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Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 14 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Structural use of
timber —
Part 6: Code of practice for timber
frame walls —
four storeys
BS 5268-6.1:1996
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword iii
Section 1. General
1.1 Scope 1
1.2 References 1
1.3 Definitions 1
Section 2. Materials
2.1 General 2
2.2 Species of timber 2
2.3 Sheathing materials 2
2.4 Gypsum plasterboard 2
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 14 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
2.5 Adhesives 2
2.6 Fasteners 2
2.7 Masonry 2
Section 3. Loading
3.1 General 3
3.2 Wind loading 3
Section 4. Design of timber frame walls
4.1 Assessment of structural adequacy 5
4.2 Permissible stresses 5
4.3 Composite action with other materials 5
4.4 Overall stability 5
4.5 Horizontal diaphragms 5
4.6 Design of wall studs 5
4.7 Racking resistance 7
4.8 Assessment method for determining the basic racking
resistance of certain material combinations 9
4.9 Modification factors for wall height, length, openings, vertical
load and interaction 10
4.10 Contribution of masonry veneer to racking resistance 12
4.11 Racking resistance for walls braced by other than sheet
materials 13
4.12 Joints 13
4.13 Other design considerations 13
Section 5. Load testing
5.1 General 14
5.2 Testing authority 14
5.3 Information required 14
5.4 Materials 14
5.5 Manufacture 14
5.6 Test conditions 14
5.7 Criteria for selection of test loads 14
5.8 Test method 15
5.9 Determination of basic test racking resistance values 15
5.10 Determination of design values 16
5.11 Use of test panels 17
© BSI 12-1998 i
BS 5268-6.1:1996
Page
Section 6. Workmanship
6.1 Fabrication 18
6.2 Handling and erection 18
Annex A (normative) Method for determining design horizontal
shear strength and stiffness of wall ties 19
Figure A.1 — General arrangement of horizontal shear test 20
Figure A.2 — Typical load deformation curves for ties 21
Table 1 — Modification factor K100 4
Table 2 — Basic racking resistances for a range of materials and
combinations of materials 6
Table 3 — Some values of modification factor K105 10
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 14 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
ii © BSI 12-1998
BS 5268-6.1:1996
Foreword
This Section of BS 5268 was first published in 1988. Since then it has been used
extensively by an increasing number of designers, including those new to timber
frame. Bearing in mind that the 1988 version was innovative in its approach to
design and testing for racking resistance, it has been well received with very few
demands for change or revision.
However, since 1988, designers have gained increasing experience with this form
of construction and in the use of this British Standard. In this edition of
BS 5268-6.1, this confidence is reflected in an extension of the scope to cover
dwellings up to four storeys high. The opportunity has also been taken to further
clarify certain parts of the text and to refer to new, appropriate European
Standards. In particular, EN 594, which covers testing for racking resistance,
forms, the basis for section 5 (load testing) of this British Standard.
This British Standard relates to dwellings up to four storeys high, although some
of the information may also be relevant to other similar forms of construction.
However, it is expected that design information for buildings other than
dwellings will be incorporated in a new Section 6.2 to BS 5268.
In this Section of BS 5268, the information relating to the contribution of
plasterboard to racking and the influence of masonry cladding is much simplified
and known to be conservatively based. However, experience suggests that the
respective contributions are adequate for most cases and ensure safe designs.
This Section of BS 5268 covers only the structural design of timber frame walls.
The following constructional features may significantly affect the basis of the
design, and they are drawn to the attention of the designer:
a) weathering;
b) condensation control;
c) thermal insulation;
d) fire resistance;
e) sound insulation;
f) durability.
