Higher-Order Ruled Surfaces and Their Possible Use in Architectural Design

Nexus Network Journal
HIGHER-ORDER RULED SURFACES AND THEIR POSSIBLE USE IN

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
--Manuscript Draft--
Manuscript Number: NENJ-D-18-00057R2
Full Title: HIGHER-ORDER RULED SURFACES AND THEIR POSSIBLE USE IN

Article Type: S.I. : moNGeometrija 2018
Funding Information:
Abstract: This paper analyzes higher-order ruled surfaces in terms of their application in
architecture and design. The possibilities of applying their characteristic segments and
cuttings in the design of architectural objects, as well as the possibilities of their being
multiplied and combined into more complex spatial structures are considered. The
suggested design solutions should in practice enable the implementation of higher-
order surfaces into the geometric forms of future architectural structures, as well as
their use in different areas of design. The criteria for the selection of higher-order ruled
surfaces are defined in this paper while their successful research, analysis and
practical application are studied.
Corresponding Author: Vladan Nikolic, Ph.D

Faculty of civil engineering and architecture in Nis
Niš, SERBIA
Corresponding Author Secondary

Information:
Corresponding Author's Institution: Faculty of civil engineering and architecture in Nis
Corresponding Author's Secondary

Institution:
First Author: Vladan Nikolic, Ph.D
First Author Secondary Information:
Order of Authors: Vladan Nikolic, Ph.D
Olivera Nikolić
Jasmina Tamburi'
Sanja Spasić Djordjević
Sanja Janković
Order of Authors Secondary Information:
Author Comments: Paper presented on Mongeometrija 2018 (Novi Sad, Serbia) and considered for
publication in special issue of Nexus Network Journal
Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation
Author’s Response to Reviewers‘ Comments Click here to access/download;Author’s Response to
Reviewers‘ Comments;HIGHER-ORDER RULED
HIGHER-ORDER RULED SURFACES AND POSSIBILITIES

OF THEIR USAGE IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
Abstract This paper analyzes higher-order ruled surfaces from the aspect of their application in architecture and
design. The possibilities of applying their characteristic segments and cuttings in the design of architectural
objects, as well as the possibilities of their being multiplied and combined into more complex spatial structures
are considered. The suggested design solutions should in practice enable the implementation of higher-order
surfaces into geometric shapes of future architectural structures, as well as their use in different areas of design.
The criteria for the selection of higher-order ruled surfaces are defined while their successful research, analysis
and practical application are studied.
Keywords: architecture, design, higher-order ruled surfaces, application.
1 INTRODUCTION
Higher-order ruled surfaces (ruled surfaces of the third and fourth order) are analyzed and studied from the aspect
of their application in architecture and design. Regarding to architectural objects, ruled surfaces are more frequent
than double-curved surfaces. The ruled surfaces in objects, there geometry, design and construction are simpler,
since ruled surfaces can be double curved (Flöry and Pottmann 2010). The higher-order ruled surfaces, which are
discussed in this paper, were made according to the plane and spatial directrix curves (Nikolić 2015). This research
considers the possibilities of applying their characteristic segments and cuttings in the design of architectural
objects, as well as the possibilities of their being multiplied and combined into more complex spatial structures.
The suggested design solutions should in practice enable the implementation of higher-order surfaces into
geometric shapes of future architectural structures, as well as their use in different areas of design.
Higher-order ruled surfaces allow the design of visually high-quality forms and their components (assemblies),
applicable in all areas of architecture and design. The following are the criteria guiding the selection of higher-
order ruled surfaces and their successful research, analysis and practical application (Nikolić 2015; Williams et al.
2014):
 The universality of application in generating different spatial structures,
 Simplicity of design and construction,
 Aesthetic (visual) qualities and characteristics,
 Rationality and cost-effectiveness.
Through the aspect of application in architectural practice, the aesthetic characteristics of spatial structures are
imposed as the basic criterion. Other criteria can be considered, only after aesthetic requirements met. According
to this, the aesthetic criteria can be considered as eliminatory trough the decision of particular spatial assembly
which is applied to the design.
The selected surfaces were analyzed starting with the generation of the directrix curve, through the process of
generation of the surfaces themselves and further constructive processing, to the final architectural form. This
process involved the selection of adequate representative segments of the surface, that is, the separation of the
appropriate sections of the surfaces and their use in the formation of spatial structures of various architectural
objects (Nikolić 2015).
The software package Rhinoceros was used for the geometrical derivation and processing of all the presented
examples of spatial structures. Used software package enables easy creation of complex surfaces in a simpler way,
with a high quality of 3D model, which are generated through the NURBS modeling process (Non-Uniformal
Rational Basis Splines) (Kolarević 2004).
1
2 SELECTED HIGHER ORDER RULED SURFACES AND POTENTIAL FOR
THEIR USAGE IN ARCHITECTURE
The geometrical surfaces of the higher order can be used for the formation of spatial structures by using their
segments and by merging various sections of these surfaces into a more complex form. The adequate
implementation of the higher-order ruled surfaces in the presented examples contributes to the simplicity of the
design and practical construction, efficiency and economy, while still retaining visual (esthetic) qualities of the
spatial structure. The created surfaces, their segments and sections are universal and applicable in designing and
construction of the most diverse architectonic spatial structures. The previously defined criteria are verified
through the examples, each being a small case study. Firstly, planar and spatial curves of the 3rd and 4th order were
generated (see: Savelov 1979, Dovniković 1974; Dovniković 1977, Dovniković 1986, Odehnal 2013), actually the
directrices on the basis of which the ruled surfaces of 3rd and 4th order were derived, used for the formation of more
complex spatial structures regarding their potential use in architecture (see: Nikolić 2015; Flöry and Pottmann
2010; Gorjanc 1997; Hamlin and Séquin 2009; Krivoshapko and Ivanov 2015; Marković 1995). All spatial
structures processed in the following examples are based on original studies used during the development of
various architectural projects (competition works, exibition stand project, etc.).
2.1Example I
The Plücker's conoid was used for the formation of the spatial structure shown in this example (Krivoshapko and
Ivanov 2015; Drăgan et al. 2017), i.e. one section of that surface, Figure 1. The section is formed by intersecting
the conoid by the vertical planes A and B, passing through the generatrix of the conoid, and intersecting the conoid
along the ellipse, with a mutual angle of 15°. The planes are presented in the first position in the ray position, while
in the axonometric projection, the first traces of the planes a1 and b1 are marked. The third section plane C is
horizontal and it is displayed in the ray position in the second projection.
Fig. 1. Section of the Plücker's conoid created by A, B and C planes intersection
The previously formed section of the Plücker's conoid can be used in several ways to form an architectonic spatial
structure. Figure 1 illustrates the method of multiplication of the section of bilateral symmetry until the entire
circular basis is obtained (24 pieces) (Nikolić et al. 2015; Steadman 2015). The vertical planes of bilateral
symmetry are A and B, alternately. All the planes of the bilateral symmetry form a pencil, with a directrix i as a
pencil line. The obtained spatial structure formed from the multiplied sections of the Plücker's conoid is
additionally intersected with the vertical elliptical cylinder. Figure 2 illustrates the base and the axonometric
projection with three sections of a multiplied bilateral symmetry. The planes of symmetry are marked as A and B,
2
directrix of the conoid as i, and the penetration with the elliptical cylinder is defined using characteristic points
determined on the base (Nikolić 2015).
Fig. 2. Multiplication of the section of the Plücker's conoid
A spatial structure presented in Figure 3 is formed in the previously described way in two orthogonal projections
and in perspective. The derived spatial structure satisfies the previously defined criteria (Malek and Williams
2017). This is further improved by the multiplication of typical elements, esthetic quality achieved using a simple
ruled surface, efficiency of design and construction (regarding the known basic characteristics and parameters of
the Plücker's conoid), etc.
Fig. 3. Spatial structure formed by multiplication of the section of the Plücker's conoid
using bilateral symmetry, 2013. (V. Nikolić)
3
2.2 Example II
This example shows that the spatial structure was formed by a curve of the 4 th order created in the penetration of
the hyperboloid of one sheet through the right circular cylinder, used as one of the directrices of the derived surface.
Figure 4 illustrates the penetrations of the hyperboloid of one sheet through the two right circular cylinders. The
first cylinder, with the axis o1 and the basis circumference k1, has a diameter of the base larger than the diameter
of the striction circle of the hyperboloid. The hyperboloid of one sheet and the right circular cylinder have a
common generatrix iH = iO1. The intersection of these surfaces is the degenerate spatial curve of the 4th order,
which degenerates to the straight line (generatrix) iH = iO1 and the spatial curve of the 3rd order s1. The second
cylinder, with the axis o2 and base circumference k2, has a base diameter smaller than the diameter of the striction
circumference of the hyperboloid. The rotating hyperboloid of one sheet and rotating cylinder have the common
generatrix iH = iO2. The intersection of these surfaces is a degenerate spatial curve of the 4th order which degenerates
to the straight line (generatrix) iH = iO2 and the spatial curve of the 3rd order s2. Both intersections are presented in
the orthogonal projections and axonometric projection in Figure 4 (Nikolić 2015).
Fig. 4. Intersection of the hyperboloid of one sheet and right circular cylinders
The ruled surface presented in Figure 5 is derived using the previously obtained spatial curve s1. The directrix d1
is the straight line parallel to iH = iO1, and the directrix d2 is the spatial curve s1. The parallel planes T1 and T2 are
the planes of the bases of the rotating cylinders shown in Figure 4. The ruled surface derived in this way intersects
with the cylinder along with the spatial curve p. A segment of this surface, marked with the red color, was used
for the formation of a spatial structure (Nikolić 2015).
Fig. 5. Intersection of the ruled surface of a third order and right circular cylinder (of the orthogonal and
axonometric projections)
4
A spatial structure, formed from the previously derived section of the 3 rd order surface, is presented in Figure 6 in
three orthogonal projections and a perspective. The architectonic visualization of the spatial structure is presented
in the same figure. Such an architectonic structure satisfies the previously defined criteria, which means that a
dynamic structure of high quality comparable to far more complex surface structures can be practically constructed
from the relatively simple ruled surface of the 3 rd order (whose basic characteristics and parameters are known).
Fig. 6. Architectonic visualization of a spatial structure

