Module I Chapter II - Modified

Chapter 1.
Overview of
Transmission Media
Protocols
Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Semester III Module 1
Chapter 1.2 Overview of Transmission Media Protocol
Aim
To focus on the transmission media, mode and
protocols that govern data communication in
network

2
Instructional Objectives
Objectives of this chapter are:
• Define transmission medium in terms of data communication
• Discuss the factors to determine the behaviour of transmission medium
• Classify transmission medium
• Explain communication modes and wiring standards
• Explain the functions of seven layer OSI model
• Describe the TCP/IP model
• List the protocols available in OSI model
• Explain Ethernet address

3
Overview of Transmission Media Protocol Classify Transmission Media
Define transmission media in terms

of data communication

4
Define transmission medium in terms of data communication

Transmission medium is a pathway to carry information.
information
Sender Receiver
• Different types of cables or waves are used to transmit data

• Data is transmitted normally through electrical or electromagnetic signals such as
copper wires, optical fibres, atmosphere, water or vacuum

5
Quiz / Assessment
1) Transmission medium are categorised as
(a) Metallic or non metallic (b) Fixed or unfixed
(c) Guided or unguided (d) Directional or unidirectional

Discuss the factors to determine the behavior

of transmission medium

7
Factors that Determine the Behaviour of Transmission Medium

Bandwidth
F
Transmission
A Impairments
C
T
Interference
O
R
Number of
S receivers

8
Classify Transmission Medium

9
Transmission Medium Types
Flowchart of Transmission Mediums

Twisted-pair Cable
• Cheaper compared to other cables

• Easy to install
• Lightweight
• Less expensive
• Support all network types
• Transfer both analog and digital
signals

Twisted-pair Cable

Coaxial Cable
• Comprises of two conductors

• Higher frequency and data rates compared to twisted pair
• Used in LAN, television transmission, telephone transmission

Fibre Optical Cables

Fibre Optical Cables

Quiz / Assessment
1) The signal source in fibre optics is

(a) Infrared (b) Light
(c) Radio (d) Laser
2) Identify the wireless media from the given options.

(a) Twisted-pair cable (b) Optical fibre
(c) Coaxial cable (d) Satellite communication
3) Inner core of an optical fibre is…

(a) Water (b) Glass
(c) Light (d) Copper

Explain communication modes and wiring standards

Transmission Modes

Quiz / Assessment
1) In which transmission mode does the flow of data takes place in one direction.
(a) Full-duplex (b) Half-duplex
(c) Quarter-duplex (d) Simplex
2) Communication type that allows flow of data between devices in both directions simultaneously.
(a) Full-duplex (b) Simplex
(c) Half-duplex (d) Automatic

Wiring Standards and Cabling Modes

Straight Wiring Cable

• Type of twisted pair cable
• Used in LANs
• Widely used to connect host to client
• Also used to connect computers, scanners, printers and network devices to the
hub, router or switch

Crossover Wiring Cable

• Type of Ethernet cable
• Passes through their respective pins to connect two computers
• Used to connect two systems of the same type

Rollover Wiring Cable

• Flat light blue coloured cable is used to distinguish from other
network cabling types
• Establish an interface between the systems and not to carry data
• Used to connect device terminals to the console port of the router

Quiz / Assessment
1) The following is used to connect device terminals to the console part of the router.
(a) Straight through cable (b) Rollover cable
(c) Crossover cable (d) Media connector
2) Which cabling is used to connect two routers of same type?

(a)Straight through cable (b) Rollover cable
(c) Crossover cable (d) Media connector

Explain the functions of seven layer OSI model

Encapsulation at Sender
Decapsulation at Receiver

Layers OSI Model Features

• Data Generation
1 Application
• Provides User Interface
• Data Representation
2 Presentation
• Encryption and Formatting
• Establishing Connection
3 Session
• Inter-host Communication
4 Transport • Segment
• Delivery and Sequencing
5 Network • Packet
• Routing
6 Data Link • Frames

• Local Network Host Delivery
7 Physical • Bits
• Media
Working on source
and destination in
OSI Layers

Quiz / Assessment
1) Which layer provides the services to user?
(a) Application layer (b) Session layer
(c) Presentation layer (d) Transport layer
2) Which layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery of whole message?

(a) Network layer (b) Data link layer
(c) Transport layer (d) Session layer
3) Which layer links the network support layers and user support layers
(a) Session layer (b)Data link layer
(c)Transport layer (d) Network layer

Describe the TCP/IP model

TCP/IP Model Protocols and Services OSI Model

Application
HTTP, FTTP, Telnet,
Application Presentation
DHCP, PING
Session
Transport TCP, UDP Transport
Network IP, ARP, ICMP Network
Data Link
Network Interface Ethernet
Physical

Quiz / Assessment
1) Which layer in the TCP/IP stack is equivalent to the Transport layer of the OSI model?
(a) Application (b) Transport

(c) Internet (d) Network Access
2) Which layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery of whole message?

