Microprocessor and its

Applications
(8085 and 8086)

( For B. Sc Computer Science, B.Sc., Physics, and BCA Courses )

Dr.P.Rizwan Ahmed,MCA.,M.Sc., M.Phil.,Ph.D,

HOD, Professor In-Charge, Shift- II
Department of Computer Applications &
Post Graduate Department of Information Technology
Mazharul Uloom College, Ambur – 635 802
Tamil Nadu, INDIA.

Margham Publications
No.24, Rameswaram Road, T- Nager,
Chennai- 600 017
Phone: 044 – 22501105,044-48574733
Web Site: www.margham.in
E-mail: www.margham.tn@gmail.com
 Contents

Preface
Acknowledgment

Chapter -1 Introduction to Microcomputer

1.1 Overview of Microcomputer structure and operation

1.2 Memory
1.3 Input/Output
1.4 Data Bus
1.5 Address Bus
1.6 Control Bus
1.7 Central Processing Unit(CPU)
1.8 Hardware, Software and Firmware
Summary
Short Questions
Descriptive Questions

Chapter – 2 8085 Microprocessor

2.1 Microprocessor
2.2 History and Evolution of Microprocessor
2.3 Working of a Microprocessor
2.4 Applications of Microprocessor
2.5 Architecture of 8085 Microprocessor
2.5.1 Register
2.5.1.1 General Purpose Register
2.5.1.2 Temporary Register
2.5.1.3 Special Purpose Register
2.5.2 Memory Pointer Register
2.5.2.1 Stack Pointer
2.5.2.2 Program Counter
2.5.3 Arithmetic Logic Unit
2.5.4 Instruction Decoder
2.5.5 Machine Cycle Encoder
2.5.6 Address Buffer
2.5.7 Data/Address Buffer
2.5.8 Incrementer/Decremeter Address Latch
2.5.9 Interrupt Control
 2.5.10 Serial I/O Control
2.5.11Timing and Control Unit
2.6 Pin Configurations of 8085
2.6.1 Power supply and clock signals
2.6.2 Address bus
2.6.3Data bus
2.6.4 Control and status signals
2.6.5 Interrupts and externally initiated signals
Summary
Short Questions
Descriptive Questions

Chapter – 3 Instruction Classifications of 8085 MP

3.1 Instruction set classifications of 8085 MP

3.1.1 Data Transfer operations
3.1.2 Arithmetic operations
3.1.3 Logical operations
3.1.4 Branching operations
3.1.5 Machine Control operations.
Summary
Short Questions
Descriptive Questions

Chapter - 4 Instruction set of 8085

4.1 Instruction set of 8085

4.1.1 Data Transfer Instructions
4.1.2 Arithmetic Instructions
4.1.2.1 Addition Instructions
4.1.2.2 Subtraction Instructions
4.1.2.3 Increment Instructions
4.1.2.4 Decrement Instructions
4.1.3 Branching Instructions
4.1.4 Logical Instructions.
Summary
Short Questions
Descriptive Questions
Chapter – 5 Programming Techniques and Addressing Modes

5.1 Programming Techniques

5.1.1 Continuous loop
5.1.2 Conditional loop
5.1.3 Counter
5.1.4 Indexing
5.2 Addressing Modes of 8085
5.2.1 Immediate Addressing
5.2.2 Direct Addressing
5.2.3 Register Addressing
5.2.4 Register Indirect Addressing
5.2.5. Implied / Implicit Addressing
Summary
Short Questions
Descriptive Questions

Chapter - 6 Assembly Language

6.1 Assembly Language

6.1.1 Advantages of Assembly Language
6.1.2 Disadvantages of Assembly Language
6.2 Assembly Language programming (ALP)
6.3 Assembly Language Statement format
6.4 Assembler Directives
6.5 Instruction Format
6.5.1 One byte instruction
6.5.2 Two byte instruction
6.5.3 Three byte instruction
Summary
Short Questions
Descriptive Questions