based on the ruled surface of the 3rd order, 2013. (V. Nikolić)
5
2.3 Example III
For the formation of the spatial structure presented in this example, two ruled surfaces of the 3rd order were used,
derived along one common directrix, the spatial curve of the 3rd order. First, the directrix curve was derived by
means of the intersection of two surfaces of the 2nd degree. Figure 7 shows the hyperboloid intersection of one
sheet with the parabolic cylinder in the two orthogonal projections and axonometric projection. The hyperboloid
of one sheet and the parabolic cylinder have a common generatrix iH = iO. The intersection of these surfaces is a
spatial curve of the 4th order, which degenerates to a straight line (generatrix) iH = iO and the spatial curve of the
3rd order s (Nikolić 2015).
Fig. 7. Intersection of the hyperboloid of one sheet and parabolic cylinder
By using the previously obtained spatial curves of the 3rd order s, as well as the straight lines directrices d1 and d2,
two segments of the ruled surfaces of the 3rd order were derived, presented in Figure 8 in two orthogonal and one
axonometric projection. The ruled surface colored in the red color is formed by the movement of the straight line
along the directrices d1 and s, and the ruled surface colored in the blue color is formed by the movement of the
straight line along the directrices d2 and s. The surface created on the directrices d2 and s consists of two conoids
and one cone. One generatrix of the ruled surface and the straight directrices d1 and d2 form a right-angled triangle.
Fig. 8. Ruled surfaces of the 3rd order derived on the directrices d1 and s, i.e. d2 and s
The bilateral symmetry and rotation of the previously derived ruled surfaces create a “basic element” which is
further used for the development of the geometrical spatial structure, Figure 9. The segments S1 and S2 are chiral,
i.e. bilaterally symmetrical so they cannot be coincided using geometrical transformations. There are a “left” and
6
a “right” segment, such as human hands (Nikolić et al. 2015). These segments are embedded into the matrix
ABDC, as presented in Figure 9, left. The formed ”basic element” S is presented in three orthogonal projections
in the same figure, right. In this way, a dynamical three-dimensional relation of the used segments of the ruled
surfaces is established. Such an element can be multiplied in various ways, and one of the ways suitable for the
formation of a 3D pattern is later presented (Nikolić 2015; Garcia 2009).
Fig. 9. Formation of the “basic element” of two pairs of ruled surfaces of the 3rd order
The previously formed “basic element” is embedded into the matrix of 2 x 2 fields, Figure 10 step 1. The ratio of
the matrix sides is 1:√3, and the diagonal length is 2. Prior to that, the position of the coordinate system and the
orientation of the axes x, y and z is defined in the step 0. By copying and rotation about the x, y and z axes, an
assembly of four “basic elements is formed”. In the step 2, copying of the “basic element” and its rotation about
the x axis for 180° is performed. The same spatial transformation is repeated in the steps 3 and 4, about the axes y
and z. Step 5 presents the formed sample of the 3D pattern. This procedure can be used for the surfaces of different
forms and composition, for the formation of different samples of the 3D pattern (Nikolić 2015; Garcia 2009;
Gherardini and Leali 2016).
Fig. 10. Procedure of formation of the sample of the 3D pattern
7
The composition of 4 basic elements is translationally multiplied in the plane, about x and y axes (the structure of
7 x 4 assemblies of 4 “basic elements“ each), which forms an approximately square 3D pattern, presented in the
perspective in Figure 11. All the elements in the assembly have a different orientation, which, even with the
repetition, makes the spatial structure dynamic and “fluid“, and yet, in a strictly defined and regulated arrangement
(Garcia 2009).
Fig. 11. 3D pattern in perspective and façade based on the same pattern
The previously formed 3D pattern is presented in Figure 12A in two orthogonal projections. The same figure
illustrates the variants from B to F of a derived 3D pattern, intersected by the planes in several different mutual
positions. The position of the intersecting planes T1, T2, T3 and T4 is presented in the second projection of each of
the variants, in the ray position. In the variants B and C, the intersecting planes T1 and T2 are mutually parallel and
they are also parallel with the plane in which the 3D pattern is formed. They are set at various distances in these
two variants. In the variant F, the mutually parallel intersecting planes T1 and T2 are not parallel with the 3D pattern
plane, and in the variant E, the intersecting planes T1 and T2 mutually intersect along the straight line lying in the
3D pattern plane. In the variant D, four intersecting planes T1, T2, T3 and T4, are used while their pairs are mutually
intersecting along the straight lines lying in the 3D pattern plane. By applying the presented procedures and
principles, it is possible to form an infinite number of various 3D patterns. It is a big esthetic potential which can
be implemented in designing of façade and roof elements of architectonic buildings, as well as in the interior
design (Iwamoto 2013). In this case, the form analysis is performed manually, but it is possible to implement
automatized software solutions for parametric modeling, such as the Grasshopper plug-in for Rhinoceros. In this
way, it is possible to form 3D patterns on the curved surfaces about three coordinate axes (Nikolić 2015).
8
Fig. 12. 3D patterns, 2013. (V. Nikolić)
9
2.4 Example IV
By using bicircular plane curves of the 4th order (Marković and Krasić 2000), a cylindroid of the 4th order is formed,
and presented in Figure 13. The bicircular curves b1 and b2, set in parallel, are generatrices of the self-intersecting
ruled surface, cylindroids of the 4th order. An infinitely distant straight generatrix is set by the directrix plane,
which is perpendicular to the plane of the curves b1 and b2 and parallel to the plane which passes through the axes
of symmetry of both bicircular curves (Marković 1987).
Fig. 13. Cylindroid of the 4th order with the generatrices b1 and b2 (of the orthogonal and axonometric projections)
The spatial structure in Figure 14 is formed by the penetration of one section of the rotating cylinder (o axis) and
the previously derived cylindroids of the 4th order with the generatrices b1 and b2. The cylinder is additionally
intersected along the ellipsis e (Nikolić 2015).
Fig. 14. The method of formation of a spatial structure in the intersection of a rotating cylinder
and a cylindroid of the 4th order
10
The previously obtained form was used as a “mold” for derivation of a spatial structure presented in Figure 15,
based on the use of the ruled surfaces of the 4th order. A sequence of plane elements, aligned in a system of parallel
planes, is intersected with the form (“mold”) presented in Figure 14 left.
Fig. 15. Architectonic visualization of a spatial structure, 2014. (V. Nikolić)
11
2.5 Example V
The penetration of two quadrics creates a spatial curve of the 4 th order of the 1st kind. Figure 16 left illustrates a
method of derivation of the s curve in the penetration of a hyperboloid of one sheet and a sphere. The center of the
ball L is the situation on the striction circle of the hyperboloid, and the sphere has the same radius as the striction
circle. The sphere passes through the center of the hyperboloid of one sheet, point H. By using the spatial curve s,
the cone of the 4th order with the apex V and generatrix i are presented in Figure 16 right. A section marked with
the red color is formed by cutting out a segment of the VAB cone of the 4th order (Nikolić 2015).
Fig. 16. Spatial curve of the 4th order of the 1st kind in the penetration of two quadrics, up
Cone of the 4th order and the section VAB, down
The multiplication of the previously created section of the cone in the triangular matrix forms a spatial structure
presented in Figure 17 (Gherardini and Leali 2017). The method of arranging identical sections differently oriented
in the matrix is presented in three orthogonal projections and in perspective. The architectonic visualization of the
spatial structure is presented in the same figure below (Nikolić 2015; Williams et al. 2014; Nikolić et al. 2012).
12
Fig. 17. Orthogonal projections, perspective and architectonic visualization
of the spatial structure based on the usage of the 4 th order cone, 2014. (V. Nikolić)
13
3 CONCLUSION
The higher-order ruled surfaces compared to the double-curved surfaces, appear to be a simpler and rational
solution for implementation in architecture and design. These surfaces (i.e. their segments) meet the previously
defined criteria in terms of the justification of their implementation in design and formation of various architectonic
structures, as well as in the various areas of design. The criteria are universality, simplicity of design and practical
construction, visual (aesthetic) qualities and characteristics, rationality and economy. Universality presupposes
that the surfaces, their parts and compositions are applicable in the formation of architectonic buildings of various
structures and uses. The simplicity of design and construction are related to rationality and economy of the entire
process (Williams et al. 2014). Figure 18 illustrates the use of higher-order ruled surfaces in architecture at the
Stockholm Nobel Center and on Tall Emblem Structures in Za’abeel Park, Dubai.
Fig. 18. Stockholm Nobel Centre, Sweden, 2014. (3XN) /3xn.com/ and
Tall Emblem Structure in Za’abeel Park, Dubai, 2009.
(V. Nikolić, B. Stojanović, O. Milosavljević, P. Milošević)
Aside from meeting the aforementioned criteria, the esthetic aspect of the constructed buildings is particularly
important in architecture and design. Only those forms meeting most of the esthetic demands of the designers
represent a set of usable surfaces. In the previously mentioned context are considered the higher-order ruled
surfaces, whose knowledge is necessary for the designers for their successful usage in architectonic and designing
practice. (Nikolić 2015; Pottmann and Asperl 2007). The proposed formal solutions provide a successful analysis
and implementation of the higher-order ruled surfaces into the geometrical from of future architectonic buildings
(Iwamoto 2013). The visual qualities of these surfaces and their compositions are comparable to the structures
based on far more complex geometrical forms. The results obtained by the previous analysis of surfaces, their
compositions and spatial structures based on them represent the initial ideas and guidelines for further research
and practical implementation. Their usage is facilitated and supported by the usage of computers in all the stages
of designing and construction (Nikolić 2015).
14
REFERENCES
Dovniković, Lazar. 1986. Zapisi iz teorije krivih i površi, skripta, Beograd
Dovniković, Lazar. 1977. Nacrtno-geometrijska obrada i klasifikacija ravnih krivih 3. reda,
izvod iz doktorske disertacije, Matica srpska, Novi Sad
Dovniković, Lazar. 1974. Ravne krive 4. reda kao projekcije prostornih krivih 4. reda 1. vrste, magistarski rad,
Novi Sad
D. Drăgan et al. 2017. Study on the Representation in Projection with Elevations of Conoid-Type Surfaces,
Advanced Engineering Forum, Vol. 21, pp. 418-425
Flöry, Simon and Pottmann, Helmut. 2010. Ruled Surfaces for Rationalization and Design in Architecture,
ACADIA 10: LIFE in:formation, On Responsive Information and Variations in Architecture [Proceedings of
the 30th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture] New York, pp.
103-109.
Garcia, M., Ed. 2009. Patterns of Architecture, Architectural Design, Vol 79, No 6
Gherardini, Francesco and Leali, Francesco. 2017. Reciprocal Frames in Temporary Structures: An Aesthetical
and Parametric Investigation, Nexus Network Journal, Vol 19, Issue 3, pp 741–762
Gherardini, Francesco and Leali, Francesco. 2016. A Framework for 3D Pattern Analysis and Reconstruction of
Persian Architectural Elements, Nexus Network Journal, Vol 18, Issue 1, pp 133–167
Gorjanc, Sonja. 1997. Izvođenje pet tipova pravičastih ploha 4. stupnja, KoG 2, Zagreb, pp. 57-67
Hamlin, J. F., Séquin, C. H. 2009. Ribbed Surfaces for Art Architecture and Visualization, Computer-Aided
Design & Applications, Volume 6, Issue 6, pp. 749-758.
Iwamoto, Lisa. 2013. Digital fabrications: architectural and material techniques. Princeton Architectural Press.
Kolarević, Branko. 2004. Architecture in the digital age: design and manufacturing. Taylor & Francis.
Krivoshapko, S. N., and Ivanov, V. N. 2015. Encyclopedia of analytical surfaces. Springer.
Malek, Samar and Williams, Chris J.K. 2017. Reflections on the Structure, Mathematics and Aesthetics of Shell
Structures, Nexus Network Journal, Vol 19, Issue 3, pp 555–563
Marković, Biserka and Krasić, Sonja 2000. Kriterijumi za konstruktivno određivanje realnih dvostrukih tačaka
bicirkularnih krivih 4. reda, Zbornik radova Mongeometrija 2000, Niš, str.161-170
Marković, Biserka. 1987. Izvođenje pravoizvodnih tvorevina primenom polariteta u premenovima i nizovima
kvadrika, doktorska disertacija, Arhitektonski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu
Marković, Miroslav. 1995. Pravoizvodne površi 3. stepena kao proizvod para površi 2. stepena, Zbornik radova
Gradjevinskog fakulteta br.15-16, Niš, pp.199-207.
Nikolić, Olivera; Nikolić, Vladan; Pejić, Petar. 2012. The triangular forms of the modern architecture buildings
facades. Proceeding of 3rd International Conference on Geometry and Graphics, MoNGeometrija 2012, pp.
637-648
Nikolić, Vladan; Radović, Ljiljana; Marković, Biserka. 2015. Symmetry of “Twins”. Symmetry, 7, pp. 164-181
Nikolić, Vladan. 2015. Constructive Treatment of Geometric Surfaces and Their Applications in Architecture,
doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture in Niš.
Odehnal, Boris. 2013. Conchoids on the Sphere, KoG 17, pp. 43-52.
Pottmann, Helmut; Asperl, Andreas; Hofer, Michael; Kilian, Axel. 2007. Architectural geometry, Bentley
Institute Press
Savelov, A. A. 1979. Ravanske krivulje, Školska knjiga, Zagreb
Steadman, Philip. 2015. Architectural Doughnuts: Circular-Plan Buildings, with and without Courtyards, Nexus
Network Journal, Vol 17, Issue 3, pp 759–783
Williams, C., Adriaenssens, S., Block, P., Veenendaal, D. 2014. Shell Structures for Architecture: Form Finding
and Optimization, Routledge, New York
15
Author’s Response to Reviewers‘ Comments Click here to access/download;Author’s Response to
Reviewers‘ Comments;Edited - NENJ-D-1800057 - paper
Higher-Order Ruled Surfaces and their possible use in Architectural

