2019 International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Power System

October 1-4, 2019, Bali, Indonesia

Study of PV Development in Bali Island

with 3 Aspects Consideration
Musa Partahi Marbun Fajar Ari K. Anindita Satria Surya
System Planning Division Load Dispatch Centre
PT PLN (Persero) Head Office PT PLN (Persero) PT PLN (Persero)
Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia
musa@pln.co.id fajar.ari.k@gmail.com anindita.satria@pln.co.id

Abstract— PV development and its integration to the power
grid were growing rapidly, these rapid developments due to
sustainability and environmental issue. In order to support the
development, all researchers and engineers worldwide were
conducted studies related to the PV development. Currently, most
of PV development studies only consider an aspect. Developers
consider irradiation, land acquisition, road access, and proximity
with the load. Government consider the PV’s potential and
existing power system readiness. Utility considers the technical
effect of PV integration based on Grid Code limitation. In order to
have a complete view of PV development, this study considers 3
aspects, such as mapping the potential of PV, the readiness of the
system by statistical methods, and determining the capacity &
location of PV plants that meet Grid Code. The results of the PV
development study which considered several aspects would
provide benefits to PV development. This study will be applied to
the island of Bali as a case study.
Keywords—PV, Integration, Bali, Mapping, Intermittent,
Location
I. INTRODUCTION
PV development is a current and major discussion among
utility, developer even government. The unlimited sources, price
trend, and low carbon emission are the main reasons which push
PV development in power grid worldwide. Several
considerations to develop PV such as the irradiation potency,
power system readiness, the need to reduce carbon emission, and
decreasing PV cost already studied worldwide. Such
consideration usually studied by different agent, which give
advantage for each agent. Developer consider irradiation
potency and workability of PV’s project in order to maintain the
benefit of PV Development. Government consider bigger
picture of PV development such as reducing carbon emission or
maintain energy sustainability, therefore such output like PV
capacity came from government target. Utility consider system
readiness and the grid impact of PV development. This PV
development consideration also occur on Indonesia. PV
development in Indonesia will be encouraged by several facts
which is government target, high irradiance potency in some
islands, and system readiness.
Referring to Government of Indonesia’s target which stated
in Presidential Decree No 22, 2017, one of the targets is reaching
23% fuel mix portion for new and renewable energy (NRE) in
2025 [1]. This NRE target consists of several type of power
plant, and PV development was among the biggest growth to
develop (other than hydro and geothermal which already highly
developed in Indonesia’s system).
PV development in Indonesia mainly because Indonesia as a
tropical country located in 60° North Latitude – 110° South
Latitude and 95° East Longitude – 141° East Longitude, i.e.
around the equator. Based on the National Energy Plan,
Indonesia has the potential of solar radiation reaching 4.8
kWh/m2/day [2].
The other reason is the land availability to put utility size PV
in Indonesia, but the problem was occurred because of the
number of islands in Indonesia. Different system readiness
would be the case, some of them like Jawa-Bali and Sumatera is
ready to have high penetration of intermittent power plant, some
of them could not absorb the large size PV power plant even
though it has high irradiance potency.
Based on the above facts, it would be interesting to calculate
the PV Development in an island that have high irradiance, good
system readiness and high availability of land use, which is Bali
Island.
The calculation process is:
a. Mapping analysis of PV development availability which
consider irradiance, land-use, contour, etc.
b. System readiness by calculating the accepted
production drop of Bali’s system, that determined by
statistical data of contributed inertia from power plant
availability.
c. Grid impact from several combinations of PV capacities
and locations.
II. BASIC THEORY
A. Geographic Information Systems
ESRI, a geographic information system company, defines
GIS as an organized collection of computer hardware, software,
geographic data and efficiently designed to obtain, store, update,
manipulate, analyze and display all forms of information that are
geographic in reference [3]. GIS is designed to collect, store and
analyze objects and phenomena where geographical location is

