouttheplanetVenus?
24. WhichofthefollowingdoesthespeakersayaboutthelengthofadayonVenus?
25. InwhatorderwerethesespaceprobessenttoVenus?
26. Itcanbeinferredthatthetopicofthenextstudent’spresentationwillbewhichofthefollowing?
Questions27–29
M2: Listentoatelephoneconversation:
(Ring,ring....)
F2: Hello,FinancialAidOffice.ConnieWilsonspeaking.
F1: Hello,Ms.Wilson.MynameisDanaHart.Iwascallingtogetsomeinformationaboutthe
work-studyprogram.
F2: I’llbehappytotellyouaboutit.Whatwouldyouliketoknow?
F1: Well,I’vegotabankloantopayformytuition,andmyparentsarehelpingmeoutwithmy
room-and-boardexpenses,butIjustdon’thavemuchforspendingmoney.
F2: Itsoundslikework-studymightbeperfectforyou,then.
F1: Whatsortofjobsareavailablerightnow?Idon’twanttoworkinacafeteria.Arethereany
openingsattheartgalleryintheStudentUnion?
F2: Letmecheck.(Soundofkeystrokesoncomputer....)No,noopeningsthere.Butthereisa
positionattheuniversitymuseum,workinginthegiftshop.
F1: Hmm,IthinkImightenjoydoingthat.WhatdoIhavetodotoapplyforthisjob?
F2: Well,thefirststepistocomedowntotheFinancialAidOfficetofilloutacoupleofforms.
Youcangetthemfromthereceptionistatthefrontdesk.ThenI’llcallandsetupaninterview
foryouwithDr.Ferrarra.He’sthepersonneldirectoratthemuseum.Dr.Ferrarrahasto
approveyoufortheposition.
F1: OK,well,thanksalotforalltheinformation.I’lltrytostopbyeitherthisafternoonortomorrow.
27. WhydoesDanawanttofindajob?
28. WhatjobisDanaprobablygoingtoapplyfor?
29. WhatmustDanadofirsttoapplyforthejobsheisinterestedin?
Questions30–35
M2: Listentoalectureinamusicclass.
M1: DoesanyoneknowwhatthefirstbooktobepublishedintheBritishcoloniesinNorthAmerica
was?(Pause...)No?Well,itwasabookofreligiousmusic,calledtheBayPsalmBook .It
contained13tunes,someofwhich,suchas“OldHundred,”arestillsungtoday.Then,after
about1750,native-bornmusiciansinNewEnglandbegantowritetheirownsongs,andthey
wereprettystrangesongs,too,bythestandardsoftheday.Withtheirangularmelodiesand
open-fifthchords,theywereconsideredquiteunusualbyEuropeans.
Now,afterawhile,traditionalNewEnglandreligiousmusicmigratedSouthandevolvedinto
whatwecallSouthernrevivalhymns.Thesesongsincludesomestandards,suchas“AmazingGrace”
and“WayfaringStranger.”MostofthemwerelivelierthantheNewEnglandsongs.Southernrevival
hymnsweretypicallyprintedin“shapenotes,”aneasy-to-readsystemofnotation.Inthissystem,the
notesappearintheformofgeometricshapestorepresentthenotesofthescale.
Anotherpopularformofmusicinthenineteenthcentury,especiallyintheSouth,wasthe
minstrelsong.Itwasusuallyperformedbyafour-mantroupewhoperformedonthebanjo,
tambourine,castanets,andfiddle.DecaturEmmetwasthemostfamouscomposerofminstrel
songs.Hisbest-knownworktodayisprobablythesong“Dixie.”
Thentherewereparlorsongs.Parlorsongswereverysentimentalsongs,usuallyabout
ordinaryaspectsofdomesticlife.Oneexampleis“TheOldArmChair,”writtenin1840by
HenryRussell,anEnglishsingerwhotouredtheUnitedStatesinthe1830sand40s.
Thegreatestsongwriteroftheearlynineteenthcentury,inmyopinion,wasStephenFos-
ter,whocomposedsongsforthefamousChristyMinstrels,suchas“Oh,Susanna”and
“CamptownRaces,”andparlorsongssuchas“BeautifulDreamer.”Hissongsarestillpopular
today.Hismelodiesweresimple,muchliketraditionalfolkmelodies,andhecombinedele-
mentsofEnglish,Irish,andAfrican-AmericanmusicwithItalianoperatictunestocreatesome
immortalsongs.
Well,I’mgoingtostoptalkingandgiveyouallachancetohearsomeofthemusicfrom
thelate-eighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturies.First,therewillbeacoupleoftraditional
religioustunesfromNewEngland,thensomeSouthernrevivalhymns.Afterthat,we’llhear
someminstrelsongsandsomeparlorsongsandamedleyofsongsbyStephenFoster.
30. Whatisthemaintopicofthislecture?
31. Whatdoesthespeakerindicateaboutthesong“OldHundred”?
32. WhichoftheseisthebestrepresentationofthenotationalsystemusedforSouthernrevivalhymns?
33. Whichoftheseinstrumentswastypicallyusedtoplayminstrelsongs?
34. Matchthesongwiththecorrectmusicalcategory.
35. WhatdoesthespeakersayaboutStephenFoster?
Questions36–40
F1: Listentoadiscussioninvolvinganassignmentinapsychologyclass:
M1: Class,todayI’mgoingtotalkaboutthefinalprojectforthisclass,whichistodesignand
conductyourownpsychologicalexperiment.
M2: Isthisinplaceofthefinalexam?
M1: No,it’sinadditiontoit.However,youwon’thavetodoaresearchpaperinthisclass—just
thefinalexamandthisexperiment.It’snotdueuntilthelastdayofthesemester.
M3: ProfessorHunter,couldyoutellusalittlemoreabouthowtogoaboutthis?
M1: Yes,ofcourse.Asyou’lllearnfromreadingChapter2,apsychologicalexperiment,likeany
experiment,beginswith...anyoneknow?Tom?
M3: Withahypothesis?
M1: Andwhatisahypothesis,Tom?
M3: Well,it’satheory...anassumptionthatyoutrytoproveinyourexperiment.
M1: Gooddefinition.Now,themostbasicpsychologicalexperimentconsistsofanumberof
subjectsdividedintoacontrolgroupandanexperimentalgroup.What’sthedifference
betweenthesetwogroups?Raymond,doyouknow?
M2: Well,Ithinkthat,duringtheexperiment,theconditionsforthetwogroupshavetobeexactly
thesameexceptforonefactor,right?Sotheexperimentalgroupisexposedtothisfactor,and
thecontrolgroupisn’t.
M1: Uhhuh,andwecallthatfactor,whateveritis,theindependentvariable.Ifthereissome
measurablechangeinthebehavioroftheexperimentalgroup,thentheexperimentindicates
thattheindependentvariablemayhavebeenthecauseofthechange.Andthatchangein
behavioriscalledthedependentvariable.Yes,Tom,youhaveaquestion?
M3: Yeah,okay,supposeIwanttodoanexperimenttoprovethatstudentswhoexerciseeveryday
getbettergrades...
M1: Okay,thatwouldbeyourhypothesisthen—thatdailyexerciseaffectsgradeperformance...
M3: SoIdivideupmysubjectsintotwogroups...
M1: Well,you’llwanttofigureoutawaytorandomlydividethesubjectsintotwogroups.
M2: Whyisthat?
M1: Toavoidbiasandkeeptheexperimentasobjectiveaspossible.Ifyouletthesubjectsdivide
themselvesintoagroup,thenpeoplewiththesameinterestsandinclinationstendtoform
groups.Ifyoudoityourself,thenyoumayputcertainpeopleintocertaingroupstoinfluence
theoutcomeoftheexperiment.
M2: So,Igetonegrouptoagreetoexerciseeverydayforanhourormore,say,andIgettheother
grouptoagreenottodoanyspecialexercise.
M1: Good.Let’sdrawasimplifieddiagramofthisexperimentontheboard...whatwouldbethe
independentvariable?
M3: Exercise,Isuppose.
M1: Yes,andthedependentvariablewouldbe...what?
M3: Bettergrades,right?
M1: Precisely.Thishasthepotentialtobeaveryinterestingexperiment.Youhaveaquestion?
M2: Professor,whendidyousaythisprojectisdue?
M1: Well,bysometimenextweek,I’dlikeyoutosubmitabasichypothesisandasummaryofhow
youintendtotestit.I’llneedtoapprovethatbeforeyougoon.Then,byOctober,youshould
completeadetaileddesignforyourexperimentandrecruitsubjectsifyouaregoingtobe
workingwithhumansubjects.ByNovember,youshouldcompletetheexperimentitselfand
startworkingonananalysisofthedataandwriteupaconclusion.You’llneedtosubmita
completereportonyourexperimentbytheendoftheterm.
M3: Youmeanonthefinalexamday?
M1: No,onthelastdayofactualclasses.I’llreadoveryourreportsandgiveyouagradeandreturn
themtoyoubythedayofthefinalexam.Anyotherquestions?
36. Whatisthemaintopicofthisdiscussion?
37. ItcanbeinferredthatProfessorHunterwouldapproveofwhichofthesemethodsofselecting
subjectsforgroups?
38. Intheexperimentproposedbythestudent,whatcanbeinferredaboutthepeopleinthecontrolgroup?
39. Inwhatordershouldthestudentscompletethesetasks?
40. Whenisthecompletedprojectdue?
LISTENINGPARTA:DIALOGUES
EXERCISE1.1
1. B 7. A
2. B 8. A
3. A 9. B
4. A 10. A
5. A 11. B
6. B 12. A
AUDIOSCRIPT
1. M1: I’veneverhadtowaitsolongjusttopayforafewgroceries!
F1: Ithinkyoushouldgetinanotherline.
M2: Whatdoesthewomansuggestthemando?
2. M1: Howdidyourbaby-sittingjobgo?
F2: Oh,fine—thechildrenspentmostofthedaygoingdownthehillontheirnewsled.
M2: Whatdidthechildrendo?
3. M1: WhereshouldIputtheselettersforyou?
F1: Justtosstheminthatfile.
M2: Whatdoesthewomantellthemantodowiththeletters?
4. F2: Didyougetyoursuitcasepacked?
M1: Yeah—butnowIcan’tcloseit!
M2: Whatistheman’sproblem?
5. F1: WhatkindofbreaddidAnniebake?
F2: Myfavorite—wholewheatbread!
M2: WhatislearnedaboutAnnie’sbread?
6. F1: HasBrendafinishedwritingherstoryfortheradionews?
M1: Oh,sure—she’sjusttapingitnow.
M2: Whatdoesthemansayaboutthestory?
7. M1: DidyouknowEmilyhasanewaddress?
F1: No,Ididn’trealizethat.Doyouhaveit?
M1: Yeah,hangon—Iwroteitdownsomewhere.
M2: WhatislearnedaboutEmily?
8. F2: How’sthecoffeehere,Dennis?
M1: Ithinkit’salittlebetterthesedays.
M2: WhatdoesDennissayaboutthecoffee?
9. F1: Iboughtaticketforthelottery.IhopeIwin.
M1: What’stheprize,Ellen?
M2: WhatdoesthemanaskEllen?
10. M1: IwonderifthisoldbottleIfoundisworthanymoney.It’sabeautifulcolor.
F2: Yes,butlook—there’sachipinit.
M2: Whatdoesthewomansayaboutthebottle?
11. F1: IsawJerryiswalkingoncrutches.

M1: Yeah,hehadanaccidentlastweek.
F1: Really?Whathappened?
M1: Hisfeetslippedinsomeoil,andhetwistedhisknee.
12. M2: WhathappenedtoJerry?
M2: Thisisabeautifulpartofthestate.
M1: Yes,itcertainlyis.What’sitmostfamousfor?
M2: Well,you’llseesomeremarkableracehorseshere.
M3: Whyisthisareawellknown?
EXERCISE1.2
1. B 5. A
2. C 6. D
3. D 7. C
4. A
AUDIOSCRIPT
1. F1: Steven,didyoueverwritealettertoyourfriendGloria?
M1: Isentherane-mail.
M2: WhatislearnedaboutStevenandGloria?
2. M1: IunderstandthatStuartisgoingtoresignasvicepresident.
F1: Asamatteroffact,he’ssodisappointedthathewasn’telectedpresident,he’squittingthe
club.
M2: WhatdoesthewomansayaboutStuart?
3. F1: I’mplanningtotakeaclassinecologynextterm.
M1: Whatwillyoubestudying?
F1: Well,accordingtothecoursecatalog,it’sthesystematicstudyoflifeonthisplanet.
M1: Thatsoundsinteresting.
M2: Whatdoesthewomansayabouttheclasssheisgoingtotake?
4. M1: Areyoureadytogonow,Janet?
F1: Assoonastherainstops.
M2: WhatdoesJanettelltheman?
5.
M1: IheardDarlenewashavingahardtimewithherphysicshomework.
F2: Yes,butSamhaskindlyofferedtoassisther.
M2: WhatdoesthewomansayaboutSam?
6. F1: Ineedtogetaquickbitebeforewegototheworkshop.
M1: There’sacoffeeshophereinthehotel.
M2: Whatdoesthemansuggestthewomando?
7. M1: HowcanItakenotesifIdon’thaveanythingtowritewith?
F2: YoucanprobablyborrowapenfromGus—healwayshasonebehindhisear.
M2: WhatdoesthewomansayaboutGus?
EXERCISE2.1
1. B 6. A
2. B 7. B
3. B 8. B
4. A 9. B
5. A
AUDIOSCRIPT
1. M1: WhatdidyougetSuzieforherbirthday?
F2: Didn’tyoureadtheinvitationtoherparty?Shesaidshedidn’twantanyonetobringany
presents.
2. M2: I’vegottogobacktothelibraryagainafterdinner.
F1: Iknowyou’vegotalotofresearchtodo,butdon’toverdoit.You’respendinghalfyourlifein
thelibrary.
3. M2: Didyouhearthattherewasanexplosioninthechemistrylabthismorning?
F2: No,wasitbad?
M2: Fortunately,noonewashurt,butitblewoutafewpanesofglass.
4. F1: Ican’tfindmygloves.
M1: Well,Icertainlydon’tknowwheretheyare.
5. M1: Ilookedandlookedforaparkingplace,buttherejustwasn’toneanywhere.
F2: Sowhatdidyoudo?
M1: Iparkedinaloadingzone.
F2: Youcouldhavebeenfinedforthat!
6. M1: Youneedtofilloutachangeofaddressform.
M2: Oh—isthistherightformforthat?
7. M1: Youwenttothemeetinglastnight?
M2: Yes,butIwishIhadn’t.WasIeverbored!
8. M1: Whatkindofcarareyoulookingfor?
F1: Idon’tcare,aslongasit’sdependable.Ican’tstandacarthatbreaksdownallthetime.
9. M2: Don’tyoujustloveAndrew’sboat?
F2: It’sterrific.Andit’sforsale,youknow.
EXERCISE2.2
1. A 5. A
2. B 6. A
3. A 7. A
4. B
AUDIOSCRIPT
1. F1: Wherehaveyoubeenkeepingyourself,Ben?Ihaven’tseenyousinceJanuaryatleast.
M2: I’vehadthisterriblecold,andIhaven’tgottenoutmuch.
2. F2: WhatakindpersonGlenis.
M1: Isn’thethough!
3. M1: Willitbecoldinthemountains?
F1: I’dbringalightsweaterifIwereyou—itmaygetalittlechillyatnight.
4. M2: Isthiswheretheaeronauticsexhibitisgoingtobe?
F2: No,it’llbeinthenorthwingofthemuseum.
5. F1: Wheredidyougetthesestatistics?
M1: Inthetablesatthebackofthisbook.
6. M1: I’mgoingtopainttheseoldwoodenchairswhite.They’lllookgoodasnew.
M2: You’dbettertakeoffthatoldcoatofredfirst.
7. M1: Howdoyoulikeyourgeologyclass?
F2: It’saninterestingsubject—andtomorrow,we’regoingoutintothefieldtolookforfossils.
M1: Well,goodluck—hopeyoufindsome!
EXERCISE2.3
1. A 5. A
2. B 6. D
3. B 7. A
4. B
AUDIOSCRIPT
1. M1: I’mreadytohandinmyresearchpaper.
F1: Bettercheckyourwritingfirst,Tom.
M2: WhatdoesthewomansuggestTomdo?
2. F2: HowdidyoudoonDr.Johnson’shistoryexam?
M1: Well,Ipassedanyway.ButIwishI’dstudiedmore.
M2: Whataretheydiscussing?
3. M1: Iwenttothenationalparkthisweekend.
F2: Didyouseethebuffaloes?
M1: Yeah,andyouknowwhat?ItwasthefirstherdofbuffaloesI’deverseen.
4. M1: WhichlinedoIgetinifI’vealreadypreregistered?
F2: Readthesign,whydon’tyou?
M2: Whatdoesthewomantellthemantodo?
5. M2: CanIleavemyluggagehereforacoupleofhours?
F2: Sure,youcanstoreitinthatroomuponthesecondfloor.
M2: Okay.ButIdon’tthinkIcanhandleallthesesuitcasesbymyself.
6. F1: You’resoaked,John.Youlooklikeyoufellintoaswimmingpool.Whathappened?
M1: Iwascaughtoutinasuddenshower.
F1: Well,youshouldchangeyourclothes.
7. M2: WhatdoesthewomanthinkJohnshoulddo?
F2: Patrick,whatdidyourclassmatesthinkwhenyouwontheaward?
M1: Well,itcertainlydidn’thurtmystandingwiththem.
M2: WhatdoesPatrickmean?
EXERCISE3.1
1. A 5. B
2. A 6. B
3. B 7. A
4. A
AUDIOSCRIPT
1. M2: IhadaninterestingconversationwithCarolinetoday.
F1: Really?Wheredidyouseeher?
M2: Ibumpedintoherinthecafeteria.
F2: Whatdoesthemanmean?
2. M2: So,Rita,youleftworkearlyyesterday?
F1: Yeah,anddidIevergetinhotwaterforthat!
F2: WhatdoesRitamean?
3. M1: ItalkedtoChuckattheparty.
F1: WhatdidyouthinkofChuck?
M1: Oh,wehititoffrightaway.
4. M2: Howwasthetest?
F1: Pieceofcake!
F2: Whatdoesthewomanmean?
5. F1: Robert,areyoureadytoleave?
M1: Atthedropofahat!
F2: WhatdoesRobertimply?
6. F1: Juliewasn’tatbandpracticetoday.
M2: She’sbeenundertheweatherlately.
F2: WhatdoesthemanimplyaboutJulie?
7. F1: There’sAlbertandhisgrandfather.
M1: Wow,Albertreallytakesafterhim,doesn’the?
F2: WhatdoesthemansayaboutAlbert?
EXERCISE3.2
SetA
1. A 6. B
2. B 7. B
3. A 8. A
4. A 9. B
5. A 10. B
SetB
11. B
12. B
13. A
14. B
15. A
16. B
AUDIOSCRIPT
SetA
1. F1: DidyouknowMaxisplanningtoopenhisownbusiness?Hecouldmakealotofmoney.
M2: Yeah,Isuppose—ifitevergetsofftheground.
2. F1: Howlonghaveyouhadtheseoldtiresonyourcar?
M2: Foroverfiveyears.Iwonderhowmuchlongerthey’lllast.
F1: Iwouldn’tpushmyluckmuchfurtherifIwereyou,Gary.
F2: Whatdoesthewomanimply?
3. F1: Well,thatwasagoodprogram.Wanttowatchsomethingelse?
M1: Notme—I’mreadytoturnin.
F2: Whatwillthemandonext?
4. M1: Alice,whatdidyouthinkofthatcomedian’sjokes?
F1: Totellyouthetruth,alotofthemwentovermyhead.
F2: WhatdoesAlicemean?
5. M2: Youlookhotandtired.Howaboutsomeicewater?
F1: Justwhatthedoctorordered!
6. F1: Yoursister’snameisLiz?
M1: Well,everyonecallsherthat—it’sshortforElizabeth.
F2: Whatislearnedfromthisconversation?
7. M2: IhadlunchatthatnewrestaurantoveronCollegeAvenuetheotherday.
F1: Oh,I’veheardsomegoodthingsaboutthatplace.Whatdidyouthinkofit?
M2: I’dcallitrunofthemill.
F2: Whatdoesthemansayabouttherestaurant?
8. M1: Justlistentothesoundofthecreekandthewindinthetrees.
F1: It’slikemusictomyears!
9. M2: Whew,I’mtired.Theseboxesofbooksareheavy.
F1: Wantmetolendahand?
F2: Whatdoesthewomanoffertodo?
10. M2: Didyouseethatitwassnowingearlierthismorning?
F1: Icouldhardlybelievemyeyes!Whoeversawsnowhereatthistimeofyear?
SetB
11. M1: You’vebeenskiingalotlately,Karen.
F1: Itreallygetsintheblood.
F2: WhatdoesKarenmean?
12. M2: Normanthinkswedon’tstudyenough.
F1: Lookwho’stalking!
F2: WhatdoesthewomanimplyaboutNorman?
13.
M1: WouldyouliketogototheWestCoastwithmyfriendsandmeoverspringbreak?We’re
goingtodriveoutthereinmyfriendMike’svan.
F1: I’mnotsureifIcanaffordto.Gasolinealonewillcostafortune.
M1: Notifweallchipin.
14. M2: Donna,didyoutalktoProfessorHolmesaboutthatteachingassistantship?
F1: Yeah,andIdidn’tevenmakeanappointment.Ijustmarchedrightintohisofficeandtoldhim
whyheshouldchooseme!
M2: Boy,thattookalotofnerve!
F2: WhatdoesthemansayaboutDonna?
15. F1: Dan,westillneedtopaintthekitchen.
M1: Iknow,butlet’scallitadayfornow.
F2: WhatdoesDanmean?
16. M2: Let’sgooverScene3again.I’llgetyouascripttoreadfrom.
F1: Oh,youdon’thaveto—I’vealreadylearnedmylinesbyheart.
EXERCISE3.3
1. C 8. A
2. B 9. D
3. C 10. A
4. B 11. B
5. A 12. B
6. D 13. B
7. C 14. A
AUDIOSCRIPT
1. F1: Didyoufinishstudyingforyourchemistryfinal?
M1: No,butI’mreadytotakeabreak.Wanttogooutforcoffee?
F1: Maybelater.Rightnow,I’mgoingtogoworkoutatthegym.
F2: Whatisthewomangoingtodonext?
2. F1: Thepartyisstartingsoon.Aren’tyoureadyyet?
M2: Ijusthavetodecideonatie.Doyouthinkthisredonegoeswithmyshirt?
F2: Whatdoesthemanwanttoknow?
3.
M1: DoyouhavenotesfromProfessorMorrison’spsychologyclassFriday?Imissedclassthatday.
F1: Guesswe’reinthesameboat!
F2: Whatdoesthewomanimply?
4. M2: IsRonstillworkingasacook?
F1: Notanymore.Hedecidedhe’snotcutoutforrestaurantwork.
F2: WhatcanbeconcludedaboutRon?
5. F2: AreyoureadyforthequizinDr.Davenport’sclasstoday?
M1: Aquiz?Today?Areyoupullingmyleg?
6. F1: Brian,didyouwatchthelaunchofthespaceshuttleontelevisionthismorning?
M1: No,theyhadtoputthatoffbecauseofbadweather.
F2: WhatdoesBrianmean?
7. F1: You’resureJenniferwasatthelecture?
M2: Oh,shewasdefinitelythere.Shereallystoodoutinthatbrightredsweaterofhers.
F2: WhatdoesthemansayaboutJennifer?
8. M1: Philjustgotanotherspeedingticket.
F1: Thatserveshimright.
F2: WhatdoesthewomansayaboutPhil?
9. M1: IthinkI’llaskGeorgetohelp.
F1: Saveyourbreath!
F2: WhatdoesthewomanimplyaboutGeorge?
10. F1: Letmeguess—youboughtJillawatchforagraduationpresent.
M2: You’renotevenwarm!
F2: WhatislearnedaboutJillfromthisconversation?
11. F1: IheardDorawashavingsometroubleatwork.
M2: Yes,butasusual,she’llcomeoutofitsmellinglikearose.
F2: WhatdoesthemansayaboutDora?
12. F1: Areyougoingtotakeatripduringspringbreak,Roy?
M1: WithallthestudyingIhavetodo,that’soutofthequestion.
F2: WhatdoesRoytellthewoman?
13. F1: IheardMickisplanningtogotomedicalschool.
M2: Yeah,Iguesshe’salwayswantedtofollowinhisfather’sfootsteps.
F2: WhatislearnedaboutMickfromthisconversation?
14. M1: ItoldFredaboutthemoneyI’dlost,buthedidn’tseemverysympathetic.
F1: Well,ifitwerehismoneythathadbeenlost,he’dbesinginganothertune.
F2: WhatdoesthewomanimplyaboutFred?
EXERCISE4
1. C 9. B
2. B 10. A
3. C 11. B
4. D 12. B
5. A 13. A
6. C 14. D
7. C 15. B
8. B 16. D
AUDIOSCRIPT
1. F2: IunderstandLarrywonanotherdancecontest.
M1: It’shardtobelievewe’refromthesamefamily,isn’tit?
2. M1: Takealookatthissuit.
F1: Nice.Areyougoingtobuyit?
M1: DoIlooklikeamillionaire?
3. F1: DoyouthinkI’vemadeenoughfoodfortheparty?
M1: I’dsayyou’vemadejusttherightamount—ifacoupleofhundredpeopleshowup!
M2: Whatdoesthemanimply?
4. M1: I’mexhausted.I’vebeeninclassallevening.
F2: Ididn’tknowyouweretakinganyeveningclasses.
M1: I’mnot,actually—thiswasaspecialreviewsessionProfessorHennessyoffered.Itwasfor
studentswhowereworriedaboutdoingwellonthetesttomorrow.
5. M1: DidyouknowGreghaschangedhismajor?
F2: Ohno,notagain!Howmanytimesdoesthismake?
M2: WhatdoesthewomanimplyaboutGreg?
6. M1: Aren’tProfessorSutton’slecturesfascinating?
F1: IcanclosemyeyeswhenI’mlisteningtohim,andI’mbackintheMiddleAges.
M1: Iknowwhatyoumean!
M2: WhatcanbeinferredfromthisconversationaboutProfessorSutton?
7. M1: Didyouhavetowaitlongtoseethedentistyesterday?
F1: Itseemedlikeyears!
8. F2: Dotheexpertsagreewiththisplan?
M1: Thatdependsonwhichexpertyouask.
M2: Whatdoesthemanimplyabouttheexpertsandtheplan?
9. M1: DidyouknowthatLouishasanewboss?
F1: Let’shopehegetsalongbetterwiththisone.
M2: WhatdoesthewomanimplyaboutLouis?
10. F1: Boy,thisissomesnowstorm.It’sreallycomingdownhard.
M1: Sureis.Iwonderiftheuniversitywillcancelclassestomorrow.
F1: Onlyifitkeepsonsnowinglikethisallnight.
11. M1: Ijoinedthefolkdancingclubacoupleofweeksago.
F2: Youdid?Sincewhenareyouinterestedinfolkdancing?
M1: SinceIdiscovereditwasagreatwaytomeetpeople!
12. M1: Didyouhaveagoodseatfortheconcert?
F1: Agoodseat!Ipracticallyneededatelescopejusttoseethestage!
M2: Whatcanbeinferredfromthewoman’sremark?
13. F1: Isiteverhot!
M1: Ifyouthinkthisishot,youshouldhavebeenherelastsummer.
14. M1: Istheswimmingpooloncampusopentothepublic?
F2: Itis,butifyou’renotastudent,you’llhavetopayafeetoswimthere.
15. F1: Justlookatthosestars!