At the time of publishing this Section of this British Standard, it is known that
the references to British Standards will be subject to amendment when European
Standards, presently in preparation, are published. This Section of BS 5268 will
be considered for further revision when the contents of relevant European
Standards are known.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 14 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,
pages 1 to 22, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.
iv © BSI 12-1998
BS 5268-6.1:1996
Section 1. General
© BSI 12-1998 1
BS 5268-6.1:1996
Section 2. Materials
2 © BSI 12-1998
BS 5268-6.1:1996
Section 3. Loading
design of timber frame walls. NOTE In the absence of other guidance on wall tie spacing,
NOTE The wind load is resisted primarily by transfer directly designers are directed to DD 140-2 which gives characteristic
to the ground at the base of the wall and by the racking resistance tensile and compressive forces for timber frame to masonry wall
of timber frame supporting walls, the load having been ties.
transferred via the floor and ceiling diaphragms. Other
unquantifiable factors assisting in the resistance to wind loads
3.2.3 Wind load transferred to timber frame
are taken into account in the interaction factor given in 4.9.5. wall
3.2.2 Wind loading on masonry clad timber The wind load used in calculating the racking load
frame walls and overturning and sliding forces to be resisted by
the timber frame walls should be derived by
Where timber frame walls are clad by masonry
multiplying the external wind load on the masonry
walls and the following items are met, the external
wind loading transferred to the timber structure cladding by the modification factor K100 appropriate
should be determined in accordance with 3.2.3. to the number of storeys being considered
(see Table 1).
a) The masonry walls should be constructed of:
In calculating the racking load and overturning and
1) clay bricks conforming to BS 3921; sliding forces, it should be assumed that the
2) concrete bricks conforming to BS 6073-1; modified wind load acts uniformly over the entire
3) calcium silicate bricks conforming to area of the shielded timber frame wall.
BS 187;
4) clay and calcium silicate modular bricks
conforming to BS 6649;
© BSI 12-1998 3
BS 5268-6.1:1996 Section 3
4 © BSI 12-1998
Section 4 BS 5268-6.1:1996
1)
Will correspond to service class 2 in future revisions of BS 5268-2.
© BSI 12-1998 5
BS 5268-6.1:1996 Section 4
Bending moments due to eccentric loads applied at NOTE For studs of constant cross section throughout their
the top of a timber frame wall should be taken as height, the bending moment may be divided equally between
upper and lower storeys provided the ratio of storey heights does
zero at the base of the wall. not exceed 1.5.
Where studs are continuous through more than one
storey, bending moments applied at an intermediate
floor should be divided between the upper and lower
storeys in proportion to their stiffnesses.
Table 2 — Basic racking resistances for a range of materials and combinations of materials
Primary board material Fixing Racking Additional contribution of
resistance secondary board on timber
frame wall
Category 2 or Category 1
3 materials material
kN/m kN/m kN/m
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 14 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
6 © BSI 12-1998
Section 4 BS 5268-6.1:1996
© BSI 12-1998 7
BS 5268-6.1:1996 Section 4
section 5 of this British Standard. Material and Table 2 modified as appropriate by modification
wall modification factors (K101 to K108) should factors K103 to K108. The plasterboard should be
not be applied to wall racking test data derived in fixed on either the opposite face to or the same face
this manner. as the sheathing, providing that it is independently
d) Detailed analytical methods outside the scope nailed and the sheathing nails are extended in
of this British Standard. The material length to take account of the increased thickness of
modification factors given in 4.8 and wall the wall lining.
modification factors given in 4.9 should not be 4.7.4.3 Internal walls
applied to designs carried out independently of Where internal walls, lined each side with
this British Standard. plasterboard, are required to make a contribution to
4.7.3 Racking deflection the racking resistance of the dwelling, the basic
The permissible racking deflection should be within racking resistance should be taken from Table 2
limits appropriate to the type of construction, using the basic racking resistance for a plasterboard
having particular regard to the possibility of lined wall plus the contribution of the second layer.
damage to surface materials, ceilings, partitions, The value thus obtained should be modified by
doors, windows and finishings. modification factors K103 to K108 as appropriate.