978-1-7281-2669-2/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE

an important and critical characteristic to analyze. Thus, GIS is state or N-1 state (or more contingency criteria). The important
a computer system that has four subsystems in handling output of this analysis is the loading of any power installations,
geographic reference data [4]. voltage drop of bus and system losses.
a. Data input Short circuit analysis uses symmetrical components to
b. Output data calculate the impedance. This calculation will be used to
c. Data Management calculate the short circuit current. Several assumptions and
d. Data Manipulation and Analysis standard were applied to calculate the short circuit current. The
other use of this simulation to determine the Short Circuit Ratio
Most of the data that will be handled in GIS is spatial data (SCR) of any substation, the low number of SCR could mean
that has geographical orientation. This data has a specific weak system or weak substation and vice versa.
coordinate system as its reference base and has two important
parts which are explained as follows [5] : III. PV POTENCY USING GIS
a. Location/position/coordinates information Current method to determine PV potency by implementing
(geographically referenced). several layers of irradiance, land use, and substation map, etc.
b. Descriptive information or non-spatial information
(non-geographically referenced). A. Layering
Several layer that used to determine the PV potency is:
In GIS, spatial data can be represented in two formats:
1. Slope
a. Vector Data
2. Roads
b. Raster data
3. River & Lake
One of the requirements for GIS is spatial data. This spatial 4. Forestry
data can be obtained from several sources including: 5. GHI (Global Horizontal Irradiance)
a. Data sources from analog maps B. Results
b. Data source from remote sensing systems Referring to the results, the PV potency in Bali island as
c. Source of data from measurement results in the field shown on Fig. III.1.
B. Stability
VRE characteristics is intermittent and non-dispatchable,
one of the aspects that should be considered was system
readiness. Different system condition would give different
results of penetration level for VRE. Main parameter to be
consider determining PV penetration level is system stiffness.
Power System always maintain the system frequency, the
concept is rapid production drop of PV should not disturb power
system.
Referring to [6] there is a formula that show the relationship
between system’s inertia and frequency drop which is swing
equation. By assume and some variable below are the
application of swing equation:

= (1)
Figure III.1. GIS Potency Results
Which is:
Δf : Frequency drop (Hz) The results of PV potency are around:
f : Frequency rated (Hz) 1. Kubu 150 kV Substation
H : Total system inertia (a) 2. Pemaron 150 kV Substation
ΔP : Production drop (MW) 3. Negara 150 kV Substation
Pr : Rated capacity (system peak load) 4. Amlapura 150 kV Substation
5. Gianyar 150 kV Substation
C. Grid Impact Study
With “unlimited” resources for each substation, therefore the
Every interconnection should have its own grid impact next step of calculating should give the PV penetration value
study, the importance of the power infrastructure gives different which could be accepted by the grid.
necessity of these Grid Impact Study. Several analysis and
simulation that make the whole Grid Impact Study are Load IV. BALI’S SYSTEM READINESS
Flow Analysis, Short Circuit Analysis and Dynamic Analysis.
Common knowledge to calculate system readiness of PV
Load flow analysis is an iteration simulation with main integration by comparing PV’s production drop with system
purpose to see system condition in steady state, both in normal stiffness. In order to maintain system’s condition, the PV’s
production drop should be limited to normal frequency band,
Jawa Bali system limits frequency ± 0.2 Hz. Based on swing
equation the frequency drop affected by the system inertia.
Power system configuration will not remain the same, especially
when the dispatches should maintain production cost. Different
power plant configuration would give different system inertia
[7]. Therefore, if system needs to maintain certain frequency
drop and the system inertia changes because different power
plant configuration from time to time, the PV’s production drop
will have different value from time to time. Different value of
PV’s production drop could shape into frequency density graph.
Second aspect in this study to develop PV is statistical method,
which shown on frequency density graph.
A. Swing Equation Application
The formula was changed for the purposes of this study to: Fig. IV.2. Solar Power Plant Quota