Design
Abstract This paper analyzes higher-order ruled surfaces in terms of their application in architecture and design.
The possibilities of applying their characteristic segments and cuttings in the design of architectural objects, as
well as the possibilities of their being multiplied and combined into more complex spatial structures are considered.
The suggested design solutions should in practice enable the implementation of higher-order surfaces into the
geometric forms of future architectural structures, as well as their use in different areas of design. The criteria for
the selection of higher-order ruled surfaces are defined in this paper while their successful research, analysis and
practical application are studied.
Keywords: architecture, design, higher-order ruled surfaces, application.
Introduction
In this paper higher-order ruled surfaces (ruled surfaces of the third and fourth order) are analyzed and studied
from in terms of their application in architecture and design. For architectural objects, ruled surfaces are more
frequent than double-curved surfaces. This is because the ruled surfaces of objects, their geometry, design and
construction are simpler, since ruled surfaces can be double curved (Flöry and Pottmann 2010). The higher-order
ruled surfaces, which are discussed in this paper, were made according to plane and spatial directrix curves (Nikolić
2015). This research considers the possibilities of applying their characteristic segments and cuttings in the design
of architectural objects, as well as the possibilities of their being multiplied and combined into more complex
spatial structures. The suggested design solutions should in practice enable the implementation of higher-order
Higher-order ruled surfaces allow the design of curvilinear forms and their components (assemblies), in all areas
of architecture and design. The following are the criteria guiding the selection of higher-order ruled surfaces
andtheir successful research, analysis and practical application (Williams et al. 2014; Nikolić 2015;):
 the universality of application in generating different spatial structures;
 simplicity of design and construction;
 aesthetic (visual) qualities and characteristics;
 rationality and cost-effectiveness.
Through their application in architectural practice, the aesthetic characteristics of spatial structures are identified
as the basic criterion. Other criteria can also be considered after aesthetic requirements are met. According to this
hierarchy, the aesthetic criteria can be considered as eliminatory, through the decision process for a particular
spatial assembly which is applied to the design. The selected surfaces were analyzed starting with the generation
of the directrix curve, through the process of generation of the surfaces themselves and further constructive
processing, to the final architectural form. This process involved the selection of adequate representative segments
of the surface, that is, the separation of the appropriate sections of the surfaces and their use in the formation of
spatial structures of various architectural objects (Nikolić 2015).
examples of spatial structures. Used this software package enables easy creation of complex surfaces in a simpler
way using a high quality 3D model, which are generated through the NURBS modeling process (Non-Uniformal
Rational Basis Splines) (Kolarević 2004).
1
Higher Order Ruled Surfaces and their use in Architecture
The geometrical surfaces of the higher order can be employed for the formation of spatial structures by using their
segments and by merging various sections of these surfaces into a more complex form. The adequate
implementation of the higher-order ruled surfaces in the presented examples in this paper contributes to the
simplicity of the design and practical construction, efficiency and economy, while still retaining visual (aesthetic)
qualities of the spatial structure. The created surfaces, their segments and sections are universal and applicable in
the designing and construction of diverse architectonic spatial structures. The previously defined criteria are
verified through the examples, each being a small case study. Firstly, planar and spatial curves of the 3 rd and 4th
order were generated (see: Savelov 1979, Dovniković 1974; Dovniković 1977, Dovniković 1986, Odehnal 2013),
actually the directrices on the basis of which the ruled surfaces of 3rd and 4th order were derived, used for the
formation of more complex spatial structures regarding their potential use in architecture (see: Nikolić 2015; Flöry
and Pottmann 2010; Gorjanc 1997; Hamlin and Séquin 2009; Krivoshapko and Ivanov 2015; Marković 1995). All
spatial structures processed in the following examples are based on original studies used during the development
of various architectural projects (competition works, exhibition projects, etc.).
Example I
The Plücker's conoid was used for the formation of the spatial structure in this first example (Krivoshapko and
Ivanov 2015; Drăgan et al. 2017), being one section of that surface, Fig. 1. The section is formed by intersecting
the conoid by vertical planes A and B, passing through the generatrix of the conoid, and intersecting the conoid
along the ellipse, with a mutual angle of 15°. The planes are presented in the first position in the ray, while in the
axonometric projection, the first traces of the planes a1 and b1 are marked. The third section plane C is horizontal
and it is displayed in the ray position in the second projection.
Fig. 1. Section of the Plücker's conoid created by A, B and C planes intersection
The previously formed section of the Plücker's conoid can be used in several ways to form an architectonic spatial
structure. Fig. 1 illustrates the method of multiplication of the section of bilateral symmetry until the entire circular
basis is obtained (24 pieces) (Nikolić et al. 2015; Steadman 2015). The vertical planes of bilateral symmetry are
A and B, alternately. All the planes of the bilateral symmetry form a pencil, with a directrix i as a pencil line. The
spatial structure formed from the multiplied sections of the Plücker's conoid is additionally intersected with the
vertical elliptical cylinder. Fig. 2 illustrates the base and the axonometric projection with three sections of a
multiplied bilateral symmetry. The planes of symmetry are marked as A and B, directrix of the conoid as i, and
the penetration with the elliptical cylinder is defined using characteristic points determined on the base (Nikolić
2015).
2
A spatial structure (Fig. 3) is formed in the previously described way in two orthogonal projections and in
perspective. The derived spatial structure satisfies the previously defined criteria (Malek and Williams 2017). This
is further improved by the multiplication of typical elements, and the aesthetic quality is achieved using a simple
ruled surface, along with efficiency of design and construction (regarding the known basic characteristics and
parameters of the Plücker's conoid).
Fig. 3. Spatial structure formed by multiplication of the section of the Plücker's conoid
using bilateral symmetry, 2013. (V. Nikolić)
Example II
This example is formed by a curve of the 4th order created in the penetration of the hyperboloid of one sheet
through the right circular cylinder, used as one of the directrices of the derived surface. Fig. 4 illustrates the
3
penetrations of the hyperboloid of one sheet through the two right circular cylinders. The first cylinder, with the
axis o1 and the base circumference k1, has a diameter of the base larger than the diameter of the striction circle of
the hyperboloid. The hyperboloid of one sheet and the right circular cylinder have a common generatrix iH = iO1.
The intersection of these surfaces is the degenerate spatial curve of the 4th order, which degenerates to the straight
line (generatrix) iH = iO1 and the spatial curve of the 3rd order s1. The second cylinder, with the axis o2 and base
circumference k2, has a base diameter smaller than the diameter of the striction circumference of the hyperboloid.
The rotating hyperboloid of one sheet and rotating cylinder have the common generatrix iH = iO2. The intersection
of these surfaces is a degenerate spatial curve of the 4th order which degenerates to the straight line (generatrix) iH
= iO2 and the spatial curve of the 3rd order s2. Both intersections are presented in the orthogonal projections and
axonometric projection in Fig. 4 (Nikolić 2015).
Fig. 4. Intersection of the hyperboloid of one sheet and right circular cylinders
The ruled surface presented in Fig. 5 is derived using the previously obtained spatial curve s1. The directrix d1 is
the straight line parallel to iH = iO1, and the directrix d2 is the spatial curve s1. The parallel planes T1 and T2 are the
planes of the bases of the rotating cylinders shown in Fig. 4. The ruled surface derived in this way intersects with
the cylinder along with the spatial curve p. A segment of this surface, marked with the red color, was used for the
formation of a spatial structure (Nikolić 2015).
Fig. 5. Intersection of the ruled surface of a third order and right circular cylinder (of the orthogonal and
axonometric projections)
A spatial structure, formed from the section of the 3 rd order surface, is presented in Fig. 6 in three orthogonal
projections and a perspective. The architectonic visualization of the spatial structure is presented in the same figure.
Such an architectonic structure satisfies the previously defined criteria, which means that its dynamic structure,
4
comparable to far more complex surface structures, can be practically constructed from the relatively simple ruled
surface of the 3rd order (whose basic characteristics and parameters are known).

