Construction and Building Materials 30 (2012) 237–242

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Construction and Building Materials

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Utilization of Pakistani bentonite as partial replacement of cement in concrete

Shazim Ali Memon a,⇑, Rao Arsalan b, Sardar Khan b, Tommy Yiu Lo a
a
Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
b
College of Civil Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Pakistan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This research is aimed at evaluating Jehangira bentonite, deposited at 33°590 5600 latitude and 72°120 4700
Received 22 June 2011 longitude in the survey of Pakistan topographic sheet 43C/1, as partial replacement of cement. The main
Received in revised form 21 October 2011 variable is the proportion of bentonite (3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, 15%, 18% and 21% by weight of cement) in
Accepted 24 November 2011
replacement mode while the amount of cementitious material, water to cementitious material ratio, fine
Available online 29 December 2011
and coarse aggregate content were kept constant. Test results substantiate the feasibility to develop low
cost concrete using bentonite. It will reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gases related to cement
Keywords:
production as well as improve the durability of the system.
Bentonite
Natural pozzolan
The scanning electron micrographs indicated that bentonite particles are flaky and elongated. The aver-
Workability age size of particle ranged in between 4 and 5 lm. All the mixes satisfied the requirement of strength
Compressive strength activity indices as laid down by ASTM C618. The workability, fresh concrete density and water absorption
Fresh concrete density decreased as the ordinary Portland cement substitution by bentonite increased. The comparative com-
Strength activity index pressive strength analysis indicated that at 3 days of testing, the mixes containing bentonite showed
Acid attack lower strength than control mix while at 56 days of testing, the bentonite mixes showed higher strength
than the control mix. Mixes containing bentonite performed better than control mix against acid attack.
The aggressiveness of sulfuric acid on concrete was more pronounced than hydrochloric acid.
Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction natural pozzolan will impart beneficial properties in concrete sys-

At present lot of construction is taking place in earthquake
-affected areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan and
much more is anticipated in backdrop of recently announced con-
struction of hydroelectric projects in the country. Furthermore,
reconstruction phase in Afghanistan is also in progress. Demand
of construction materials in such scenario is liable to be enormous.
Cement is the most essential ingredient of the construction indus-
try and directly affects the overall cost of the project. Therefore,
economy in the prevailing environment will remain a key feature
in all engineering activities [1].
Manufacturing process of cement is a significant contributor to
greenhouse gases. The worldwide production of cement accounts
for almost 7% of the total world carbon dioxide (CO2) production,
and from the projections made by the cement manufacturers, this
trend is expected to remain steady in the next decade. Further-
more, production of cement is energy intensive, one ton of cement
production consumes about 1.6 MW h energy and discharge about
one tonne of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere [2,3].
To cater for the said problems, there is considerable need to ex-
plore low cost natural pozzolans available in Pakistan. The use of
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: shazim_memon@yahoo.com (S.A. Memon).
tems such as low heat of hydration, high ultimate strength, low
permeability, high sulfate resistance, and low alkali–silica activity
[4].
The term bentonite was first proposed by Knight in 1898 [5]. It
is a natural pozzolan which occurs in many different areas of Khy-
ber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. One of the bentonite, orig-
inating from Jehangira occurs at 33°590 5600 latitude and 72°120 4700
longitude in the survey of Pakistan topographic sheet 43C/1 [1,5].
Several preliminary studies were carried to evaluate the feasibility
of utilizing industrial wastes in Pakistan such as rice husk ash [6],
bagasse ash [7], fly ash [8], etc. This research study is aimed at
evaluating the feasibility of Jehangira bentonite as partial replace-
ment of cement. Its use in the prevailing environment will provide
the best possible solution having multiple benefits. Firstly, it will
provide a cost effective solution to construction industry, secondly,
it will help in reducing greenhouse gases and thirdly it would have
a positive impact on the durability of the system.
2. Experimental investigation
For this research, eight different mixes were prepared. These include one control
mix which was prepared without addition of bentonite and the remaining seven
mixes were prepared with different proportions of bentonite as replacement of ce-
ment in concrete. Bentonite mixes include 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, 15%, 18% and 21% of ben-
tonite in replacement mode by weight of cement. The upper bond of bentonite was

0950-0618/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.021
238 S.A. Memon et al. / Construction and Building Materials 30 (2012) 237–242

Table 1
Mix design.

Mix Cement (kg/m3) Bentonite (kg/m3) Fine aggregate (kg/m3) Coarse aggregate (kg/m3) Water (kg/m3)
a
CM 340 0 829 1009 198
3BC 329.8 10.2 829 1009 198
6BC 319.6 20.4 829 1009 198
9BC 309.4 30.6 829 1009 198
12BC 299.2 40.8 829 1009 198
15BC 289 51.0 829 1009 198
18BC 278.6 61.2 829 1009 198
21BC 268.6 71.4 829 1009 198
a
The mix was designed for compressive strength of 30 MPa. Each mix had the same water to cementitious material ratio of 0.55.