= (2)
Some assumption is, different production drop (ΔP) could be
calculated with several inertia form several system inertia (H)
and total load (Pr) conditions. Frequency (f) would be 50 Hz and
frequency drop (Δf) would be 0.2 Hz.
B. Statistical Data
This study will consider 3 existing inertia sources which is
Celukan Bawang CFPP, Pesanggaran Diesel Gas Power Plant,
and power import from Java System through 150 kV 4 circuits
submarine cable. In order to get value ranges of inertia sources,
historical data of whole 2018 was used. The power plant loading
was calculated only between 07.00 – 17.30, which assumed the
production time of PV. Therefore, the power drop came from 11
data per day (07.00 – 17:30 by half hour) and 365 days.
C. PV Quota Results
Based on the calculation of several value of power plant
configuration and loading, the frequency graph of the production
drop is shown on Fig. IV.I
Fig. IV.1. Frequency Density of Production Drop
The main problems after the calculation has results, would
be PV capacity that would not give any negative impact the
Based on the statistical aspect of system readiness, the
accepted PV capacity is 40-50 MW. Several condition that
would change this value are constant factor for production drop
and PV capacity, additional inertia sources or optimal allocation
of intermittent buffer such as battery [8].
Therefore, the next step of calculation should be conducted
on a case that does not have any significant additional inertia
sources in Bali’s System.
V. PV DEVELOPMENT LOCATION & CAPACITY
Determining PV location and capacity will be based on load
flow and short circuit with several combination of location and
capacity. Load Flow study output is losses, loading and voltage
drop both for normal and N-1 condition. Short Circuit calculated
to show SCR level for each combinations of PV’s capacities &
locations.
A. Assumption
In order to have similar condition with PV quota calculation,
the base year that was chose to conduct the simulation is 2023.
There will be high additional inertia sources after 2023 which is
Jawa-Bali Connection project, a 500-kV interconnection from
big power plant in Jawa to load center in Bali.
The simulation conducted on 2023 case referring to every
development of power plant, transmission, substation and
demand that stated in RUPTL 2019-2028 [9]. Because this
simulation was conducted to assess the PV development, the
load and power plant configuration were adjusted to noon peak
load condition.
The PV location and capacity combination referring to the
location based on the PV potency before and total accepted
(quota) for VRE in an island. The combination shows on Table
V.1.
TABLE V.1. SIMULATION COMBINATION
Substation Comb. Comb. Comb. Comb. Comb. Comb. Comb. Comb. Comb. Comb. Comb. Comb. Comb. Comb. Comb. Comb.

system. This study assumes the constant factor between

Name 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
Kubu 25 25 25 25 50

production drop and PV maximum capacity, or quota is 1:10 it Pemaron

Negara
25
25
25
25
25 25
25 25
50
50
means it is safe to assume for every 10 MW of PV installed there Amlapura 25 25 25 25 50

would be around 1 MW production drop. The results shown on Gianyar

Total 0 50 50 50
25
50 50 50
25
50 50
25
50
25
50 50 50 50 50
50
50
Fig. IV.2
B. Load Flow Result There are several cases that have same condition with base
Based on the load flow simulation, below is the Table V.2 as case, this is not negative results, but it would give better
the results. condition if the PV development could give better impact for the
system. But again, it was not safe to assume the better results
TABLE V.2. NORMAL CONDITIONS LOAD FLOW RESULTS was the better location.

Load Flow (Normal)

