Pointers to Review / Reviewer

I. EXPERIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT RESEARCH

E.g. The student-researcher must read literature related to the problem he or she is studying. (True)
The researcher must avoid listening to another researcher to have an objective view of his or her
study. (False)
The steps in the conducting research are patterned. (True)
II. IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE
Research impacts decision-making
Research provides a scientific basis for any field or discipline
Research helps develop tools for assessing effectiveness of any practice and operation
Research provides solutions to problems concerning almost all issues encountered in the different areas
III. CHARACTERISTIC, PROCESSES, AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH
Clear Empirical Feasible Objective Systematic
(Accuracy Timeliness Clarity Objectiveness Relevance) <--- other book
IV. TYPES OF RESEARCH
TYPES OF RESEARCH
Based on Application of Research Method
Is the research applied to theoretical or practical issues?
If it deals with concepts, principles, or If your intention is to apply your chosen
abstract things, it is a pure research. This research to societal problems or issues,
type of research aims to increase your finding ways to make positive changes in
knowledge about something. society, you call your research, applied
research.
Based on Purpose of the Research
Depending on your objective or goal in conducting research

Descriptive Research Correlational Research Explanatory Research

This type of research aims A correlational research This type of research
at defining or giving a shows relationships or elaborates or explains not
verbal portrayal or connectedness of two just the reasons behind the
picture of a person, thing, factors, circumstances, or relationship of two
event, group, situation, etc. agents called variables factors, but also the ways
that affect the research. by which such relationship
exists.
This is liable to repeated It is only concerned in
research because its topic indicating the existence of a
relates itself only to a relationship, not the causes
certain period or a limited and ways of the
number of years. Based on development of such
the results of your relationship.
descriptive studies about a
subject, you develop the
inclination of conducting
further studies on such
topic.
Exploratory Research Action Research
An exploratory research’s purpose is to This type of research studies an ongoing
find out how reasonable or possible it practice of a school, organization,
is to conduct a research study on a community, or institution for the purpose
certain topic. Here, you will discover of obtaining results that will bring
ideas on topics that could trigger your improvements in the system.
interest in conducting research studies
 Based on Types of Data Needed
Qualitative Research
requires non-numerical data, which
means that the research uses words
rather than numbers to express the
results, the inquiry, or investigation about
people’s thoughts, beliefs, feelings, views,
and lifestyles regarding the object of the
study. These opinionated answers from
people are not measurable; so, verbal
language is the right way to express your
findings in a qualitative research
Quantitative research
Involves measurement of data. Thus, it
presents research findings referring to the
number or frequency of something in
numerical forms (i.e., using percentages,
fractions, numbers)
The data you deal with in research are
either primary or secondary data. Primary
data are obtained through direct
observation or contact with people, objects,
artifacts, paintings, etc. Primary data are
new and original information resulting from
your sensory experience. However, if such
data have already been written about or
reported on and are available for reading
purposes, they exist as secondary data.

V. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND TYPES

TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Case Study This type of qualitative research usually takes place in the field of
social care, nursing, psychology, rehabilitation centers, education, etc.
This involves a long-time study of a person, group, organization, or
situation. It seeks to find answers to why such thing occurs to the
subject. Finding the reason/s behind such occurrence drives you to also
delve into relationships of people related to the case under study.
Varieties of data collection such as interviews, questionnaires,
observations, and documentary analysis are used in a case study.
Ethnography Falling in the field of anthropology, ethnography is the study of a
particular cultural group to get a clear understanding of its
organizational set-up, internal operation, and lifestyle. A particular
group reveals the nature or characteristics of their own culture through
the world perceptions of the cultural group’s members.
Phenomenology Coming from the word “phenomenon,” which means something known
through sensory experience, phenomenology refers to the study of how
people find their experiences meaningful. Its primary goal is to make people
understand their experiences about death of loved ones, care for handicapped
persons, friendliness of people, etc. In doing so, other people will likewise
understand the meanings attached to their experiences. Those engaged in
assisting people to manage their own lives properly often do this qualitative
kind of research.
Content and Content analysis is a method of quantitative research that requires an analysis
Discourse or examination of the substance or content of the mode of communication
Analysis (letters, books, journals, photos, video recordings, SMS, online messages,
emails, audio-visual materials, etc.) used by a person, group, organization, or
any institution in communicating. A study of language structures used in the
medium of communication to discover the effects of sociological, cultural,
institutional, and ideological factors on the content makes it a discourse
analysis. In studying the content or structures of the material, you need a
question or a set of questions to guide you in your analysis.
 Grounded Theory Grounded theory takes place when you discover a new theory to underlie your
study at the time of data collection and analysis. Through your observation on
your subjects, you will happen to find a theory that applies to your current
study. Interview, observation, and documentary analysis are the data
gathering techniques for this type of qualitative research.
Critical This type of research seeks to bring about change and empower
qualitative individuals by describing and critiquing the social, cultural, and
research. psychological perspectives on present-day contexts. As such, it
ultimately challenges the current norm, especially on power
distributions, building upon the initial appraisal of the said presentday
perspectives. For example, a critical examination of consumer
education texts used in adult literacy programs revealed content that
was disrespectful for adult learners, their previous experience as
consumers, and promoted certain ideologies regarding consumerism.
The texts also defended the status quo by blaming individual
inadequacies for economic troubles, ignoring societal inequities
(Sandlin, 2000).
Postmodern As opposed to the traditional forms of qualitative analysis, the
research. approach of this type of research seeks to analyze the facts that have
been established as truths, the ability of research and science to
discover truth, and all generalizations and typologies.
Basic This is used when a researcher is interested in identifying how
interpretative individuals give meaning to a situation or phenomenon. It uses an
qualitative inductive strategy which is a process of analyzing patterns or common
study themes to produce a descriptive account that summarizes and
analyzes the literature that defined the study.

VI. CHARACTERISTICS, STRENGTHS, AND WEAKNESSES OF A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Advantages or Strengths of Qualitative Research
1. It adopts a naturalistic approach to its subject matter, which means that those involve
in the
research understand things based on what they find meaningful.
2. It promotes a full understanding of human behavior or personality traits in their natural
setting.
3. It is instrumental for positive societal changes.
4. It engenders respect for people’s individuality as it demands the researcher’s careful
and
attentive stand toward people’s world views.
5. It is a way of understanding and interpreting social interactions.
6. It increases the researcher’s interest in the study as it includes the researcher’s
experience or
background knowledge in interpreting verbal and visual data.
7. It offers multiple ways of acquiring and examining knowledge about something.
Disadvantages or Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
1. It involves a lot of researcher’s subjectivity in data analysis.
2. It is hard to know the validity or reliability of the data.
3. Its open-ended questions yield “data overload” that requires long-time analysis.
4. It is time-consuming.
5. It involves several processes, which results greatly depend on the researcher’s views or
interpretations.
VII. IMPORTANCE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS
E.g. Field of Education
Field of Psychology
Field of Advertising
Field of Technical Communication
Field of Marketing
Field of International Business
Field of Sports
Field of Arts etc.

VIII. OUTLINE OF THE RESEARCH PAPER

Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background
a. Introduction, Background of the Study
b. Statement of the Problem
c. Scope and Delimitation
d. Significance of the Study

Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework

a. Review of Related Literature
b. Review of Related Studies
c. Conceptual/Theoretical Framework
d. Hypothesis of the Study
e. Assumptions of the Study
f. Definition of Terms

Chapter 3: Research Methodology

a. Research Design
b. Respondents of the Study
c. Instrument of the Study
d. Validity and Reliability
e. Statistical Treatment

Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

a. Presentation of Data
b. Analysis
c. Interpretation
d. Discussion

Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

a. Summary of Findings
b. Conclusion
c. Recommendation