Table 2
Chemical properties of cementitious materials.

Chemical composition (%)

(Cement) (Bentonite)
Silicon dioxide (SiO2) 19 54.55
Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) 9.87 20.19
Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) 3.46 8.60
Magnesium oxide (MgO) 1.63 4.20
Calcium oxide (CaO) 60.0 7.28
Sodium oxide (Na2O) 0.84 1.27
Potassium oxide (K2O) 1.19 3.92
Phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) 0.068 1.107
Sulfur trioxide (SO3) 2.63 –
Titanium oxide (TiO2) – 0.91
Zinc oxide (ZnO) – 0.17
Physical properties
Specific gravity 3.05 2.82
Average particle size 20 lm 4.75 lm
Blain fineness (cm2/gm) 1720 4800 Fig. 1. Bentonite sample passing No. 200 sieve.
Initial setting time (mins) 95 –
Final setting time (mins) 360 –
Loss on Ignition 1.03 5.429
Bentonite clay (Fig. 1) obtained from Jehangira was used as partial replacement
of cement. At first, bentonite was dried for 24-h at a temperature of 200 °C and then
grinding was carried out in Los Angles abrasion machine [14]. To maintain uniform
chosen in consultation with the recommendations given by Badshah [9] and Mirza fineness, each batch of 5 kg was given 4500 revolution. The sample was sieved
et al. [10]. The mix was designed for compressive strength of 30 MPa. The details through No. 200 sieve and the resulting sample, having a specific gravity of 2.82,
are summarized in Table 1. was used for producing different mixes. The chemical and physical properties of
bentonite clay are illustrated in Table 2. As per ASTM C618-08a [15], bentonite
2.1. Materials meets the requirements of chemical composition of natural pozzolan.

Ordinary Portland cement confirming to ASTM C 150 [11] was used. The chem-
ical and physical properties of cement are summarized in Table 2. The cement had a
specific gravity of 3.05.
The sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregate was performed in accordance
with ASTM C 136-04 [12]. The results of sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregate
as compared with the requirement of ASTM C33-03 [13] are tabulated in Table 3.
The physical properties of fine and coarse aggregate are also summarized in the
same Table.
2.2. Testing of specimens
X-ray diffraction was used to verify the presence of crystalline silica in benton-
ite while laser particle size analyzer was used to determine the particle size distri-
bution of bentonite. The microscopic investigation of bentonite was carried out by
scanning electron microscope. For each mix, normal consistency, strength activity
index, compressive strength of cylinders and water absorption were determined
in accordance with ASTM C187-98, C109/C, C39/C-03 and C642-97 [16–19]. The

Table 3
Grading and physical properties of fine and coarse aggregate.

ASTM sieve No. Percentage retained Cumulative percentage retained Cumulative percentage passing ASTM range (C 33)
Grading of Fine aggregate 4 0.56 0.56 99 95–100
8 2.8 3.36 97 80–100
16 11.76 15.14 84 50–85
30 26.34 41.48 58 25–60
50 43.77 84.25 16 10–30
100 12.56 96.81 3 2–10
Grading of Coarse aggregate 25 0 0 100 100
19 17 17 83 90–100
12.5 63 80 20 20–55
9.5 34 97 3 0–15
4.75 2 99 1 0–5
Physical properties Unit weight (kg/m3) Bulk specific gravity (SSD) Absorption (%) Fineness Modulus Quarry
Fine aggregate 1953.54 2.63 1.65 2.42 Lawrencepur, Pakistan
Coarse aggregate 1529.28 2.65 1.07 – Margalla, Pakistan
 S.A. Memon et al. / Construction and Building Materials 30 (2012) 237–242 239

density of fresh concrete was determined by using compacting factor apparatus as

described by Neville [3] while for acid attack test, procedure mentioned by Rawal
[20] was adopted.

2.3. Specimen designation

The mixes were abbreviated in two different ways, i.e., CM and XBC. Specimen
cast without addition of bentonite are designated as control mix (CM), while in XBC
mixes, XB represents the amount of cement, in per cent, that has been replaced with
bentonite and C represents cement. For instance, the specific designation, 3BC, indi-
cates 3% replacement of cement with bentonite.