The basic racking resistances given in Table 2 may Plasterboard lined internal walls are subject to the
be reduced proportionally in respect of a lower overall recommendations for plasterboard
deflection limit, but they should not be increased. contribution given in 4.7.4.1.
NOTE The basic racking resistances given in Table 2 are based Door openings in internal walls should be regarded
upon a maximum deflection of 0.003 × panel height. as structural discontinuities and the racking
4.7.4 The contribution of plasterboard to resistances should be derived from the sum of the
racking resistance racking resistances of the plain panels on either side
of the openings.
4.7.4.1 General
In calculating the racking resistance of internal
With the specific exception of separating walls walls, the length should be taken as the length of
comprising two or more built-up layers of each plain section of wall under consideration.
plasterboard (see 4.7.5), plasterboard alone should
not be relied upon to provide the racking resistance 4.7.5 Plasterboard lined separating walls
of a dwelling. The restrictions on the contribution of plasterboard
Plasterboard should however be assumed to make a given in 4.7.4.1 should not be applied to separating
contribution to racking resistance if the principal wall panels constructed from two or more layers of
resistance is provided by a category 1 or 2 material plasterboard and nailed in accordance with Table 2.
(see Table 2). When considering the walls providing
resistance to wind forces in any one direction, the
plasterboard linings described in 4.7.4.2 and 4.7.4.3
should be taken into account if their total
contribution does not exceed 50 % of the resistance
provided by category 1 or 2 materials as defined in
Table 2.
8 © BSI 12-1998
Section 4 BS 5268-6.1:1996
S
in width, with no individual sheet less A = -------P-
than 600 mm wide, should be placed on each sP
separating wall leaf. where
c) One of the layers of gypsum plasterboard fixed
to each leaf of the timber frame separating wall
should be of a moisture-resisting grade. Sp is the proposed perimeter spacing (in mm);
sp is the perimeter spacing of nails as given in
4.8 Assessment method for Table 2 (in mm).
determining the basic racking
resistance of certain material K102 should not be used to modify the basic racking
combinations resistance given in Table 2 for plasterboard.
Plasterboard nailed at centres greater than
4.8.1 General
prescribed in Table 2 should not be considered to
Where the assessment method, as described contribute to racking resistance.
in 4.7.2a, is to be used to determine the racking
Where plasterboard is combined with other
resistance of a timber frame wall, the values given
sheathing on the same wall, the combined basic
in Table 2 should be used for the relevant racking resistance value as given in Table 2 should
combination of sheathing and lining materials.
not be increased by increasing the nail density.
NOTE 1 The values given in Table 2 are basic racking
NOTE The sheathing acting alone may provide a greater basic
resistances based upon test evidence of fully sheathed panel
racking resistance under these circumstances and may be
walls, 2.4 m square, and for the generic materials described in
substituted for the combined value.
section 2. Specific test results derived from tests in accordance
with section 5 can be substituted for the values given in the table 4.8.2.3 Variation in board thickness
subject to the conditions given in 4.7.2 b).
NOTE 2 The values given in Table 2 take account of the The values for basic racking resistance given in
appropriate load duration factors given in BS 5268-2 for loads of Table 2 may be modified by K103 to account for
short and very short term, and are based upon zero vertical load. variations in thickness of sheathings or linings:
The use of Table 2 materials or test evidence of basic K103 = (2.8B – B2 – 0.8)
racking resistance should not be taken to imply that
a particular material is fit for the purpose for which T
B = -------b-
it is intended. Designers should assure themselves tb
of the required durability for the intended use of where
materials.