based on the ruled surface of the 3rd order, 2013. (V. Nikolić)
5
Example III
For the formation of the spatial structure presented in this example, two ruled surfaces of the 3rd order were used,
derived along one common directrix, the spatial curve of the 3rd order. First, the directrix curve was derived by
means of the intersection of two surfaces of the 2nd degree. Figure 7 shows the hyperboloid intersection of one
sheet with the parabolic cylinder in the two orthogonal projections and axonometric projection. The hyperboloid
of one sheet and the parabolic cylinder have a common generatrix iH = iO. The intersection of these surfaces is a
spatial curve of the 4th order, which degenerates to a straight line (generatrix) iH = iO and the spatial curve of the
Fig. 7. Intersection of the hyperboloid of one sheet and parabolic cylinder
By using the previously obtained spatial curves of the 3rd order s, as well as the straight lines directrices d1 and d2,
two segments of the ruled surfaces of the 3rd order were derived, presented in Fig. 8 in two orthogonal and one
axonometric projection. The ruled surface colored in the red color is formed by the movement of the straight line
along the directrices d1 and s, and the ruled surface colored in the blue color is formed by the movement of the
straight line along the directrices d2 and s. The surface created on the directrices d2 and s consists of two conoids
and one cone. One generatrix of the ruled surface and the straight directrices d1 and d2 form a right-angled triangle.
Fig. 8. Ruled surfaces of the 3rd order derived on the directrices d1 and s, i.e. d2 and s
The bilateral symmetry and rotation of the previously derived ruled surfaces create a “basic element” which is
further used for the development of the geometrical spatial structure (Fig. 9). The segments S1 and S2 are chiral,
that is, bilaterally symmetrical so they cannot be coincided using geometrical transformations. There are a “left”
6
and a “right” segment, much like human hands (Nikolić et al. 2015). These segments are embedded into the matrix
ABDC, as presented in Fig. 9 (left). The new “basic element” S is presented in three orthogonal projections in the
same figure (right). In this way, a dynamical three-dimensional relation of the used segments of the ruled surfaces
is established. Such an element can be multiplied in various ways, and one of the ways suitable for the formation
of a 3D pattern is presented later in this paper (Garcia 2009; Nikolić 2015).
Fig. 9. Formation of the “basic element” of two pairs of ruled surfaces of the 3rd order
The previously formed “basic element” is embedded into the matrix of 2 x 2 fields (Fig. 10 step 1). The ratio of
the matrix sides is 1:√3, and the diagonal length is 2. Prior to that, the position of the coordinate system and the
orientation of the axes x, y and z is defined in the step 0. By copying and rotation about the x, y and z axes, an
assembly of four “basic elements is formed”. In the step 2, copying of the “basic element” and its rotation about
the x axis for 180° is performed. The same spatial transformation is repeated in the steps 3 and 4, about the axes y
and z. Step 5 presents the formed sample of the 3D pattern. This procedure can be used for the surfaces of different
forms and composition, for the formation of different samples of the 3D pattern (Garcia 2009; Nikolić 2015;
Gherardini and Leali 2016).
Fig. 10. Procedure of formation of the sample of the 3D pattern
7
The composition of 4 basic elements is translationally multiplied in the plane, about x and y axes (the structure of
7 x 4 assemblies of 4 “basic elements“ each), which forms an approximately square 3D pattern, presented in the
perspective in Fig. 11. All the elements in the assembly have a different orientation, which, even with the repetition,
makes the spatial structure appear dynamic and “fluid“, and yet, in a strictly defined and regulated arrangement
(Garcia 2009).
The previously formed 3D pattern is presented in Fig. 12A in two orthogonal projections. The same figure
illustrates the variants from B to F of a derived 3D pattern, intersected by the planes in several different mutual
positions. The position of the intersecting planes T1, T2, T3 and T4 is presented in the second projection of each of
the variants, in the ray position. In the variants B and C, the intersecting planes T1 and T2 are mutually parallel and
they are also parallel with the plane in which the 3D pattern is formed. They are set at various distances in these
two variants. In the variant F, the mutually parallel intersecting planes T1 and T2 are not parallel with the 3D pattern
plane, and in the variant E, the intersecting planes T1 and T2 mutually intersect along the straight line lying in the
3D pattern plane. In the variant D, four intersecting planes T1, T2, T3 and T4, are used while their pairs are mutually
intersecting along the straight lines lying in the 3D pattern plane. By applying the presented procedures and
principles, it is possible to form an infinite number of various 3D patterns. The aesthetic potential of this approach
can be implemented in designing façade and roof elements of buildings, as well as in interior design (Iwamoto
2013). In this case, the form analysis is performed manually, but it is possible to implement automatized software
solutions for parametric modeling, such as the Grasshopper plug-in for Rhinoceros. In this way, it is possible to
form 3D patterns on the curved surfaces about three coordinate axes (Nikolić 2015).
8
9
Example IV
By using bicircular plane curves of the 4th order (Marković and Krasić 2000), a cylindroid of the 4th order is formed,
and presented in Fig. 13. The bicircular curves b1 and b2, set in parallel, are generatrices of the self-intersecting
ruled surface, cylindroids of the 4th order. An infinitely distant straight generatrix is set by the directrix plane,
which is perpendicular to the plane of the curves b1 and b2 and parallel to the plane which passes through the axes
of symmetry of both bicircular curves (Marković 1987).
Fig. 13. Cylindroid of the 4th order with the generatrices b1 and b2 (of the orthogonal and axonometric projections)
The spatial structure in Fig. 14 is formed by the penetration of one section of the rotating cylinder (o axis) and the
previously derived cylindroids of the 4th order with the generatrices b1 and b2. The cylinder is additionally
intersected along the ellipsis e (Nikolić 2015).
and a cylindroid of the 4th order
10
The previously obtained form was used as a “mold” for derivation of a spatial structure presented in Fig. 15, based
on the use of the ruled surfaces of the 4th order. A sequence of plane elements, aligned in a system of parallel
planes, is intersected with the form (“mold”) presented in Fig. 14 left.
Fig. 15. Architectonic visualization of a spatial structure, 2014. (V. Nikolić)
11
Example V
The penetration of two quadrics creates a spatial curve of the 4 th order of the 1st kind. Fig. 16 left illustrates a
method of derivation of the s curve in the penetration of a hyperboloid of one sheet and a sphere. The center of the
ball L is the situation on the striction circle of the hyperboloid, and the sphere has the same radius as the striction
circle. The sphere passes through the center of the hyperboloid of one sheet, point H. By using the spatial curve s,
the cone of the 4th order with the apex V and generatrix i are presented in Fig. 16 right. A section marked with the
red color is formed by cutting out a segment of the VAB cone of the 4th order (Nikolić 2015).
presented in Fig. 17 (Gherardini and Leali 2017). The method of arranging identical sections differently oriented
in the matrix is presented in three orthogonal projections and in perspective. The architectonic visualization of the
spatial structure is presented in the same figure below (Nikolić et al. 2012; Williams et al. 2014; Nikolić 2015).
12
13
Conclusion
The higher-order ruled surfaces compared to the double-curved surfaces, appear to provide a simple and rational
solution for implementation in architecture and design. These surfaces (i.e. their segments) meet the previously
defined criteria in terms of the justification of their implementation in design and formation of various architectonic
structures, as well as in the various areas of design. The criteria are universality, simplicity of design and practical
construction, visual (aesthetic) qualities and characteristics, rationality and economy. Universality presupposes
that the surfaces, their parts and compositions are applicable in the formation of buildings of various structures
and uses. The simplicity of design and construction are related to rationality and economy of the entire process
(Williams et al. 2014). Fig. 18 illustrates the use of higher-order ruled surfaces in architecture at the Stockholm
Nobel Center and on Tall Emblem Structures in Za’abeel Park, Dubai.
Fig. 18. Stockholm Nobel Centre, Sweden, 2014. (3XN) /3xn.com/ and
Tall Emblem Structure in Za’abeel Park, Dubai, 2009.
(V. Nikolić, B. Stojanović, O. Milosavljević, P. Milošević)
Aside from meeting the aforementioned criteria, the aesthetic aspect of the constructed buildings is particularly
important in architecture and design. Only those forms meeting most of the aesthetic demands of the designers
represent a set of usable surfaces. In the previously mentioned context are considered the higher-order ruled
surfaces, knowledge of which is necessary for the designers for their successful usage in architectural and design
practice. (Nikolić 2015; Pottmann and Asperl 2007). The proposed formal solutions provided in this paper offer a
successful analysis and implementation of the higher-order ruled surfaces into the geometrical form of future
buildings (Iwamoto 2013). The visual qualities of these surfaces and their compositions are comparable to the
structures based on far more complex geometrical forms. The results obtained by this analysis of surfaces, their
compositions and spatial structures based on them, represent the initial ideas and guidelines for further research
and practical implementation. Their application is facilitated and supported by use of computers in all the stages
of designing and construction (Nikolić 2015).
14
References
Dovniković, Lazar. 1974. Ravne krive 4. reda kao projekcije prostornih krivih 4. reda 1. vrste, magistarski rad,
Novi Sad
Dovniković, Lazar. 1977. Nacrtno-geometrijska obrada i klasifikacija ravnih krivih 3. reda,
izvod iz doktorske disertacije, Matica srpska, Novi Sad
Dovniković, Lazar. 1986. Zapisi iz teorije krivih i površi, skripta, Beograd
Drăgan, Delia, Bărbînță, Dorin, Pondichi-Alb, Claudia. 2017. Study on the Representation in Projection with
Elevations of Conoid-Type Surfaces, Advanced Engineering Forum, 21: 418-425.
Flöry, Simon and Pottmann, Helmut. 2010. Ruled Surfaces for Rationalization and Design in Architecture. In:
ACADIA 10: LIFE in:formation, On Responsive Information and Variations in Architecture, 103-109
Garcia, Mark. Ed. 2009. Patterns of Architecture, Architectural Design, 79(6): 6-17.
Gherardini, Francesco and Leali, Francesco. 2016. A Framework for 3D Pattern Analysis and Reconstruction of
Persian Architectural Elements, Nexus Network Journal, 18(1): 133–167.
Gherardini, Francesco and Leali, Francesco. 2017. Reciprocal Frames in Temporary Structures: An Aesthetical
and Parametric Investigation, Nexus Network Journal, 19(3): 741–762.
Gorjanc, Sonja. 1997. Izvođenje pet tipova pravičastih ploha 4. stupnja, KoG (Croatian Society for Geometry
and Graphics) 2: 57-67
Hamlin, J. F., Séquin, C. H. 2009. Ribbed Surfaces for Art Architecture and Visualization, Computer-Aided
Design & Applications, 6(6): 749-758.
Iwamoto, Lisa. 2013. Digital fabrications: architectural and material techniques. New York: Princeton
Architectural Press.
Kolarević, Branko. 2004. Architecture in the digital age: design and manufacturing. London: Taylor and Francis.
Krivoshapko, S. N., and V. N. Ivanov, 2015. Encyclopedia of analytical surfaces. Cham: Springer.
Malek, Samar and Chris J. K. Williams, 2017. Reflections on the Structure, Mathematics and Aesthetics of Shell
Structures, Nexus Network Journal, 19(3): 555–563.
Marković, Biserka and Sonja Krasić, 2000. Kriterijumi za konstruktivno određivanje realnih dvostrukih tačaka
bicirkularnih krivih 4. reda, In: Zbornik radova Mongeometrija 2000 (Mongeometrija 2000, Niš, September
2000): 161-170.
Marković, Biserka. 1987. Izvođenje pravoizvodnih tvorevina primenom polariteta u premenovima i nizovima
kvadrika, doktorska disertacija, Arhitektonski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu
Marković, Miroslav. 1995. Pravoizvodne površi 3. stepena kao proizvod para površi 2. stepena, Zbornik radova
Gradjevinskog fakulteta u Nišu 15-16: 199-207.
Nikolić, Olivera, Vladan Nikolić, Petar Pejić. 2012. The triangular forms of the modern architecture buildings
facades. In: Proceeding of 3rd International Conference on Geometry and Graphics, MoNGeometrija 2012:
637-648.
Nikolić, Vladan, Ljiljana Radović, Biserka Marković. 2015. Symmetry of “Twins”. Symmetry, 7: 164-181.
Nikolić, Vladan. 2015. Constructive Treatment of Geometric Surfaces and Their Applications in Architecture,
doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture in Niš.
Odehnal, Boris. 2013. Conchoids on the Sphere, KoG (Croatian Society for Geometry and Graphics) 17: 43-52.
Pottmann, Helmut, Andreas Asperl, Michael Hofer, Axel Kilian. 2007. Architectural geometry, LOCATION:
Bentley Institute Press
Savelov, A. A. 1979. Ravanske krivulje, Školska knjiga, Zagreb: PUBLISHER
Network Journal, 17 (3): 759–783.
Adriaenssens, Sigrid, Philippe Block, Diederik Veenendaal, Chris Williams. 2014. Shell Structures
for Architecture: Form Finding and Optimization, New York: Routledge.
15
Title Page
HIGHER-ORDER RULED SURFACES AND THEIR POSSIBLE USE IN