M1: Theycertainlydon’tlooksoclearandbrightfromthecity,dothey?
F1: No,never.
16. M2: Whatcanbeinferredaboutthespeakers?
M1: There’saphonecallforyou,Mike.
M2: Forme?ButIalmostneverworkonSaturdays.NooneknowsI’mheretoday.
M3: WhatdoesMikeimply?
REVIEWTESTA:DIALOGUES
1. D 9. B
2. C 10. D
3. B 11. A
4. B 12. C
5. C 13. C
6. A 14. B
7. B 15. B
8. C 16. C
AUDIOSCRIPT
1. F1: WhatdoyouthinkaboutWanda?
M1: WhenIfirstmether,Ididn’tlikeherthatmuch,butIreallywarmeduptoherafterawhile.
M2: WhatdoesthemanimplyaboutWanda?
2. M1: HaveyouseenthatoldHumphreyBogartmovieCasablanca?
F2: Seenit!Onlyaboutamilliontimes!
M2: Whatdoesthewomanimplyaboutthemovie?
3. M1: Tryaglassofthisjuiceandseehowyoulikeit.It’sanewbrand.
F1: Umm...I’dsayitstacksupprettywellagainsttheotherkinds.
4.
F2: Adam,doyouknowthetoolsIlentyouwhenyouwerebuildingthosebookshelveslast
month?I’dliketohavethemback.
M1: Uh,well,Ihatetotellyouthis...butIcan’tseemtolaymyhandsonthem.
M2: WhatdoesAdamimply?
5. F1: Excuseme...couldIgetanotherglassoficedtea?
F2: Sure,I’lltellyourwaitertobringyouone.
6. F2: Now,iftherearenomorequestions,let’smoveontothenextchapter.
M1: Excuseme,professor—couldwegooverthatlastpointoncemore?
M2: Whatdoesthemanwanttodo?
7.
M1: I’malmostoutofmoneyagainthismonth.
F2: Whydon’tyoukeeptrackofyourexpensesandpayments?Thatmighthelpyoumakeends
meet.
M1: Well...itwouldn’thurttogiveitatry.
8. M1: Iseeyouboughtanewlamp.
F1: Yeah,isn’titgreat?WheredoyouthinkIshouldputit,inmylivingroomorinmybedroom?
M1: IfIwereyou,I’dputitinthecloset.
9. M2: Whatcanbeinferredfromtheman’scomment?
F1: Lookoverthere.Isn’tthatErnieintheredcar?
M1: No,butitcertainlylookslikehim.
10. F2: Ididn’tthinkJohnhadeverbeenscubadivingbefore.

M1: Oh,sure.John’sanoldhandatscubadiving.
M2: WhatdoesthemansayaboutJohn?
11. M1: Becky,areyougoingtobeusingyourcomputermuchlonger?Ifso,Icangouseoneatthelibrary.
F1: I’malmostfinished.
M1: Allright,I’lljustwaitthen.
12. F1: Wow,didyouseethatringLaurabought?
F2: Uhhuh—musthavecostheraprettypenny.
M2: Whatdothespeakersmean?
13. F1: WhatroomisProfessorClayburnspeakingintonight?
M1: ProfessorClayburnisspeakingtonight?
M2: Whatdoesthemanimplybyhisremark?
14. M1: IthoughtIheardbarkingcomingfromJoe’sroom.
F1: Barking!Doesn’tJoeknowthere’saruleagainstkeepingpetsinthedorm!
M2: Whatcanbeconcludedfromthisconversation?
15. F1: Bill,Ithoughtyouhadsomuchworktodo.
M1: I’mjusttakingalittlebreak.
16. F1: HeyPaul,couldyouhelpmemovethisboxupstairs?
M1: Sure,I...say,whatdoyouhaveinhere?Yourrockcollection?
EXERCISE5.1
1. B 6. B
2. A 7. A
3. B 8. B
4. A 9. A
5. B
AUDIOSCRIPT
1. M1: Thesciencebuildingissoold,itoughttobetorndown!
M2: Icouldn’tagreewithyouless!It’salandmark!
2. F1: Thewindisreallybadtoday.
M1: Isitever!Ittooksomepaintingsrightoutofmyhands.
3. M1: Ididn’tthinkProfessorHall’slecturewasveryinformative.
M2: Youdidn’t?Ican’tsayIagreewithyouonthat.
4. F1: Anthonyisquiteasinger.
M1: Youbetheis!
5. M1: Ithinktheserviceatthatnewcaféisprettygood.
F1: IwishIcouldsaythesame.
6. M1: CertainlyCurtiswon’trunforstudentclasspresidentnow!
F1: Don’tbesosureaboutthat.
7. M1: It’sbeenalong,hardday.
F1: Hasn’titthough!
8. F1: Ithinkskydivingmustbeexciting.
M1: Youwouldn’tcatchmejumpingoutofanairplane!
9. M1: Goodthingtherewasafireextinguisherinthehallway.
F1: I’llsecondthat!
EXERCISE5.2
1. A 6. B
2. D 7. D
3. C 8. B
4. D 9. C
5. B 10. A
AUDIOSCRIPT
1. F1: I’dratherhaveafinalexamthanwritearesearchpaper.
M1: Me,too.Researchpaperstakealotmoretime.
2. M1: Thisfirstchapterinthestatisticstextbookseemsprettysimple.
F1: Ofcourse,butI’msuretheotherchaptersaremoredifficult.
M2: Howdoesthewomanfeelaboutthefirstchapter?
3. F1: Theuniversityshouldmakeiteasierforstudentstoregisterforclasses.
M1: Icouldn’tagreewithyoumore!
M2: Howdoesthemanfeelaboutthewoman’sidea?
4. M1: Jack’sstorywascertainlywellwritten.
F1: Wasn’titthough!Andsofullofinterestingdetails.
M2: Whatwasthewoman’sopinionofJack’sstory?
5. F1: Whataperfectdaytotakeabikeride!
M1: Youcansaythatagain!
6.
M1: Ican’tunderstandwhyArthurdroppedhischemistryclass.Hewasdoingsowellinit.
F1: Well,meneither,buthemusthaveagoodreason.
7. M1: Tom’splanissoimpractical,itwillneverwork.
F1: That’snotnecessarilyso.
M2: WhatdoesthewomansayaboutTom’splan?
8. M1: Didyoureadthiseditorialinthemorningpaper?
F1: Isuredid,anddiditevermakemeangry!
M1: IfeltthesamewaywhenIfirstreadit,butyouknow,themoreIthoughtaboutit,themoreI
agreedwithit.
M2: Whatwastheman’sinitialreactiontotheeditorial?
9. M1: Thelibrarysureiscrowdedthisevening.
F1: Isitever!Youcantellit’sgettingnearfinalexamweek.
M2: Whatdoesthewomansayaboutthelibrary?
10. F1: Madeleinedesignedthecostumesfortheplay.They’rewonderful,don’tyouthink?
M1: Absolutely.Whowouldn’t?
EXERCISE6.1
1. A 8. B
2. A 9. B
3. B 10. A
4. B 11. A
5. B 12. B
6. A 13. A
7. A
AUDIOSCRIPT
1. F1: MayIhelpyou?
M1: Thanks,butI’mjustlookingaround.
2. M2: Canyoucometotherecitalthisevening?
F2: I’msupposedtobeworkingonmyresearchthisevening,butyouknow,Ithinkabreakwould
benice.
3. M1: ThatauthorwebothlikeisgoingtobesigningbooksatAppleton’sBookstorethisafternoon.
F1: I’mnotbusythisafternoon.Whydon’twego?
4. F2: Mark,wouldyoumindtakingcareofmytropicalfishnextweek?I’mgoingtobeoutoftown.
M2: Oh,no,Iwouldn’tmindatall.
5. M1: Ineedtogetmoreexercise.
F2: Youcouldalwaystrybicycling.That’sgreatexercise.
6. F1: CanIseethephotographsyoutookonthetrip?
M2: Ifyouwantto,whynot?
7. M1: Ican’tseemtogetmycarstarted.
M2: YouknowwhatI’ddo,Ed?
8. M1: Thesemathproblemsarehard.
F2: Wantmetogiveyouafewhints?
9. M2: Cynthia,ifyouhaveaclass,Icouldtakeyourbrothertotheairportforyou.
F1: Couldyou?Thatwouldbegreat.
10. M1: ShouldIturnonthetelevision?
F2: Pleasedon’t.
11. F2: Youcouldsavealotoftimeatthesupermarketbymakingupalistbeforeyougo.
M1: It’sworthatry,Iguess.
12. M1: Bob,getmeacupofcoffee,willyou?
M2: WhodoyouthinkIam,yourwaiter?
13. F1: I’mgoingtogooutandgetsomethingtoeat.Wanttocome?
M1: I’vegotabetteridea.Let’shaveapizzadelivered.
EXERCISE6.2
1. C 7. A
2. D 8. C
3. A 9. C
4. A 10. A
5. B 11. B
6. D 12. B
AUDIOSCRIPT
1. F1: DoyoumindifIsmoke?
M1: Asamatteroffact,Ido.
2. M1: Idon’tknowwhattowearthisevening.Mybluesuithasn’tcomebackfromthecleanersyet.
F2: Well,there’salwaysyourgrayone.Thatlooksniceonyou.
M2: Whatdoesthewomansayaboutthegraysuit?
3. F1: Weneedsomeonetoplantheclasstrip.
M1: HowaboutCathy?
M2: WhatdoesthemansayaboutCathy?
4. F2: ShallImakesomemorecoffee?
M1: Notonmyaccount.
5. M1: ShouldIopenthewindow?It’sgettingalittlewarminhere.
F1: Don’tbother,I’lldoit.
6. M1: Idon’tknowwhattoorderforlunch.I’mtiredofthesandwichesinthecafeteria.
F2: Whataboutsomevegetablesoup?
M1: Youknow,thatdoesn’tsoundtoobad.
M2: Whatwillthemanprobablydo?
7. M1: I’mgoingtocleanmylivingroomthisafternoon.
F2: Shouldn’tyoucleanyourkitchen,too?
8.
M1: Whatofficeareyoulookingfor?
F1: Theregistrar’soffice.Ineedsomeinformationaboutsigningupforclassesnextsemester.
M1: That’sacrosscampusfromhere.Wouldyoulikemetoshowyouonthismap?
M2: Whatdoesthemanoffertodoforthewoman?
9. M1: Well,that’sitforourstatisticshomework.Weshouldworkonourmathproblemsnext.
F1: Whatabouttakingalittlebreakfirst?
M2: Whatdoesthewomansuggesttheydo?
10. F2: Doyouthinkthistoastercanberepaired?
M1: IfIwereinyourshoes,Lisa,IthinkI’djustbuyanotherone.
M2: WhatdoesthemansuggestthatLisado?
11. F2: WouldyoumindifIreadyourmagazine?Thatlookslikeaninterestingarticle.
M1: No,gorightahead.I’mfinishedwithit.
M2: Whatdoesthemantellthewoman?
12. M1: Youknow,IthinkI’mgoingtogetanewcomputerdesk.Thisoneisjusttoosmallformeto
workat.
F2: Whataboutbuyinganewcomputerinstead?Yoursispracticallyanantique!
EXERCISE7
1. D 9. D
2. B 10. A
3. B 11. A
4. A 12. D
5. C 13. C
6. A 14. B
7. A 15. B
8. D
AUDIOSCRIPT
1. M2: Ginnymayjoinusfordinnertomorrownight.Isthatallright?
F1: Sure,butifshedoes,IguessI’dbetterservefish.Shedoesn’tcareforchicken.
M2: Actually,I’msureshedoes.
F2: WhatdoesthemansayaboutGinny?
2. F1: MonaismovingintoanewapartmentonSunday.
M1: Soshefinallyfoundaplace,didshe?
F2: WhathadthemanassumedaboutMona?
3. M1: Iwastoldtogotothedean’soffice.
F1: Bywhom?
F2: Whatdoesthewomanwanttoknow?
4.
F1: Itoldeveryonethatofcourseyouweren’tinterestedinrunningforclasspresident.
M1: Butasamatteroffact,Iam.
5. F1: Carol’swordprocessingthefinaldraftofherpaperrightnow.
M2: Oh,soshefinallyfinishedtheresearchforit?
F2: WhathadthemanassumedaboutCarol?
6. M2: Bertsayshelovestoridehorses.
F1: Sure,butyoudon’tactuallyseehimonhorsebackveryoften,doyou?
F2: WhatdoesthewomanimplyaboutBert?
7. F1: AnyonecallwhileIwasout?
M1: Yeah,yourtravelagentcalled.Shesaidshe’dmadeyourflightreservation.
F1: Isee.Howlongagowasthis?
8. M2: DidyouknowCliffisworkingpart-timeinthecafeterianow?
F1: Oh,hefinallydecidedtogetajob,then?
F2: WhathadthewomanassumedaboutCliff?
9. M1: Wespentthewholedayhiking.
F1: Really?Howfardidyougo?
10. M1: Ineedsomenewclothes.
F1: TherearesomeniceclothesinthatstoreonCollinsStreet,anditseemstomethepricesthere
areprettyreasonable.
M1: Reasonable!Iwouldn’tcallthemreasonable.
11. M1: There’sgoingtobeameetingtodiscusstheproposedrecreationcenter.
F1: Really?Where?
F2: Whatdoesthewomanasktheman?
12. M2: Joyisgoingtostudyoverseasinaspecialprogramnextyear.
F1: That’snotuntilnextyear?
F2: Whathadthewomanassumed?
13. M1: IwenttoapartyatRusty’shousethisweekend.
F1: Didyouhaveagoodtime?
F2: Whatdoesthewomanasktheman?
14. F1: Teddidn’tdoagoodjobontheseproblems.He’llhavetodothemallover.
M2: Well,afewofthem,anyway.
15.
F1: Istoppedatthegrocerystoreonthewayhomefromclass.
M2: Yeah?Howcome?
F2: Whatdoesthemanaskthewoman?
EXERCISE8
1. A 7. C
2. D 8. B
3. D 9. B
4. B 10. C
5. B 11. B
6. D 12. D
AUDIOSCRIPT
1. F2: Ican’tbelievehowicythehighwayistonight.
F1: Yeah,I’veneverseenitsobad.Maybeweshouldjuststayatamotelandseeifit’sanybetter
inthemorning.
M2: Whataretheytalkingabout?
2. F2: Hello.
F1: Greatpartyyouthrewlastnight,Beth.
F2: Yeah,butyoushouldseemyapartmentthismorning.Whatamess!Ifeellikemovingsome-
whereelse!
F1: Don’tworry.I’llcomeoverthisafternoonandhelpyouout.
M2: Whataretheyprobablygoingtodothisafternoon?
3. F1: JoeandNancyandIwerehopingtogetaridetothepartywithyou.
M1: Withme?ButIdrivealittletwo-seater.
M2: Whatistheproblem?
4. M2: Youmeanit’sstillclosed?
M1: Yes,sir,therepairswon’tbedoneforanothertwoweeks.You’llhavetotakeHighway17to
Springdaleandcrosstheriverontheonedownthere.
M3: Whataretheyprobablytalkingabout?
5. M2: Okay,sotomorrow,I’llbringtheportablestoveandthefood.
M1: AndI’llbringthetentandwe’lleachbringasleepingbag.
M2: Hey,thisisgoingtobefun!
6. M3: Whatarethespeakersprobablyplanningtodotomorrow?
F1: Ilikeyournewglasses,Brian.
M1: Ilikethesenewframes,too,butmyvisionisblurryandI’vebeenhavingheadaches.
I’vegottogobacktoDr.Lambandgetsomenewlensesprescribed.
M2: WhatdoesBrianintendtodo?
7. F2: DoyouthinkI’llneedtoputontwocoatsofthislatex?
M1: Willyoubeusingbrushesoraroller?
M2: Whatarethesepeoplediscussing?
8.
F1: WanttowatchthatdocumentaryaboutpolarbearsinCanadanow?
M1: Well,Iamalittletired,butokay,sure—whatchannel?
M2: Whatisthemangoingtodonext?
9.
M1: Uh,Denise,doyourememberthatartbookIborrowedfromyoulastmonth?
F2: Oh,right.Doyouhaveitforme?I’mgoingtoneeditbacksoon.
M1: Ummm,well,actually,I’mgoingtohavetoreplaceit.See,TuesdayIwaslookingatitoutin
theyard,andforgottobringitinwithme—andyourememberthatrainwehadTuesday
night?
M2: Whatproblemdidthemanhavewiththebook?
10. M1: Takealookatthismodel.It’sincrediblyfast,andithasanextendedkeyboard.
F1: Doesithavemuchmemory?
M2: Whatarethespeakersprobablydiscussing?
11. F2: Shirley,areyougoingtogorightontobusinessschoolwhenyoufinishyourundergraduate
program?
F1: Actually,Ihopetogetsomepracticalexperiencewithabiginternationalcorporationfirst.
F2: That’sagoodidea,Ithink.
M2: WhatwillShirleyprobablydorightaftershefinishesherundergraduateprogram?
12. F2: Dave,Phyllisisgoingtobeupsetwithyouifyoudon’tsendherapostcardwhilewe’rehere
onvacation
M1: Yeah,well,I’dliketosendherone,butI’vebeenbythepostofficetwicetobuystampsand
forsomereasonithasn’tbeenopen.
M2: WhatisDave’sproblem?
EXERCISE9
1. B 8. A
2. B 9. A
3. B 10. A
4. A 11. B
5. A 12. A
6. B 13. B
7. B
AUDIOSCRIPT
1. F1: DougandRosearesuchgoodfriends.
M1: Well—theyusedtobe.
M2: Whatdoesthemansay?
2. M1: I’mgoingtorewiremyhousemyself.
F2: IfIwereyou,Roger,IthinkI’dhaveaprofessionaldoit.
M2: WhatdoesthewomantellRoger?
3. F1: Ithoughtthiswasaclassicalmusicstation.
M1: Itusedtobe,butnowit’sa24-hournewsstation.
M2: Whatdoesthemansayabouttheradiostation?
4. F1: Lynn,whodidyougettochangeyouroil?
F2: NowwhywouldIneedanyonetodothatforme?
M2: WhatcanbeinferredfromLynn’sremark?
5. F1: I’mhavingahardtimegettingusedtothisearlymorningclass.
M1: Yeah,metoo.
6. M1: Peggy,doyouevergoskatinganymore?
F2: Sometimes,butnotasmuchasIusedto.
M2: WhatdoesPeggymean?
7. F1: Yougotsomeeggonyourtie,Kenny.
M1: Iknow.I’llhavetogetitcleaned.
M2: WhatdoesKennymean?
8. F2: There’ssomethingdifferentaboutyourapartment,isn’tthere?
M1: Thatposterovermydeskusedtobeoverthesofa.
9. M1: WillyourbossletyoutakeavacationinAugust?
F1: Ifhedoesn’t,I’lljustlookforanotherjobwhenIgetback.
10. F2: Greg,thatwasaninterestingpointyoumadeinclass.
M1: Thanks.ButwhentheteachermademeexplainwhatImeant,Ididn’tknowexactlywhatto
saytoher.
M2: WhatdidGreg’steacherdo?
11. F1: Carterjustdoesn’tlookthesamethesedays.
F2: Iknow.I’mnotusedtoseeinghimwithoutglasseseither.
M2: WhatdothespeakerssayaboutCarter?
12. F2: Nick,howdoyoulikethishot,humidweather?
M1: Well,growingupinNewOrleans,I’mprettymuchusedtoit.
M2: WhatdoesNicktellthewoman?
13.
F1: Youlooknicetoday,Sally.
F2: Thanks—ourclubishavingourphototakentodayfortheyearbook.
M2: WhatdoesSallymean?
REVIEWTESTB:DIALOGUES
1. A 9. A
2. D 10. C
3. D 11. A
4. B 12. D
5. A 13. A
6. D 14. C
7. D 15. D
8. B 16. D
AUDIOSCRIPT
1. M1: So,whatmakesthesesovaluable?
F2: Well,they’refirsteditions,thataddsvalue.Andthey’reinmintcondition.
M1: Andsincetheyhavetheoriginaldustjackets,Isupposethatmakesthemworthmoretoo,huh?
M2: Whataretheydiscussing?
2. M1: I’mtired.Myneighborkeptmeupuntil2:00a.m.,playinghisstereoatthehighestvolume.
I’mthinkingaboutlookingforanewapartment.
F1: Beforeyoudo,whydon’tyouhaveachatwithyourneighbor.Maybehe’dbewillingtoturn
downhisstereoatnight.
M2: Whatdoesthewomansuggest?
3. M1: Sonya,areyouplanningtosignupforProfessorOsborne’sseminarnextsemester?
F1: Ithinkso,butI’vegottogethispermissionfirst.
M1: Actually,Idon’tthinkyoudo.
4. M2: WhatdoesthemantellSonyaabouttheseminar?
F1: Adam,doyourememberthetoolsIlentyouwhenyouwerebuildingthosebookshelves?I’d
liketohavethemback.
M2: Uh,well,Ihatetotellyouthis,butIcan’tseemtolaymyhandsonthem.
5. F2: WhatdoesAdamimply?
M1: Mysisterislookingforaroommate.Doyouknowanyonewhomightwanttomoveinwith
her?
F1: HowaboutGrace?She’llneedaplaceattheendofthemonth.
M1: Hmmmm...can’tyouthinkofanyoneelse?
6. M1: We’dbetterleaverightnow.
F2: What’stherush,Mark?
M2: WhatdoesthewomanaskMark?
7. M1: It’sfreezingouthere!I’mgoingtoputonmyscarfandgloves.
F2: Shouldn’tyouputonahat,too?
8. M1: Ididn’tthinktheteamwasverywellpreparedforthatgame.
M2: Totellyouthetruth,neitherdidI.
M3: Whatdoesthesecondmanmean?
9. F2: Whyareyouwalkingthatway,Richard?Didyouhurtyourselfwhenyouwentskiing?
M1: No,no—it’stheseshoes;they’renotbrokeninyet.
M2: WhatproblemisRichardhaving?
10. M1: Ididn’trealizeyouwereanarthistorymajor.
F2: I’mnot.I’mtakingaclassinarthistory,butI’mstudyingtobeacommercialartist.
M2: Whatarethesepeoplediscussing?
11.
M1: Weshouldhaveadinnerparty.
F1: Youtookthewordsrightoutofmymouth.
12. F2: Victorsureisoutgoing.