(a) Network layer (b) Data link layer
(c) Transport layer (d) Session layer

List the protocols available in OSI model

TCP/IP Layering model
APPLICATION
arp SSH,FTP,HTTP DNS traceroute
LAYER
TRANSPORT
TCP UDP
LAYER
NETWORK
LAYER IP ICMP
LINK
ARP, Device Drivers
LAYER
PHYSICAL
Copper,Optical Fiber,radio waves
LAYER
Important Concepts : Encapsulation
Ethernet IPv4 UDP
Application Data Ethernet CRC
Header Header Header
14 bytes 20 bytes 8 bytes 100 bytes 4 bytes
UDP Packet(108 bytes)
IPv4 Packet(128 bytes)
Ethernet Packet(146 bytes)

Application Layer Protocols

Protocol Port - No Full Form Purpose
HTTP TCP-80 Hypertext Transfer Protocol Used by web browser and web server to transfer web
pages
HTTPS TCP-443 HTTP Secure Also known as HTTP over TLS or HTTP over SSL. TLS –
Transport Layer Security; SSL-Secure Sockets Layer
FTP TCP- File Transfer Protocol Used by ftp client and ftp servers to transfer text or binary
20/21 files.
TFTP UDP-69 Trivial File Transfer Simple and easy to implement; Used in network boot.
Protocol
SFTP TCP-22 SSH File Transfer Protocol
FTPS FTP Secure Also known as FTP over TLS or FTP over SSL. TLS –
Transport Layer Security; SSL-Secure Sockets Layer
Telnet TCP-23 Remote login; unencrypted text communication

Application Layer Protocols

Protocol Port - No Full Form Purpose
SSH TCP-22 Secure Shell Used for secure logins, file transfers (sftp)
DHCP UDP-67 Dynamic Host Used for communication between DHCP client and DHCP
(server) Configuration Protocol server.
UDP-68
(client)
DNS UDP-53 Domain Name System Does IP to Domain Name mapping and vice versa
SMTP TCP-25 Simple Mail Transfer Used for email transfers between email servers.
Protocol
POP3 TCP-110 Post Office Protocol 3 Used for retrieving emails
IMAP TCP-143 Internet Massage Access Used for retrieving emails
Protocol
NTP UDP-123 Network Time Protocol Used for time synchronization

Transport Layer Protocols

Protocol Full Form Purpose
TCP Transmission Control Used for secure logins, file transfers (sftp)
Protocol
UDP User Datagram Protocol
TCP UDP
Connection Oriented Connection less
Reliable Unreliable
Does error control, flow control No error control ; flow control
For large data and secure transmission For Small and unsecure transmission

Network Layer Protocols

IP Internet Protocol Used for routing the packets.
(IPv4,IPv6)
ICMP Internet Control Message Assist IP to generate and deliver messages
Protocol (ICMPv4, ICMPv6) (error , echo, ack etc.)
IGMP Internet Group Management Multicast in network.
Protocol

Link Layer Protocols

LLC- Logical Link Control
ARP Address Resolution Protocol Translates IP Address into MAC Address
RARP Reverse ARP Translates MAC address into IP Address
Ethernet Framing, Error control , Flow Control in LAN
PPP Point to Point Protocol Framing, Error control , Flow Control in WAN
MAC-Media Access Control
CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Accesses media in Wired LAN/WAN
Collision Detection
CSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Accesses media in Wireless LAN/WAN
Collision Avoidance

TCP – Transmission Control Protocol

• Defines how to set up and sustain network conversation
• Enables a connection between two hosts to exchange data

streams
• Ensures the delivery of data in the correct format
• Confirms predefined order in which the data were sent
• Manages flow control and error-free data transmission

UDP – User Datagram Protocol
• Offers very slow speed of data transmission between devices
• Communication protocol in the Internet
• Does not have flow control and error control
• Connectionless or unreliable transport protocol
• Network applications prefer UDP to exchange small amount of data

IP – Internet Protocol
• Creates a single logical network from various physical networks.
• Used to route data to a specified address
• Connectionless or unreliable protocol
• Defines format for addressing schemes
• Does not have error-reporting or error-correcting mechanism

ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol
• Used to generate error message when network layer prevents transmission of

IP address
• Creates and sends messages to the IP address of source to denote an open way
to Internet for packet delivery
• Any device with IP address can send and receive or process ICMP messages

ARP – Address Resolution Protocol
Address Resolution Protocol

RARP – Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

Quiz / Assessment
1) Which of the following services use TCP?
i. DHCP
ii. SMTP
iii. HTTP
iv. FTP
(a) i and ii (b) ii, iii and iv
(c) i, ii and iv (d) i, iii and iv
2) Protocol used to bind MAC address with its IP address is