4.8.2 Modification factors for variation in
fixing and thickness of the materials Tb is the proposed board thickness (in mm);
described in Table 2 tb is the board thickness as given in Table 2
4.8.2.1 Variation in nail diameter (in mm).
For variations in nail diameter between 2.25 mm In no case should B be less than 0.75 or greater
and 3.75 mm the values for basic racking resistance than 1.25.
given in Table 2 should be multiplied by K101:
D
K 101 = -------n
3
where
© BSI 12-1998 9
BS 5268-6.1:1996 Section 4
4.9 Modification factors for wall 2) The faces of end studs of contiguous panels
height, length, openings, vertical load should be fixed such that any vertical shear is
and interaction transferred. In the absence of more specific
information, end studs should be fixed with the
4.9.1 Height of wall panels
equivalent of 3.35 mm nails of length 75 mm
For wall panels of height between 2.1 m and 2.7 m, at 300 mm centres.
the height effect factor K104 should be calculated as 3) The coupled panels should be able to resist
follows: overturning forces.
2.4 4.9.3 Window, door and other fully framed
K 104 = -----------
H wp openings in walls
where For a wall with framed openings, the permissible
Hwp is the wall panel height (in m). racking resistance should be reduced to take
account of the effect of framed openings. The
For wall panels exceeding 2.4 m in height and where
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 14 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
L 0.4 0 1.0
K 105 = --------
2.4
0.1 0.76
c) for wall lengths, L, in excess of 4.8 m 0.2 0.55
K105 = 1.32 0.3 0.37
Table 3 — Some values of modification 0.4 0.23
factor K105
0.5 0.12
Length of wall K105
0.6 0.05
m
0.7 0.01
0.6 0.25
> 0.75 0
1.2 0.50
1.8 0.75 All edges other than the bases of door openings
should be, supported by members having a
2.4 1.00
thickness not less than the thickness of the studs.
3.0 1.09 A means should be provided of transferring
4.2 1.25 horizontal forces in the plane of the panel above and
below openings. Where no such provision is made,
≥ 4.8 1.32
the wall lengths on either side of the opening should
Where wall panels are combined to form the lengths be designed as separate parts.
of wall given in this clause it is essential that the
following conditions are met.
1) Tops of individual wall panels should be linked
by a member or construction that is continuous
across panel joints.
10 © BSI 12-1998
Section 4 BS 5268-6.1:1996
by considering a wall as a number of shorter lengths then this vertical loads should be converted into an
approach is acceptable. equivalent vertical uniformly distributed load by
4.9.4 Small unframed openings the equation:
Recommendations for fully framed openings are 2aFp
given in 4.9.3, but where small unframed openings F = -------------
2-
L
occur, their size and position should be restricted as
follows: where
a) they should not exceed 250 mm in diameter or
in length of side; and F is the equivalent uniformly distributed load
b) the clear distance between openings should be (in kN/m);
not less than the greatest dimension of the Fp is the concentrated load (in kN);
openings; and
c) the clear distance between the edge of the a is the distance from Fp to the leeward end of
sheathing and the edge of any opening should be the wall panel under consideration (in m);
not less than the greatest dimension of the L is the length of wall under consideration
opening; and (in m).
d) not more than one such opening should occur in
any one 600 mm width of sheathing or lining. NOTE A concentrated load can also be assumed to be developed
by connections directly between the wall panel studs and the
Smaller unframed openings may occur to a greater substructure, or in the case of a corner or internal wall, the wall
extent, but their aggregate opening area should not at right angles.
exceed the total area of opening given in item a). The 4.9.6 Interaction
rules governing the position of openings given in
In calculating the permissible racking resistance of
items b), c) and d) should also apply.
walls, the basic racking resistance should be
4.9.5 Variation in vertical load on timber multiplied by the modification factor K108, which
frame wall has the value 1.1.