Chapter -7 Writing Assembly Language Programs

7.1 Writing Assembly Language Programs

7.1.1 Store 8-bit data
7.1.2 Exchange the content of memory location
7.1.3 Find the 2’s complement
7.1.4 Find the 1’s complement
7.1.5 Addition of two numbers
7.1.6 Find the sum of series
7.1.7 Subtraction of two numbers
 7.1.8 Multiplication of two numbers
7.1.9 Arranging numbers in the ascending order
7.1.10 Find the largest of given numbers
7.1.11 Find the factorial of a number
7.1.12 Multiplication of two 16-bit numbers
7.1.13 Find the smallest number in an array
7.1.14 Find Even and Odd numbers
7.1.15 Division of two 8-bit numbers
Summary
Short Questions
Descriptive Questions

Chapter – 8 Dynamic Debugging and Time Delay

8.1 Dynamic Debugging

8.2 Tools for Dynamic Debugging
8.2.1 Single step
8.2.2 Register Examiner
8.2.3 Break Point
8.3 Counter
8.4 Time Delay
8.4.1 Time delay using one register
8.4.2 Time delay using register pair
8.4.3 Time delay using looping technique
Summary
Short Questions
Descriptive Questions

Chapter – 9 Debugging Counter and Time Delay program

9.1 Debugging Counter and Time Delay program

9.1.1 Debugging the program
9.1.2 Delay calculations
Summary
Short Questions
Descriptive Questions

Chapter – 10 Stack and Subroutines

10.1 Stack
10.1 Programming with stack
10.2 Subroutine
Summary
Short Questions
Descriptive Questions

Chapter- 11 Conditional Call and Return Instructions

11.1 Conditional Call and Return Instructions

11.1.1 CALL instruction
11.1.2 Conditional Cal
11.1.3 UnConditional Return
11.1.4 Conconditional Return
11.1.5 Restart Instructions
Summary
Short Questions
Descriptive Questions

Chapter -12 Code Conversion-I

12.1 BCD numbers

12.2 BCD –to-Binary Conversion
12.3 Binary-to-BCD Conversion
12.4 BCD-to-HEX Conversion
12.5 HEX-to-BCD Conversion
Summary
Short Questions
Descriptive Questions

Chapter-13 Code Conversion – II

13.1 ASCII –to-BCD Conversion

13.2 BCD-to-ASCII Conversion
13.3Binary-to-BCD Conversion
13.4ASCII-to-BinaryConversion
13.5 BCD-to-Seven Segment LED Code
Summary
Short Questions
Descriptive Questions

Chapter – 14 BCD Arithmetic

14.1 BCD Arithmetic

14.1.1 BCD Addition
14.1.2 BCD Subtraction
Summary
Short Questions
Descriptive Questions

Chapter – 15 Hexadecimal Counter, Modulo 10

Counter and Pulse Timing for flashing lights

15.1 Hexadecimal Counter

15.2 Modulo 10 Counter
15.3. Pulse Timing for flashing lights
Summary
Short Questions
Descriptive Questions

Chapter – 16 Interrupts in 8085

16.1 Interrupts in 8085

16.2 Types of Interrupts
16.2.1Software Interrupts
16.2.2 Hardware Interrupts
16.3 TRAP
16.4 RIM
16.5 SIM
Summary
Short Questions
Descriptive Questions

Chapter – 17 DMA, Memory Interfacing and I/O Interfacing

17.1 Direct Memory Access (DMA)

17.2 Memory Interfacing
17.3 Semiconductor Memories
17.3.1 RAM
17.3.2 ROM
17.3.2.1 PROM
17.3.2.2 EPROM
17.3.2.3 EEPROM
17.3.3 Difference between RAM and ROM.
17.4 Address Space Partitioning
17.5 I/O Interfacing
17.5.1 I/O Mapped I/O
17.5.2 Memory mapped I/O
17.5.3 Differentiate between Memory mapped I/O and I/O mapped I/O
Summary
Short Questions
Descriptive Questions

Chapter – 18 Programmable Peripheral Interface (8255)

18.1 Programmable Peripheral Interface (8255)

18.2 Pin diagram of 8255
18.3 Signal diagram of 8255
18.4 Features of 8255
18.5 Block Diagram of 8255
18.6 Modes of operation of 8255
Summary
Short Questions
Descriptive Questions