Vladan Nikolić 1, Olivera Nikolić 2, Jasmina Tamburić 2,
Sanja Spasić Đorđević 3, Sanja Janković 3
Bio Statements
Vladan Nikolić is an assistant professor on the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture in Niš and Head of
the Visual Communications Chair. His major areas of inquiry concern the architectural design, architectural
graphics and applied geometry. He is engaged as researcher at scientific project “Construction of Student
hostels in Serbia at the beginning of 21st century” financed by Ministry of Education, Science and
Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia.
Olivera Nikolić is an assistant on the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture in Nis at the Visual
Communications Chair, at Architectural graphics, Descriptive Geometry, Visualization and Presentation in
Architecture. Hers field of research relates to BIM design and research of geometry in the interior and the
impact of geometry on space users. Also, she is actively engaged in designing interior and museum exhibits.
Jasmina Tamburić is a Phd assistant on the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture in Niš at the Visual
Communications Chair, at Modeling in Architecture and Urbanism and Architectural graphics. She is
engaged as researcher at scientific project “Revitalization of preschool facilities buildings in Serbia: Program
and Methods of enviromental, functional, and energy efficiency improvement” financed by Ministry of
Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia.
Sanja Spasić Đorđević is a Phd student who works as researcher at scientific project “Revitalization of preschool
facilities buildings in Serbia: Program and Methods of enviromental, functional, and energy efficiency
improvement” financed by Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic
of Serbia. She is also a teaching associate at the Visual Communications Departmant at Faculty of Civil
Engeneering and Architecture in Niš.
Sanja Jankovic is a scholarship recipient of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development
of the Republic of Serbia. She is engaged as a teaching associate at the Visual Communications Department,
at Modeling in Architecture and Urbanism. She participates in the project of the Ministry, as well as on the
Smart Office1 project at the Innovation Center in Nis. Painting is also her field of interest.
Contact Details
Faculty of civil engineering and architecture in Niš,
Aleksandra Medvedeva 14, 18106 Niš
vladan_nikolic@yahoo.com; vladan.nikolic@gaf.ni.ac.rs
o_milosavljevic@yahoo.com; olivera.nikolic@gaf.ni.ac.rs
ministo@yahoo.com; jasmina.tamburic@ gaf.ni.ac.rs
sanjaspasicdjordjevic@gmail.com
sanja.jankovic@outlook.com
1
PhD Assistant professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture in Niš (Serbia),
2
Assistant, PhD student, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture in Niš (Serbia)
3
PhD student, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture in Niš (Serbia)
1
Title Page
HIGHER-ORDER RULED SURFACES AND POSSIBILITIES