M1: Isn’the!It’shardtobelieveheusedtobeshy.
M2: WhatdothespeakersimplyaboutVictor?
13. F1: CanIlookatyourpaintingforasecond?
M1: Bemyguest.
14. M1: Greatweatherwe’rehaving,huh?
F1: Yeah,butdon’tgettoousedtoit.Iheardontheradiothatthere’sabigchangeinstore
tomorrow.
M2: Whatdoesthewomantelltheman?
15. F1: IstoppedbyDoctorNorton’sofficeatthemedicalcenter.
F2: Really?Whatfor?
M2: Whatdoesthewomanwanttoknow?
16. F1: DidyouknowAngelahadfinishedallherrequiredcourses?She’llbegraduatinginMay.
M1: Oh,soshedoesn’thavetorepeatthatchemistrycourseafterall.
M2: WhathadthemanassumedaboutAngela?
LISTENINGPARTB:LONGERTALKS
EXERCISE10
1. B 5. B
2. B,C 6. B
3. C 7. A
4. A,D 8. D
AUDIOSCRIPT
F1: Listentoaconversationbetweenateacherandastudent.
M1: ProfessorMueller,I’vealmostfinishedpreparingmypresentationforyourclass,butI’mnot
reallysatisfiedwithit.Couldyougivemesomeadvice?
F2: I’llbehappyto.Whattopicdidyouchoose?
M1: It’saboutmethodsofpredictingearthquakes,butsofar,it’sjustalotoffactsandfigures.
HowcanImakeitmoreinteresting?
F2: Maybeyoucouldusesomecomputergraphicstohelptheclassmakesenseofyourstatistics.
1. Whatwillthemaintopicofthisconversationprobablybe?
F2: Listentopartofadiscussioninaneconomicsclass.Theclasshasbeenstudyingtaxation.
M2: InlastFriday’sclass,IaskedyoutoreadthefirstpartofChapter22,abouttaxation.
Thetextsaystherearetwomaintypesoftaxation.Anyonerememberwhattheyare?Yes,Troy?
M1: Ithinkthebooksaidtheyweredirectandindirect—right?
M2: Right,Troy.Andcananyonedefinedirecttaxation ?Cheryl?
F1: That’swhenthepersonorfirmwhoistaxedpaysthegovernmentdirectly.Likeincometax.
M2: Yougotit.Andsoindirecttaxation...
F1: IfIunderstandthebook,it’swhenthepersonorfirmwhoistaxedpassesthetaxonto
someoneelse.Agoodisimportedintoacountry,thegovernmenttaxesthecompanythat
ownsit,andthenthatcompanychargescustomers—that’sindirecttaxation—right?
M2: Yes,exactly.Cananyonethinkofanotherexample?Troy?
M1: Well,lastyear,thecityraisedpropertytaxes,andmylandladyraisedmyrenttohelppaythe
highertaxes.Isthatanexample?
M2: Itcertainlyis.Cheryl,youhaveaquestion?
F1: Yes,Professor,Iwasjustwondering—whataboutsalestaxes?Aretheyindirectordirect?
M2: Ummm,goodquestion.I’llletyouallthinkaboutthatforaminute,andthenyoutellme.
2. Whatarethemainpurposesofthisdiscussion?
F2: Listentothefollowingconversationinauniversitylibrary.
F1: I’minProfessorQuinn’spoliticalscienceclass.Shetoldusthatshe’dputsomearticleson
reserveforherclass.
F3: Yes,thosewouldbeatthereservedesk.
F1: DoIneedalibrarycardtolookatthosearticles?
F3: No,justastudentIDcard.Ifyou’venevercheckedoutanyreservematerials,Icantellyou
whatyouneedtodo.
3. Whatwillthemainsubjectofthisconversationprobablybe?
F2: Listentopartofalectureaboutadanceprogram.
F1: Sinceallofyouhaveexpressedinterestinjoiningtheuniversitydanceprogram,Iprobably
don’thavetosaymuchaboutthephysicalandpsychologicalrewardsofbeinginadance
programsuchasthisone.Instead,Iwanttoconcentrateonsomeofthedrawbacks—theearly
morningsandlatenights,theachesandpainsandthephysicalexhaustion,andalltheother
sacrificesyou’llbecalledontomakeifyouarechosenfortheprogram.Andif,despitewhat
youhear,youstillwanttotryoutfortheprogram,I’llletyouknowhowtosetupyour
preliminarydanceaudition.
4. Whatwilltherestofthistalkmainlybeabout?
F2: Listentoaconversationbetweentwostudents.
M1: Well,Ihadaprettyrelaxingvacation.Howaboutyou,Tina?
F1: Iwouldn’texactlycallitrelaxing,butitcertainlywasinteresting.
M1: IrememberyousaidyouwereeithergoingtoEuropeoryouweregoingtoworkatyour
parents’company.
F1: Ichangedmymindanddidn’tdoeither.Myanthropologyprofessortalkedmeintovolunteer-
ingforanarchaeologicalprojectinNewMexico.
5. Whatwillthetwospeakersprobablydiscuss?
F2: Listentopartofadiscussioninapsychologyclass.
F1: Excuseme,ProfessorNorton,I’malittleconfused...
M1: Whyisthat,Deborah?
F1: Well,whenyouweretalkingaboutESP,yousaidthatmostscientiststodaydon’tbelieveit
exists.
M1: That’sright.First,doeseveryoneinclassknowwhatESPis?
M2: Sure—ESPmeansextrasensoryperception.Mindreadingandthatkindofthing.
M1: Gooddefinition.It’ssometimescalledparapsychology.
F1: Well,thereasonI’mconfusedisthatIreadanarticleaboutESPstudiesatsomeuniversity.It
saidthattheresearchersconcludedthatanumberofpeopledidhaveESPabilities.
M1: You’reprobablythinkingoftheexperimentsatDukeUniversity.AProfessornamedJ.P.Rhine
establishedaparapsychologylabthere,aboutfiftyyearsago,andhedevelopedexperiments
thatseemedtoshowthatsomepeoplehadremarkableESPtalents.
F1: Yes,that’sit—IrememberitwasatDukeUniversity.
M2: SoProfessor,whathappenedtochangeeveryone’smindsaboutESP?
M1: Well,sincethen,alotofresearchershavedecidedthatRhine’sevidencewasquestionable.
Today,whenexperimentsaremorecarefullycontrolled,similarperformancesarerare.Andin
science,thetrendshouldbetheopposite.
M2: Whatdoyoumean,Professor?
M1: Well,ifthephenomenonyou’reinvestigatingisreal,andtheexperimentsareimproved,then
theresultsyougetshouldbemorecertain,notlesscertain.
F1: So,youdon’tthinkESPispossible?
M1: Well,let’sjustsaythatIdon’tthinkthere’sanyexperimentalproofforit.
6. Whatarethespeakersmainlydiscussing?
F2: ListentopartofalectureinanAmericanhistoryclass.
M2: Goodafternoon.I’mRobertWolfe,presidentoftheStateHistoricalSociety.ProfessorLewishas
askedmetogiveaguestlecture.I’mgoingtogiveyouashortpresentationonsomefamous
shipwrecks,especiallyonesthattookplaceinthewatersoffNewEngland,andI’mgoingto
spendmostofmytimeexplaininghowastudyofshipwreckscancontributetoanunderstand-
ingofhistory.
7. Whatisthislectureprimarilygoingtoconcern?
F2: Listentopartofalecturegiveninanadvertisingclass.
M2: Goodmorning,students.Inourlastclass,weweretalkingaboutregulationintheadvertising
industry.Infact,asyoumayremember,Isaidadvertisingwasoneofthemostheavilyregulated
industriesintheUnitedStates,andIgaveasanexamplethelawthatprohibitsadvertising
tobaccoproductsontelevision.Now,intoday’sclass,Iwanttotellyouaboutself-regulationin
advertising,whichtheindustryhasadoptedasawaytostopabusesbeforetheycanoccur.As
we’llsee,theseself-imposedcodesofethicsareintendedtocontrolnotonlybadtastebutalso
misrepresentationanddeception—although,ofcourse,theydon’talwayswork.Anyquestions
beforewegetstarted?
8. Whatwilltherestofthelectureprobablyconcern?
EXERCISE11
1. A 14. B,C
2. B 15. D
3. B,C 16. C
4. C 17. B,C
5. D 18. C
6. D 19. A
7. A 20. D
8. D 21. C
9. C 22. A,B
10. A 23. B
11. B,C 24. B
12. A 25. B
13. B
AUDIOSCRIPT
F2: Youlookexhaustedthismorning,Steve.
M1: Iamprettytired.Istayedupnearlyallnightgettingreadyformychemistrymidtermexamthis
morning.
F2: Haveyougottentheresultsofthetestyet?
M1: Yes,andunfortunately,mygradecouldhavebeenmuchbetter.ButI’mnotallthatsurprised.
NomatterhowmuchtimeIspendstudying,Ineverseemtodowellontests.
F2: Youknow,Steve,ifIwereyou,I’dconsidertakingsomeoftheseminarsofferedbytheStudy
SkillsCenter.
M1: TheStudySkillsCenter?Neverheardofit.
F2: Well,it’srunbyagroupofgraduatestudentsandprofessorswhohelpundergraduatestudents
improvetheirstudytechniques.
M1: Whatkindofseminarsdoesthecenterofferthatcouldhelpme?
F2: Well,theyhaveoneontest-takingskills.
M1: ThatdefinitelysoundslikesomethingIneed.
F2: There’salsoaseminarthatteachesyoutomanageyourtimeefficiently.Youshouldfindthat
useful,Ishouldthink.
M1: Yeah,maybe.So,whereisthecenter?
F2: Theyholdmostoftheirseminarsinthelibrary,butthemainofficeisinStauntonHall,right
acrossthequadranglefromthePhysicsTower.
M1: Youknow,IthinkI’llgooverthererightnowandtalktosomeone.
F2: Whydon’tyouwaituntiltomorrow?Rightnow,youshouldgobacktoyourdormandcatch
uponyoursleep.
1. WhyisStevetired?
2. HowdidStevefeelaboutthegradehereceived?
3. WhoteachestheseminarsattheStudySkillsCenter?
4. WhatseminarwillSteveprobablytake?
5. WhereisthemainofficeoftheStudySkillsCenter?
6. WhatdoesthewomanthinkSteveshoulddonext?
M2: Listentopartofatalkgiveninaspacescienceclass.
F2: TheskiesaboveEarthareturningintoajunkyard.EversincetheSovietUnionlaunched
Sputnik,thefirstsatellite,waybackin1957,virtuallyeverylaunchhascontributedtothe
amountofdebrisinEarth’sorbit.Luckily,mostofthisjunkburnsupafteritreentersthe
Earth’satmosphere,butsomewillbeupthereinorbitforyearstocome.Today,thereare
about8,000bodiesinorbitbeingmonitoredfromEarth.Outofallthose,onlyaround3to400
areactiveanduseful.Therearealsoprobablyhalfamillionpiecesofdebristootinytobe
monitored.
Someorbitaldebrisisasbigasabus,butmostisintheformoftinyflecksofpaintor
piecesofmetal.Thedebrisincludesfoodwrappers,anastronaut’sglove,thelenscapfroma
camera,brokentools,andbagsofunwasheduniforms.Thelargestpieces—mostlyempty
boosterrockets—arenotnecessarilythemostdangerousbecausetheycanbedetectedand
spacecraftcanavoidthem.Andthesmallestparticlesgenerallycauseonlysurfacedamage.
However,acollisionwithaparticleaneighthofaninchindiameter—sayaboutthesizeofan
aspirin—couldpuncturethehullofaspacecraftorspacestationandcausedepressurization.
Imaginewhatmighthappenifaspacecraftstruckascrewdriverorawrenchthatsome
astronauthaddroppedduringaspacewalk!Thesesmallobjectsaresodangerous,ofcourse,
becauseoftheirtremendousspeed.
Sowhatcanbedoneaboutthisproblem?Well,twoengineersrecentlyproposedanovel
solutiontotheproblemoforbitaljunk:acollectorthatconsistsofanarrayofwater-spraying
coneslinedwithplasticfiberstocollectthedebris.Thedebrisisthenstoredinacanisterlocated
behindthecones.Ibroughtamodelofthiscollectoralongwithmesoyoucanseewhatitlooks
like.Althoughthisinventionisstillinitsconceptualstage,twopossibleuseshavebeenproposed.
Itcouldbelaunchedwithafree-flyingunmannedsatellitetoactivelyseekoutdebris,oritcould
belaunchedintoorbitwithamannedspacecrafttoserveasadefensiveshield.
7. Whendidorbitaldebrisfirstappear?
8. Whathappenstomostpiecesoforbitaldebris?
9. Howmanyorbitalbodiesarebeingmonitoredtoday?
10. Whyisitimpossibletomonitormostpiecesoforbitaldebris?
11. Whichofthefollowingtypesoforbitaldebrisareprobablymostdangeroustoastronautsona
spacecraft?
12. Whatmakesorbitaldebrissuchadangertospacecraft?
13. Assumethatthisisarepresentationofasatelliteequippedwithacollector.Wherewouldthespace
debrisbestored?
14. Inwhichwayscouldthecollectorbeusedtosolvetheproblemoforbitaldebris?
15. Whatcanbeinferredaboutthecollectordescribedinthisportionofthetalk?
M2: Listentoadiscussionthattakesplacebeforeabiologyclass.
F1: Hello,Rebecca,hello,John.Didyouhaveagoodspringbreak?
M1: HiProfessor—actually,Ijuststayedintownandworked.Ididn’tdoanythingtooexciting.
F2: AndIwenthometoseemyparents.Howaboutyou,Professor—whatdidyoudooverthebreak?
F1: Well, one of my colleagues, Professor Nugent from the history department, is doing research
on California mission churches, so I went to California to help by taking some photographs.
Also, we were able to arrange our trip so that we were in the town of San Juan Capistrano
when the swallows returned. That’s something I always wanted to see. As you know, I’m
interested in migration patterns, and this is one of the more remarkable migrations in all the
animal kingdom.
M1: WhereisSanJuanCapistrano,Professor?
F1: It’sonthePacificCoast,betweenLosAngelesandSanDiego.
F2: I’veheadaboutthoseswallowsbefore—theyalwaysreturnonthesamedate,don’tthey?
F1: That’sright—onMarch19.Andtheyalwaysflyawayonthesameday,October23rd.Inthe
meantime,theymigrateover7,000milestogettotheirwinterhomes.
M1: Seventhousandmiles—imagine!Andalwaysarrivingonthesameday.
F1: Yes,almostalways.Oneyear,alongtimeago,theyweredelayedforseveraldaysbyastormat
sea.
F2: Sothere’samissionchurchinSanJuanCapistrano?
F1: Well,there’stheruinsofone.ThetowngrewuparoundachurchthattheSpanishbuiltinthe
1770s.Butitwasmostlydestroyedbyanearthquakeintheearly1800s.Today,therearejusta
fewwallsandpartofthetoweroftheoldchurchstillstanding.Infact,theswallowsliketo
buildtheirnestsintheruins.
F2: Soweretherealotoftouriststheretoseetheswallowsreturn?
F1: Ohyes,thousandsofthem.There’squiteacelebration.Thetownspeopleevenhaveaparade
towelcometheswallowsback.
M1: Wow.Theymustreallylikethoseswallows!
F1: Sure—notonlydotheswallowsbringlotsoftouristmoneytotown,buttheyalsoeatinsects—
includingmosquitoes!
16. WhereisthetownofSanJuanCapistranolocated?
17. Whatweretheprofessor’smainreasonsforgoingtoSanJuanCapistrano?
18. Whatcanbeinferredabouttheswallows?
19. WhendotheswallowsreturntoSanJuanCapistrano?
20. Howfardotheswallowsmigrate?
21. Accordingtotheprofessor,howwasthemissionchurchinSanJuanCapistranodamaged?
22. Accordingtotheprofessor,whyaretheswallowspopularwiththepeopleofSanJuanCapistrano?
M2: Listentoaconversationthattakesplaceonacollegecampus.
M1: I’mhereforthecampustour.
F2: I’msorry,weonlyofferguidedtoursduringthefirstweekofthesemester.
M1: Ohreally?That’stoobad.Iwasreallyhopingtogetagoodorientation.Lastweek,Ispent
nearlyanhourtryingtofindaclassroomintheFineArtsBuilding.
F2: Youknowwhatyoucando—youcantaketheself-guidedtour.Thispamphlettellsyouexactly
whattodo,wheretogo,andwhattolookfor,andithasacompletemapofthecampus.
M1: Soundseasyenough—wheredoIstart?
F2: Thefirststopisrighthere,intheStudentCenterBuilding.Thenyougonextdoortothe
ScienceBuilding—there’sagreatplanetariumthere,bytheway—andfromthereyougotothe
UniversityRecreationCenter.Afterthat,justfollowthedirectionsinthepamphlet,andyou
can’tgowrong.
23. Whenistheguidedtourofthecampusgiven?
24. Whatdidthemanhavetroublelocatingtheweekbefore?
25. Wheredoestheself-guidedtourstart?
EXERCISE12
1. C,D,A,B 5. B,C,A
2. B,A,C 6. D,A,B,C
3. B,C,A 7. C,B,A
4. A,D,C,B 8. A,B,C
AUDIOSCRIPT
F2: Youwillhearpartofalectureinachemistryclass.Theclasshasbeenfocusingonhydrocar-
boncompounds.
F1: We’vebeenconsideringvarioususefulhydrocarboncompounds,andtoday,we’regoingto
lookatoneofthemostusefulofallofthese.That’sright,I’mtalkingaboutcoal.There
probablywouldn’thavebeenanIndustrialRevolutionintheeighteenthcenturywithoutcoal.
Eventoday,lifewouldbeverydifferentifwedidn’thavecoal.So,wheredoescoalcomefrom?
Well,imaginewhattheearthwaslikesay,300millionyearsago—duringtheCarboniferous
period.Muchofthelandwascoveredwithluxuriantvegetation,especiallyferns—fernsbigas
trees.Eventually,theseplantsdiedandweresubmergedinthewatersofswamps,wherethey
graduallydecomposed.Andwe’veseenwhathappenswhenplantsdecompose—thevegetable
matterlosesoxygenandhydrogenatoms,leavingadepositwithahighpercentageofcarbon.
Inthisway,peatbogswereformed.Then,astimewenton,layersofsandandmudsettled
fromthewateroverthepeatbogs.Thesedepositsgrewthickerandthicker,andthepressure
increased,andthedepositswerecompressedandhardened.Andsoyouhave—coal!
Allgradesofcoalhaveuses.Lignite,thelowestgradeofcoal,isoftenburnedinfurnaces
forheat.Mostbituminouscoal,whichhasahighercarboncontent,isusedbyutilitycompanies
toproduceelectricity.Anthracite,whichhasthehighestcarboncontent,isoftendistilledto
producecoke.Cokeisalmostpurecarbonandisusedinthemanufactureofsteel.Andcoal
tar,oneoftheby-productsofproducingcoke,isusedtomakemanydifferenttypesofplastic.
1. Thelecturerdiscussesthestepsinvolvedinthecreationofcoal.Summarizethisprocessbyputting
theeventsintheproperorder.
2. Matchtheformofcoalwiththetypeofindustrywhichprimarilyusesit.
F2: Listentopartofadiscussioninanaccountingseminar.Theseminaristalkingaboutsomeof
thebasicprinciplesofaccounting.
M2: Hello,everyone.Asyoucanseefromourcoursesyllabus,ourtopictodayissomethingcalled
“GAAP.”Anyonehaveanyideawhatwemeanbythatacronym,GAAP?Yes,Susan?
F1: Um,Ithinkitmeans“GenerallyAcceptedAccountingPractices.”
M2: Almostright.Anyoneelse?Michael?
M1: GenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciples,Ithink.
M2: Bingo,yougotit.Todaywe’regoingtotalkaboutthreeofthemostimportantofthese
principles.First,thebusinessentityprinciple.Whocanexplainthatprinciple—Elaine?
F2: Uh,itmeansthatabusinesshastokeepitsaccountsseparatefromitsowner’saccount.
Isthatright?
M2: Indeeditis,Elaine.Itmeansanowner’sassetsandliabilitiesarenotthesameashisorher
business’sassetsandliabilities.Now,anotherprinciplewe’regoingtoconsidertodayisthe
costprinciple.Michael,whatdoyouthinkthatmightbe?
M1: Idon’tknow,professor—doesitmeanthatcostsalwayshavetoberecordedinthebooks?
M2: Well,notjustthattheyhavetoberecorded,butthattheyhavetoberecordedatthepriceat
whichtheywereoriginallypurchased—notattoday’smarketvalue.Let’ssayyoubought10
computersfiveyearsagofor$1,000each,andthattodaytheyareworthhalfthat.Thisprin-
ciplesaysthatyouhavetokeepthemonyourbooksasbeingworth$1,000.We’lltalkmore
aboutthislater,butfirstIwanttomentionthelastprinciplewe’llconsidertoday,whichisthe
matchingprinciple.Anyoneknowwhatthatis?Susan?
F1: Noidea,Professor.
M1: Anyoneelse?No?Well,thisprinciplesimplystatesthatafirmhastorecordanyexpensesit
incurswhilesellinggoodsorservicesintheperiodwhenthesalewasmade.Ifyouownaused
carlotandyourbookssayyousoldacarinDecember,youhavetorecordtheexpenseofthe
salesperson’sDecembersalaryalongwiththatsale.Okay,we’regoingtogobackandtalk
aboutalltheseprinciplesinmoredetail,butbeforewedothat,doesanyonehaveanyques-
tions?
3. Matchtheaccountingprinciplewiththeappropriatedescriptionofit.
F2: Youwillhearpartofaguestlecturegiveninaclassinagronomy.Thelecturefocuseson
locallygrowncrops.
M1: Hello,I’mFloydHaney.I’mtheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture’scountyagenthereinHarrison
County.ProfessorMackenzieaskedmetotalktoyouabouttheagriculturalsituationin
HarrisonCountytoday.Now,youprobablyalreadyknowthatourmaincropistraditionally
wheat,followedbycorn.Wheatisstillthemostimportant,butdidyourealizethat,inthelast
fewyears,soybeanshavebecomeconsiderablymoreimportanteconomicallythancorn?I’ll
betthat’sasurpriseformostofyou.Then,ofcourse,inthesouthernpartofthecounty,there
areanumberoforganicfruitfarms,mostlygrowingapplesandpears,butsofar,thesearenot
nearlyasimportanttoourcountyeconomicallyasanyofthethreecropsImentioned.
Solet’stalkaboutourtopcrop,whichiswheat,asIsaid.AccordingtotheU.S.Depart-
mentofAgriculture,thereareseventypesofwheat,dependingontheirtextureandcolor.
You’llfindthreeorfourofthosegrowinghereinHarrisonCounty.Yougetalotofdurum
wheathere,whichismainlyusedformakingpasta—spaghetti,macaroni,andsoon.Then
there’ssoftwhitewheat,whichisgenerallypurchasedbycompaniesthatmakebreakfast
cereals.Andofcourse,youhavehardredwheat,whichmakeswonderfulbreadflour.
4. ThelecturermentionsfourtypesofcropsthataregrowninHarrisonCounty.Rankthesefourcrops
intheirorderofeconomicimportance,beginningwiththeMOSTimportant.
5. Matchthetypeofwheatwiththeproductthatismostoftenmadefromit.
F2: Listentopartofadiscussioninahistoryclass.Theclasshasbeenfocusingonthehistoryof
exploration.
M1: Okay,we’regoingtogoonwithourdiscussionofexplorersandexploration.Todaywe’re
talkingabouttwentieth-centuryexplorers.Youknow,usually,whenwetalkaboutexplorersin
thetwentiethcentury,wethinkofspaceexplorerswalkingonthemoon.Butintheearlypart
ofthecentury,themostimportantsphereofdiscoverywasAntarctica.
Tellme,hasanyonehereeverreadanythingabouttheearlyexplorationofAntarctica?
F1: WhenIwasinhighschool,IreadabookbyAdmiralByrdcalledAlone,aboutthewinterhe
spentinashelterinAntarcticabyhimself.
M1: Yes,that’safascinatingbook.
F1: Iwasamazedathowhecouldsurviveinthatterriblecold,darkshelterallwinterbyhimself.
M2: ProfessorSmith,wasByrdthefirstpersontogettotheSouthPole?
M1: No,hewasthefirstpersontoflyovertheSouthPole,in1929,butnotthefirstpersontogo
thereonfoot.In1929,healsoestablishedthefirstlarge-scalecampinAntarctica.Sincehewas
fromtheUnitedStates,henameditLittleAmerica.
M2: SowhowasthefirsttotheSouthPole,then?
M1: That’saninterestingquestion.AbouttwentyyearsbeforeByrd’sflight,therewassomethingof
aracetogettotheSouthPolebyfoot.Itwasalittlelikethespaceraceinthe50sand60s.
ThefirstexplorertogetneartheSouthPolewasaBritishexplorer,namedShackleton.That
wasin1909.Hewaslessthana100milesfromthePolewhenhehadtoturnaround.
M2: Whydidheturnbackwhenhewassoclose?
M1: Well,hewasrunninglowonsupplies,and,assooftenhappensinAntarctica,theweather
turnedbad.Then,in1911,twoexpeditionsheadedforthePole.Thefirstonetoleavewas
undertheNorwegianexplorerRoaldAmundson,theotherwasunderanotherBritishexplorer,
RobertScott.
F1: Don’tkeepusinsuspense—whowon?
M1: Amundson’spartyreachedthePoleinDecemberof1911.Scott’spartygotthereabouta
monthlater,inJanuaryof1912.
F1: Oh,thepeopleinScott’spartymusthavebeenterriblydisappointed.
M2: Yes,apparentlytheywereverydiscouraged,andthereturntriptotheirbaseturnedintoa
nightmare.Theysufferedsetbackaftersetback,then,ofcourse,terriblestormscameup,and
noneofthemsurvivedthetrip.
6. TheprofessordiscussessomeofthehistoryofAntarcticexploration.Summarizethishistoryby
puttingtheseexpeditionsintheorderinwhichtheybegan.
7. MatchtheseAntarcticexplorerswiththecountriesfromwhichtheycame.
F1: Listentoalectureinamusicalacousticsclassaboutdecibellevels.
F2: Soundlevelsbelowabout40decibelsarenotveryusefulinmusic.Theyrequirethatback-
groundnoise,suchasaudiencemovementorventilatingsystems,beevenlower—andthat
oftenisnotthecase.Levelsoverabout100arenotonlyunpleasantlyloudbutalsocanbe
damagingtotheear.Asamatteroffact,latelyI’vebeendoingalittleresearchonmyownon
decibellevelsthatIwanttosharewithyou.Lastweek,Iwenttoanamplifiedrockconcertby
abandcalledtheCreatures—atleast,Ithinkthat’swhattheywerecalled—andItooka
sound-levelmeterwithme.Imeasuredsoundlevelsashighas115decibelsfrommyseat.Oh,
andIcanvouchforthefactthatthislevelofsoundispainfullyloud!Acoupleofnightslater,I
measuredthesoundlevelsataconcertbytheMetropolitanPhilharmonicSymphony.Although
afullorchestraistheoreticallycapableofproducingsoundsatamuchhigherlevel,Ididn’t
recordanysoundsfrommyseatabove90decibels.Mostofthesoundlevelsweremuchlower.
Andwhenthefirstviolinistperformedasolo,thehighestlevelIdetectedwasonlyaround60
decibels.
8. Matchtheperformancewithitsmaximumdecibellevel.
REVIEWTESTC:LONGERTALKS
1. A 11. B
2. C 12. B
3. C 13. A
4. C,D 14. B
5. C 15. A
6. C 16. B
7. D,A,B,C 17. B
8. B 18. C
9. B 19. D
10. A,C,B 20. B,D
AUDIOSCRIPT
M2: Listentoaconversationatauniversitylibrary.
M1: Hi,Martha.Whatbringsyoutothelibrary?
F2: Oh,IjustcametolookupsometermsintheEncyclopediaofArtformyarthistoryclass.
Whataboutyou,Stanley?
M1: I’vegottwopapersdueattheendofthisterm,andI’vebeengettinganearlystartonthemby
collectingsomereferencesandwritingdownsomestatistics.I’vespentmostofthedayhere.
F2: Really?Well,yououghttobereadyforabreakthen.Wanttogogetasnackorsomething?
M1: Youknow,thatsoundsgreat—letmejustgetmythingstogetherand...hey,wherearemy
notes?
F2: Whatnotes?
M1: ThenotesIspentalldayworkingon.Idon’tseethem.
F2: Youmeanyoulostyournotebook?
M1: No,Idon’tuseanotebook—Itakenotesonindexcards.
F2: Well,justthinkaboutwhereyoucouldhaveleftthem.Retraceyourstepssinceyoucamein
thelibrary.
M1: Let’ssee—whenIfirstarrived,Icamehere,tothereferenceroom.
F2: Maybethey’resomewhereinthisroom,then.
M1: No,Ihadthemafterthat.Iwenttothestacksnext...
F2: Stacks?Whatdoyoumean,thestacks?
M1: Youknow,thebookstacks.That’swhattheycallthemainpartofthelibrary,wheremostof
thebooksareshelved.
F2: Well,that’swhereyoushouldlook.
M1: No,afterthatIwentuptolookatsomejournalsintheperiodicalsroomuponthethirdfloor,
andIrememberhavingthemupthere.I’llbetthat’swheretheyare.
F2: Well,yougolookupthere,andI’llcheckwithoneofthelibrariansbehindthemaindesk,just
incasesomeoneturnedthemin.
M1: Okay,andthanksforhelpingmeout.JustassoonasIfindmynotecards,we’llgogetabiteto
eat.
1. WhydidMarthacometothelibrary?
2. WhatdidStanleylose?
3. AccordingtoStanley,whatdoesthetermstacksreferto?
M2: Listentoalectureinananthropologyclass.Theclasshasbeendiscussingthedomesticationof
animals.
F1: Allright,class,lastweekwetalkedabouttheprocessofdomesticatinganimalsingeneral.
Today,we’regoingtotalkinsomedetailaboutthefirstanimaltobedomesticated—thedog.
Nooneknowswhenorwherethedogwasfirstdomesticated.It’sbelieved,however,
thattheprocesstookplacemorethan10,000yearsago.Theremainsofwhatisthoughttobe
anearlyexampleofadomesticateddogwerefoundinacaveinIdaho.Theseremainsarebe-
lievedtobearound10,500yearsold.Sodomesticationtookplaceduringhumankind’searliest
stageofdevelopment—thehunter-gathererperiod.
Allofthedogsyouseetoday,fromChihuahuastoGreatDanes,aredescendantsof
wolves.Obviously,domesticationofthesewildcreaturesrequiredthathumansselectthemost
usefulandeasilytrainedyounganimalsasbreedingstock.Assuchselectioncontinuedover
countlessgenerations,dogsbecameadaptedtomanytasks.
Dogsapparentlyfirstservedasguards.Withtheirkeensenseofsmellandhearing,dogs
madeitalmostimpossibleforstrangerstoapproachasleepingvillagebysurprise.Andlater,
humanstookadvantageofdogs’huntinginstincts.Dogslearnedtohelphumansprocuremeat
andskinsfromwildanimals.Then,afterhumansdomesticatedherdanimalssuchasgoats,
cattle,andsheep,dogshelpedroundtheseherdanimalsupandmovethemfromplaceto
placebybarkingandnippingattheirheels.
TakealookatthisfrescofromthewallofasandstonegrottointheSahara.It’sprobably
about5,000yearsold.Theherdersaredrivingtheiroxenhomefromthefield,whiletheir“best
friend”isapparentlyhelpingthem.
Ofcourse,afterthat,atsomeunknowntime,dogsbegantotakeonanewrole,therole
thatmostofthemhavetoday.Theybegantobevaluednotsomuchfortheworktheydidas
forthecompanytheyprovided.
4. Whatarethemainpurposesofthelecture?
5. Accordingtothelecturer,howdidearlyhumansadaptdogstodifferenttasks?
6. WhydoesthelecturermentionIdaho?
7. Thelecturermentionsanumberofrolesthatdogshaveplayedsincetheywerefirstdomesticated.
Listtheserolesinthecorrectchronologicalorder.
8. Clickonthepartofthepicturethatrepresentstheherders’“bestfriend.”
M2: Listentoadiscussioninadramaclass.Theclassistryingtodecidewhichplaytheywillstage.
F2: Inthenextfewdays,wehavetochoseaplaytoputoninthespring.
F1: Ihaveanidea,ProfessorKemp.HowaboutThorntonWilder’splayOurTown.Myseniorclass
putthatonwhenIwasinhighschool.Ithoughtitwasareallyinterestingplay.
F2: That’sagoodidea,Lynn,butthatplayisusuallyperformedwithoutanycostumesoranykind
ofelaboratescenery,andIwouldlikethestudentsinterestedincostumeandscenerydesignto
haveachancetoshowofftheirtalentsaswellastheactors.Anyotherideas?Yes,Larry?
M1: Supposewedidamusical,likeAChorusLine?
F2: Thatwouldbealotoffun.ButI’mafraidIwouldn’tbeabletodirectamusical—Ijustdon’t
havetheexperienceorthemusicalbackgroundmyself.
F1: I’vealwayslovedShakespeare—wecouldputononeofhiscomedies,likeTheTempest.
F2: IloveShakespearemyself,andthat’stempting.Theonlyproblemisthat,everysummer,the
universityhasaShakespearefestivalandputsonthreeShakespeareanplaysattheamphitheater
oncampus.Idon’treallywantittoseemlikeourspringproductionisincompetitionwiththe
festivalinanyway.
M1: HowaboutArthurMiller’splayTheCrucible?Isawaversionofthatplayontelevisionafew
monthsago,andIwasreallyimpressed.
F2: Ummm...TheCrucible.Ithinkyoumightbeontosomethingthere,Larry.That’sanexcel-
lentchoice.Anyoneelsehaveanopiniononthatplay?
F1: Tellyouthetruth,I’veneverseenitorreadit.What’sitabout?
F2: Well,ittakesplaceinthelateseventeenthcentury,andit’sabouttheSalemwitchtrials.
F1: Oh,Istudiedthoseinhistoryclass.Alotofinnocentwomenwerepersecutedbecausepeople
thoughttheywerewitches,right?
F2: Right,Lynn.Inabroadersense,it’sreallyaboutanygroupthatpersecutesaminoritybecause
theyareafraidofthem.ArthurMillerwrotethisplayinthe1950s,whichwastheearlypartof
theColdWar.Atthetime,theCongresswasinvestigatingdissidentsintheUnitedStates.In
fact,Millerhimselfwasinvestigated.Sothewitchtrialsareakindofmetaphorforthatinvesti-
gation.
F1: Well,Ithinkitsoundslikeagoodchoice...it’snotonlyaperiodplay,butit’salsoaplaythat
hasacontemporarymessage.
F2: I’lltellyouwhat...I’dlikeeveryonetogetholdofacopyofTheCrucible,eitherfromthe
bookstoreorthelibrary,andtakealookatit,andthenexttimeclassmeets,we’llmakeafinal
decision.
9. WhydoesProfessorKempNOTwanttostagetheplayOurTownthisspring?
10. ProfessorKempandherstudentsdiscussanumberofplays.Matchthecharacteristicsoftheplay
withthetitleoftheplay.
11. InwhattimeperiodistheplayTheCrucibleset?
12. WhichoftheseplaysdoesProfessorKempshowthemostenthusiasmforstaging?
13. WhatdoesProfessorKempaskthestudentstodobeforetheirnextclass?
M1: Hi,Nicole,whatareyoureading?
F1: Justthecampuspaper.Hey,didyouseetheleadstory?
M1: No,Ididn’t.What’sgoingon?
F1: TheBoardofRegentsvotedtoraisetuitionagainhereatBabcockUniversitynextyear.
Canyoubelieveit?
M1: Again?Thisisthethirdyearinarow,isn’tit?Wemustbeattendingthemostexpensive
universityinthestatenow.
F1: Accordingtothearticle,onlyHambletonCollegeismoreexpensive.
M1: So,doesthearticlesaywhattheuniversityisgoingtousethismoneyfor?Ihopetheyplanto
replacesomeofthecomputersinthecomputerlabs.Alotofthemareancient.
F1: Well,here,I’llreadwhatitsaysaboutthat:“StudentCouncilPresidentPennyChangaskedthe
BoardofRegentsforacorrespondingincreaseinstudentservices,suchaslongerhoursattheli-
braryandmorecontacttimewithfaculty.Butaspokespersonfortheadministrationsaidthatthe
moneyhasalreadybeenearmarkedforhigherinsurancepremiumsthattheuniversityisbeing
chargedandfortheconstructionofanewadditiontooneofthedormitories,NevinHall.”
M1: Well—I’mgladIhaveonlyonemoresemestertogo.Otherwise,Ijustcouldn’taffordtogoto
schoolhere.
14. WhatdoesthearticlethatNicoleisreadingsayaboutHambletonCollege?
15. WhoisPennyChang?
16. Whatcanbeinferredfromtheremarkmadebythespokespersonfortheadministration?
M2: Listentoalectureinalinguisticsclass.Theclasshasbeendiscussingthedifferencesbetween
AmericanEnglishandBritishEnglish.
M1: TodayI’mgoingtotalkalittleaboutNoahWebsterandtheimpacthehadonAmerican
English.WebsterwasborninConnecticutin1758andgraduatedfromYaleUniversityin1778,
duringtheAmericanRevolution.Rightaftergraduation,WebsterjoinedGeorgeWashington’s
armytofightagainsttheBritish.TheendofthewarbroughtindependencefromBritainforthe
thirteencolonies,butpoliticalindependencealonedidn’tsatisfyWebster.Hewantedthe
formercoloniestobeintellectuallyindependentfromBritainaswell.
In1783,Websterpublishedaspellingbookwhichwouldbecomeknowntogenerations
ofschoolchildrenasthe“blue-backedbook”becauseofitsbluecover.Acoupleofyearslater,
hepublishedhisdictionary.ItisforhisdictionarythatWebsterischieflyrememberedtoday.
TheWebster’sDictionarypopulartodayisadirectdescendantofthatbookpublishedinthe
1780s.
Inhisdictionary,WebstermademanychangesinthewayEnglishwasusedintheUnited
States.Hesuggestednewwaysofpronouncingwordsandaddedwordsusedonlyintheformer
coloniestothelanguage.Mostofthechanges,though,involvedspelling.Today,mostpeoplein
theUnitedStatesspellcertainwordsdifferentlyfrompeopleinBritainbecauseofWebster’s
originaldictionary.Letmejustgiveyouacoupleofexamples—inBritain,wordslikecenter
endinR-E.IntheUnitedStates,thesewordsendinE-Rbecausethat’showtheywerespelled
inWebster’sdictionary.WebsteralsotookouttheletterUfromwordslikecolor.IntheBritish
spelling,thatwordendswiththelettersO-U-R,butintheAmericanspelling,itendswithO-R.
Still,WebsterdidnotgoasfarinrevisingspellingashisfriendBenjaminFranklinwanted
himto.Franklinwantedtodropallsilentlettersfromwords.Thewordwrongwouldhave
beenspelledR-O-N-G,andthewordlambwouldhavebeenspelledL-A-M.
17. Accordingtothespeaker,whendidWebstergraduatefromYaleUniversity?
18. WhatisNoahWebstermainlyrememberedfortoday?
19. Accordingtothespeaker,whatkindofbookwasthe“blue-backedbook”?
20. WhichofthefollowingarespellingsthatBenjaminFranklinwouldprobablyhaveapprovedof?
SECTION2
Structure
PREVIEWTEST2:STRUCTURE
1. one Theonlychoicethatcorrectlycompletesthissentenceisanappositive.
2. thousand Thepluralverbareindicatesthatapluralsubject,thousands,mustbe
used.
3. or Thecorrectpatternisneither...nor.
4. have Averbisrequiredtocompletethesentence.
5. itwas Theuseofthepronounsubjectitisunnecessary;itshouldbeomitted.
6. analysisofstars Forparallelism,anounphraseisrequired.
7. mostold Thesuperlativeformofaone-syllableadjective(old)isformedwiththe
suffix-est:oldest.
8. whichin Theprepositionmustprecedetherelativepronoun:inwhich.
9. are Thesubjectoftheclause(onespecies)issingular,sothesingularverb
ismustbeused.
10. asgold Thecorrectwaytocompletethiscomparisonisbycompletingthe
as+adjective+asphrase(aspliableasgold.)
11. obtained Theonlycorrectwaytocompletethissentenceiswithaparticiple
(obtainedreallymeanswhichisobtained).
12. engineer Tobeparallelwiththeotherwordsintheseries(logicandprobabil-
ity),thenameofthefield(engineering)mustbeused.
13. no Theadjectivenoisneededbeforethenounphrasefederallaws.
14. potential Anadverb(potentially),notanadjective(potential),isneeded.
15. Through Thissentencecanbecorrectlycompletedonlywithanintroductory
prepositionalphrase(Throughexperimentalstudies).
16. Despite Despiteisonlyusedbeforenounphrases.Anadverb-clausemarker
(although)mustbeusedwithaclause.
17. injure Anoun(injury),notaverb(injure),isrequired.
18. theStatueofLibertywas Thisistheonlysubjectofthesentencethatlogicallygoeswiththe
giventotheUnitedStates modifier,Designedby...
bythepeopleofFrance
19. bothofwhich Thischoicecorrectlyfollowsthepatternquantifier+of+relative
pronoun.
20. Although Thissentencecanbecompletedcorrectlyonlywithanadverbclause
introducedbythemarkerAlthough.(Eventhoughwouldalsobe
correct.)
21. Thatdiamonds Thissentencecanbecompletedcorrectlyonlywithanounclause
introducedbythemarkerThat.
22. that Thepronounreferstoapluralnounphrase(publicbuildings),sothe
pluralpronounthosemustbeused.
23. arebotanicalgardens Amainverb,suchasare,isrequiredtocompletetheclause(tobeis
notamainverb),andthesubjectandverbmustbeinvertedbecause
theclausebeginswiththenegativephrasenotonly.
24. Since Theverbinthissentenceisinthepasttensetoindicatethatsomething
occurredataspecifictimeinthepast.TheprepositionInshould
thereforereplaceSince.Sinceisusedwiththepresentperfecttense.
25. believe Thenounbeliefshouldbeusedinplaceoftheverbbelieve.
355
STRUCTURELESSONSANDREVIEWTESTS
Note:Itemsmarkedwithanasterisk()donotfocusonthestructuresthatarepresentedinthatlesson.
*
Correctionsforerroridentificationitemsappearinparenthesesaftertheanswer.
EXERCISE13
1. B 9. A
2. D 10. B
3. A 11. A
4. B *12. D
5. A 13. A
6. D 14. D
7. C 15. B
*8. A 16. D
EXERCISE14
1. D *11. A
*2. C 12. B
3. C 13. A
4. B 14. C
5. C 15. B
6. A 16. D
7. A 17. B
8. A *18. B
9. B 19. D
*10. C 20. C
EXERCISE15
1. C 11. C
2. B 12. C
3. A 13. D
4. D 14. A
5. A 15. A
*6. B *16. C
7. D 17. C
8. B *18. B
9. D 19. A
*10. C 20. D
EXERCISE16
1. D 7. C
2. B 8. B
3. A 9. A
4. D 10. B
5. D 11. C
*6. B *12. B
EXERCISE17.1
1. C
2. X thequalityofthewater(orthewaterquality)
3. C
4. X warm
5. X stories
6. C
7. X grinding
8. X religion
9. X heat
10. X acritic
EXERCISE17.2
1. D 11. D
2. C 12. D
3. B 13. C
4. A 14. B
5. C 15. C
6. A 16. D
7. A 17. C
8. B *18. C
9. C 19. C
10. A 20. A
REVIEWTESTD:STRUCTURE
1. Thevacuummilking Thischoicecorrectlysuppliesasubjectandaverb.
machinewasinvented
2. bywhich Thecorrectpatternispreposition+adjectiveclausemarker.
3. thatresemble Theadjectiveclausemarkerthatisnotneededandshouldbeomitted.
4. whenthework Theadverbclausemarker,when,andthesubjectoftheadverbclause,
thework,aremissing.
5. Despite Despiteisonlyusedbeforenounphrases;beforeaclause,anadverb-
clausemarker,suchasalthough,isneeded.
6. colorful Thenouncolorisneededforparallelism.
7. Thatalldeserts Onlyanounclausecancorrectlycompletethissentence.
8. prevent Theverbpreventisneededforparallelism.
9. Iftwo Anadverbclauseisrequiredtocompletethissentencecorrectly.
10. Therearemany Thisistheonlychoicethatsuppliesthemissingmainverb.
11. safety Theadjectivesafeisneededforparallelism.
12. that Theadjectiveclausemarkerthatcannotintroduceanidentifying
(restrictive)adjectiveclause(onethatissetoffbycommas);the
markerwhichshouldbeusedinstead.
13. amusician Anounphraseisrequiredforparallelism.
14. Although Thissentencecanbecorrectlycompletedwithareducedadverbclause.
15. becausetheir Theexpressionbecauseofmustbeusedinplaceofbecausebeforea
nounphrase.
16. Ittakes Theonlywaytocompletethissentenceiswiththepattern
Ittakes+timeexpression+forsomeone/something+infinitive.
17. oneofwhich, Thischoicecorrectlyfollowsthepatternquantifier+of+adjective
clausemarker.
18. usesit Theobjectpronounitisusedunnecessarilyinthisclause;therelative
pronounwhichistheobjectoftheclause.
19. Whatpsychologistscall Anounclauseisrequiredtocompletethecallcognitionsentence;the