3. Test results and discussions

3.1. XRD analysis and scanning electron microscopy

The XRD pattern of heated bentonite is shown in Fig. 2. The sam-

ple contained A(Anorthite, Sodian ordered), B(Scawtite), C(Benton-
ite), D(Hibonite-5H, Ferroan), E(Heulandite) and F(Sanidine). Fig. 3. SEM of bentonite.
The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was done to obtain the
particle shape and size of bentonite. The analysis of the scanning
electron micrographs (Fig. 3) indicated that the bentonite particles
are flaky and elongated. The average size of particle ranged from 4
to 5 lm which is in agreement to that determined by Laser tech-
nique (Table 2 and Fig. 4).

3.2. Consistency test

Results of consistencies of cement pastes having different ben-

tonite content are graphically shown in Fig. 5. From the results, it is
clear that water requirement to make the paste of standard consis-
tency increased with the increase in bentonite content. The smaller
particle size of bentonite increased the surface area of the whole
mix translating into higher water demand to wet the surface area.

3.3. Effect of bentonite on workability

The slump values, a measure of workability decreased as the
amount of bentonite in the mix increased (Fig. 6). The reduction
in slump value is due to the small particle size and relatively higher
surface area of bentonite particles. It can therefore be concluded
that for the same water binder ratio, concrete made bentonite is
less workable than the CM. Also, the results reported herein are
in agreement with the available literature on bentonite [10,21].
3.4. Fresh density of concrete
The results of fresh density of different mixes are graphically
shown in Fig. 7. It can be observed that density of CM in fresh state
is maximum, i.e. 2482 kg/m3. The density decreased with the
Fig. 4. Particle size distribution of bentonite.
introduction of bentonite as cement replacement, and higher the
bentonite contents lower is the density. This is due to the fact that
the density being a function of specific gravity. Since the specific
gravity of cement is more as compared to bentonite, therefore,
the density of the CM mix is highest.
3.5. Strength activity index (SAI)
According to ASTM Standard C618, strength activity index at 7
and 28 days should be minimum of 75% of the control concrete.

Fig. 2. XRD pattern of heated bentonite.