Vladan Nikolić 1
Olivera Nikolić 2
Jasmina Tamburić 2
Sanja Spasić Đorđević 3
Sanja Janković 3
1
PhD Assistant professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture in Niš (Serbia), * e-mail: vladan_nikolic@yahoo.com
2
Assistant, PhD student, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture in Niš (Serbia)
3
PhD student, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture in Niš (Serbia)
1
Blinded Manuscript Click here to view linked References
1 HIGHER-ORDER RULED SURFACES AND POSSIBILITIES

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Abstract This paper analyzes higher-order ruled surfaces from the aspect of their application in architecture and
16
design. The possibilities of applying their characteristic segments and cuttings in the design of architectural
17
objects, as well as the possibilities of their being multiplied and combined into more complex spatial structures
18
are considered. The suggested design solutions should in practice enable the implementation of higher-order
19
20
21 The criteria for the selection of higher-order ruled surfaces are defined while their successful research, analysis
22 and practical application are studied.
23 Keywords: architecture, design, higher-order ruled surfaces, application.
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
1 INTRODUCTION
32 Higher-order ruled surfaces (ruled surfaces of the third and fourth order) are analyzed and studied from the
33 aspect of their application in architecture and design. As regards architectural objects, ruled surfaces are more
34 frequent than double-curved surfaces. Geometry, design and construction of objects with ruled surfaces are
35 simpler than of those with double-curved surfaces (Flöry and Pottmann 2010). The higher-order ruled surfaces,
36 which are discussed in this paper, were made according to the flat and spatial directrix curves (Nikolić 2015).
37 This research considers the possibilities of applying their characteristic segments and cuttings in the design of
38 architectural objects, as well as the possibilities of their being multiplied and combined into more complex
39 spatial structures. The suggested design solutions should in practice enable the implementation of higher-order
40 surfaces into geometric shapes of future architectural structures, as well as their use in different areas of design.
41 Figure 1 illustrates the use of higher-order ruled surfaces in architecture at the Stockholm Nobel Center and on
42 Tall Emblem Structures in Za’abeel Park, Dubai.
43
44 Higher-order ruled surfaces allow the design of visually high-quality forms and their components (assemblies),
45 applicable in all areas of architecture and design. The following are the criteria guiding the selection of higher-
46 order ruled surfaces and their successful research, analysis and practical application (Nikolić 2015; Williams et
47 al. 2014):
48
 The universality of application in generating different spatial structures,
49
50  Simplicity of design and construction,
51
52  Aesthetic (visual) qualities and characteristics,
53  Rationality and cost-effectiveness.
54
55 The selected surfaces were analyzed starting with the generation of the directrix curve, through the process of
56 generation of the surfaces themselves and further constructive processing, to the final architectural visualization.
57 This process involved the selection of adequate representative segments of the surface, that is, the separation of
58 the appropriate sections of the surfaces and their use in the formation of spatial structures of various architectural
59 objects (Nikolić 2015).
60
61
62
63
64
65 1
1 examples of spatial structures. Modeling of complex forms in the software package Rhinoceros is simple, with a
2 high quality of curved surfaces, which are generated through the NURBS modeling process (Non-Uniformal
3 Rational Basis Splines) (Kolarević 2004).
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39 Fig. 1. Stockholm Nobel Centre, Sweden, 2014. (3XN) /3xn.com/ and
40 Tall Emblem Structure in Za’abeel Park, Dubai, 2009.
41 (V. Nikolić, B. Stojanović, O. Milosavljević, P. Milošević)
42
43
44 2 SELECTED HIGHER ORDER RULED SURFACES AND POTENTIAL FOR
45 THEIR USAGE IN ARCHITECTURE
46
47 The geometrical surfaces of the higher order can be used for the formation of spatial structures by using their
48 segments and by merging various sections of these surfaces into a more complex form. The adequate
49 implementation of the higher-order ruled surfaces in the presented examples contributes to the simplicity of the
50 design and practical construction, efficiency and economy, while still retaining visual (esthetic) qualities of the
51 spatial structure. The created surfaces, their segments and sections are universal and applicable in designing and
52 construction of the most diverse architectonic spatial structures. The previously defined criteria are verified
53 through the examples, each being a small case study. Firstly, planar and spatial curves of the 3 rd and 4th order
54 were generated (see: Savelov 1979, Dovniković 1974; Dovniković 1977, Dovniković 1986, Odehnal 2013),
55 actually the directrices on the basis of which the ruled surfaces of 3rd and 4th order were derived, used for the
56 formation of more complex spatial structures regarding their potential use in architecture (see: Nikolić 2015;
57 Flöry and Pottmann 2010; Gorjanc 1997; Hamlin and Séquin 2009; Krivoshapko and Ivanov 2015; Marković
58 1995).
59
60
61
62
63
64
65 2
2.1 Example I
1
The Plücker's conoid was used for the formation of the spatial structure shown in this example (Krivoshapko and
2
Ivanov 2015; Drăgan et al. 2017), i.e. one section of that surface, Figure 2. The section is formed by intersecting
3
the conoid by the vertical planes A and B, passing through the generatrix of the conoid, and intersecting the
4
conoid along the ellipse, with a mutual angle of 15°. The planes are presented in the first position in the ray
5
position, while in the axonometric projection, the first traces of the planes a1 and b1 are marked. The third
6
section plane C is horizontal and it is displayed in the ray position in the second projection.
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26 Fig. 2. Section of the Plücker's conoid created by A, B and C planes intersection
27
28
29
The previously formed section of the Plücker's conoid can be used in several ways to form an architectonic
30
spatial structure. Figure 2 illustrates the method of multiplication of the section of bilateral symmetry until the
31
entire circular basis is obtained (24 pieces) (Nikolić et al. 2015; Steadman 2015). The vertical planes of bilateral
32
symmetry are A and B, alternately. All the planes of the bilateral symmetry form a pencil, with a directrix i as a
33
pencil line. The obtained spatial structure formed from the multiplied sections of the Plücker's conoid is
34
additionally intersected with the vertical elliptical cylinder. Figure 3 illustrates the base and the axonometric
35
36 projection with three sections of a multiplied bilateral symmetry. The planes of symmetry are marked as A and
37 B, directrix of the conoid as i, and the penetration with the elliptical cylinder is defined using characteristic
38 points determined on the base (Nikolić 2015).
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65 3
A spatial structure presented in Figure 4 is formed in the previously described way in two orthogonal projections
1 and in perspective. The derived spatial structure satisfies the previously defined criteria (Malek and Williams
2 2017). This is further improved by the multiplication of typical elements, esthetic quality achieved using a
3 simple ruled surface, efficiency of design and construction (regarding the known basic characteristics and
4 parameters of the Plücker's conoid), etc.
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25 Fig. 4. Spatial structure formed by multiplication of the of the section of the Plücker's conoid
26 using bilateral symmetry, 2013. (V. Nikolić)
27
28
29 2.2 Example II
30
31 This example shows that the spatial structure was formed by a curve of the 4 th order created in the penetration of
32 the hyperboloid of one sheet through the right circular cylinder, used as one of the directrices of the derived
33 surface. Figure 5 illustrates the penetrations of the hyperboloid of one sheet through the two right circular
34 cylinders. The first cylinder, with the axis o1 and the basis circumference k1, has a diameter of the base larger
35 than the diameter of the striction circle of the hyperboloid. The hyperboloid of one sheet and the right circular
36 cylinder have a common generatrix iH = iO1. The intersection of these surfaces is the degenerate spatial curve of
37 the 4th order, which degenerates to the straight line (generatrix) iH = iO1 and the spatial curve of the 3rd order s1.
38 The second cylinder, with the axis o2 and base circumference k2, has a base diameter smaller than the diameter of
39 the striction circumference of the hyperboloid. The rotating hyperboloid of one sheet and rotating cylinder have
40 the common generatrix iH = iO2. The intersection of these surfaces is a degenerate spatial curve of the 4th order
41 which degenerates to the straight line (generatrix) iH = iO2 and the spatial curve of the 3rd order s2. Both
42 intersections are presented in the orthogonal projections and axonometric projection in Figure 5 (Nikolić 2015).
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60 Fig. 5. Intersection of the hyperboloid of one sheet and right circular cylinders
61
62
63
64
65 4
The ruled surface presented in Figure 6 is derived using the previously obtained spatial curve s1 . The directrix d1
1 is the straight line parallel to iH = iO1, and the directrix d2 is the spatial curve s1. The parallel planes T1 and T2 are
2 the planes of the bases of the rotating cylinders shown in Figure 5. The ruled surface derived in this way
3 intersects with the cylinder along with the spatial curve p. A segment of this surface, marked with the red color,
4 was used for the formation of a spatial structure (Nikolić 2015).
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23 Fig. 6. Intersection of the ruled surface of a third order and right circular cylinder (of the orthogonal and
24 axonometric projections)
25
26
27 A spatial structure, formed from the previously derived section of the 3 rd order surface, is presented in Figure 7
28 in three orthogonal projections and a perspective . The architectonic visualization of the spatial structure is
29 presented in the same figure. Such an architectonic structure satisfies the previously defined criteria, which
30 means that a dynamic structure of high quality comparable to far more complex surface structures can be
31 practically constructed from the relatively simple ruled surface of the 3 rd order (whose basic characteristics and
32 parameters are known).
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
based on the ruled surface of the 3rd order, 2013. (V.Nikolić)
50
51
52
53 2.3 Example III
54 For the formation of the spatial structure presented in this example, two ruled surfaces of the 3rd order were used,
55 derived along one common directrix, the spatial curve of the 3rd order. First, the directrix curve was derived by
56 means of the intersection of two surfaces of the 2nd degree. Figure 8 shows the hyperboloid intersection of one
57 sheet with the parabolic cylinder in the two orthogonal projections and axonometric projection. The hyperboloid
58 of one sheet and the parabolic cylinder have a common generatrix iH = iO. The intersection of these surfaces is a
59 spatial curve of the 4th order, which degenerates to a straight line (generatrix) iH = iO and the spatial curve of the
60
61
62
63
64
65 5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 Fig. 8. Intersection of the hyperboloid of one sheet and parabolic cylinder
16
17
18 By using the previously obtained spatial curves of the 3rd order s, as well as the straight lines directrices d1 and
19 d2, two segments of the ruled surfaces of the 3rd order were derived, presented in Figure 9 in two orthogonal and
20 one axonometric projection. The ruled surface colored in the red color is formed by the movement of the straight
21 line along the directrices d1 and s, and the ruled surface colored in the blue color is formed by the movement of
22 the straight line along the directrices d2 and s. The surface created on the directrices d2 and s consists of two
23 conoids and one cone. One generatrix of the ruled surface and the straight directrices d1 and d2 form a right-
24 angled triangle.
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46 Fig. 9. Ruled surfaces of the 3rd order derived on the directrices d1 and s, i.e. d2 and s
47
48
49 The bilateral symmetry and rotation of the previously derived ruled surfaces create a “basic element” which is
50