cognition firstchoiceincorrectlyusesdirectquestionwordorder.
20. superstitious Thenounsuperstitionsisneededforparallelism.
EXERCISE18.1
Answerisalreadygiven.
1. differ difference differently
2. competition competitive competitively
(orcompetitiveness)
3. deepen depth deep
4. decide decisive(ordecided) decisively
(ordecidedly)
5. beauty beautiful beautifully
(orbeautification)
6. prohibition prohibitive(or prohibitively
prohibited)
7. emphasize emphasis emphatically
8. inconvenience inconvenience inconveniently
9. glorify(orglory) glorious gloriously
10. mystery mysterious mysteriously
(ormystification)
11. generalize generality generally
(orgeneralization)
12. simplify simplicity simple
(orsimplification)
EXERCISE18.2
Thefirstoneisalreadydone.
1. music musician musical
2. surgery surgical
3. poetry poet
4. architecture architectural
5. administrator administrative
6. finance financier
7. photography photographic
8. theoretician theoretical
(ortheorist) (ortheoretic)
9. athletics athlete
10. grammarian grammatical
11. philosophy philosophical
(orphilosophic)
12. crime criminal
EXERCISE18.3
1. greatly 7. permanently
2. annually 8. widely
3. Regular 9. close
4. simple 10. easy
5. beautiful 11. incredible
6. Generally/simple 12. automatically
EXERCISE18.4
1. fictional(Adj) 9. depth(N)
2. industry(N)/products(N) 10. distinction(N)/perfectly(Adv)
3. fragrant(Adj)) 11. scholarly(Adj)/immigration(N)
4. mathematical(Adj)/equal(Adj) 12. food(N)/rainy(Adj)
5. severity(N) 13. symbolize(V)/occupation(N
6. development(N) 14. relieve(V)
7. differ(V)/originate(V) 15. member(PN)/interpreter(PN)
8. magician(PN) 16. outer(Adj)/constantly(Adv)
EXERCISE18.5 11. measuring(measurement)