Since the values of basic racking resistance given in NOTE The basic racking resistance values given in Table 2 or
Table 2 assume zero vertical load on the timber as derived from test and modified as appropriate, by modification
factors K101 to K107, give reasonably true assessments of the
frame wall panels, the basic racking resistance racking resistance of plain walls when subjected to test racking
should be multiplied by K107 to take account of the loads.
effect of other vertical load conditions. When walls form part of completed dwellings experience shows
that the method of assessment underestimates the permissible
The vertical load on the wall (F) used to calculate racking resistance, since it does not take into account factors
K107 should be calculated using only the dead or such as the stiffening effect of corners and the interaction of walls
permanent loading and any net effects of wind. K107 and floors through multiple fixings.
should be calculated as follows:
© BSI 12-1998 11
BS 5268-6.1:1996 Section 4
4.2 1.00 1.07 1.14 1.21 1.27 1.33 1.39 1.44 1.50 1.55 1.60
4.8 1.00 1.07 1.13 1.19 1.25 1.31 1.37 1.42 1.47 1.52 1.57
5.4 1.00 1.06 1.13 1.19 1.24 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.54
6.0 1.00 1.06 1.12 1.18 1.23 1.29 1.34 1.39 1.43 1.48 1.52
6.6 1.00 1.06 1.12 1.17 1.22 1.28 1.32 1.37 1.42 1.46 1.50
7.2 1.00 1.06 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.27 1.31 1.36 1.40 1.44 1.48
7.8 1.00 1.06 1.11 1.16 1.21 1.26 1.30 1.35 1.39 1.43 1.47
8.4 1.00 1.05 1.11 1.16 1.20 1.25 1.29 1.34 1.38 1.42 1.45
9.0 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.24 1.29 1.33 1.37 1.41 1.44
9.6 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.19 1.24 1.28 1.32 1.36 1.40 1.43
10.2 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.14 1.19 1.23 1.27 1.31 1.35 1.39 1.42
12 © BSI 12-1998
Section 4 BS 5268-6.1:1996
4.11 Racking resistance for walls Wall ties should have sufficient vertical flexibility to
braced by other than sheet materials permit vertical downward movement of the timber
frame in relation to the masonry cladding. In the
Racking resistance for braced walls should be
absence of more detailed information, the
determined either by calculation or by load testing
differential movement should be taken as 6 mm per
in accordance with section 5.
storey height. Attention should also be given to the
Inclined bracing in the form of short pieces of movement characteristics of masonry.
blocking each fitted between adjacent studs should
4.13.2 Fixings and services
not be used unless they are connected to lining,
sheathing or gussets. Consideration should be given at the design stage to
provisions for fixing and jointing linings and
4.12 Joints claddings, internal fittings (e.g. cupboards and wash
basins) and the accommodation of services within
4.12.1 Mechanical joints
timber frame walls.
Except where justified by load testing or where
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 14 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
© BSI 12-1998 13
BS 5268-6.1:1996 Section 5
5.7 Criteria for selection of test loads serviceability of panels subject to racking loads may be limited by
either stiffness or strength, both of which are dependent on the
NOTE 1 With regard to structural performance, the applied vertical load.
14 © BSI 12-1998
Section 5 BS 5268-6.1:1996
Where vertical loads likely to occur in service are The maximum racking loads (Fmax) and racking
known they should be used to establish the stiffnesses (R) used to derive design values for each
suitability of the panel for use under the specified panel tested should be related to the type of test
load combination. panel (including its base fixing) and the vertical load
Where a panel is intended for use under a range of condition.
vertical loads, a minimum of two similar panels
should be tested. One panel should be tested for 5.9 Determination of basic test racking
strength under the assumed maximum vertical load resistance values
and the other under minimum vertical load. In 5.9.1 General
addition, at least two stiffness tests should be
Only tests performed on the standard test panel and
carried out, one under the maximum vertical load
in accordance with the test procedure given in
and another under the minimum vertical load. In
EN 594 should be used to determine the basic test
the absence of any specified alternative, the
racking resistance of a combination of materials. In
minimum vertical load should be taken as zero.
the calculation of basic test racking resistance at
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 14 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
NOTE 2 Further tests at intermediate vertical loads are helpful least three replicates for each of the maximum and
in the interpolation and derivation of the permissible design
racking loads over the range of vertical loads considered. minimum vertical load conditions should be tested.