further used for the development of the geometrical spatial structure, Figure 10. The segments S1 and S2 are
51
chiral, i.e. bilaterally symmetrical so they cannot be coincided using geometrical transformations. There are a
52
“left” and a “right” segment, such as human hands (Nikolić et al. 2015). These segments are embedded into the
53
matrix ABDC, as presented in Figure 10, left. The formed ”basic element” S is presented in three orthogonal
54
projections in the same figure, right. In this way, a dynamical three-dimensional relation of the used segments of
55
the ruled surfaces is established. Such an element can be multiplied in various ways, and one of the ways suitable
56
for the formation of a 3D pattern is later presented (Nikolić 2015; Garcia 2009).
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65 6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16 Fig. 10. Formation of the “basic element” of two pairs of ruled surfaces of the 3rd order
17
18
19 The previously formed “basic element” is embedded into the matrix of 2 x 2 fields, Figure 11 step 1. The ratio of
20 the matrix sides is 1:√3, and the diagonal length is 2. Prior to that, the position of the coordinate system and the
21 orientation of the axes x, y and z is defined in the step 0. By copying and rotation about the x, y and z axes, an
22 assembly of four “basic elements is formed”. In the step 2, copying of the “basic element” and its rotation about
23 the x axis for 180° is performed. The same spatial transformation is repeated in the steps 3 and 4, about the axes
24 y and z. Step 5 presents the formed sample of the 3D pattern. This procedure can be used for the surfaces of
25 different forms and composition, for the formation of different samples of the 3D pattern (Nikolić 2015; Garcia
26 2009; Gherardini and Leali 2016).
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60 Fig. 11. Procedure of formation of the sample of the 3D pattern
61
62
63
64
65 7
The composition of 4 basic elements is translationally multiplied in the plane, about x and y axes (the structure
1 of 7 x 4 assemblies of 4 “basic elements“ each), which forms an approximately square 3D pattern, presented in
2 the perspective in Figure 12. All the elements in the assembly have a different orientation, which, even with the
3 repetition, makes the spatial structure dynamic and “fluid“, and yet, in a strictly defined and regulated
4 arrangement (Garcia 2009).
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38 The previously formed 3D pattern is presented in Figure 13A in two orthogonal projections. The same figure
39 illustrates the variants from B to F of a derived 3D pattern, intersected by the planes in several different mutual
40 positions. The position of the intersecting planes T1, T2, T3 and T4 is presented in the second projection of each
41 of the variants, in the ray position. In the variants B and C, the intersecting planes T1 and T2 are mutually
42 parallel and they are also parallel with the plane in which the 3D pattern is formed. They are set at various
43 distances in these two variants. In the variant F, the mutually parallel intersecting planes T1 and T2 are not
44 parallel with the 3D pattern plane, and in the variant E, the intersecting planes T1 and T2 mutually intersect along
45 the straight line lying in the 3D pattern plane. In the variant D, four intersecting planes T1, T2, T3 and T4, are
46 used while their pairs are mutually intersecting along the straight lines lying in the 3D pattern plane. By applying
47 the presented procedures and principles, it is possible to form an infinite number of various 3D patterns. It is a
48 big esthetic potential which can be implemented in designing of façade and roof elements of architectonic
49 buildings, as well as in the interior design (Iwamoto 2013). In this case, the form analysis is performed manually,
50 but it is possible to implement automatized software solutions for parametric modeling, such as the Grasshopper
51 plug-in for Rhinoceros. In this way, it is possible to form 3D patterns on the curved surfaces about three
52 coordinate axes (Nikolić 2015).
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65 8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65 9
2.4 Example IV
1
By using bicircular plane curves of the 4th order (Marković and Krasić 2000), a cylindroid of the 4th order is
2
formed, and presented in Figure 14. The bicircular curves b1 and b2, set in parallel, are generatrices of the self-
3
intersecting ruled surface, cylindroids of the 4th order. An infinitely distant straight generatrix is set by the
4
directrix plane, which is perpendicular to the plane of the curves b1 and b2 and parallel to the plane which passes
5
through the axes of symmetry of both bicircular curves (Marković 1987).
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29 Fig. 14. Cylindroid of the 4th order with the generatrices b1 and b2 (of the orthogonal and axonometric projections)
30
31
32 The spatial structure in Figure 15 is formed by the penetration of one section of the rotating cylinder (o axis) and
33 the previously derived cylindroids of the 4th order with the generatrices b1 and b2. The cylinder is additionally
34 intersected along the ellipsis e (Nikolić 2015).
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58 and a cylindroid of the 4th order
59
60
61
62
63
64
65 10
The previously obtained form was used as a “mold” for derivation of a spatial structure presented in Figure 16,
1 based on the use of the ruled surfaces of the 4th order. A sequence of plane elements, aligned in a system of
2 parallel planes, is intersected with the form (“mold”) presented in Figure 15 left.
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57 Fig. 16. Architectonic visualization of a spatial structure, 2014. (V.Nikolić)
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65 11
2.5 Example V
1
The penetration of two quadrics creates a spatial curve of the 4 th order of the 1st kind. Figure 17 left illustrates a
2
method of derivation of the s curve in the penetration of a hyperboloid of one sheet and a sphere. The center of
3
the ball L is the situation on the striction circle of the hyperboloid, and the sphere has the same radius as the
4
striction circle. The sphere passes through the center of the hyperboloid of one sheet, point H. By using the
5
spatial curve s, the cone of the 4th order with the apex V and generatrix i are presented in Figure 17 right. A
6
section marked with the red color is formed by cutting out a segment of the VAB cone of the 4th order (Nikolić
7
2015).
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53 presented in Figure 18 (Gherardini and Leali 2017). The method of arranging identical sections differently
54 oriented in the matrix is presented in three orthogonal projections and in perspective . The architectonic
55 visualization of the spatial structure is presented in the same figure below (Nikolić 2015; Williams et al. 2014;
56 Nikolić et al. 2012).
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65 12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54 3 CONCLUSION
55 Compared to the double-curved surfaces, the higher-order ruled surfaces appear to be a simpler and more
56 rational solution of implementation in architecture and design. These surfaces (i.e. their segments) meet the
57 previously defined criteria in terms of the justification of their implementation in design and formation of
58 various architectonic structures, as well as in the various areas of design. The criteria are universality, simplicity
59 of design and practical construction, visual (esthetic) qualities and characteristics, rationality and economy.
60 Universality presupposes that the surfaces, their parts and compositions are applicable in the formation of
61
62
63
64
65 13
architectonic buildings of various structures and uses. The simplicity of design and construction are related to
1 rationality and economy of the entire process (Williams et al. 2014). Aside from meeting the aforementioned
2 criteria, the esthetic aspect of the constructed buildings is particularly important in architecture and design. Only
3 those forms meeting most of the esthetic demands of the designers represent a set of usable surfaces. In the
4 previously mentioned context are considered the higher-order ruled surfaces, whose knowledge is necessary for
5 the designers for their successful usage in architectonic and designing practice. (Nikolić 2015; Pottmann and
6 Asperl 2007). The proposed formal solutions provide a successful analysis and implementation of the higher-
7 order ruled surfaces into the geometrical from of future architectonic buildings (Iwamoto 2013). The visual
8 qualities of these surfaces and their compositions are comparable to the structures based on far more complex
9 geometrical forms. The results obtained by the previous analysis of surfaces, their compositions and spatial
10 structures based on them represent the initial ideas and guidelines for further research and practical
11 implementation. Their usage is facilitated and supported by the usage of computers I all the stages of designing
12 and construction (Nikolić 2015).
13
14
15
16 REFERENCES
17
18 Dovniković, Lazar. 1986. Zapisi iz teorije krivih i površi, skripta, Beograd
19 Dovniković, Lazar. 1977. Nacrtno-geometrijska obrada i klasifikacija ravnih krivih 3. reda,
20 izvod iz doktorske disertacije, Matica srpska, Novi Sad
21
22 Dovniković, Lazar. 1974. Ravne krive 4. reda kao projekcije prostornih krivih 4. reda 1. vrste, magistarski rad,
23 Novi Sad
24
D. Drăgan et al. 2017. Study on the Representation in Projection with Elevations of Conoid-Type Surfaces,
25
Advanced Engineering Forum, Vol. 21, pp. 418-425
26
27 Flöry, Simon and Pottmann, Helmut. 2010. Ruled Surfaces for Rationalization and Design in Architecture,
28 ACADIA 10: LIFE in:formation, On Responsive Information and Variations in Architecture [Proceedings of
29 the 30th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture] New York, pp.
30 103-109.
31
32 Garcia, M., Ed. 2009. Patterns of Architecture, Architectural Design, Vol 79, No 6
33 Gherardini, Francesco and Leali, Francesco. 2017. Reciprocal Frames in Temporary Structures: An Aesthetical
34 and Parametric Investigation, Nexus Network Journal, Vol 19, Issue 3, pp 741–762
35
36 Gherardini, Francesco and Leali, Francesco. 2016. A Framework for 3D Pattern Analysis and Reconstruction of
37 Persian Architectural Elements, Nexus Network Journal, Vol 18, Issue 1, pp 133–167
38 Gorjanc, Sonja. 1997. Izvođenje pet tipova pravičastih ploha 4. stupnja, KoG 2, Zagreb, pp. 57-67
39
40 Hamlin, J. F., Séquin, C. H. 2009. Ribbed Surfaces for Art Architecture and Visualization, Computer-Aided
41 Design & Applications, Volume 6, Issue 6, pp. 749-758.
42 Iwamoto, Lisa. 2013. Digital fabrications: architectural and material techniques. Princeton Architectural Press.
43
44 Kolarević, Branko. 2004. Architecture in the digital age: design and manufacturing. Taylor & Francis.
45
Krivoshapko, S. N., and Ivanov, V. N. 2015. Encyclopedia of analytical surfaces. Springer.
46
47 Malek, Samar and Williams, Chris J.K. 2017. Reflections on the Structure, Mathematics and Aesthetics of Shell
48 Structures, Nexus Network Journal, Vol 19, Issue 3, pp 555–563
49
50 Marković, Biserka and Krasić, Sonja 2000. Kriterijumi za konstruktivno određivanje realnih dvostrukih tačaka
51 bicirkularnih krivih 4. reda, Zbornik radova Mongeometrija 2000, Niš, str.161-170
52 Marković, Biserka. 1987. Izvođenje pravoizvodnih tvorevina primenom polariteta u premenovima i nizovima
53 kvadrika, doktorska disertacija, Arhitektonski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu
54
55 Marković, Miroslav. 1995. Pravoizvodne površi 3. stepena kao proizvod para površi 2. stepena, Zbornik radova
56 Gradjevinskog fakulteta br.15-16, Niš, pp.199-207.
57 Nikolić, Olivera; Nikolić, Vladan; Pejić, Petar. 2012. The triangular forms of the modern architecture buildings
58 facades. Proceeding of 3rd International Conference on Geometry and Graphics, MoNGeometrija 2012, pp.
59 637-648
60
61
62
63
64
65 14
Nikolić, Vladan; Radović, Ljiljana; Marković, Biserka. 2015. Symmetry of “Twins”. Symmetry, 7, pp. 164-181
1 Nikolić, Vladan. 2015. Constructive Treatment of Geometric Surfaces and Their Applications in Architecture,
2 doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture in Niš.
3
4 Odehnal, Boris. 2013. Conchoids on the Sphere, KoG 17, pp. 43-52.
5 Pottmann, Helmut; Asperl, Andreas; Hofer, Michael; Kilian, Axel. 2007. Architectural geometry, Bentley
6 Institute Press
7
8 Savelov, A. A. 1979. Ravanske krivulje, Školska knjiga, Zagreb
9
10
Network Journal, Vol 17, Issue 3, pp 759–783
11
12 Williams, C., Adriaenssens, S., Block, P., Veenendaal, D. 2014. Shell Structures for Architecture: Form Finding
13 and Optimization, Routledge, New York
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65 15