1. intellectually(intellectual) 12. literary(literature)
2. destruction(destructive) 13. react(reaction)
3. important(importance) 14. sharp(sharpness)
4. analysis(analyzes) 15. live(life)
5. dancers(dances) 16. healthy(health)
6. strong(strength) 17. neighbors(neighborhoods)
7. weigh(weight) *18. exposedof(exposedto)
*8. purpose(purposes) 19. success(successful)
9. farms(farming) 20. collect(collection)
10. good(well)
EXERCISE19.1
1. made 5. did
2. done 6. make
3. made 7. made
4. do 8. make
EXERCISE19.2
1. so 5. too
2. too 6. as
3. So 7. sucha
4. sucha 8. so
EXERCISE19.3
1. another 6. another
2. other 7. other
3. other 8. Other
4. another 9. other
5. other
EXERCISE19.4
1. Many 5. number/amount
2. little 6. little
3. much 7. amounts
4. few 8. many
EXERCISE19.5
1. before 9. tell
2. twice 10. never
3. afterward 11. near
4. Most 12. live
5. age 13. percent
6. earliest 14. old
7. round 15. after
8. somewhat 16. most
EXERCISE19.6
1. analive(alive) 6. ever(never)
2. somuch(asmuch) *7. symbolize(symbol)
3. near(nearly) 8. making(doing)
4. age(ofage,orold) 9. another(other)
5. few(little)
EXERCISE20.1
1. is 7. are
2. was 8. was
3. are 9. makes
4. was 10. are
5. moves 11. is
6. are 12. varies
EXERCISE20.2
1. X shipped 7. X areplayed
2. X wasbuilt 8. X was
3. C 9. X came
4. X worn 10. C
5. X hasbeengrowing 11. X ran
(orhasgrown) 12. X contain
6. X does 13. X werechosen
EXERCISE20.3
1. A 11. A
2. B 12. B
3. D *13. C
4. D 14. D
5. D *15. C
6. C 16. D
7. C 17. B
8. B 18. A
9. D 19. A
10. D 20. D
EXERCISE21.1
1. known 5. working
2. astonishing 6. filled
3. written 7. named
4. twisting 8. appearing
EXERCISE21.2
1. A 9. A
2. B 10. C
3. B *11. B
4. B 12. C
5. D *13. D
6. D *14. A
*7. D 15. D
8. A 16. C
EXERCISE22.1
1. tocontrol 7. tocommunicate
2. move 8. bringing
3. producing 9. tobend
4. tohave 10. miss
5. togrow 11. tosnap
6. tocatch 12. torupture
EXERCISE22.2
1. C *11. D
2. D 12. D
3. C 13. A
4. C 14. D
5. B 15. A
*6. B 16. B
7. C 17. B
*8. B 18. C
9. A 19. D
10. B 20. C
REVIEWTESTE
1. C 14. B
2. C 15. D
3. B 16. A
4. C 17. C
5. D 18. B
6. C 19. A
7. A 20. B
8. A 21. B
9. C 22. B
10. A 23. B
11. B 24. D
12. C 25. D
13. D
EXERCISE23.1
1. X its 6. X it
2. X it 7. C
3. X it 8. X those
4. C 9. X their
5. X its
EXERCISE23.2 5. X themselves
1. C 6. X they
2. X them 7. X his
3. C 8. X its
4. X our
EXERCISE23.3
1. its(their) *7. Almost(Most)
2. theyare(are) 8. its(their)
3. themselves(them) 9. their(its)
4. these(those) 10. theyare(are)
5. them(themselves) 11. himself(itself)
6. shehelped(helped) 12. that(this)
EXERCISE24
1. mammal(mammals) 10. man(men)
2. humans(human) 11. underwriter(underwriters)
3. automobiles(automobile) 12. appliance(appliances)
4. years(year) 13. foot(feet)
5. source(sources) *14. growth(grown)
6. percents(percent) 15. farming(farm)
*7. Allcollege(Allcolleges) 16. medicines(medicine)
8. thousand(thousands) 17. more(most)
9. 500-pages(500-page)
EXERCISE25.1
1. inonof 7. ofinbywithon
2. Foragainstwithinof 8. offofforof
3. oftosinceinto 9. Inforfromto
4. Atofofalongbetween 10. Inattoon
5. ofinofonin 11. Inonofofat
6. atontoon 12. toofbyinofin
EXERCISE25.2
1. X Accordingpollsto 10. X to
2. X Thanksimprovedto 11. X relatedtheto
3. C 12. X experttheon
4. X of 13. C
5. X on 14. X by
6. X regardlesstheof 15. X awaythefrom
7. C 16. X in
8. X awaretheof 17. X of
9. X attachedbonesto
EXERCISE25.3
*1. Each 11. during(from)
2. withadevice 12. with
3. inwhich(which) 13. on(in)
4. In 14. belongsone(belongstoone)
5. inthe 15. undertheleadershipofSamuelGompers
6. Manyof(Many) 16. areexamplesof
7. Across 17. nativeof(nativeto)
8. inits(onits) 18. Therearesome
*9. live(life) 19. on(in)
10. withage 20. Since(For)
EXERCISE26.1
1. onethewaterfresh
2. Themineralthemostfertilizers
3. Theaelectrical
4. HumorAmericantheearliestthepresent
5. TheozoneanmosttheSun’s
6. theearlyaCherokeetheaNorth
7. TheGoddardNewthetheUnitedtheeighteenth
8. Popcornthecorn
EXERCISE26.2
1. Themost(Most) 9. imaginary(animaginary)
2. the(their) 10. thebeef(beef)
3. anattention(attention) 11. thecareer(hercareer)
4. aunderwater(anunderwater) 12. first(thefirst)
5. young(theyoung) 13. anheated(aheated)
6. anonly(theonly) 14. ahighest(thehighest)
7. thethird(athirdoronethird) 15. ahuman(thehuman)
8. thecustomers(theircustomersorcustomers) *16. aaccurate(anaccurate)
EXERCISE27.1
1. X chiefsource 9. X naturalhabitats
2. X brightlycolored 10. X itpossible
3. C 11. X denseenough
4. X istheEarth 12. C
5. X theEarthis 13. X almostentirely
6. C 14. C
7. X mileslonger 15. X muchtoo
8. X theyare 16. X children’sbooks
EXERCISE27.2
1. extremelyinterestingfeaturesof 13. insuchdiverseoccupationsas
2. barriermajor(majorbarrier) 14. isit(itis)
3. islight(lightis) *15. mineralsgrains(mineralgrains)
4. Themostfamousform 16. originalhighly(highlyoriginal)
5. enoughlarge(largeenough) 17. Perhapsthegreatesttriumph
6. didanyoneevenattempt 18. oneonly(onlyone)
7. acropgrownprimarily 19. longfeet(feetlong)
8. muchmoreefficientlythan 20. corporationshardlyeverintroduce
9. whichin(inwhich) 21. liesMaryland’sEasternShore
10. thatareembeddedinit 22. surroundedis(issurrounded)
11. wereprimaryschoolsfree 23. thosethatgrowbest
12. movingslow(slowmoving) 24. satisfactionworkers’(workers’satisfaction)
REVIEWTESTF
1. ononetime Thewrongprepositionisused;thephraseshouldcorrectlyreadatone
time.
2. Forher Ofthefourchoices,onlyaprepositionalphrasecorrectlycompletesthe
sentence.
3. athird Beforeanordinalnumber(third),adefinitearticlemustbeused:
thethird.
4. doredwoodtreesgrow Afteranegativeadverbsuchasrarely,questionwordordermustbe
used.
5. on Theprepositioninisusedbeforemonths.
6. insteada Theprepositionofhasbeenomittedfromthephraseinsteadof.
7. arethemostcomplex Onlythischoiceemploysthecorrectwordorder.
cells
8. aenormous Thearticleanmustbeusedbeforewordsthatbeginwithavowel
sound(enormous).
9. themselves Thecorrectpronounisthem.(Theanimalscouldn’tcarrythemselves!)
10. psychologyhuman Thecorrectwordorderishumanpsychology.
11. anaturallyoccurring Onlythischoiceusesthecorrectwordorder.
magnet
12. railroads Onlythesecondnounofacompoundnounispluralized:railroad
workers.
13. furnitures Furnitureisanuncountablenounandcannotproperlybepluralized.
14. longbeenknownas Ofthefourchoices,onlythisoneusesthecorrectwordorder.
15. itself Thepronounmustbeplural(themselves)toagreewithitsreferent,
flyingsquirrels.
16. resultof Theverbresultisusedwiththeprepositionin.(Thenounresultis
followedbytheprepositionof.)
17. allalmost Thecorrectwordorderisalmostall.
18. dependinsects Theprepositiononmustbeusedaftertheverbdepend.
19. enoughsafe Thecorrectwordorderisadjective+enough:safeenough.
20. Withits Aprepositionalphraseisneededtocompletethissentence.
EXERCISE28
1. both(either) 11. either
2. or *12. areusedto(useto)
3. butalso *13. produces(produce)
*4. notlonger(nolonger) 14. so
*5. made 15. and(but)
*6. it *16. rustcorrodes(doesrustcorrode)
7. andalso(butalso) 17. or
8. and *18. their(its)
9. or(nor) 19. aswellas(butalso)
10. and(or) *20. nottheonlysubstance
EXERCISE29
1. like(alike) 11. worst(worse)
2. notassweetas 12. alike(like)
3. themosteasiest(theeasiest) 13. saltierthan
4. morestrong(stronger) 14. like(as)
5. arelargerthan 15. moreseriousthan
6. themorecommonly(themostcommonly) 16. moreheavy(heavier)
7. thantrainsdo 17. bitter(morebitterorbitterer)
8. as(than) 18. asthatofhoneybees
9. thehigherits 19. betterknown(bestknown)
10. Unlike 20. thesameas
EXERCISE30
1. theRepublicanparty *6. TheInternetis
2. Peergrouprelations,the 7. amethod
3. thefirst 8. membersofastrictreligioussect,
*4. whichisapartoftheRockyMountains, 9. theterm
5. Thedancer
EXERCISE31
1. manyNewEnglandersemigratedtotheMidwestinthe1820s
2. pecansarethemostimportantnutcropinthesouthernUnitedStates
3. PlutowasdiscoveredbytheastronomerClydeTombaughin1930
4. theaccordionhasplayedonlyalimitedroleinclassicalmusic
5. vulturesdonothavefeathersontheirheadsandnecks
6. AnselAdams’photographsdepictedtheWesternwilderness
7. atangerineiseasytopeelanditssectionsseparatereadily
8. stateandlocalgovernmentsobtainmostoftheirfundsthroughtaxation
9. HawaiireceiveditsfirstEuropeanvisitorin1778,whenCaptainJames
Cooklandedthere
EXERCISE32
1. no *7. alike(like)
2. not 8. not
3. not(no) 9. no(not)
4. not 10. no
5. without 11. No
6. none 12. without
REVIEWTESTG
1. TheWellandShipCanal, Anounphraseisneededtoserveassubjectofthissentence.(The
phraseoneofCanada’s...isanappositive.)
2. mosthighest Thecorrectformofthesuperlativeishighest.
3. and Theconjunctionbutisusedbeforethewordrathertoshowcontrast.
4. almostasoldas Thecorrectpatternis“as+adjective+as...”
5. and Thecorrectpatternis“whetherAorB.”
6. thefartherawayitwas Thisisaproportionalstatement;onlythischoicefollowsthepattern
“ThemoreA,themoreB.”
7. D.W.Griffith’sepicfilm TheparticipialphraseReleasedin1915canlogicallymodifyonlythe
BirthofaNationwas titleofamovie.Forthefirst,second,andfourthchoices,thisisa
abouttheCivilWar misplacedmodifier.Onlyinthethirdchoiceisthesubjectthetitleof
amovie.
8. like Thecorrectpatternis“AandBarealike.”
9. Noneof Thepronounnonemeansnotanyandistheonlyoneofthechoices
thatfitswiththerestofthesentence.NoandNotcannotbeused
beforethearticletheandNotonemustbeusedwithof.
10. like Aftercertainverbs(includingserve),thewordasisused.
11. a Ofthefourchoices,onlyanounphrase(anappositive)correctly
completesthesentence.
12. no Beforeaverb,thenegativewordnotisneeded.
13. and Thereisacontrastbetweentheinformationinthetwoclauses,sothe
conjunctionbutshouldbeused.
14. drugscanbeusedto ThemodifyingphraseProperlyadministeredcanlogicallyonlygowith
treatthesymptomsof thesubjectdrugs.Usedwithanyoftheothersubjects,thisisa
manymentalillnesses misplacedmodifier.
15. alike Thecorrectpatternis“AlookedlikeB.”
16. or Afterneither,theconjunctionnorshouldbeused.
17. A Onlyanappositive(whichprecedesthesubject)correctlycompletes
thissentence.
18. justlike Thephrasejustasshouldbeusedbeforeaclause.
19. No Beforeanoun,thenegativeadjectivenoshouldbeused.
20. muchrare Thecomparativerarerisrequired.
21. without Thenegativewordwithout—meaningnothaving—istheonlyonethat
fitsinthissentence.
22. but Becauseofthecontrastbetweenthetwoclauses,theconjunctionbut
mustbeused.
23. either Thecorrectpatternis“eitherAorB.”
24. mostclosest Thecorrectsuperlativeformisclosest.
25. Like Thecorrectpatternis“LikeA,B...”
SECTION3
Reading
PREVIEWTEST3:READING
1. Thecorrectansweris(B).Thepassagediscussestheplentifulsupplyofwoodinthecoloniesand
theadvantagesanddisadvantagesthisinvolved.
2. Thecorrectansweris(B). Strikingly meansdramatically.
3. Thecorrectansweris(D).Paragraph2states,“Thefirstcolonistsdidnot,asmanypeopleimagine,
findanentirecontinentcoveredbyaclimaxforest.”
4. Thecorrectanswerisabundant. Plentiful meansabundant.
5. Thecorrectansweris(C).Paragraph2states,“Bytheendofthecolonialera,thepriceofwood
hadrisenslightlyineasterncities...”
6. Thecorrectansweris(D).Paragraph3indicatesthat,inthecolonies,“...buildingsweremadeof
woodtoadegreeunknowninBritain.”Therefore,manyBritishhousesmusthavebeenmadeof
materialsotherthanwood.
7. Thecorrectansweris(B).Accordingtoparagraph3,woodwasthesourceofindustrialcom-
pounds,andcharcoalisgivenasanexample.Charcoalisacomponentofgunpowder.
8. Thecorrectansweris(A).Thephrase followsuit meansdothesamething.
9. Thecorrectansweris(A).Paragraph4statesthat“Cokesmeltingledtotechnologicalinnovations....”
10. Thecorrectanswerisabandon.Theoppositeof clingto (whichmeansholdonto)isabandon.
11. Thecorrectanswerisparagraph4.TheXshouldgobyparagraph4.
12. Thecorrectansweris(D).ThepassagedealswiththeentirePealefamily;thefirstandthird
choicesaretoospecific,andthesecondistoogeneral.
13. ThecorrectanswerisCharlesWillsonPeale. He referstoCharlesWillsonPeale.
14. Thecorrectansweris(A).Thepassageindicatesthattheportraitwas“sorealistic”thatWashing-
tonmistookthepaintedfiguresforrealones.
15. Thecorrectanswerisexhibits.Theword displays isclosestinmeaningtoexhibits.
16. Thecorrectansweris(D).Theauthordefinesthetermmastodoninparagraph2as“ahuge,
extinctelephant.”Theothertermsareundefined.
17. Thecorrectansweris(D).Thereisnoinformationaboutwhenthemuseumwasfounded.Allof
theotherquestionsareansweredinthesecondparagraph:CharlesWillsonPealefoundandprepared
theanimalexhibits;themuseumwaslocatedinPhiladelphia;itsmostpopularexhibit,amastodon’s
skeleton,wasfoundonafarminNewYork.
18. Thecorrectansweris(B).Theword unearthed meansdugup.
19. Thecorrectanswerisfashion.Inthiscontext, rage meansfashion.
20. Thecorrectansweris(B).CharlesWillsonPealepaintedoveradozenportraitsofWashington
(Paragraph1);RembrandtPealealsopaintedatleastone(Paragraph4).
21. ThecorrectanswerisHisworksshowthesameluminosityandattentiontodetailthattheworksof
theDutchmastersshow.
22. Thecorrectansweris(D).SarahMiriamPealewasCharlesWillsonPeale’sniece(thedaughterof
hisbrotherJamesPeale).TitianandRaphaelleareidentifiedasCharles’ssonsinparagraph1,and
ReubensisidentifiedasCharles’ssoninparagraph3.
23. Thecorrectansweris(C).TheauthorpraisestheartandworkofCharlesWillsonPealeandother
membersofthefamily;that,togetherwiththeabsenceofanycriticalcomments,makesadmiringthe
bestchoice.
24. Thecorrectansweris(A).ThemainthemeofthispassageistheideaoftransformingMars.
25. Thecorrectansweris(A).Theword stark isclosestinmeaningtoharsh.
26. Thecorrectansweris(C).Theword there referstoMars.
367
27. Thecorrectansweris(A).Accordingtothepassage,“Theairthereis95%carbondioxide.”
28. ThecorrectanswerisDaytimetemperaturesmayreachabovefreezing,butbecausetheplanetis
blanketedbythemerewispofanatmosphere,theheatradiatesbackintospace.
29. Thecorrectansweris(B).Thepassagestatesthat“Daytimetemperaturesmayreachabove
freezing,”butthereisnomentionthattemperatureseverbecomedangerouslyhot.Theother
characteristicsaregiveninthefirstparagraph.
30. Thecorrectansweris(D).Accordingtothepassage,buildinguptheatmosphere“couldcreatea
‘greenhouseeffect’thatwouldstopheatfromradiatingbackintospace.”Theauthorpointsoutthat
itisthefactthatheatradiatesbackintospacethatmakesMarssocold.
31. Thecorrectanswerismelted.Theword thawed isclosestinmeaningtomelted.
32. Thecorrectanswerisviable.Theword feasible isclosestinmeaningtoviable.
33. Thecorrectansweris(D).AccordingtoscientistChristopherMcKay,theprojectcouldbestarted
“infourorfivedecades”—fortyorfiftyyears.
34. Thecorrectansweris(B).ThepassageindicatesthatthepossibilityoftransformingMarscomes
froma“moreprofoundunderstandingofhowEarth’secologysupportslife.”
35. Thecorrectanswerisresearchers.Theword they referstoresearchers.
36. Thecorrectanswerisastonishing.Theword staggering meansastonishing.
37. Thecorrectansweris(C).Thefirstparagraphindicatesthatageis“another”factorinsusceptibility
tocolds;therefore,itislogicalthatapreviousparagraphmustdealwithsomeotherfactor.
38. Thecorrectanswerisspecificfacts.Specificfactsisclosestinmeaningtothewordparticulars.
39. Thecorrectansweris(D).Paragraph1statesthatthestudy“revealedparticularsthatseemtohold
trueforthegeneralpopulation.”
40. Thecorrectansweris(A).Paragraph1indicatesthat“Infantsarethemostcold-riddengroup”and
thatinfantboyshavemorecoldsthaninfantgirls.
41. Thecorrectanswerisrate.Theword incidence isclosestinmeaningtorate.
42. Thecorrectansweris(B).Nomatterwhatagetheyare,parentsofyoungchildrenshowan
increaseincoldinfections;itisreasonabletoassumethattheseparentsareinfectedbytheirchildren.
43. Thecorrectanswerispeopleintheirtwenties.Thephrase peopleinthisagegroup refersto
peopleintheirtwenties.
44. Thecorrectansweris(C).Thisparagraphdealswiththeinfluenceofeconomicsonincidenceofcolds.
45. Thecorrectansweriscrowded.Theword cramped meanscrowded.
46. Thecorrectansweris(D).Thestudyalsofoundthateconomicsplaysanimportantrole.(A )As
incomeincreases,thefrequencyatwhichcoldsarereportedinthefamilydecreases.(B )Families
withthelowestincomesufferathirdmorecoldsthanfamiliesatthehighestend.(C)Lowerincome
generallyforcespeopletoliveinmorecrampedquartersthanthosetypicallyoccupiedbywealthier
people,andcrowdedconditionsincreasetheopportunitiesforthecoldvirustotravelfrompersonto
person.(D)Lowincomemayalsohaveanadverseeffectondiet.Thedegreetowhichdeficient
nutritionaffectssusceptibilitytocoldsisnotyetclearlyestablished.(E)However,aninadequatediet
issuspectedofloweringresistancegenerally.
Thesentencebeginning“Thedegree...”involvesnutrition.Thisconnectswiththemissing
sentence,whichintroducestherelationshipbetweeneconomicsanddiet.
47. Thecorrectanswerisinadequate.Theword deficient isclosestinmeaningtoinadequate.
48. Thecorrectansweris(A).Thisisanobjective,scientificreportaboutfactorsthatinfluencethe
rateatwhichpeoplegetcolds.
49. Thecorrectansweris(B).Thepassageexploreswhatcanbelearnedbygrowingrootsinisolation.
50. Thecorrectansweris(D).Theword themselves isareferencetoroots.
51. Thecorrectansweris(A).Accordingtothepassage,ATPisa“high-energycompound...which
drivesthebiochemicalreactions.”
52. Thecorrectansweris(C).Theword intact meanswhole.
53. Thecorrectansweris(A).Thephrase comesinhandy meansisuseful.
54. Thecorrectansweris(D).Thefactthatrootsprovideorganicnitrogencompoundsisusefulfor
“thegrowthofbudsintheearlyspringwhenleavesarenotyetfunctioning.”
55. Thecorrectansweris(C).Thepassagediscussesanexperimentinvolvingplantrootsandthe
significanceofthatexperiment.
SECTION 3: READING
Exercise33.1
1. (A )S 5. (A )G
(B )C (B )C
(C )X (C )S
2. (A )G 6. (A )G
(B )S (B )S
(C )C (C )C
3. (A )X 7. (A )G
(B )S (B )C
(C )C (C )X
4. (A )X 8. (A )C
(B )C (B )X
(C )I (C )I
Exercise33.2
1. A 7. B
2. B 8. D
3. D 9. A
4. A 10. D
5. C 11. D
6. C
Exercise33.3
1. C 6. C
2. A 7. A
3. D 8. A
4. B 9. C
5. C 10. A
Exercise34.1
1. ThecorrectanswerisDeerusetheirantlerschieflytofightformatesorforleadershipofaherd.
2. ThecorrectanswerisThevelvetyskindriesupandthedeerrubstheskinoffbyscrapingits
antlersagainsttrees.
3. ThecorrectanswerisOnmostdeer,thefirstantlersareshortandstraight.
4. ThecorrectanswerisInspiteofhisfailings,hedidsucceedinbringingthetraditionsofNative
AmericanstotheattentionoftheAmericanpublic.
5. ThecorrectanswerisTheiraimwastoachievecompleteaccuracyincreatingarecordofNative
Americanlife.
6. ThecorrectanswerisThiscoatinghadtoresistsaltcorrosionaswellasprotectlaunchstructures
fromhotrocketexhaust.
7. ThecorrectanswerisThefirstattemptlastedonly12secondsandcoveredadistanceoflessthan
thewingspanofthelargestairplanesofmodernaircraft.
8. ThecorrectanswerisThedominantfeaturesofsupermarketsarelargein-storeinventorieson
self-serviceaislesandcentralizedcheckoutlines.
9. ThecorrectanswerisItpermitsthesupermarket,aswellasothertypesofretailstores,tosell
itemsthatcarryahighermarginthanmostfooditems.
10. ThecorrectanswerisBynotofferingdeliveryandbyhiringcashiersandstockersratherthantrue
salespersonnel,supermarketsareabletokeeppricesatarelativelylowlevel.
11. ThecorrectanswerisSinceargonisextremelydense,thereislessmovementofthegasbetween
theglasspanesandtherefore,lessheatislost.
Exercise34.2
1. Thecorrectansweris(B).
4. Thecorrectansweris(A).
5. Thecorrectansweris(C).
9. Thecorrectanswerisparagraph5
10. Thecorrectansweris(A).Thepassagestatesthatthedulcimer“isclassifiedbymusicologistsasa
boxzither.”
11. Thecorrectansweris(B).Theanswercanbefoundintheeighthsentence.
12. Thecorrectansweris(A).Thepassagestatesthatdulcimers“areshapedliketeardropsorhour-
glasses.”
13. Thecorrectansweris(A).Accordingtothepassage,“mostperformersplaytheinstrumentswhile
seated.”
14. Thecorrectansweris(C).Seethelastsentence.
15. ThecorrectanswerisAppalachiandulcimersarepainstakinglyfashionedbyartisansinthemoun-
tainsofWestVirginia,Kentucky,Tennessee,andVirginia.
17. ThecorrectanswerisIn1841,Dixacceptedaninvitationfromthestatelegislaturetoteachclasses
ataprisoninEastCambridge,Massachusetts.
19. Thecorrectansweris(D).
20. ThecorrectanswerisDix’ssuccesswasduetoherindependentandthoroughresearch,hergentle
butpersistentmanner,andherabilitytosecurethehelpofpowerfulandwealthysupporters.
26. ThecorrectanswerisThesediversgettheirairfromahoseconnectedtocompressorsonaboat.
Exercise35.1
1. B 7. A
2. C 8. C
3. C 9. C
4. C 10. A
5. A 11. B
6. A 12. A
SECTION 3: READING
Exercise35.2
1. D 12. C
2. D 13. B
3. D 14. B
4. C 15. A
5. B 16. D
6. B 17. B
7. C 18. C
8. B 19. B
9. B 20. B
10. B 21. C
11. D
Exercise36.1
1. Thecorrectanswerisdrab.
2. Thecorrectanswerisgarbage.
3. Thecorrectansweriscarries.
4. Thecorrectanswerisfreight.
5. Thecorrectansweriscaptures.
6. Thecorrectanswerisinitiated.
7. Thecorrectansweriscourseofferings.
8. Thecorrectanswerisstressed.
9. Thecorrectansweriselective.
10. Thecorrectanswerisgroup.
11. Thecorrectanswerishaze.
12. Thecorrectanswerisalone.
13. Thecorrectanswerisclear.
14. Thecorrectanswerishunted.
15. Thecorrectanswerisfearful.
16. Thecorrectanswerisadvantages.
17. Thecorrectanswerisresponsible.
18. Thecorrectanswerisdisagreements.
19. Thecorrectanswerisafflict.
20. Thecorrectansweristerminate.
Exercise36.2
4. Thecorrectanswerisrecentimmigrants.
8. Thecorrectanswerisposition.
11. Thecorrectansweriscompeted.
13. Thecorrectanswerisuniqueto.
16. Thecorrectanswerisbroad.
19. Thecorrectanswerisstartling.
27. Thecorrectanswerissuperbly.
28. Thecorrectanswerisprimitive.
Exercise37.1
1. Thecorrectanswerispaintings.
2. ThecorrectanswersareTheanemoneanditsnest
4. Thecorrectanswersareaflatkiteanditstail.
5. ThecorrectanswerisWater.
7. Thecorrectanswerissmallerpieces.
8. ThecorrectanswerisLeaves.
10. Thecorrectanswerismushroomsandotherfungi.
11. ThecorrectanswersareHamlinGarlandandWilliamDeanHowells.
12. ThecorrectanswerisThestrangeformations.
Exercise37.2
1. Thecorrectansweristhepieces.
2. Thecorrectansweristrucks.
4. ThecorrectanswerisWater.
5. ThecorrectanswerisThemetalparticles.
7. Thecorrectansweristheoreparticles.
8. ThecorrectanswerisThemountain’ssummit.
9. Thecorrectanswerisglaciers.
11. ThecorrectanswerisTheWonderlandTrail.
12. ThecorrectanswerisTheirtracks.
14. ThecorrectanswerisThemales.
16. Thecorrectansweristinyplantsandanimals.
17. ThecorrectanswerisDesigners.
18. Thecorrectanswerisimportance.
19. ThecorrectanswerisAcircleandanoval.
20. Thecorrectanswerisatriangle.
SECTION 3: READING
Exercise38
1. Whenamammalisyoung,itlooksmuchlikeasmallerformofanadult.(1)However,animalsthat
undergometamorphosisdevelopquitedifferentlyfrommammals.(2)Theyoungoftheseanimals,
whicharecalledlarvae,lookverylittlelikethematureformsandhaveaverydifferentwayof
life.(3)Taketheexampleofbutterfliesandcaterpillars,whicharethelarvalformofbutterflies.(4)
Butterflieshavetwopairsofwingsandsixlegsandfeedonthenectarofflowers.(5)
Caterpillars,ontheotherhand,arewinglessandhavemorethansixlegs.Theymovebycrawlingand
feedonleaves.(6)Tobecomeadults,thelarvaemustradicallychangetheirforms.(7)
2. Toaccomplishthischange,alarvamustgothroughtheprocessofmetamorphosis.(1)Itdoesthisin
thesecondstageoflife,calledthepupastage.(2)Whentheyarereadytopupate,caterpillarssettle
inshelteredpositions.(3)Somespinacocoonaroundthemselves.(4)Thecaterpillarthenshedsits
oldskinandgrowsaprotectivepupalskin.(5)Insidethisskin,thebodyofthecaterpillargradually
transformsitself.(6)Thewingbuds,whichwereunderthecaterpillar’sskin,growintowings.(7)
Whenthechangeiscomplete,thepupalskinsplitsopenandthebutterflyemerges.(8)Atfirstitis
dampanditswingsarecurledup.(9)Butsoonitdriesout,itswingsunfurl,anditfliesoff.(10)
Nowitisreadytomateandtolayeggsthatwilldevelopintolarvae.(11)
3. Theprocessofminiaturizationbeganinearnestwiththetransistor,whichwasinventedin1947.(1)
Itwasmuchsmallerthanthesmallestvacuumtubeitwasmeanttoreplaceandnotneedinga
filament,itconsumedfarlesspowerandgeneratedvirtuallynowasteheat.(2)Therewasalmostno
limittohowsmallthetransistorcouldbeonceengineershadlearnedhowtoetchelectroniccircuits
ontoasubstrateofsilicon.(3)Inthe1950s,thestandardradiohadfivevacuumtubesanddozensof
resistorsandcapacitors,allhand-wiredandsolderedontoachassisaboutthesizeofahardbound
book.(4)Todayallthatcircuitryandmuchmorecanfitintoamicroprocessorsmallerthan
apostagestamp.(5)Infact,thelimitingfactorinmakingappliancessmallerisnotthesizeofthe
electroniccomponentsbutthehumaninterface.(6)Thereisnopointinreducingthesizeofa
palm-heldcomputermuchfurtherunlesshumanscanevolvesmallerfingers.(7)
4. ItisbelievedthatthefirstAmericanswerehunterswhoarrivedbywayoftheonlylinkbetweenthe
hemispheres,theSiberian-Alaskanlandbridge.(1)Thisstripoflandremainedabovewateruntilabout
10,000yearsago.Morerecentarrivalsnodoubttookthesameroute,crossingonwinter
ice.(2)Thesemigrantsunquestionablybroughtwiththemtheskillstomakeweapons,furclothing,
andsheltersagainstthebittercold.(3)Itseemssafetoassumethattheyalsobroughtmythsand
folktalesfromtheOldWorld.(4)Butwhichmythsandwhichfolktales?(5)
5. Amongmyths,themostimpressivecandidateforOldWorldoriginisthestoryoftheEarthDiver.(1)
Thisisthestoryofagroupofwatercreatureswhotaketurnsdivingforapieceofsolidland.(2)The
duck,themuskrat,theturtle,thecrawfish,orsomeotheranimalsucceedsbuthastodivesodeep
thatbythetimeitreturnstothesurface,itishalf-drownedordead.Butinitsclaws,theother
animalsfindabitofmud.(3)Theanimalsmagicallyenlargethistinypieceofsolidlanduntilit
becomestheEarth.(4)NoteveryNativeAmericantribehasamythaboutthecreationoftheworld,
butofthosethatdo,theEarthDivermythisthemostcommon.(5)ItisfoundinallregionsofNorth
AmericaexcepttheSouthwesternUnitedStatesandtheArcticregions,andisalsofoundinmany
locationsinAsiaandthePacificIslands.(6)
6. AnothercommonmythisthatoftheTheftofFire.(1)Inthisstory,acreaturesetsouttostealfire
fromadistantsource,obtainsit,oftenthroughtrickery,andcarriesithome.(2)Thebestknown
versionofthisstoryistheGreekmythofPrometheus.(3)OtherOldWorldversionsofthisstoryare
toldinCentralAsia,India,andAfrica.IntheNewWorld,itappearsamongmanyNativeAmeri-
cantribeswestoftheRockyMountainsandintheAmericanSoutheast.(4)InsomeNew
WorldlocationsitisreplacedbyTheftoftheSun,TheftofDaylight,orTheftofHeatstories.(5)
7. Whendrawinghumanfigures,childrenoftenmaketheheadtoolargefortherestofthebody.(1)A
recentstudyofferssomeinsightintothiscommondisproportioninchildren’sillustrations.(2)Aspart
ofthestudy,researchersaskedchildrenbetween4and7yearsoldtomakeseveraldrawingsof
adults.(3)Whentheydrewfrontalviewsofthesesubjects,thesizeoftheheadswasmarkedly
enlarged.However,whenthechildrendrewrearviewsoftheadults,thesizeoftheheads
wasnotnearlysoexaggerated.Theresearcherssuggestthatchildrendrawbiggerheadswhen
theyknowtheymustleaveroomforfacialdetails.(4)Therefore,thedistortedheadsizeinchildren’s
illustrationsisaformofplanningaheadandnotanindicationofapoorsenseofscale.(5)
8. Ithasbeenobservedthatperiodsofmaximumrainfalloccurinboththenorthernandthesouthern
hemispheresataboutthesametime.(1)Thisphenomenoncannotbeadequatelyexplainedona
climatologicalbasis,butmeteorsmayofferaplausibleexplanation.(2)WhentheEarthencountersa
swarmofmeteors,eachmeteorstrikingtheupperreachesoftheatmosphereisvaporizedby
frictionalheat.(3)Theresultingdebrisisafinesmokeorpowder.(4)This“stardust”thenfloats
downintotheloweratmosphere,wheresuchdustmightreadilyserveasnucleiuponwhichice
crystalsorraindropscouldform.Confirmationthatthisphenomenonactuallyhappensis
foundintheobservedfactthatincreasesinworldrainfallcomeaboutamonthaftermeteor
systemsareencounteredinspace.(5)Thedelayofamonthallowstimeforthedusttofall
throughtheupperatmosphere.(6)Occasionally,largemeteorsleavevisibletracesofdust.(7)Ina
fewwitnessedcases,dusthasremainedvisibleforoveranhour.(8)Inoneextremeinstance—the
greatmeteorthatbrokeupintheskyoverSiberiain1908—thedustcloudtraveledallovertheworld
beforedisappearing.(9)
9. Lawntennisisacomparativelymodernmodificationoftheancientgameofcourttennis.(1)Major
WalterC.Wingfieldthoughtthatsomethinglikecourttennismightbeplayedoutdoorsonthegrass
andin1873heintroducedhisnewgameunderthenameSphairistikèatalawnpartyinWales.It
wasanimmediatesuccessandspreadrapidly,buttheoriginalnamequicklydisap-
peared.(2)Playersandspectatorssoonbegantocallthenewgame“lawntennis.”(3)In1874a
womannamedMaryOuterbridgereturnedtoNewYorkwiththebasicequipmentofthegame,
whichshehadobtainedfromaBritishArmystoreinBermuda.(4)Thefirstgameoflawntennisin
theUnitedStateswasplayedonthegroundsoftheStatenIslandCricketandBaseballClubin
1874.(5)
10. Thegamewentoninahaphazardfashionforanumberofyears.Thenin1879,standardequip-
ment,rules,andmeasurementsforthecourtwereinstituted.Ayearlater,theU.S.LawnTennis
Associationwasformed.(1)InternationalmatchesfortheDavisCupbeganin1900.(2)Theywere
playedatChestnutHill,Massachusetts,betweenBritishandAmericanplayers.(3)Thehometeam
wonthisfirstchampionshipmatch.(4)
11. PhotosynthesisistheprocessbywhichplantscapturetheSun’senergytoconvertwaterandcarbon
dioxideintosugarstofueltheirgrowth.Thisprocesscannottakeplacewithoutchlorophyll.(1)
Infact,chlorophyllissoessentialtothelifeofplantsthatitformsalmostinstantlyinseedlingsas
theycomeincontactwithsunlight.(2)Agreenpigment,chlorophyllisresponsibleforthegreen
coloringofplants.(3)Butwhatturnstheleavesofdeciduousplantsbrilliantredandorangeandgold
intheautumn?(4)
12. Treesdonotmanufacturenewpigmentsforfall.(1)Orange,red,yellow,andothercoloredpigments
arepresentintheleavesthroughoutthespringandsummer.(2)However,thesearemaskedbythe
fargreaterquantityofchlorophyll.(3)Whenthedaysgrowshorterandtemperaturesfall,treessense
theonsetoffall.(4)Theyforman“abscissionlayer.”(5)Thislayerisabarrieroftissueatthebaseof
eachleafstalk.Itpreventsnourishmentfromreachingtheleafand,conversely,prevents
sugarcreatedintheleaffromreachingtherestofthetree.(6)Thus,sugarbuildsupinthe
leaf,causingthechlorophylltobreakdown.(7)Thegreensofsummerthenbegintofade.(8)The
orange,red,yellow,andbrownpigmentsnowpredominate,givingtheleavestheirvibrantautumn
colors.
SECTION 3: READING
REVIEWTESTH
1. Thecorrectansweris(C).Thepassagegenerallyconcernstheadvantagesofbiologicalagentsand
thedisadvantagesofchemicalagents.
2. Thecorrectansweris(A).Thewordmarringmeansspoiling.
3. Thecorrectanswerisimpede.Thewordhamperisclosestinmeaningtothewordimpede.
4. Thecorrectansweris(C).Theauthordefinesweedsas“anyplantsthatthrivewheretheyare
unwanted”(sentence2).Nodefinitionsareofferedfortheotherterms.
5. Thecorrectanswerisinjure.Thewordharmisclosestinmeaningtoinjure.
6. Thecorrectansweris(D).Paragraph2saysherbicidesaresometimesnecessary.
7. Thecorrectansweris(C).Choice(A)isgiveninparagraph4,whichsaysthatbiologicalagents
“leavecropsandotherplantsuntouched.”Choice(B)isalsogiven;chemicalagents“harmworkers
whoapplythem.”Choice(D)isgiveninparagraph4;“biologicalagentscanbeadministeredonly
once,”whilechemicalagents“typicallymustbeusedseveraltimespergrowingseason.”
8. Thecorrectansweris(A).Accordingtothepassage,thelivingorganismsusedtokillweedsare
“primarilyinsectsandmicroorganisms.”
9. Thebiologicalagentsnowusedtocontrolweedsareenvironmentallybenignandofferthebenefitof
specificity.(1)Theycanbechosenfortheirabilitytoattackselectedtargetsandleavecropsand
otherplantsuntouched,includingplantsthatmightberelatedtothetargetweeds.Incontrast,
someofthemosteffectivechemicalskillvirtuallyalltheplantstheycomeincontact
with.(2)Theyspareonlythosethatarenaturallyresistantorthosethathavebeengenetically
modifiedforresistance.(3)Furthermore,anumberofbiologicalagentscanbeadministeredonly
once,afterwhichnoaddedapplicationsareneeded.(4)Chemicalstypicallymustbeusedseveral
timespergrowingseason.(5)
ThephraseIncontrastindicatesthatthemissingsentencemustfollowasentencethatexpressesan
oppositeidea.Themainpointofthemissingsentenceisthatchemicalskillalltheplantswithwhich
theycomeincontact.Theprevioussentencetalksabouthowbiologicalagentsareselectiveinthe
plantstheykill.
10. Thecorrectansweris(C).Inthiscontext,applicationsmeanstreatments(withbiologicalagents).
11. Thecorrectanswerisbiologicalapproaches.Thewordtheyreferstobiologicalapproaches.
12. Thecorrectanswerisconventional.Thewordstandardisclosestinmeaningtoconventional.
13. Thecorrectansweris(C).Theproblemistheneedtocontrolweeds;thepossiblesolutionsare
theuseofchemicalorbiologicalagents.
14. Thecorrectansweris(A).TheauthorreferstothefactthatBernstein’sscoreis“brilliant,”that
StephenSondheim“revealedaremarkabletalent,”andthatJeromeRobbins’choreographyis“electri-
fying.”Allofthesepositivefactors,andtheabsenceofnegativeones,adduptoafavorableattitude.
15. Thecorrectansweris(B).Paragraph1saystheplay“issetintheearly1950s.”
16. Thecorrectansweris(A).Paragraph1mentions“TheMontaguesandCapuletsofShakespeare’s
play”andcomparesthemwiththeJetsandSharksinWestSideStory.
17. Thecorrectanswerisopposing.Thewordrivalmeansopposing.
18. ThecorrectanswerisTheplottellsthestoryofMaria,aPuertoRicanwhosebrotherBernardois
theleaderoftheSharks,andofTony,amemberoftheJets.
19. Thecorrectansweris(D).Paragraph2states:“StephenSondheim...revealedaremarkabletalent
forwritinglyrics.”
20. Thecorrectansweris(B).Ascoreisthewrittenformofapieceofmusic.
21. Thecorrectansweristhrilling.Thewordelectrifyingisclosestinmeaningtothrilling.
22. ThecorrectanswerisAcademyAwards.ThewordonesreferstoAcademyAwards.
23. Thecorrectansweris(B).Thesecondparagraphsaysthat“BeforeWestSideStory,noonethought
thatdancecouldbeasintegraltoanarrativeasthemusicandthelyrics.ButthedancesinWestSide
Storyareamongthemostthrillingelementsoftheplay.”
24. Thecorrectansweris(D).Paragraph3indicatesthat,afteritfirstopened,theplayranfor734
performancesinNewYork.
25. Thecorrectansweris(A).Paragraph1statesthat“theblacktie[i.e.,veryformal]audiencetreated
theoccasion...asasocialaffair.”
26. Thecorrectansweris(A).Paragraph2statesthat“GermanengineerKarlBenzbuiltwhatare
regardedasthefirstmoderncarsinthemid-1880s.”
27. ThecorrectanswerisButtheUnitedStatespioneeredthemerchandisingoftheautomobile.
28. Thecorrectansweris(B).Therewereabout8,000peopleatthe1900NationalAutomobileShow,
accordingtoparagraph1.Bycoincidence,thiswasthesamenumberofautomobilesastherewerein
theUnitedStatesin1900(paragraph3).
29. Thecorrectansweris(C).ByhappenstancemeansCoincidentally.
30. Thecorrectansweris(B).Accordingtothepassage,onlyaround4,000carswereassembledinthe
UnitedStatesin1900,andonlyaquarterofthoseweregasolinepowered(paragraph3).Onequarter
of4,000is1,000.
31. Thecorrectansweris(A).Paragraph4statesthat“theshow’saudiencefavoredelectriccars
becausetheywerequiet.”
32. Thecorrectanswerissmelly.Thewordfragrantismostnearlyoppositeinmeaningtotheword
smelly.
33. Thecorrectansweris(C).Accordingtothepassage,“TheDuryeaMotorWagonCompany...
offeredafragrantadditivedesignedtomaskthesmellsofthenaphthathatitburned.”
34. Thecorrectansweris(A).Thewordisclosestinmeaningtoclumsy.
35. Thecorrectansweris(B).Paragraph4indicatesthattheGasmobile,Franklin,andOrientsteered
withtillers(devicesusedtosteerboats);theDuryeaprobablyusedasteeringwheel.
36. Thecorrectansweriswealthy.Thewordwell-to-doisclosestinmeaningtowealthy.
37. ThecorrectanswerisTheseearlymodelcarswerepracticallyhandmadeandwerenotvery
dependable.(1)Theywerebasicallytoysofthewell-to-do.(2)Infact,WoodrowWilson,thena
professoratPrincetonUniversityandlaterPresidentoftheUnitedStates,predictedthatautomobiles
wouldcauseconflictbetweenthewealthyandthepoor.(3)However,amongtheexhibitorsatthe
1900showwasayoungengineernamedHenryFord.Thecarsheexhibitedatthe1900show
apparentlyattractednospecialnotice.(4)Butbeforetheendofthedecade,hewouldrevolu-
tionizetheautomobileindustrywithhisModelTFord.(5)TheModelT,firstproducedin1909,
featuredastandardizeddesignandastreamlinedmethodofproduction.(6)Itslowercostsmadeit
availabletothemassmarket.(7)
Themissingsentenceclearlyreferstotheexhibitor,HenryFord.Thefirstwordinthefollowing
sentenceisbut,indicatingcontrast.Thecontrastinvolvesthefactthat,atthe1900show,Ford’scars
werenotespeciallynoticed,butinafewyears,hewouldcompletelychangetheindustry.
38. Thecorrectansweris(B).Paragraph6indicatesthatthehighestpricedcarsattheshowsoldfor
$1,500in1900dollars.
SECTION4
EssayWriting
EXERCISE39.1
Answerswillvary.Theseanalysesaregivenassamples.
TYPEA
Prompt1
Thispromptsaysthattherearetwoopinionsregardingbasiceducationalphilosophy.Educationcan
emphasizeeithercompetitionorcooperation.IhavetodecidewhichoftheseIwanttosupport.
IfIchoosetosupportcooperation,Ineedtoshowhowlearningtocooperatewillbeusefulinlater
life—forexample,beingabletoworkwithone’scolleagues.IfIchoosetodefendtheoppositeidea,Ican
showtheadvantagesofbeingacompetitiveperson—insports,inbusiness,andsoon.OrImightsaythat
agoodeducationshouldteachpeoplethatattimestheymustcooperatewellandattimestheymustbe
strongcompetitors.
Prompt2
Whenwritingthisessay,Ihavetoshowthebenefitsofeitheron-campuslivingoroff-campusliving.One
advantageofdormlivingisconvenience.Anotheristhatitprovidesopportunitiesformakingfriends.I
couldsupportthisbygivingexamplesofhowdormlivingmakeslifeeasyforstudentsandencourages
themtointeractwithotherstudents.Themainadvantagesofoff-campuslivingareindependenceand
privacy,Isuppose.IfIchoosetotakethisside,I’llneedtothinkofwaysthatlivingoff-campuscanmake
someoneabetterstudentandbetterpreparedforadultlife.
TYPEB
Prompt3
Therearetwopossibleapproachestowritingthisessay.Icangiveseveralreasonswhyathletesand
entertainersmakefartoomuchmoneyforwhattheydo,especiallywhencomparedwithpeoplewho
contributemuchmoretosocietythantheydo.IfIchoosetodefendtheotherpointofview,Ihaveto
justifytheselargesalaries.Icouldsaythat,likeanyotherworkers,theyaresimplygettingthesalarythat
peoplearewillingtogivethemfortheirservices,andalsothattheybringalotofentertainmentand
enjoymenttopeople.
Prompt4
Icouldchoosetoagreewiththisstatement.IfIdo,Ihavetoshowhowtakingavarietyofclassesmakesa
personwell-roundedandbetterinformed.Imightsaythatitisfineforgraduatestudentstospecialize,but
thatundergraduatesneedtobegeneralistswithsomeknowledgeofhistory,science,math,art,andallthe
otherimportantfields.Ontheotherhand,ifItaketheoppositeside,Ihavetogivereasonswhyitisa
goodideatoconcentrateonlyononefieldofinterest.
Imightsay,forexample,thatforstudentsinscientificandtechnicalfields,thereissomuchtolearn
infouryearsthatitisimpossibleforthemtotakemanyelectives.
377
TYPEC
Prompt5
Forthisprompt,ImustchooseafigurefromthepastthatIwanttotalkto.Itcouldbesomeoneinterna-
tionallyfamous,suchasJuliusCaesar,SimonBolívar,AbrahamLincoln,orMahatmaGandhi.OrIcould
choosetospeaktosomeonewhoisimportanttomepersonally,suchasmygreat-great-grandfather.Itwill
probablybebestifIchoosesomeoneIknowquiteabitabout,andpreferablysomeoneinafieldthatIam
interestedin.IcouldchoosePele,forexample,becauseI’minterestedinfootball,orAdamSmithbecause
I’minterestedineconomics.ThemostimportantthingsaretohavegoodreasonswhyIwanttotalktothe
personthatIchooseandtohavesomespecificquestionsI’dliketoaskthisperson.
Prompt6
ThepromptsaysthatIcanfundanyoneofseveralcityservices.Towritethisessay,Ineedtodecidewhat
kindofservicemyhometownneedsmost.Forexample,ifthereisahighcrimerate,thenIcouldmakea
goodcaseforfundingthepolicedepartment.Itwouldprobablybeeasytoexplainwhyfundingshouldgo
toschoolsorhospitals,becausealmostanycommunityneedsimprovementsineducationandhealthcare.
EXERCISE39.2
Answerswillvary.
EXERCISE39.3
Answerswillvary.
EXERCISE40.1
Answerswillvary.
EXERCISE40.2
Answerswillvary.
EXERCISE40.3
Answerswillvary.
EXERCISE41.1
Theremaybeseveralwaystojoinsomeofthesesentences.
1. OneofthemostimportantholidaysinmycountryisIndependenceDay,whichiscelebratedon
September16th.
2. Youngchildrenhaveaspecialtalentforlanguagelearning,sotheyshouldbetaughtotherlanguages
atanearlyage.
Becauseyoungchildrenhaveaspecialtalentforlanguagelearning,theyshouldbetaughtother
languagesatanearlyage.
3. Sincemybrotherbeganstudyingattheuniversity,hehastakenseverallargeclasses.
4. Eventhoughsomeformsofadvertisingserveausefulpurpose,manyotherformsdonot.
Someformsofadvertisingserveausefulpurpose,butmanyotherformsdonot.
5. Afriendisanacquaintancewhowillhelpyouwheneverpossible.
6. Ibelievecorporationsshoulddomoretorecyclematerialsandtoreduceairpollution.
7. Smallclassesarethebestenvironmentforlearning,butsometimesuniversitiesmusthavelargeclasses.
Althoughsmallclassesarethebestenvironmentforlearning,sometimesuniversitiesmusthavelarge
classes.
EXERCISE41.2
Answerswillvaryforsentences1–4.
5. Insmallclasses,studentsgetmorepersonalattention.
6. IfIneededtogetintouchwithabusinessassociate,Iwouldusee-mail.
EXERCISE41.3
(Introduction2)
Manystudentsbelievethatsmallclassesofferbettereducationalopportunitiesthanlargeones.However,
inmyexperience,thatisnotnecessarilytrue.Ibelievethat,withagoodteacher,alargeclasscanprovide
asgoodalearningopportunityasasmallone.
(Body1)
However,otherpeoplebelievethatspaceresearchhasprovidedmanybenefitstohumankind.Theypoint
outthathundredsofusefulproducts,frompersonalcomputerstoheartpacemakerstofreeze-driedfoods,
arethedirectorindirectresultsofspaceresearch.Theysaythatweatherandcommunicationsatellites,
whicharealsoproductsofspaceresearch,havebenefitedpeopleallovertheglobe.Inadditiontothese
practicalbenefits,supportersofthespaceprogrampointtothescientificknowledgethathasbeen
acquiredabouttheSun,theMoon,theplanets,andevenourownEarthasaresultofspaceresearch.
(Body2)
WhenIwasanundergraduatestudent,mostofthelargeclassesItookwereintroductoryclassesforfirst-
andsecond-yearstudents.Forexample,Itookclassesinworldhistoryandeconomicsthathadmorethan
100studentsandmetinlargelecturehalls.Ithinktheseclasseswereasgoodassomeofthesmallclasses
Itooklater.Atthebasiclevel,thelecturesthataprofessorgivesarebasicallythesamenomatterwhat
sizetheclassis.Moreover,theprofessorswhotaughttheseclassesseemedmoreenthusiasticand
energeticthantheteachersIhadinsmallerclasses.Personally,Ithinktheyenjoyedhavingalarge
audience!Onesupposedadvantageofsmallclassesisthatthereisusuallyalotmoreinteractionamong
studentsandbetweentheteacherandthestudentsthaninlargeclasses.However,inthelargeclassesI
took,therewerediscussionsessionsheldeveryweekwithagraduateteachingassistantinwhichthere
wasalotofinteraction.Besides,theteachersfortheseclasseshadlongofficehours,andtheywere
alwayswillingtoanswerquestionsandtalkoverproblems.
(Body2)
Themostobviouslyimportantcharacteristicofjettravelisthehighspeedinvolved.Ahundredyearsago,
ittookweekstocrosstheAtlanticorPacificOceansbyship.However,today,thosesametripscanbe
completedinamatterofhours.OnecanattendameetinginParisandhavedinnerinNewYorkthesame
day.Theseamazingspeedshavechangedpeople’sconceptsofspace.Todaytheworldismuchsmaller
thanitwasinthepast.
Anotherimportantaspectofjettravelisitsrelativelylowcost.Aninternationaljourney100yearsago
wasextremelyexpensive.Onlywealthypeoplecouldaffordtotravelcomfortably,infirstclass.Poor
peoplehadtosaveforyearstopurchaseaticket,andtheconditionsinwhichtheytraveledwereoften
miserable.Todayitispossibleformoreandmorepeopleineverycountrytotravelincomfort.Thusitis
possibleforbusinesspeopletodobusinessallovertheworld,forstudentstoattenduniversitiesinother
countries,andfortouriststotakevacationsanywhereintheworld.
(Conclusion1)
Iagreewiththosepeoplewhosupportspaceresearchandwantittocontinue.Spaceresearch,asshown,
hasalreadybroughtmanybenefitstohumanity.Perhapsitwillbringevenmorebenefitsinthefuture,
onesthatwecan’tevenimaginenow.Moreover,justasindividualpeopleneedchallengestomaketheir
livesmoreinteresting,Ibelievethehumanraceitselfneedsachallenge,andIthinkthatthepeaceful
explorationofouterspaceprovidesjustsuchachallenge.
(Conclusion2)
Inconclusion,Idon’tthinkthatthesizeofaclassisveryimportant.Ithinkthatlearningdependsmore
onthequalityoftheteachingthanonthenumberofstudentsintheclass.
(Conclusion3)
Tosummarize,thespeedandlowcostofinternationaljettravelhavechangedtheworld.
Individualnationsarenotasisolatedastheywereinthepast,andpeoplenowthinkofthewhole
planetastheyoncethoughtoftheirownhometowns.
EXERCISE41.4
1. Ibelievethatwomenshouldhavetherighttoserveinthemilitary.However,Idon’tbelievethat
theyshouldbeassignedtocombatroles.
2. Manyactors,rockmusicians,andsportsstarsreceivehugeamountsofmoneyfortheworkthattheydo.
Forexample,abaseballplayerwasrecentlyofferedacontractworthmorethan12milliondollars.
Personally,Ifeelthatthisisfartoomuchtopayapersonwhosimplyprovidesentertainment.
3. Thedevelopmentoftheautomobilehashadagreatimpactonpeopleeverywhere.Likewise ,the
developmentofhigh-speedtrainshashadanimpactonpeopleinmanycountries,includingmyhome
countryofFrance.
4. IusedtoworkinarestaurantwhenIwasincollege.Irealizewhatadifficultjobrestaurantworkis.
Therefore,wheneverIgoouttoeat,Itrytoleaveagoodtipformywaiterorwaitress.
5. Manypeoplewouldagreewiththeideathatthebestusefortheopenspaceinourcommunityisto
buildashoppingcenter.Ontheotherhand,thereareotherpeoplewhofeelweshouldturnthis
openspaceintoapark.
EXERCISE41.5
Thereareseveralwaystocorrectlyrewritethisessay.
Therearecertainpeoplewhoalwaysliketotaketheirvacationsinthesameplace.Theyreturnfroma
vacationandaskthemselves,“WhencanIgobackthereagain?”Thereareotherpeoplewholiketogo
manyplaces.Theyliketodomanydifferentthingsontheirvacations.
Whentheyreturnfromavacation,theyaskthemselves,“WherecanIgonext?”Myparentsare
perfectexamplesofthefirstkindofpeople.Theyalwaysliketogotoalakeinthemountainswherethey
wentontheirhoneymoon.Theyboughtavacationcabinthereseveralyearsaftertheyweremarried.They
havegonetheretwoorthreetimesayearforovertwenty-fiveyears.Myparentshavemadefriendswith
thepeoplewhoalsoowncabinsthere.Theyenjoygettingtogetherwiththem.Bothmyparentsenjoy
sailingandswimming,andmyfatherlikestogofishing.Myparentsenjoyvariety,buttheysaytheycanget
varietybygoingtotheircabinatdifferenttimesoftheyear.Theyparticularlyliketogothereinthe
autumnwhentheleavesarebeautiful.
Iamanexampleofapersonwholikestogotodifferentplacesforhervacation.WhenIwasachild,
Iwenttomyparents’cabin,butwhenIgotolder,Iwantedtotraveltomanydifferentplaces.Ispentalot
oftimeandmoneylearninghowtoski,soIwantedtotraveltoplaceswhereIcouldski,suchasSwitzer-
land.Iwasinterestedinvisitinghistoricplaces,soIwenttoAngkorWatinCambodia,eventhoughitwas
difficulttogetthere.IwouldliketogotoEgypt,becauseIwanttoseethepyramids,andtoRometosee
theColiseum.
AlthoughIenjoygoingtofamiliarplaces,Ifindthatgoingtostrangeplacesismoreexciting.The
worldissohugeandexcitingthatIdon’twanttogotothesameplacetwice.Still,Iunderstandmy
parents’pointofview.Theybelievethatyoucannevergettoknowaplacetoowell.
EXERCISE41.6
Answerswillvary.
EXERCISE42.1
Thereareseveralwaysinwhichsomeoftheerrorsintheseparagraphscanbecorrected.
Paragraph1
are
Thereismanyspeciesofanimalsintheworldthreatenedwithextinction.
the it
Onethreatenedanimalis tiger.Ibelievethat isveryimportantthatgovern-
` `
the are Still
mentsprotect tiger.InIndonesiatigers protectedbythegovernment.
` ` `
are
manyofthemiskilledeveryyear.
Paragraph2
T a fields
Thetechnologyhashad majorimpactinmanyfield.Nowadayswecan’teven
`
imagine travel
suppose business,communication,ortravelingwithoutcomputers.Iwanttodiscuss
M
abouttheimpactofcomputersontheeducation.Themoderntechnologyhasmade
lifeeasier wants
liveeasy forstudentsandprofessors.Ifastudentwanttocontactwitha
it’ssimple. Thestudentcansendtheprofessorane-mailrather
professor, you haven’t problem. It is enough only to send professor’s an e-mail
thangotohisorher Moreover, universitieshave networks