When testing a panel to derive basic test racking 5.9.2 Test racking stiffness load
resistance (see item a) of note 2 to 5.1), the vertical NOTE The test racking stiffness load is the load predicted to
load should be applied as equal point loads over the produce a racking deflection of 0.003 × panel height.
stud positions at approximately 600 mm centres. The test racking stiffness load should be calculated
NOTE 3 When applied as equal point loads over the stud by averaging the racking stiffness loads for similar
positions at approximately 600 mm centres, the load intensity is panel tests. The racking stiffness load R1 (in kN) for
described as the point load in kilonewtons per stud.
each new panel should be calculated from the
The equivalent uniformly distributed load F equation:
(in kN/m) should be calculated from the equation:
R1 = R × 0.002 × Hwp × 1.25 × K109
Fv × 5
F = ---------------
- where
2.4
where R is the racking stiffness of the panel
(expressed in kN/mm as a load per unit
Fv is the vertical stud load (in kN). deflection);
Hwp is the panel height (in mm);
In the particular case where the basic test racking
resistance (see item a) of note 2 to 5.1) of the K109 is a modification factor (see Table 7) to
combination of materials is being assessed, the take account of the number of similar
vertical loads should range between 0 kN and 5 kN panels tested.
per stud or equivalent.
NOTE 1.25 converts the load prediction for a deflection
NOTE 4 The load test described in this section is not intended of 0.002 × Hwp to an estimate of acceptable performance
for assessing the racking resistance of panels subject to a net at 0.003 × Hwp.
vertical uplift. Where it can be shown that uplift forces are
effectively transmitted through the structure independent of the Table 7 — Modification factor K109 for test
sheathing or bracing, the permissible racking load for this racking stiffness load and test racking
condition is based on racking tests with zero vertical load. strength load
5.8 Test method No. of similar panels tested under the same K109
conditions
The basic test racking resistance (see item a) of
1 0.80
note 2 to 5.1) should be determined in accordance
with the test procedure given in EN 594 and this 2 0.87
section of this British Standard. 3 0.93
For items b) and c) of note 2 to 5.1, the test 4 0.97
procedure and annex A of EN 594:1995, should be
referred to. 5 1.00
© BSI 12-1998 15
BS 5268-6.1:1996 Section 5
5.9.3 Test racking strength load 5.9.5 Basic test racking resistance
The test racking strength load should be determined The basic test racking resistance for a combination
from similar panels tested under the same vertical of materials should be derived by testing a wall
load conditions using the minimum value of racking panel (see Figure 1 of EN 594:1995) over a range of
load (Fmax) obtained from the series of tests, vertical loads that include 0 kN and 5 kN or
multiplied by the appropriate modification factor equivalent.
K109 from Table 7. The basic test racking resistance Rb (in kN/m)
5.9.4 Test racking design load should be taken as the lowest value obtained as
follows:
The test racking design load for the particular
vertical load under which a panel was tested should Rd
be taken as the lesser of: R b = ---------------------------
2.4 × K 111
a) the test racking stiffness load, determined in where
accordance with 5.9.2;
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 14 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
16 © BSI 12-1998
Section 5 BS 5268-6.1:1996
Only design values from standard test panels 5.11 Use of test panels
(see Figure 1 of EN 594:1995) should be used with
Panels that have been subjected to strength tests
the design method given in section 4 of this British
should not be used for structural purposes.
Standard.
NOTE 2 A panel is deemed suitable for sustaining a specified
design racking load if the test racking design load determined in
accordance with 5.9.4 is equal to or greater than the specified
design racking load.
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 14 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
© BSI 12-1998 17
BS 5268-6.1:1996 Section 6
Section 6. Workmanship
positioning on site in accordance with the detailed Reasonable precautions should be taken to avoid
drawings. any damage to materials as a result of exposure to
rain.