C. Short Circuit Result
Scenario Based on the short circuit calculation the minimum short
Losses Loading > 60% Voltage < 0.9 pu
circuit current and minimum short circuit power of 5 designated
Base (No PV) 15.3 MW (1.49%) 0 Segment(s) 0 Bus(es) substations are:
Kubu Pemaron 14.2 MW (1.38%) 0 Segment(s) 0 Bus(es) 1. Kubu 9.68 kA 2515 MVASC
Kubu Negara 14.4 MW (1.4%) 0 Segment(s) 0 Bus(es) 2. Pemaron 11.17 kA 2902 MVASC
3. Negara 16.99 kA 4414 MVASC
Kubu Amlapura 13.8 MW (1.34%) 0 Segment(s) 0 Bus(es)
4. Amlapura 8.97 kA 2330 MVASC
Kubu Gianyar 13.4 MW (1.3%) 0 Segment(s) 0 Bus(es) 5. Gianyar 12.26 kA 3185 MVASC
Pemaron Negara 14.5 MW (1.41%) 0 Segment(s) 0 Bus(es)
Therefore, the short circuit ratio (SCR) of each PV location
Pemaron Amlapura 13.9 MW (1.35%) 0 Segment(s) 0 Bus(es) and capacity combination are:
Pemaron Gianyar 13.5 MW (1.31%) 0 Segment(s) 0 Bus(es) 1. 25 MW PV in Kubu SCR: 101
Negara Amlapura 14.2 MW (1.38%) 0 Segment(s) 0 Bus(es)
2. 25 MW PV in Pemaron SCR: 116
3. 25 MW PV in Negara SCR: 177
Negara Gianyar 13.8 MW (1.34%) 0 Segment(s) 0 Bus(es) 4. 25 MW PV in Amlapura SCR: 93
Amlapura Gianyar 13.2 MW (1.28%) 0 Segment(s) 0 Bus(es) 5. 25 MW PV in Gianyar SCR: 127
Kubu 13.8 MW (1.34%) 0 Segment(s) 0 Bus(es) 6. 50 MW PV in Kubu SCR: 50
7. 50 MW PV in Pemaron SCR: 58
Pemaron 14 MW (1.36%) 0 Segment(s) 0 Bus(es)
8. 50 MW PV in Negara SCR: 88
Negara 14.7 MW (1.43%) 0 Segment(s) 0 Bus(es) 9. 50 MW PV in Amlapura SCR: 47
Amlapura 13.5 MW (1.31%) 0 Segment(s) 0 Bus(es) 10. 50 MW PV in Gianyar SCR: 64
Gianyar 12.9 MW (1.25%) 0 Segment(s) 0 Bus(es) Even though there are high value of SCR, but if the SCR >3
it would consider strong system interconnections. In order to get
There are no transmission overloading or high voltage drop better understanding of the impact, below is the results of
with each of combination. There are several results of technical weighted short circuit ratio (WSCR).
losses and for every combination the losses were drop. Even 1. 25 MW PV each in Kubu & Pemaron 54
though there are lowest number of technical losses, it was not 2. 25 MW PV each in Kubu & Negara 69
safe to assume the lowest value was the better location. The N- 3. 25 MW PV each in Kubu & Amlapura 48
1 condition of load flow simulation show on Table V.3. 4. 25 MW PV each in Kubu & Gianyar 57
5. 25 MW PV each in Pemaron & Negara 73
TABLE V.3. NORMAL CONDITIONS LOAD FLOW RESULTS 6. 25 MW PV each in Pemaron & Amlapura 52
Load Flow (N-1)
7. 25 MW PV each in Pemaron & Gianyar 61
Scenario 8. 25 MW PV each in Negara & Amlapura 67
Loading > 60% Voltage < 0.9 pu
9. 25 MW PV each in Negara & Gianyar 76
Base (No PV) 1 Case(s) & 3 Segment(s) 1 Case(s) & 6 Bus(es) 10. 25 MW PV each in Amlapura & Gianyar 55
Kubu Pemaron 1 Case(s) & 3 Segment(s) 0 Case(s) & 0 Bus(es) 11. 50 MW PV in Kubu 50
Kubu Negara 1 Case(s) & 3 Segment(s) 1 Case(s) & 1 Bus(es)
12. 50 MW PV in Pemaron 58
13. 50 MW PV in Negara 88
Kubu Amlapura 1 Case(s) & 2 Segment(s) 0 Case(s) & 0 Bus(es) 14. 50 MW PV in Amlapura 47
Kubu Gianyar 1 Case(s) & 2 Segment(s) 0 Case(s) & 0 Bus(es) 15. 50 MW PV in Gianyar 64
Pemaron Negara 1 Case(s) & 3 Segment(s) 1 Case(s) & 1 Bus(es)
Pemaron Amlapura 1 Case(s) & 2 Segment(s) 0 Case(s) & 0 Bus(es)
Based on above results there are some high value of WSCR,
because the minimum number is 3, therefore the assumption of
Pemaron Gianyar 1 Case(s) & 2 Segment(s) 0 Case(s) & 0 Bus(es)
every combination still fulfills the WSCR’s criteria even though
Negara Amlapura 1 Case(s) & 3 Segment(s) 1 Case(s) & 1 Bus(es) there are several combinations that has better WSCR value.
Negara Gianyar 1 Case(s) & 2 Segment(s) 0 Case(s) & 0 Bus(es)
D. Analysis
Amlapura Gianyar 1 Case(s) & 2 Segment(s) 0 Case(s) & 0 Bus(es)
Based on the results, this kind of results occur because there
Kubu 1 Case(s) & 3 Segment(s) 1 Case(s) & 1 Bus(es) are no cases that exceeded the existing condition and not to
Pemaron 1 Case(s) & 3 Segment(s) 1 Case(s) & 1 Bus(es) mention exceeded the Grid Code’s criteria. Some of the
Negara 1 Case(s) & 3 Segment(s) 1 Case(s) & 6 Bus(es) combination are better than the other but with a single case (2023
case of 14.00 peak load) should not justify other condition.
Amlapura 1 Case(s) & 2 Segment(s) 1 Case(s) & 1 Bus(es)
Therefore, the system impact aspect in this study case only give
Gianyar 1 Case(s) & 2 Segment(s) 0 Case(s) & 0 Bus(es) reassurance of PV Development based on the other aspects.
 VI. CONCLUSION
PV development in Bali Island should referring to the results
of the study, which the results consist of the PV location and its
capacity.
The alternative location could be near Kubu, Pemaron,
Negara, Amlapura, and Gianyar. Specific land survey should be
conducted to get real condition of these substations, especially
space for the land.
The PV capacity in Bali, before Bali’s system has additional
inertia sources, is no more than 50 MW. Based on grid impact
study even though there are no problem for 50 MW in one
substation, but it would be better to have 25 MW in 2 different
substations.
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