and you haven’t to go tooffice. More over, many universitycreated special network
ofstudying them.
forstudentsinorder tomakethestudyingprocess easyforitsstudents.
`
Studentsmayenterthiskindofnetwork theirpasswords
For such kind net you could enter onlyby using your pass wordand identifica-
astudent
tionnumber.There are manycategoriesyoucanchoosetoenter,suchas“student
whichcontainshomeworkassignments.
tools” or “assignment box” where you can know about your homeworks.
Itisalso do
Alsois possibletoaccesstotheuniversitylibrarytomake researches.
`
the
Computersalsogivestudents opportunitytogatherinformationsaboutvarious
`
s I This the forstudentstodo
topic from the internet. It is one of mosteasiest ways of making research.
`
Oneotherwaythatcomputerscanhelpstudents,especiallythosefromanother
istoallowstudentstostayin friends .P
countries, to stay touch with their freinds and family at their home, personally
theUSA Iwere in
Icouldnotstudyin usa if not contactwithmyfamily,becauseIam
` `
a and family’s
both studentaswellasworkas amanagerinmyfamilies businesssoImust
`
stay in assistants
touchwithmyassistents.
`
Paragraph3
booksIhaveread
One of the most interesting book I am reading recently was a biography
W C H the G B
ofwinstonchurchill.hewas primeministerofthegreatbritainduring
W W O ` people leader
theworldwarII.ofcoursemanypeopelknowwhatagreatleadershiphewas
B was
duringthewar.butIfoundhislifebeforeandafterthewarwerealsovery
interesting.
Paragraph4
believe it tofall
Somepeopleare believing that isimpossiblefalling inlovewithsomeone
On ` other believe
“atfirstsight.”In theotherhand,thereareotherspeoplewhoarebelievingthat
recognize it’s tofall
yourecognitionapersonthatyouloveimmediately.Iknowitspossiblefalling in
b me
loveatfirstsightBecausethishappenedtomywifeandI.
Paragraph5
T the M
Ifyouareeverinthailandin monthofmayIsuggestyoutogototheRocket
is ` Y miles
Festival.It heldeveryyearinasmalltowncalledyasothonabout300mile from
B `
b angkok.bangkokhasmanybeautifultemples,includingthetempleofthedawn.*
ThisfestivaliswellknownandfamousinThailand.Peoplefromalloverthecoun-
celebrating hundreds
tryjointhelocalpeopleincelebrate.Thelocalfarmerslaunchhundredofcolorful
togain whom
rockets forgaining thefavorofspiritswhotheybelievewillbringraintotheirrice
tobe and
crops. However,ifyougo,youneedbeingcareful.Bothfarmersor tourists
aresometimesinjuredkilled go
sometimeinjure orevenkill byrockets thatgoesoutofcontrol.
Paragraph6
a lived northern
WhenIwas childIlive inthetownofSendai,thebiggestcityinthenorthpartof
` lived w central partofjapan.WhileI
J
Japan.Mygrandmotherlive inTokyo,Whichisinthecenter
living took
waslive inSendai,Ioftenwenttoseemygrandmother,butittakesfivehoursto
T In
gettotokyobylocaltrain.Since1983,thehigh-speedexpresstraincalledthe
was
“Shinkansen” built,andconnectedbetweenSendaiandTokyo.Formepersonally,
the `important an
thiswas mostimportent developmentintransportation.Itnowtakesonlya hour
a ` became had
and halftotraveltoTokyofromSendai.Thetripbecome veryeasy.Italsowasa
` Economic Onthenegative
greatimpactonSendai.Economics developmentthereincreased.In
On
side,pricesforhousingandotherthingswentup.In thewhole,however,this
beneficial
developmentwasverybigbenefit forthecity.
EXERCISE42.2
Answerswillvary.
*Thiswholesentenceisirrelevanttotheparagraph.
PRACTICETEST
SECTION1:LISTENING
PartA
1. C 9. D
2. A 10. C
3. A 11. D
4. A 12. A
5. D 13. B
6. D 14. A
7. B 15. A
8. C
PartB
16. C 28. A,D
17. B 29. B,C,A
18. B 30. B
19. D 31. A
20. C,A,B 32. C
21. A 33. D
22. A 34. C
23. A,D 35. C
24. C 36. C
25. A 37. B,D
26. C 38. A
27. D,A,B
AUDIOSCRIPT
PartA
1. M1: Excuseme—doyouknowwhichapartmentSallyHilllivesin?
F1: SallyHill?AsfarasIknow,shedoesn’tliveinthisapartmentcomplexatall.
M2: WhatdoesthewomanimplyaboutSallyHill?
2. F2: Mary,mayIuseyourphone?Ithinkmineisoutoforder.
F1: Feelfree.
M2: WhatdoesMarytelltheotherwoman?
3. F1: IsLillianstillplanningtostudyoverseas?
M1: No,herparentsthrewcoldwateronthatplan.
M2: WhatdidLillian’sparentsdo?
4. M1: Uh,oh.Yourroommate’smakingdinneragain.Yourkitchenisgoingtolooklikeatornadohitit.
F1: Maybenot.Lastnightshecookeddinnerandleftthekitchenspick-and-span.
M2: Whatdoesthewomansayherroommatedidlastnight?
5. F1: That’sabeautifuloldoaktreeoverthere,butitneedstobesprayed—ithasaparasite,Ithink.
M1: Howdidyoulearnsomuchabouttrees?
F1: Mostlyfrommyfather—hestudiedforestryincollege.
M2: Howdidthewomanmainlylearnabouttrees?
384
PRACTICE TEST
6. (Ring...Ring...Soundofphonebeingpickedup)
M1: Hello.
F2: Hi,Tom,thisisBrenda.Sinceyoudidn’tgotoclasstoday,IjustthoughtI’dcalltotellyouthat
ProfessorBarclaysaidwe’regoingtohavetowritearesearchpaperforhisclass.
M1: Really?Andhowlongdowehavetofinishit?
M2: WhatdoesTomaskBrenda?
7. M1: Juliecertainlyseemstolikeclassicalmusic.
F2: Shedoesn’tlikejustanyclassicalmusic.
M2: WhatdoesthewomanimplyaboutJulie?
8. F1: HowdidyoudoonProfessorDixon’shistorytest?
M1: Probablynottoowell.IskippedacoupleofquestionsandIdidn’thavetimetogobackto
them.
M2: Whatdoesthemansayaboutthehistorytest?
9. F2: HowdoyoulikethisdeskIjustbought?
M1: It’sbeautiful.Itmustbeanexpensiveantique.
F2: Itmaylooklikethat,butIgotitfornexttonothing.
M2: Whatdoesthewomansayaboutthedesk?
10. M1: Hi,Emma.Onyourwayhome?
F1: IwishIwere.Istillhavetwomoreclassestoday.I’dmuchratherbeoutthereenjoyingthe
sunshine.
M1: Yeah,it’sniceforachange,isn’tit?
M2: Whatcanbeinferredfromtheconversation?
11. M1: Gary’susingthatoldtapeplayerofyours.
F2: He’swelcometoit.
12. F2: WhoareyougoingtovotefortobepresidentoftheStudentAssembly?
M1: IthinkEdMilleristhebestchoice.
F2: SodoI—nowthatMargaretLinghasdroppedoutoftherace.
13. F1: I’mgoingtoStephanie’shouse.Ihaveanassignmenttocomplete,andIneedtouseher
computer.
M1: Whydon’tyoubuyoneofyourown?Thinkhowmuchtimeyoucouldsave.
14. M2: Whatdoesthemansuggestthewomando?
M1: IjustranintoShellyattheRecreationCenter—shesaidtosayhellotoyou.
F2: Howisshe?ThelasttimeIspoketoher,shesaidshehadn’tbeenfeelingtoowell.
M1: Well,whenIsawherthismorning,shewasthepictureofhealth.
15. M2: WhatdoesthemansayaboutShelly?
F1: I’mreallyexcitedaboutgoingcampingthisweekend.
M1: You’regoingcamping?Then,youdon’thavetostudyforthatphysicstestafterall?
M2: Whathadthemanoriginallyassumedaboutthewoman?
PartB
Questions16–18
F1: Walter,IknowyousignedupforProfessorCrosley’santhropologyclass.Whyhaven’tyoubeen
coming?
M1: Whatdoyoumean?I’vebeenthereeverymorning!
F1: Everymorning?Idon’tunderstand.Oh,Igetit—youmustbeinhermorningclassincultural
anthropology.I’minherafternoonclassinsocialanthropology.Sotellme,howdoyoulikethe
class?
M1: Oh,it’sprettyinteresting.Sofar,we’vebeenstudyingtheart,thearchitecture,andthetoolsof
differentcultures.AndSaturday,ourclassisgoingdowntothelocalmuseum.There’sgoingto
beanexhibitoftheartifactsoftheearlyinhabitantsofthisarea.
F1: Yourclasshasquiteadifferentfocusfrommine.We’restudyingsocialrelationsingroups.For
example,thisweekwe’vebeentalkingaboutmarriagecustomsandfamilylifeinlotsof
societies—includingourown.
16. Whatdothetwospeakershaveincommon?
17. Whendoesthewoman’sclassmeet?
18. Whichofthefollowingtopicswouldmostlikelybediscussedintheman’sclass?
Questions19–23
M2: Listentopartofalectureinanengineeringclass.Theclasshasbeendiscussingvarioustypes
ofaircraft.
M1: HowmanyofyouwereatthefootballgameSaturdaynight?Didyounoticetheblimpcircling
thestadium?ThatwastheblimpColumbia.Today’sblimpsaremuchsmallerdescendantsof
thegiantairshipsthatwereusedintheearlytwentiethcentury.
Therearereallythreetypesofairships.Allofthemarelighter-than-airballoonsthatuse
enginesforpowerandruddersforsteering.Rigidairshipscontainedanumberofenvelopesor
gascellsfullofhydrogen.Theirshapewasdeterminedbyarigidframeworkofwoodormetal.
ThefirstrigidairshipswereflowninGermanybyCountZeppelinintheearly1900s,sothey
aresometimescalledzeppelins.TheywereusedinmilitaryoperationsinWorldWarI.After-
wards,theywereusedtotransportpassengers,eventakingthemacrosstheAtlantic.Another
typewasthesemi-rigidairship,developedinthe1920s.Theylookedmuchlikerigidairships,
buttheirshapewasmaintainedbyacombinationofgascellsandalongitudinalframemadeof
metal.
Theywerealsousedforpassengerservice,militaryoperations,andexploration.The
Italiansemi-rigidNorgewasthefirstairshiptoflyovertheNorthPole.Non-rigidswerethelast
typeofairshiptobedeveloped,andtheonlykindstillflying.Theyaremuchsmallerthanthe
othertwotypes,andtheirshapeismaintainedonlybythepressureofgasinsidetheballoon.
Theyarealsomuchsaferbecausetheyuseheliuminsteadofhydrogen,whichburnsvery
easily.Theyaresometimescalledblimps.TheblimpColumbia,whichwasflyingoverthe
footballstadiumSaturdaynight,isnon-rigid.
Asyoumayknow,theeraofthelargeairshipscametoanendinLakehurst,NewJersey,
in1937.ThefamousGermanrigidairship,Hindenburg,fullofhydrogen,caughtfireand
explodedwhileonatriptotheUnitedStates.Afterthat,onlyafewnon-rigidblimpssuchas
theColumbiahavebeenbuilt.Theyaremainlyusedforadvertising,aerialphotography,and
sightseeingtrips.
Someengineers,though,hopethatlargerigidairshipswillsomedayflyagain.These
airshipsofthefuturewouldbeequippedwithjetenginesandfilledwithhelium.Theycould
beusedtotransporteitherpassengersorcargo.Theywouldnotbeasfastastoday’sjet
airplanes,buttheywouldbemuchmorefuel-efficient.
19. Whatisthemainsubjectofthelecture?
20. Matchthetypeofairshipwiththecategoryinwhichitbelongs.
21. WhatdoesthespeakersayabouttheItalianairshipNorge?
22. WhateventinthehistoryofairshipstookplaceinLakehurst,NewJersey,in1937?
23. Whatcanbeinferredaboutairshipsofthefuture?
Questions24–26
F1: Hi,Ted.Ijustreadinthecampuspaperthatyourcreativewritingclassisgoingtobegivinga
publicreadingFriday.
M1: Yes,intheballroomattheStudentUnionbuilding.
F1: Areyougoingtobereadingsomeofyourpoems?Youknow,Ilovethatpoemyouwrote
aboutgrowingupinAlaska.
M1: Thanks.No,Ihaven’tbeenwritingpoetrylately.I’vebeenworkingonanovel,soI’llread
fromthatonFriday.
F1: Anovel?What’sitabout?
M1: It’saboutworkingonacommercialfishingboat.
F1: Really?Doyouknowmuchaboutthat?
PRACTICE TEST
M1: Well,mygrandfatherownedafishingboat,andwhenIwasinhighschool,Iworkedonit
duringthesummers.Andhetoldmeamillionstoriesaboutfishing.Ofcourse,I’vechanged
thestoriessomewhatandfictionalizedallthecharactersformynovel.
F1: Wow,thatsoundslikeitmightbeaninterestingbook.Well,I’lltrytobethereonFridayfor
thereading.
24. WhatwillTedbedoingonFriday?
25. WhathasTedbeenwritingmostrecently?
26. WhatisthesubjectofTed’smostrecentwriting?
Questions27–32
M2: Listentopartofalectureinageologyclass.
M1: Goodmorning,class.AsIsaidattheendofWednesday’sclass,todaywe’regoingtotalkabout
glaciers.Glaciersbeginwithordinarysnow.Normalsnowisabout80percentairspaceand
about20percentsolids.Now,whensnowdoesn’tmelt,itcompacts.Muchoftheairspace
disappears,andthesnowbecomesgranularicecalledfirn.Then,astheglacierbecomeslarger,
deeplyburiedicebecomesevenmorecompressed—about90percentsolid—andbecomes
glacialice.Asthepressurefromtheweightofaccumulatedicebuilds,theiceontheunderside
oftheglacierbecomespliableenoughtoflow—usuallyonlyafewcentimetersaday—anda
glacierisborn.Therearethreemaintypes:valleyglaciers,piedmontglaciers,andcontinental
glaciers.
Valleyglaciersaresmallglaciersthatareconfinedtoamountainvalley.Piedmontglaciers
areformedwhereoneormoreflowoutoftheirvalleysandjointogether.Continentalglaciers
aregiant,thick,slow-movingsheetsofice.Today,thereareonlytwocontinentalglaciers,one
inAntarctica,oneinGreenland,butduringtheIceAges,continentalglacierscoveredmostof
thenorthernhemisphere.Bydefinition,continentalglacierscoveratleast10,000square
kilometers.TheaveragecontinentalglacierwasaboutthesizeoftheentirestateofWest
Virginia.
Atsomepoint,glaciersbecomestationary.Inotherwords,theyappeartostopmoving.
That’sbecausetheyaremeltingatthesamerateatwhichnewiceisbeingadded.Then,they
begintorecede.Whentheyrecede,glaciersactuallyappeartobemovinguphill.However,
what’sreallyhappeningisthattheyaremeltingfasterthantheyareaddingnewmaterial.
Becauseglaciersaresoheavy,theycancauselarge-scaleerosionandcreateinteresting
featuresintheprocess.I’lljustmentionacoupleofthosefornow.Oneiscalledacirque,
whichisanamphitheater-shapedhollowcarvedoutofamountainside.Whenasinglemountain
hascirquesonatleastthreeofitssides,thepeakofthemountaintakesontheshapeofa
pyramid.Thispeakiscalledahorn.I’lltalkaboutsomeoftheotherfeaturesglacierscreatein
aminute,butfirst,anyonehaveanyquestionsaboutglacierssofar?
27. Thespeakermentionsthreetypesofmaterialsthatmakeupglaciers.Givetheorderinwhichthese
materialsappear.
28. Wherecancontinentalglaciersbefoundtoday?
29. Matchthetypeofglacierwithitsdescription.
30. Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutrecedingglaciers?
31. Whichpartofthepicturerepresentsacirque?
32. Whichpartofthepicturerepresentsahorn?
Questions33–38
M2: Listentoadiscussionthattakesplaceinahistoryclass.
F1: Well,wehaveonlyafewmoreminutesofclasslefttoday.BesuretoreadChapter8aboutthe
causesoftheCivilWarforMonday.Oh,anddon’tforget:OnSaturdaynight,resetyourclocks
oryou’llbeanhourlateforclassonMonday.
F2: Oh,that’sright—daylightsavingtimestartsthisweekend,doesn’tit?
M1: Ialwaysforget—doweturnourclocksbackwardsorforwards?
F2: Don’tyouknowthatlittlesaying:springforward,fallback?
F1: That’sright,Linda—inApril,wemoveourclocksforwardanhourfromstandardtimeto
daylightsavingtime.WereversethatinOctober,whenweturntheclockbackanhourto
standardtime.
M1: Sowheredidtheideaofdaylightsavingtimecomefromanyway,Professor?
F1: Apparently,thefirstpersontoproposetheideawasBenjaminFranklin,waybackinthe1790s.
Atthetime,itwassuchanovelideathatpeoplethoughthewasjustjoking.
F2: Whenwasitputintoeffect,then?
F1: Notformanyyears.DuringWorldWarI,peoplerealizedwhataninnovativeideaoldBen
Franklinhadhad.Thesuncomesupearlierinthespringandsummer,ofcourse,sobymoving
theclockupthen,peoplecantakeadvantageoftheextradaylight.
M1: Butwhat’stherealadvantageofdoingthis?
F2: IthinkIknow.Youdon’tneedasmuchfuelforlightingandsoon.It’sawaytosaveenergy,
right,Professor?
F1: Exactly...andenergyisanimportantresource,especiallyduringwartime.SotheUnited
StatesfirstadopteddaylightsavingtimeduringWorldWarIandwentbacktoitduringWorld
WarII.
F2: So,we’vehaddaylightsavingtimesinceWorldWarII?
F1: Well,notexactly.Afterthewar,somepartsofthecountrywentbacktoyear-roundstandard
timesandsomepartsdidn’t.Thereweresomegroupsthatopposeddaylightsaving...
M1: Really?Whowouldbeagainstit?It’ssonicetohaveextradaylightintheevening.
F1: Well,anyonewhowantsmoredaylightinthemorning...
F2: Farmerswouldlikethat,Isuppose,sincetheygetupearlytowork...
F1: Yes,farmers,andsomeparentswhodidn’twanttheirchildrengoingtoschoolinthedark.
Anyway,thingswereprettyconfusinguntilCongresspassedtheUniformTimeActin1966.
Thatmadedaylightsavingafederallawandstandardizedtheprocess.Thenin1986,daylight
savingtimewaslengthenedbyafewweeks,andsomepeoplehaveproposedthatwegotoa
year-rounddaylightsavingtime.
33. Whatisthemaintopicofthisdiscussion?
34. WhenareclocksintheUnitedStatessetback?
35. Accordingtotheprofessor,howwouldmostpeopleprobablyhavecharacterizedBenjaminFranklin’s
planfordaylightsavingtimewhenitwasfirstproposed?
36. Whenwasdaylightsavingtimefirstactuallyputintoeffect?
37. Whichofthesegroupsopposeddaylightsavingtime?
38. WhatwastheeffectoftheUniformTimeActof1966?
SECTION2:STRUCTURE
1. All ThenounphraseAllteamsportsprovidesasubjectforthesentence.
2. light Tobeparallelwiththeotheradjectivesintheseries(harderandmore
resistant),thecomparativeformlightermustbeused.
3. mostlargest Thecorrectsuperlativeformislargest.
4. a Ofthefourchoices,onlythisone,whichformsanappositivenoun
phrase,cancorrectlycompletethesentence.
5. destruction Theadjectiveformdestructiveisrequiredinplaceofthenoun.
6. whichacross Thecorrectwordorderispreposition+relativepronoun:acrosswhich.
7. were Thesingularformoftheverb(was)shouldbeusedtoagreewiththe
singularsubjectinfluence.
8. without Thisistheonlycorrectnegativeform.
9. Throughherresearch Apreposition(Through)isneededbeforetheseriesofnounphrases
thatcomebeforethesubject.Thethirdchoiceisincorrectbecauseit
lacksthewordher,whichisneededforparallelism,andbecausethe
nounresearchismoreappropriateinthisseriesthanthegerund
researching.
10. theyare Thepronounsubjecttheyisusedunnecessarilyandshouldbeomitted.
PRACTICE TEST
11. when Therelativewordwheremustbeusedtorefertoaplace.