(a) UDP (b) ICMP
(c) ARP (d) IP

Explain Ethernet Address

Ethernet Address
• An Ethernet address (48-bit long) is a unique number hard coded in NIC.
• Also know as LAN addresses/ H/W addresses/ MAC Addresses/ Physical Addresses
Identifies the
• Format manufacturer of NIC
Assigned by
Organizationally Unique Vendor Assigned
Manufacturer to NIC
Identifier (OUI) (on NIC)
24-bit 24-bit
• Ethernet addresses are of three types

1. Unicast : identify a single device
2. Broadcast : FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF or FFFF-FFFF-FFFF
3. Multicast : 01:00:EX:XX:XX:XX or 0100-EXXX-XXXX
Ethernet Address
• It is usually written as six hexadecimal numbers, e.g. 08:00:20:03:72:DC
• Used by the Media Access Control sublayer of the Data-Link Layer (DLC) of telecommunication
protocols

Quiz / Assessment
1) What is the hexadecimal equivalent of the Ethernet address 01011010 00010001 01010101
00011000 10101010 00001111?
(a) 5A:88:AA:18:55:F0
(b) 5A:81:BA:81:AA:0F
(c) 5A:18:5A:18:55:0F
(d) 5A:11:55:18:AA:0F
2) If an Ethernet destination address is 07:01:02:03:04:05, then this is a ______ address.

(a) Unicast
(b) Multicast
(c) Broadcast
(d) Anycast

Activity
Brief description of activity
• Draw the structure of OSI layer

Offline Activity and TCP/IP layer side by side and
(30 min)
include all the protocols of each
layer and explain their functions

Summary
 Transmission media falls in the physical layer
 Guided media describes a physical stream from one system to another
 Wireless transmission media uses electromagnetic waves (through air) instead of any
physical conductor
 Flow of data between the two devices can occur in any of three ways: Simplex, Half duplex
and Full duplex
 The cables used in data transmission are grouped according to their characteristics, such as
straight-through cable, crossover cable, rollover cable and media connector
 OSI model defines the standard set of protocols, organised of seven layers
 TCP/IP model include four standard protocols
 Various protocols used in different layers to govern specific mechanism such as TCP, UDP, IP,
ICMP, ARP, RARP

e-References
• Computer Notes. Transmission Modes. Retrieved 15 May, 2015 from
http://ecomputernotes.com/computernetworkingnotes/communication-
networks/what-are-the-different-transmission-modes
• Tutorials Point. Transmission Media. Retrieved 15 May, 2015 from
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_communication_computer_network/tr
ansmission_media.htm
• Omnisecu.com. Layers of OSI model. Retrieved 16 May, 2015 from
http://www.omnisecu.com/tcpip/osi-model.php
• Study to night. TCP/IP reference model. Retrieved 16 May, 2015 from
http://www.studytonight.com/computer-networks/tcp-ip-reference-model

External Resources
1. CCNA Cisco Certified Network Associate: Study Guide. (2011).
India: Wiley publishing.
2. Forouzan, B. A. (2007). Data Communications and Networking (4 ed.).
New York: McGraw-Hill.
3. Rick Graziani, A. J. (2007). Routing Protocols and Concepts:
CCNA Exploration Companion Guide (2, illustrated, reprint ed.). Cisco Press.
4. Tanenbaum, A. S. (2007). Computer Networks. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall Of
India Pvt. Limited.


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Chapter 1.

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

• Discuss the factors to determine the behaviour of transmission medium

• Classify transmission medium

• Explain communication modes and wiring standards

• Explain the functions of seven layer OSI model

• Describe the TCP/IP model

• List the protocols available in OSI model

• Explain Ethernet address

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Define transmission media in terms

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Define transmission medium in terms of data communication

• Different types of cables or waves are used to transmit data

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Discuss the factors to determine the behavior

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Factors that Determine the Behaviour of Transmission Medium

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Classify Transmission Medium

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Transmission Medium Types

Flowchart of Transmission Mediums

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

• Cheaper compared to other cables

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

• Comprises of two conductors

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Fibre Optical Cables

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Fibre Optical Cables

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

1) The signal source in fibre optics is

2) Identify the wireless media from the given options.

3) Inner core of an optical fibre is…

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Explain communication modes and wiring standards

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Wiring Standards and Cabling Modes

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Straight Wiring Cable

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Crossover Wiring Cable

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Rollover Wiring Cable

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

2) Which cabling is used to connect two routers of same type?

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Explain the functions of seven layer OSI model

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Layers OSI Model Features

6 Data Link • Frames

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

2) Which layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery of whole message?

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals

Describe the TCP/IP model

Computer Networks Networking Fundamentals