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SUSPENSIONS
Ø Classification.
Ø Applications
Theoretic consideration of
suspensions
•Sedimentation
•Brownian movement
•Electrokinetic properties
Ø Formulation of suspensions 2
WHY WE ARE USING SUSPENSIONS?
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The reasons for the formulation of a
pharmaceutical suspension:
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BENIFITS
Ø It is difficult to formulate.
Ø Good syringeability.
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WHAT ARE SUSPENSIONS?
2016-9-19
DISPERSE SYSTEM
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A solid in liquid dispersion, in which the
particle size is more than colloidal size.
DISPERSE SYSTEM
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Definition
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Ø The internal phase consisting of
insoluble solid particles having a range
of size(0.5 to 5 microns) which is
maintained uniformly through out the
suspending vehicle with aid of single
or combination of suspending agent.
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Classification
•Based On rout of administration
Oral suspension
Externally applied suspension
Parenteral suspension
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Deflocculation and flocculation
(Flocculated Suspensions)
In flocculated suspension, formed flocs (loose
aggregates) will cause increase in sedimentation
rate due to increase in size of sedimenting particles.
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Deflocculated suspensions
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Stokes Equation
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Limitation of Stoke’s Equation .
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Sedimentation Parameters
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F has values ranging from less than one to greater
than one.
When F =1 Vu = Vo
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The sedimentation volume gives only a qualitative
account of flocculation.
ß = F / F∞
(Vu/Vo) flocculated
ß = --------------------
(Vu/Vo) deflocculated
Brownian Movement
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Ø Zeta potential has practical application in stability
of systems containing dispersed particles .
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:
FORMULATION OF SUSPENSIONS
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Structured vehicle
Ø Structured vehicles called also thickening or
suspending agents.
Ø They are aqueous solutions of natural and synthetic
gums.
Ø It is applicable only to deflocculated suspensions.
E.g. methyl cellulose, sodium carboxy methyl
cellulose,
acacia, gelatin and tragacanth.
Ø These structured vehicles entrapped the particle and
reduces the sedimentation of particles.
Ø Thus, the use of deflocculated particles in a structure
vehicle may form solid hard cake upon long storage.
FORMULATION OF SUSPENSIONS
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VISCOSITY :-
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's
resistance to flow.
It describes the internal friction of a
moving fluid.
A fluid with large viscosity resists motion
because its molecular makeup gives it a
lot of internal friction.
A fluid with low viscosity flows easily
because its molecular makeup results in
very little friction when it is in motion.
1) Suspending agents
Suspending agent are also known as hydrophilic
colloids which form colloidal dispersion with Water
and increase the viscosity of the continous phase.
Ø Suspending agent form film around particle and
decrease interparticle attraction.
Ø Most suspending agents perform two functions
i.e. besides acting as a suspending agent
they also imparts viscosity to the solution.
Ø Preferred suspending agents are those that give
thixotropy to the media such as Xanthan gum,
Carageenan
Eg. Methylcellulose, Hydroxyethylcellulose,
Carboxymethylcellulose, Microcrystalline cellulose, Acacia,
Tragacanth, Carbomer, Gelatin
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SURFACE TENSION
"Surface tension is a contractive
tendency of the surface of a fluid
that allows it to resist an external
force."
FORMULA USED TO CALCULATE SURFACE
TENSION :-
Where,
Where, γ = surface tension
θ = contact angle
ρ = density
g = acceleration due to gravity
r = radius of tube
2) Wetting Agents
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.
3) Surfactants
Surfactants decrease the interfacial tension between
drug particles and liquid thus liquid is penetrated in
the pores of drug particle displacing air from them and
thus ensures wetting.
Ø Generally, we use non-ionic surfactants
§ It is non-ionic so no change in pH of
medium
§ No toxicity. Safe for internal use.
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4) Solvents
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5) Osmotic Agents
They are added to produce osmotic pressure
comparable to biological fluids when suspension is
to be intended for ophthalmic or injectable preparation.
Ø dextrose,
Ø mannitol
Ø sorbitol.
Ø sodium chloride,
Ø sodium sulfate
Ø glycerol.
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6) Preservatives
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Name of Concentration
preservatives range
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7) Flavoring And Coloring Agents
Ø They are added to increase patient acceptance.
Ø E.g.
Mint Ginger Sarsaparilla
syrup
Anise oil Glucose Spearmint oil
Benzaldehyde Glycerin Thyme oil
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8) Coloring agents
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9) Sweetening Agents
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11) Antioxidant
Ascorbic acid derivatives such as ascorbic acid,
erythorbic acid,
Ø Sodium bi sulfite,
Ø Sodium sulfateacetone
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.
2016-9-19
Label
2016-9-19