12. bothinsulated Choice(B)says“both,”buttherearethreethingslisted.
13. its Toagreewithapluralnoun(sharks),thepluralpossessivewordtheir
shouldbeused.
14. enoughdense Thecorrectwordorderisadjective+enough:denseenough.
15. so Such...thatisusedwithanadjective+nounphrase(different
surgicalskills).(So...thatisusedwhenanadjectiveappears
alone.)
16. able Thenounabilityisneededinplaceoftheadjective.
17. manyofwhich Thecorrectpatternisquantifier+of+relativepronoun.
18. Thatall Anounclause,whichservesasthesubjectofthesentence,isrequired
tocompletethesentencecorrectly.
19. chemists Tobeparallelwiththeothernounsintheseries(physicsandmath-
ematics),anounthatreferstothenameofafield(chemistry )is
needed.
20. experts Theadjectiveexpertshouldnotbepluralized.
21. When Theonlycorrectchoiceformsareducedadverbclause.
22. to Theprepositionformustbeusedwiththeadjectiveresponsibleinthis
sentence(responsibletoissometimesusedwithaperson).
23. arespottedturtles Whenasentencebeginswithanegativeadverbial(Rarely),thesubject
andverbmustbeinverted.
24. themoreenergyithas Thisisaproportionalstatement;itfollowsthepatternThemoreX,the
moreY...
25. them Boththenounphrase(thesecraftsmen)andthepronounrefertothe
samepeople,sothereflexivepronounthemselvesshouldbeused.
SECTION3:READING
1. Thecorrectansweris(D).Theprimarypurposeofthispassageistodetailthestagesofthesun’s
lifeinthefuture.
2. Thecorrectansweris(A).Theword fueled isclosestinmeaningtopowered.
3. Thecorrectansweristhermonuclearreactions.Theword They referstothermonuclearreactions.
4. Thesuntodayisayellowdwarfstar.(1)Ithasexistedinitspresentstateforabout4billion,600
millionyearsandisthousandsoftimeslargerthantheearth.(2)Thesunisfueledbythermonuclear
reactionsnearitscenterthatconverthydrogentohelium.(3)Theyreleasesomuchenergythatthe
suncanshineforabout10billionyearswithlittlechangeinitssizeorbrightness.Itmaintainsits
sizebecausetheheatdeepinsidethesunproducespressurethatoffsetstheforceof
gravity.(4)Thisbalanceofforceskeepsthegasesofthesunfrompullinganyclosertogether.
Thelastsentenceoftheparagraphreferstoabalanceofforces.Themissingsentencediscussesthis
balanceofforces(betweenheatandgravity),soitshouldbeplacedinfrontofthelastsentence.
5. Thecorrectansweris(A).Thesunhasexistedinitspresentstateforabout4billion,600million
yearsandcanshineforabout10billionyears(paragraph1).Itisexpectedtobecomearedgiantin
about5billionyears(paragraph2).Therefore,itisabouthalfwaythroughitslifeasayellowdwarf.
6. Thecorrectanswerissurface.Theword core ismostnearlyOPPOSITEinmeaningtosurface.
7. Thecorrectansweris(D).Paragraph2statesthat“thecoreofthesunwillshrinkandbecome
hotter.”
8. Thecorrectansweris(C).Thesecondparagraphdescribestheprocessbywhichthesunbecomes
aredgiantstar.Thelastsentenceofthatparagraphstates:“Temperaturesontheearthwillbecome
toohotforlifetoexist.”
9. Thecorrectansweris(B).Paragraph3indicatesthatthesunwillbeawhitedwarf“afteritshrinks
toaboutthesizeoftheearth.”Paragraph1indicatesthatthesuntodayisthousandsoftimeslarger
thantheearth.Therefore,thesunwillbethousandsoftimessmallerthanitistoday.
10. Thecorrectansweris(C).Accordingtothepassage,thesunisnowayellowdwarfstar;itwill
thenexpandtoaredgiantstar,shrinktoawhitedwarfstar,andfinallycooltoablackdwarfstar.
11. Thecorrectansweris(A).Thephrase throwoff isclosestinmeaningtoeject.