Chapter – 19 Applications
19.1 Stepper Motor
19.2 Temperature Control
Summary
Review Questions

Chapter – 20 8085 Programming

Exercise 1: Block data transfer
Exercise 2: Adding 2 BCD numbers without carry
Exercise 3: Adding 2 Hexa-decimal numbers without carry
Exercise 4: Multiplication of two 8 bit numbers
Exercise 5: Division of two 8 bit numbers
Exercise 6: 1’s complement of a number
Exercise 7: 2’s complement of a number
Exercise 8: Swapping the numbers
Exercise 9: Write an assembly program to find greatest between two numbers
Exercise 10: Finding the smallest number in an array.
Exercise 11: Sorting of an array of 8 bit data in ascending order
Exercise 12: Sorting of an array of 8 bit data in descending order

Chapter – 21 8086 Microprocessor and Architecture

21.1 Introduction to 8086 Microprocessor

21.2 Features of 8086 Microprocessor
21.3 Pin diagram of 8086
21.4 Signal group of 8086
21.5 Signal Description of 8086
21.6 Operating Modes
21.7 Difference between minimum mode and maximum mode of 8086
21.8 Internal architecture of 8086 Microprocessor
21.8.1 Bus Interface Unit (BIU)
21.8.2 Execution Unit (EU)
21.9 Register organization of 8086
21.10 Memory Segmentation
21.11 Interrupts
21.11.1 Hardware Interrupts
21.11.2 Software interrupts
21.12 Addressing Modes of 8086
Review Questions

Chapter – 22 8086 Assembly Language Programming

22.1 Program Development Steps
22.1.1 Representing program operations
22.1.2 Finding the right instructions
22.1.3 Writing a program
22.2 Constructing the machine codes for 8086 instructions
22.2.1 Instruction templates
22.2.2 MOD and R/M Bit patterns in 8086
22.2.3 Tips for Hand Coding 8086 Programs
22.3 Writing programs for the use with assemblers
22.3.1 Program format
22.3.2 Assembler Directive
22.4 Assembly Language Program development Tools

Review Questions

Chapter – 23 Implementing Standard Program Structures

23.1 Simple sequence programs
23.1.1 Finding the average of n numbers
23.1.2 Converting two ASCII codes to packed BCDs
23.1.3 Debugging assembly language programs
23.2 Jumps, flags and conditional jumps
23.2.1 The 8086 Unconditional Jump Instructions
23.2.2 The 8086 Conditional Jump Instructions
23.3 If-then, if-then-else, multiple if-then-else programs
23.3.1 IF-THEN Program
23.3.2 IF-THEN-ELSE program
23.3.3 Multiple IF-THEN-ELSE Program
23.4 WHILE-DO Program
23.5 REPEAT-UNTIL Program
23.6 A look at 8086 addressing modes
23.7 The 8086 Loop Instructions
23.8 Instruction Timing and Delay Loops
23.8.1 Delay loops for timing
Review Questions

Chapter – 24 String, Procedures and Macros

24.1 The 8086 String instructions
24.1.1 Moving a String
24.1.2 Using compare string byte to check password
24.2 Procedures and Macros
24.2.1 Procedure
24.2.1.1 The 8086 CALL and RET Instructions
24.2.2.2 The 8086 Stack
24.2.2.3 Using PUSH and POP
24.2.2.4 Passing parameters to and from procedures
24.2.2.5 Reentrant Procedures and Recursive Procedure
24.2.2.6 Writing and debugging programs containing procedures
24.2.2.7 Accessing Procedure
24.3 Macros
24.3.1 Comparison Macros and Procedures
24.3.2.Using Parameters in macros
Review Questions

Chapter – 25 Instruction Descriptions and Assembler Directives

25.1 Instruction Description
25.2 Assembler Directives
Review Questions

Chapter – 26 Interfacing Peripherals

26.1 8255 PPI
26.2 8253/8254 PIT
26.3 8237 DMAC
26.4 8259 PIC
26.5 8251 USART
Review Questions

APPENDIX A: Two marks Questions with Answer

APPENDIX B: University Question Papers

APPENDIX C: Intel 8085 Instruction Code

APPENDIX D Intel 8085 Opcode Sheet