240 S.A. Memon et al. / Construction and Building Materials 30 (2012) 237–242
Fig. 5. Consistency of different mixes.
Fig. 6. Slump values of different mixes.
Fig. 7. Fresh concrete density of different mixes.
Test results of reactivity index are graphically shown in Fig. 8. Test
data showed that:
 All the specimens meet the requirements laid by ASTM C618.
 Strength activity index at 7 and 28 days of 3BC, 6BC & 9BC
was higher than CM. In comparison to CM, the percentage
increase at the age of 7 days was found to be 21%, 17% and
Fig. 8. Variation of strength activity index-to-quantity of bentonite.
6% while at the age of 28 days the percentage increase was
19%, 18% and 14% respectively. It was reported by Marsh
and Day [22] that from the time of casting until approxi-
mately 14 days, pozzolans had no significant effect on
strength. However, because of higher strength activity index
of Jehangira bentonite, it could be used to produce very eco-
nomical concrete.
 Except of 3BC, all the mixes showed higher rate of reactivity
at 28 days than at 7 days. This trend shows increase in the
reactivity rate.
The results are in agreement with those produced by Mirza et
al. [10]. They found out that Karak bentonite calcined at 150 °C
showed slightly higher SAI than the control mix. Ahmad et al.
[21] also determined the SAI of ‘‘as in’’ (20 °C) bentonite and heated
bentonite at 500 °C and 900 °C. They found that ‘‘as in’’ and 500 °C
heated bentonite meet the requirement of ASTM C618. However, in
all cases, the SAI of bentonite mixes was lower that the control
mix. By comparison, the higher SAI in our case may be due to dif-
ferent heating temperature used for the bentonite sample.
3.6. Compressive strength
The compressive strength of the mixes for 3, 7, 28 and 56 days
are graphically shown in Fig. 9. Test data showed that:
Fig. 9. Variation of compressive strength-to-quantity of bentonite at different ages.
 S.A. Memon et al. / Construction and Building Materials 30 (2012) 237–242
Fig. 10. Water absorption of different mixes.
Fig. 11. Effect of acid on weight loss of different mixes.
 For all mixes, the compressive strength increased as the cur-
ing period increased from 7 to 56 days.
 At 3 days, the compressive strength of CM is higher than the
mixes with bentonite. This is due to the reason that strength
gain in pozzolan containing concrete is generally slow at
early age [2]. The mixes containing bentonite ((3BC, 6 BC, 9
BC, 12 BC, 15 BC, and 21 BC) showed 3.1%, 7.3%, 9.3%,
11.5%, 12.4%, 14.8% and 16.5% lower strength than CM.
 The comparative compressive strength analysis indicated
that at 28 days of testing, the bentonite mixes showed
1.7%, 2.9%, 2.3%, 1.78%, 1.29%, 0.87% and 0.75% higher
strength than CM. Similar trend of increase in strength was
Table 4
Comparison of the cost analysis.
Material Unit pricea (PKR) Control mix (CM)
Cement (kg) 7 340
Bentonite (kg) 1 –
Coarse aggregate (kg) 0.562
Sand (kg) 0.503
Bentonite hauling costb
Total – –
Percent reduction in cost = 10.64
a
PKR stands for Pakistani rupee.
b
RHA hauling cost = Rs. 1000/metric tonne (assuming 10 km haul).
241
observed at 56 days. In comparison to CM, the percentage
increase in strength at 56 days was 0.9%, 1.5%, 1.8%, 2.7%,
2.7%, 2.5% and 2.2% respectively. The main reason for this
increase in strength being pozzolanic reaction that takes
place at slower rate than the hydration of cement, coupled
with the micro-filler effect caused by bentonite [23].
Ahmad et al. [21] found out that at all the ages of testing, the
compressive strength decreased with the increase in the percent-
age of bentonite as cement replacement. In comparison to our re-
sults, the difference in compressive strength is clearly due to the
different heating temperature used to prepare bentonite sample.
It can therefore be concluded that to achieve higher compressive
strength bentonite should be heated at 200 °C.
3.7. Water absorption
Results of water absorption test are graphically shown in
Fig. 10. Test data showed that water absorption decreased as the
OPC substitution by bentonite increased. The decrease was due
to the fact that chemical reaction between natural pozzolans and
calcium hydroxide of hydrated cement paste is lime consuming in-
stead of lime producing; secondly, since the particle size of benton-
ite is less than that of cement therefore it can pack the binder
phase and hence reduce porosity. This, in turn, improves the dura-
bility of mixtures [24–26]. Ahmad et al. [21] also reported that
water absorption decreased with the bentonite substitution of up
to 30% thus testifying our results.
3.8. Acid attack resistance
Results of acid attack test are graphically shown in Fig. 11. Test
data showed that:
 The amount of weight loss for CM was maximum in both the
acid solutions, i.e. sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. The poor
performance of CM against acid attack is due to the fact that
it contains significant amount of lime which upon hydration
releases a considerable portion of free calcium hydroxide
that reacts with the acid and a soft and mushy mass is left
behind. In the case of mix containing bentonite, the calcium
hydroxide reacts with the silica in bentonite mix to form sil-
ica gel, this results in negligible amount of calcium hydrox-
ide, thus making bentonite mix more resistant to acid attack.
 The trend of weight loss was similar in both acid solutions.
However, more deterioration was caused by sulfuric acid
than hydrochloric acid. It is due to the fact that in case of sul-
furic acid, a product called calcium sulfoaluminate (Ettring-
ite) is formed, which expands and hence causes disruption
of the set cement paste [20], whereas, no such product is
formed in case of hydrochloric acid.
Bentonite (21BC)
Quantity (per m3) Amount (PKR) Quantity (per m3) Amount (PKR)
2380 268.6 1880.2
– 71.4 71.4
1004 565 1004 565
820 413 820 413
– – 71.4 71.4
3358 3000.6
242 S.A. Memon et al. / Construction and Building Materials 30 (2012) 237–242
4. Cost analysis
Cost analysis of the materials used, has been analyzed as per the
purchased price from the market (as of April 2011). Mix 21BC
which performed well in all aspects was selected for cost
comparison. The detailed calculations are summarized in Table 4.
Based on cost analysis, the mix 21BC was found 10.64% cheaper
than CM.
5. Conclusions
Based on the experimental results, following conclusions can be
drawn.
 The use of bentonite as pozzolan is an environmental
friendly option. Technically and financially, bentonite has
lots of potential to be used as pozzolan in concrete construc-
tion industry.
 The workability, density and water absorption decreased
with the introduction of bentonite as cement replacement.
 All the specimens meet the requirement of SAI as laid down
by ASTM C618. At 28 days, the SAI of all the specimens con-
taining bentonite was higher than CM.
 The comparative compressive strength analysis indicated
that at 28 and 56 days of testing, bentonite mixes showed
higher strength than CM.
 Mixes containing bentonite performed better than CM
against acid attack. The aggressiveness of sulfuric acid on
concrete was more pronounced than hydrochloric acid.
 Low cost concrete can be produced by substituting bentonite
as partial replacement of cement in concrete without com-
promising on strength parameters. Mix 21BC, which per-
formed well in all aspects and also was 10.64% cheaper
than CM, could be used to produce low cost concrete.
It is recommended that further research showed be carried out
to determine the optimum heating temperature for bentonite that
can be used effectively to enhance the properties of concrete. Also,
studies on grinding of bentonite should be carried out to determine
its effects on resulting concrete.
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