12. Thecorrectansweristheearth.Theword there referstotheearth.
13. Thecorrectansweris(D).Althoughthepassagedescribestheendoftheearth,thateventissofar
inthefuturethattheauthor’stoneisscientificallydispassionate.
14. Thecorrectansweris(B).Washingtonwasoneofthefirstpeopletorealizetheimportanceof
canalsandheadedthefirstcompanyintheUnitedStatesformedtobuildacanal.
15. Thecorrectansweris(C).Theword feasibility isclosestinmeaningtopossibility.
16. Thecorrectanswerismethod.Theword means isclosestinmeaningtothewordmethod.
17. Thecorrectansweris(B).Accordingtoparagraph2,thecanallinkedAlbanyontheHudsonRiver
withBuffaloonLakeErie.
18. Thecorrectanswerisputanendto.Thephrase halted isclosestinmeaningtothephraseputan
endto.
19. Thecorrectansweris(A).Thephrase on-again-off-again isclosestinmeaningtotheword
Intermittent.
20. Thecorrectansweris(A).Accordingtothepassage,thegovernorofNewYork“persuadedthe
statetofinanceandbuildthecanal”(paragraph3).
21. Thecorrectansweris(C).Thecosthadbeenestimatedat$5millionbutactuallycost$2million
more(paragraph3),atotalof$7million.
22. Thecorrectansweris(D).Theword tolls isclosestinmeaningtothewordFees.
23. Thecorrectansweris(D).Accordingtoparagraph4,thecanal“allowedNewYorktosupplant
(replace)Boston,Philadelphia,andothereasterncitiesasthechiefcenterofbothdomesticand
foreigncommerce.”Theothereffectsarementionedinthisparagraph.
24. Thecorrectansweris(C).Paragraph5indicatesthattheexpansionofthecanalwouldhavebeen
warranted“haditnotbeenforthedevelopmentoftherailroads.”(Thismeans,“iftherailroadshad
notbeendeveloped.”)Therailroadsmusthavetakensomuchtrafficawayfromthecanalthat
expansionwasnolongerneeded.
25. Thecorrectansweris(B).Theword warranted isclosestinmeaningtojustified.
26. Thecorrectansweris(D).Thepassagemainlydealswiththedistresssignalsoftrees.Thereisno
directinformationabouttheotherchoicesinthepassage.
27. Thecorrectansweris(A).Thereferenceistothewordtreesinthethirdsentence.
28. Thecorrectanswerisattracted.Theword drawn isclosestinmeaningtoattracted.Theword
drawn isthepastparticipleoftheverbdraw,whichsometimesmeanstopullorattract.
29. Thecorrectanswerisdrought-stricken.Theword parched hasthesamemeaningasdrought-
stricken.Adroughtisatimeofnorainfall.Drought-stricken,therefore,meansdamagedbyalackof
water.Thewordparchedmeansverydry.
30. Thecorrectansweris(B).Theword plight isclosestinmeaningtocondition.Aplightisa
dangerousorterriblecondition.
31. Thecorrectansweris“Theyfastenedelectronicsensorstothebarkofdrought-strickentreesand
clearlyhearddistresscalls.”
32. Thecorrectansweris(C).Thetrees’signalsareinthe50–500kilohertzrange;theunaidedhuman
earcandetectnomorethan20kilohertz(paragraph2).
33. Thecorrectansweriscracked.Theword fractured isclosestinmeaningtocracked.
34. Thecorrectansweris(D).Thesignalsarecausedwhenthewatercolumninsidetubesintrees
break,“aresultoftoolittlewater.”
35. Thecorrectanswerisinsects.Theword they referstoinsects.
36. Thecorrectansweris(A).Inthecontextofthepassage, pickup meansPerceive.
37. Thecorrectansweris(D).Thefirstandsecondchoicesarementionedinparagraph3;thethird
choiceismentionedthroughoutthepassage;thereisnomentionofthefourthchoice.
38. Thecorrectansweris(C).Paragraph3says,“Researchersarenowrunningtests,”implyingthat,at
thetimethearticlewaswritten,researchwascontinuing.
39. Thecorrectansweris(B).ThepurposeofthepassageisprimarilytodescribeCharlieChaplin’s
movie,ModernTimes.
40. Thecorrectansweris(D).Paragraph1statesthatChaplin“wasmotivatedtomakethefilmbya
reporter”duringaninterview.
PRACTICE TEST
41. Thecorrectanswerispacked.Theword jammed isclosestinmeaningtopacked.

42. Thecorrectansweris(B).Accordingtoparagraph3,“Scenesoffactoryinteriorsaccountforonly
aboutone-thirdofthefootage.”Therefore,abouttwothirdsofthefilmmusthavebeenshotoutside
thefactory.
43. Thecorrectanswerisgentle.Theword biting ismostnearlyoppositeinmeaningtotheword
gentle.(Bitingheremeans“sharplycritical.”)
44. Thecorrectansweris(C).Thephrasegoinginsanecouldbestreplacethephrase losinghismind.
45. Scenesoffactoryinteriorsaccountforonlyaboutone-thirdofthefootageofModernTimes,butthey
containsomeofthemostpointedsocialcommentaryaswellasthefunniestcomicsituations.(1)No
onewhohasseenthefilmcaneverforgetChaplinvainlytryingtokeeppacewiththefast-moving
conveyorbelt,almostlosinghismindintheprocess.(2)Anotherpopularscenefeaturesanautomatic
feedingmachinebroughttotheassemblylinesothatworkersneednotinterrupttheirlabortoeat.
Allatonce,thisfeedingdevicebeginstomalfunction.(3)IthurlsfoodatChaplin,whois
strappedintohispositionontheassemblylineandcannotescape.(4)Thisservestoillustrate
people’sutterhelplessnessinthefaceofmachinesthataremeanttoservetheirbasicneeds.
ThewordItinthesentencefollowingthemissingsentencereferstothefeedingdevice.Also,this
sentencedescribesthemalfunctionthatisfirstmentionedinthemissingsentence.
46. Thecorrectanswerispeople’s.Theword their referstopeople’s.
47. Thecorrectansweris(C).Thelastsentenceofparagraph3states:“This(thescene)servesto
illustratepeople’sutterhelplessnessinthefaceofmachinesthataremeanttoservetheirbasic
needs.”
48. Thecorrectansweris(B).Theword utter isclosestinmeaningtocomplete.
49. Thecorrectanswerisflaws.Theword faults isclosestinmeaningtoflaws.
50. Thecorrectansweris(A).Thefilm“doesnotofferaradicalsocialmessage”(paragraph3)andso
wouldnotbeconsidered“revolutionary.”Paragraph2statesthat“Chaplinpreferredtoentertain
ratherthanlecture,”soitis“entertaining.”Paragraph3mentionsthatpeoplewhohaveseenthefilm
cannotforgetcertainscenes,soitiscertainly“memorable.”Accordingtoparagraph2,theopening
scene’s“bitingtone...isreplacedbyagentlenoteofsatire”;therefore,theauthorwouldconsider
thefilm“satirical.”
ABOUTTHEAUTHOR
BruceRogershastaughtEnglishasasecondlanguageandtest-preparationcoursesattheEconomics
InstituteinBoulder,Colorado,since1979.HehasalsotaughtinspecialprogramsinIndonesia,Vietnam,
SouthKorea,andtheCzechRepublic.HeisalsotheauthorofTheCompleteGuidetoTOEICandThe
CompleteGuidetoTOEFL:PracticeTests.

Petersons TOEFL

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Petersons TOEFL

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Peterson’s

PREFACE About This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix

TESTBASICS Wha t Is the Compute r-Ba se d TOEFLTe st? . 1

TESTBASICS Introduc tion to Liste ning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

SECTION 1 Liste ning

PARTB Exte nde d Conve rsa tions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

TESTBASICS Introduc tion to Struc ture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

TESTBASICS Introduc tion to Re a ding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

SECTION 4 Essa y Writing

ANSWER KEYS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS

WHATKINDS OFQUESTIONSWILLBE ON THECOMPUTER-BASEDTOEFLTEST?

*Note: M1=firstmalevoice M2=secondmalevoice F1=firstfemalevoice F2=secondfemalevoice

3. WhatdoesthewomantellMark? 10. WhatdothespeakersimplyaboutWilliam?

6. WhatdoesthemansayaboutHoward? 13. Whatdoesthewomanimply?

16. WhatcanbeinferredfromProfessor 17. Whathadthemanoriginallyassumed?

27. WhydoesDanawanttofindajob? 33. Whichoftheseinstrumentswastypically

31. Whatdoesthespeakerindicateaboutthe (A) Southernrevivalhymn

36. Whatisthemaintopicofthisdiscussion? 39. Inwhatordershouldthestudentscomplete

38. Intheexperimentproposedbythestudent, (A) Nextweek

*Note: M1=firstmalevoice M2=secondmalevoice M3=thirdmalevoice F1=firstfemalevoice

*Note: M1=firstmalevoice M2=secondmalevoice M3=thirdmalevoice F1=firstfemalevoice

*Note: M1=firstmalevoice M2=secondmalevoice M3=thirdmalevoice F1=firstfemalevoice

2. ______ (A) overdue 7. ______ (A) board

3. ______ (A) pain 8. ______ (A) brakes

4. ______ (A) where 9. ______ (A) sail

5. ______ (A) fined

*Note: M1=firstmalevoice M2=secondmalevoice M3=thirdmalevoice F1=firstfemalevoice

*Note: M1=firstmalevoice M2=secondmalevoice M3=thirdmalevoice F1=firstfemalevoice

5. Whatdoesthemanmean? 11. WhatdoesthemansayaboutDora?

*Note: M1=firstmalevoice M2=secondmalevoice M3=thirdmalevoice F1=firstfemalevoice

12. Whatcanbeinferredfromthewoman’s 15. Whatcanbeinferredaboutthespeakers?

5. Whatcanbeinferredfromthisconversation? 11. Whatcanbeinferredfromthisconversation?

*Note: M1=firstmalevoice M2=secondmalevoice M3=thirdmalevoice F1=firstfemalevoice

4. ______ (A) Agrees 7. ______ (A) Agrees

9. Whatdoesthewomansayaboutthelibrary? 10. Whatdoesthemanmean?

*Note: M1=firstmalevoice M2=secondmalevoice M3=thirdmalevoice F1=firstfemalevoice

*Note: M1=firstmalevoice M2=secondmalevoice M3=thirdmalevoice F1=firstfemalevoice

*Note: M1=firstmalevoice M2=secondmalevoice M3=thirdmalevoice F1=firstfemalevoice

5. Thewomanis 10. Thewomanis

*Note: M1=firstmalevoice M2=secondmalevoice M3=thirdmalevoice F1=firstfemalevoice

11. Themanwillprobably 13. Themanis

______ (A) dowhatthewomansuggests. ______ (A) makingasuggestion.

10. WhatdoesthemansuggestthatLisado? 12. Whatdoesthewomanthinktheman

*Note: M1=firstmalevoice M2=secondmalevoice M3=thirdmalevoice F1=firstfemalevoice

*Note: M1=firstmalevoice M2=secondmalevoice M3=thirdmalevoice F1=firstfemalevoice

*Note: M1=firstmalevoice M2=secondmalevoice M3=thirdmalevoice F1=firstfemalevoice

5. WhathadthemanassumedaboutCarol? 11. Whatdoesthewomanasktheman?

9. Whatdoesthewomanwanttoknow? 15. Whatdoesthemanaskthewoman?

*Note: M1=firstmalevoice M2=secondmalevoice M3=thirdmalevoice F1=firstfemalevoice

*Note: M1=firstmalevoice M2=secondmalevoice M3=thirdmalevoice F1=firstfemalevoice

*Note: M1=firstmalevoice M2=secondmalevoice M3=thirdmalevoice F1=firstfemalevoice

*Note: M1=firstmalevoice M2=secondmalevoice M3=thirdmalevoice F1=firstfemalevoice

3. Whatdoesthemansayabouttheradiostation? 10. WhatdidGreg’steacherdo?

12. WhatdothespeakersimplyaboutVictor? 15. Whatdoesthewomanwanttoknow?

13. Whatdoesthemanmean? 16. WhathadthemanassumedaboutAngela?

*Note: M1=firstmalevoice M2=secondmalevoice M3=thirdmalevoice F1=firstfemalevoice

3. WhoteachestheseminarsattheStudy 10. Whyisitimpossibletomonitormostpieces

15. Whatcanbeinferredaboutthecollector 21. Accordingtotheprofessor,howwasthe

16. WhereisthetownofSanJuanCapistrano 22. Accordingtotheprofessor,whyarethe

(A) Pasta (A) UnitedStates

8. Circlethepartofthepicturethatrepre- 12. WhichoftheseplaysdoesProfessorKemp

18. WhatisNoahWebstermainlyremembered 20. Whichofthefollowingarespellingsthat

Lensesmayhaving eitherconcave orconvexshapes.

COMPUTERSKILLS FOR THESTRUCTURESECTION

2. (A) overdue 7. (A) board

3. (A) pain 8. (A) brakes

4. (A) where 9. (A) sail

4. (A) Agrees 7. (A) Agrees

(A) dowhatthewomansuggests. (A) makingasuggestion.

5. twomajorartmuseums, 11. _whowaselectedthefirst

11. TheMassachusettsStateHouse,in 15. Thesolitaryscientist_______

1. , an organism must be able to 8. ________onbarrenslopes