Higher-Order Ruled Surfaces and Their Possible Use in Architectural Design

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Higher-Order Ruled Surfaces and Their Possible Use in Architectural Design

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Nexus Network Journal

HIGHER-ORDER RULED SURFACES AND THEIR POSSIBLE USE IN

Manuscript Number: NENJ-D-18-00057R2

Full Title: HIGHER-ORDER RULED SURFACES AND THEIR POSSIBLE USE IN

Article Type: S.I. : moNGeometrija 2018

Corresponding Author: Vladan Nikolic, Ph.D

Corresponding Author Secondary

Corresponding Author's Institution: Faculty of civil engineering and architecture in Nis

Corresponding Author's Secondary

First Author: Vladan Nikolic, Ph.D

First Author Secondary Information:

Order of Authors: Vladan Nikolic, Ph.D

Sanja Spasić Djordjević

Order of Authors Secondary Information:

HIGHER-ORDER RULED SURFACES AND POSSIBILITIES

Fig. 1. Section of the Plücker's conoid created by A, B and C planes intersection

Fig. 2. Multiplication of the section of the Plücker's conoid

Fig. 6. Architectonic visualization of a spatial structure

Fig. 7. Intersection of the hyperboloid of one sheet and parabolic cylinder

Fig. 10. Procedure of formation of the sample of the 3D pattern

Fig. 15. Architectonic visualization of a spatial structure, 2014. (V. Nikolić)

Higher-Order Ruled Surfaces and their possible use in Architectural

Fig. 1. Section of the Plücker's conoid created by A, B and C planes intersection

Fig. 6. Architectonic visualization of a spatial structure

Fig. 7. Intersection of the hyperboloid of one sheet and parabolic cylinder

Fig. 10. Procedure of formation of the sample of the 3D pattern

Fig. 15. Architectonic visualization of a spatial structure, 2014. (V. Nikolić)

HIGHER-ORDER RULED SURFACES AND THEIR POSSIBLE USE IN

HIGHER-ORDER RULED SURFACES AND POSSIBILITIES

1 HIGHER-ORDER RULED SURFACES AND POSSIBILITIES

Potrebbero piacerti anche