6.1.2 Inspection
6.2.2 Handling and transport
Fabricators of timber frame wall panels should
provide purchasers and their authorized Care should be taken in handling to avoid damage to
representatives with the necessary facilities for sheathing and local overstressing during lifting.
inspection during fabrication and by arrangement The general recommendations given in 6.2.1 for
should permit access at all reasonable times to all on-site storage should also be followed for storage
places where relevant work is being carried out. during transport.
6.1.3 Moisture content 6.2.3 Erection
The moisture content of wall panels at the time of Modifications to timber frame wall panels, repairs
fabrication should be in accordance with the to damaged panels or measures adopted to remedy
relevant clauses of BS 5268-2. defects discovered after erection of a wall panel
6.1.4 Timber tolerances should be in accordance with this British Standard.
Panels should not be notched, cut or drilled unless
Timber used in the fabrication of wall panels should
expressly provided for in the design, or unless
be within the tolerances for sawing and machining
carried out in accordance with BS 5268-2.
specified in BS EN 336.
Panels should be erected accurately, aligned and
6.1.5 Assembly positioned, and fastened to adjacent wall panels,
Pre-fabricated timber frame wall panels should be floor and roof in accordance with the detailed
assembled so as to ensure dimensional accuracy and drawings.
flatness. Care should be taken to ensure that adequate
All members should be accurately cut to ensure firm bearing is provided for the timber frame wall by the
contact along the abutting faces, and should be supporting structure.
accurately cut to length to within a tolerance It is essential that nailing specifications for the
of ± 1 mm. No gaps over 2 mm between abutting on-site nailing of sheathings and linings where such
faces of timber should be permitted unless allowed materials are contributing to the structural
for in the design. performance of the walls are adhered to.
Timber frame wall panels should be fabricated so 6.2.4 Temporary bracing
that horizontal and vertical dimensions are
Such temporary bracing or fixing as is required to
within 0 mm of the size specified by the designer.
–3 ensure stability of wall panels, floor and roof during
the construction period should be provided and
All mechanical fasteners should be of the type and
maintained for as long as is necessary.
sizes specified and should be located so that the
specified spacing, end and edge distances are
maintained. Nails or screws should be fully driven
home without undue damage to the surface of the
materials being joined.
Glued assemblies should conform to BS 6446.
18 © BSI 12-1998
BS 5268-6.1:1996
© BSI 12-1998 19
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 14 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
© BSI 12-1998 20
BS 5268-6.1:1996
BS 5268-6.1:1996
A.3 Test procedure l) the value of Fult, the ultimate load capacity or
load at 20 mm deformation and f5–8, the
At the end of the curing period for the masonry,
minimum load in the range of deformation
assemble the composite specimens as shown in
Figure A.1 with any specified offset incorporated. from 5 mm to 8 mm for each specimen
Apply load smoothly to the timber component using (see typical load deformation curves in
Figure A.2);
the machine cross head or hydraulic drive, either
continuously, or in increments, and record the load m) mode of failure;
and/or displacement. Use the appropriate rate of n) the characteristic ultimate load capacity of the
load increase given in A.1.5. ties Fk (in N) given by the equation:
Record the maximum load and/or the load(s) at 1.96S
specified deformations. Where type tests are being FK = 0.5 X – ----------------
n 0.5
carried out, plot a load deflection curve.
where
Test at least eight replicates.
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 14 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
© BSI 12-1998 21
BS 5268-6.1:1996
List of references
Normative references
BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
22 © BSI 12-1998
BS 5268-6.1:1996
Informative references
BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
CEN publications
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION (CEN), Brussels. (All publications are available from Customer Services,
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 14 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
BSI.)
EN 594:1995, Timber structures — Test methods — Racking strength and stiffness of timber frame wall
panels.
© BSI 12-1998
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Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 14 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI