PROPERTIES OF INEQUALITY

For any real numbers a, b, and c: For any real numbers a , b , and c:
A,Closure A. Trichotomy: Either a = b, a < b , or a > b.
I. For addition: a + b is a real number B. Transitive: If a < band b < c, then a < c; also, if a> band b > c, th e n a > c.
2. For 1l1ultiplication: a • b is a real number C.Addition Property: If a < b, then a + c < b + c; also, ira> b, the n a + c > b + c
B, Commutative Property for any value of e.
I. For addition : a + b = b +a
D. Multiplication Property: If c > 0 and a < b, then ae < bc . If C > II and a > b, then ae > be.
2. For multiplication: ab = ba
Ifc <()and a < b, then ac> be.lfc <0 and a > b, then ae < be. Ife = (), then ac = bc =O.
C Associative Property
I. For addition: a + (b + c) = (a + b) + C
2. For multiplication: a(bc) = (ab)c
D. Identity Property OPERATIONS OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
I. For addition: a + 0 = a and 0 + a = a A. Like or similar terms are terms with the same variables having the samc exponent values.
2. For multiplication: a· 1 = a and I • a = a ADDITION/SUBTRACTION OF POLYNOMIALS
E. I nverse Property
ax + bx = (a + b)x or ax - bx = (a - b)x; if the variables and ex ponent s arc the sa me.
I. For addition: a + (-a) = 0 and (-a) + a = 0
add or subtract the numbers in front (coctficients) without changi ng the va ri able .
2. For multiplication: a· t = I and t . a = I ADDITION/SUBTRACTION OF RATIONAL

F. Distributive Property EXPRESSIONS (FRACTIONS)

a(b + c) = ab + ac; a(b - e) = ab - ac; and ab + ac = a(b + c); ab - ac = a(b - c)

G. Multiplication Property of Zero
a b
I. x ± x =
a+b·
---x--;.
If the denol11111ators arc the sa me, add th e numerators on ly.
o • a = 0 and a • 0 = 0 a
2 . x b ay bx ay ± bx " ·1 I ' I
± y = .xy ± yx = -----xy; It t lC (enomillators a rc not t l C same,
H. Double Negative Property
-(-a) = a or -1(-1· a) = a multiply each fraction by one in the required form, then add the nu merators . If
the denominators arc polynomial, then factorin g the m fi r t w i II he lp determ ine
the least common denominator.
MULTIPLICATION RULES
I. x· x • x ..... x = x" when the number of x va ri able s = n
2. xO = 1 when x .. 0
Ixl = x if x ,,() and -x if x < O. It is always a positive numerical value. 3. Xl = x
Ixl = I-xl 4. xm. x" = xm + " ; also ax lll • bx" = a bx'" + " ; multiply coeffi cients an d variables .
3. Ixl" 0 S. (Xlll)" = x m"; also (Xmyl')" = X"H'yP"; powers of powers of monom ials can be
4. Ix - y l = Iy - xl done by mu Itip lying exponents.
B. Addition: If the signs of the numbers are the same, add. Ifthe signs of the numbers 6. (Yx)'" = ym
X 11\

are different, subtract. In both ca ses, the answer has the sign of the number with
7. II' a" = a V , then 1/ = v.
the larger absolute value.
C Subtraction: Change subtraction to add ition of the opposite number, then follow 8. I f a" = b" for a .. 0, then a = b.
the addition rules. DISTRI BUTIONS
D. Multiplication: Multiply the numbers, then detcrmine the sign of the answer. I. Type I: a(x + y) = ax + ay; a(x - y) = ax - ay
Re me mber: negative· negative = positive; positive· positive = positive; 2. Type 2:
negative· positive = negative; positive· negative = negative; if the signs are the a. (a + b)(x + y) = a(x + y) + b(x + y) = ax + ay + b x + by
b. This type, 2 terms times 2 terms, ca n also be cione us ing the FO I L rul e:
sam e, the answer is positive; if signs are different, the answer is negative .
First term times first tcrm , Outer term timcs o ute r term, In ner te rm times
E. Divisio n: Divide the numbers, then determine the sign of the answer using the same
inner term, Last term timcs last term, (a + b)(x + y).
sign rules that apply to multiplication.
3. Type 3: (a + b)(x + Y + z) = a(x + y + z) + b(x + Y + z) = ax + ay + az + bx + by + bz
4. Thc Binomial Theorcm: The expansion of( x+y)", where n is a coun ting number,
is a.x" + a 2 x n- 1y + a)xn-Zy2+.•. + an_txyn-I + anyn when: a l " a 2• 3 y '0', an arc
OPERATIONS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS found in Pascal's triangle:
A. Definition: a ± bi where a,b E Real numbers and i = FI I I
2

B. Addition: (a ± bi) + (c ± di) = (a + c) + (b ± d)i ,

C Subtraction: (a ± bi) - (e ± di) = (a - c) ± (b =+= d)i 3 3

D. Multiplication: (a ± bi)(c ± dt) = (ac =+= bd) ± (ad ± bc)i 4 6 4

E. Division: 5 10 10 5 I and so on ...

a±bi a±bi c =+= di (ac=+=bd) ± (ad±bc)i . .
S. The BII101111al Formula: (x+y)" = x" + T II x"- Iy + n(n-I)
I, 2
"
x"--y- + ... +
c±di = c±di' c=+=dj = c'±d '
n(n-1)(n ­ 2) ... (n - r+ I) nor r II

I ' 2 ' 3... r x y + ... + Y

6. The Binomial C oefficient: [II]r = I(

r. n
I~ r.) ,
A. Reflexive: a = a 7. Othcr special types of distributions arc li sted und er the Factors section.
B. Sym m etric: If a = b, then b = a.
RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
C Tran sitive: I f a = band b = e, then a = e.
a c ac
D. Additio n Prope rty: If a = b, then a + e = b + C for any value of c. I. 11'ct=bd
E. Multiplication Prope rty: If a = b, then ac = bc for any value of c. 2. polynomial polyno m i a l . .
a = ct'
F. P ro por t'IOn Proper t y: It' 11 c t hen a d = bc; Ca = ct;
b a b = c c
d: a d I . I l11 ust have all 01 the nUlllcrators a nd dc nOlllllluto rS
11 polynomial po yno lllla
a+b c±d a-b c-d factored so identical factors (one in a numerator und the othe r in a deno mi nator)
t;­ -d-; a + b c +d can be cancelled before l11ultirlyin g.

1
 DIVISION FIRST DEGREE WITH ONE VARIABLE· STEPS
x± Y
I. -'xx = .
I and x ± y = I ; whenever the numerator and denoml11ator are the same
1. Simplify the left side of the equals s ign.
2. Simplify the right side ofthc cquals sign.
and not zero, the fraction equals on e .
3. Apply inverse operations until the vari a bl e is iso lated.
2. ay
ax x

= )7; common factors cancel to equal one. 4. Note: If the statcment is an inequality and multipli cati on or d ivis io n by a negat ive
number was used to distribute throughout the entire inequality, the n the inequa lity
x III _ .111-11 . , X III _ 1 ., symbol must be reversed to keep the state ment true and the soluti on correct.
3. -II - x II 111 > nand -----n - ~ 11 m < It
X X x
SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS
4. ba ~ dc=a
b d
• = ad c
he; I·1'· any 0 t' tIle numerators or d '
enol1lmators are po Iyno­ I. A consistent system has one o r more solutions.
2 2. An inconsistent system has no solution.
mials, like ax 2 ± b, ± e. they mu st first be factored so identical factors can 3. Methods of solution
dx ± ex ± f
a. Linear combination or elimination
be cancelled as indicated in the Multiplication Rules section on page I.

I )Put both equations in standard form (alphaheti ca l o rder wi th the constant

a

on the right s ide of th e equa ls sign).

5. b = ba
C -7
d : comp Iex f"ractlons a re In
de = ba • c . d·Icate d d',vIsion.
..

2)Distribute through one or both cquati ons so th e coe lTic ic nts (nul11bers in
d front of th e variables ) of on e of the va riables in both equa tions arc
a e ad eb ad ± eb opposite va lues (same di g its with o ppos ite s ig ns) .
b ±d =bd±bd ~ ad ± eb . eh ± gf ad ± eb I'h
6. eh ±gr =~~--f-h-=~' eh ±gr 3)Add the two equations (the result wi ll be o ne equ ation w ith o ne variable ).

e g eh gl'

T±ll fil ± Tt1 - r- h­ 4)Sol ve the res ulting cquation for the rema ining varia bl e.

5)Put the nume ri cal value for that variable back in to one of the orig ina l

I'h (ad ± eb)

equations and solve for the other va riabl e .

bd (eh ± gf)

b. Substitution
NEGATIVE EXPONENTS
J. X-III = -k and -h
X x
= xln
I)Solve one of the eq uation s lo r on c of the vari a bl e s.
2)Put the rcs ultin g statement into th e other equation in place o f the varia ble
(the resulting equation will have only one va ri abl e) .
2. (x ± yr m =. I '" and '" = (x ± y)"' 3)Solve the equation fo r the num c ri cal value of the va ria ble.
(x ± y) (x ± y)
FRACTION EXPONENTS/RADICAL EXPRESSIONS 4)Put this numerical value inro e ithe r of the two begi nni ng equa tions a nd
solve for the second variabl e numeri ca l va lue.
I. a ~ = rVaW and IVaW = a* c. Graphing

I
2. 'V;; = a /I where b" = a; i r n is even and a < 0, 'V;; is not a real number, I )(jraph each equation on the coorc!i na t pl a ne.

2) Fi nd and label th e poi nt( s) of int ersec ti on, if there arc any.

'V;;
3.
and if n is even and a " 0 ,

'Va" =
is the nonnegative number b.

a; (a" )+. = a * = a' =a ifn is ml and a ifn is even, and ( a+' I I r = a *=a' =a
d. Cramer's Rul e
I )Put both equation s in standa rd form (all habe t ica l o rde r with the constant
on the right side of the equals s ig n): ax + by = c a nd dx + ey = f.
2)bke the coefficients (numbe rs in fi'ont of the va riables ) a nd make a deter­
4. (ax)7--= ·V(ax) lH= nja ll1 Xlll = rv;m. ' R;a nd ,v;m. 'R= IVa III xlll=(ax)*
minate of the system of equati ons. J) = ,~ ~ ,.
5. (ax)~ = 1(ax)+']", = ,~ ; and 'V(ax)'" = l(ax)+'1'" = (ax)~ 3 )Tilke the dete rminate of rhe syste m th at was j ust created a nd re pl ace
the coe fficients of one varia ble with th e const an ts of th system ( this
6. (ax ± by) ~ = 'V(ax ± by)'" BUT it docs NOT equal 'v(ax)'" ± 'V(by)'" is the determinate of that variab le ), D , = , ~: ~ , .
7. (XII')' ) +' =
y
,,~
Vy
=
I'
'-':; = x:: BUT if the exp ress ion is to be written in
It' Y P YII
4)Take the ori g inal determinate of th e syste l1l a nd re p lace the coe ffic ients
of the other va riable with th e consta nt s of the system (th is is the de ter­

I ~ ~I·
simplest form, a radical expression cannot be len in the denominator.
minate of the other variabl e ), J) , =
S. 'R =" ~ = (~
.,,,)·," 5 )So lvc each deterl11inate hy findin g th ~ di lTe rcnce 01' the cross product.
IV? V? \ yP
9. '~=llrl~
FACTORS
, ~ ~ I = ad-eb.
I. Linear Factor Theorem: A polynomial of degree /I " I can be written as the

product of /I linear l~lctors, P(x) = a(x - I",)(x - 1"2)"'(X - r ll ) .

6)The solutions are x = ~' a nd y = ~.
2. Greatest common factor: ax ± ay = a(x ± y)
3. Quadratic trinomials: MATRICES & LINEAR SYSTEMS
a. Xl ± bx ± c = (x + h)(x + k) where h • k = c and h + k = b ; hand k can be
I. A matrix is a rectangular a rray of rea l numbe rs, call ed en tries o r clements.
either positive or negative numbers.
b. ax l ± bx ± c = (mx + h)(nx + k) where a " I and m· n = a , h • k = c, al l a l2 al II
m • k + h • n = b; m . n, h , and k can be pos itive or negative numbers. a 21 a l II
4. Perfect square: Xl ± 2xy + yl = (x ± y)(x ± y) = (X ± y)l enclosed within brackets; A , where /I = n um ber of
5. Perfect cube: x 3 ± 3xly + 3xyl ± y3 = (x ± y)3
6. Diffe rence of two squares: Xl - yi = Xl + xy - xy = (x + y)(x - y) -;...i a mi a 1112 i..lrnn
7. Sum of two squares: Xl + yl = (x + YI)(x - YI), where;", / - I and is an imaginary number columns and 11/ = numbe r of rows.
8. Difference of two cubes: x.1 - Y" = (x - Y)(XI + + yl) '1 2. T he dimension is " 11/ by /I "
9. Sum of two cubes: x 3 + y.1 = (x + Y)(XI - xy + y )
10. Grouping 3. A coefficient m atrix is formed by the coe ffici ent s of one varia bl e of a system
a.2 - 2 grouping: ax ± ay ± bx ± by = a(x ± y) ± b(x ± y) = (a ± b)(x ± y) of linea r cquations forming each column of the matrix .
b.3 - 1 grouping: Xl ± 2cx + c l - yi= (x ± C)l - yl = (x ± c + y)(x ± C - y) 4. An augmented matrix includes the constants of a sys tem of linca r equatio ns
c. I - 3 groupin g : yl - Xl ± 2ex - c l = yl - (x ± C)l = (y + x ± c)(y - x + c) separated by a verti ca l dashed li ne in the matri x.
I I. Partial-fraction decomposition rules 5. Row operations that transfo rm an a ugl11 c ntcc!lllatrix into an equi vale nt system:
a. Lin ear factors : For each distinct factor of the form (ax + h)1II in the denom­ a. Interchange any twO roWS .
inator Q(x), introduce the sum of 11/ partial fractions. A+I b + A2 b. Multiply every clcmcnt of any row by a con sta nt, C, w here c " o.
ax (ax + b)2 c. Replace every c le ment of a ny row by the slim of itse lf a nd a corre­
sponding clement of any ot her row.
+... + (ax A+ liib )'" w Ilere A I' A I' ... , A m are constants.
d. Gauss-Jordan elimination applies the row operat ions to a n augmented
b. Quadratic factors: For each distinct factor of the form (uxl + hx + C)III in the matrix until all clements of the matrix, xccpt the constants. are zeros and
ones, with the ones I(Jrllling a diagonal from up per-l fl to lower- rig ht. The
denominator Q(x), introd uce the sum of m partial fractions A IX + BI +
ax 2 + bx + e solutions of the system arc then the consta nts that co rrespond to the coefficient
Azx+B 2 + + A",x+B", h A A A
(ax 2 +bx+c ) 2 ... (ax2+bx+c)lI1were I' 2' ••• ' man
dB B
l' 2'
I ()
values that arc the ones; so, [ () I
0:0: e l j mean, x = cpJi = c
C1 and ~ = c J .
2'
..., Bn, are constants. () () I ,' CJ

2
 I) Equal matrices have the same dimensions and equal corresponding A. The x-axis is horizontal; the y-axis is vertical.
clements. B. Each poin t is named by an orde "cd pai r, (x, y) .
2)The sum of two matrices is found by adding the corresponding elemcnts C. The dista nce between two po ints is d = j';x- -_. --x-,)-'-+-(-y-,-- -y-,-)' .
of the matrices.
D. The midpoint of a line segme nt with e nd points (x " Y,) and (x z' Yz) is P(.>:, y) where
3 )Scalar multiplication is accomplished by multiplying every element of
X,+X2 d Y' +Y2
the matrix by the scalar c. x= - -
2- an y = --2-'
4 )Thc diffe rence of two matrices is obtained by subtracting every corre­ E. A relation is a set of ordered pa irs.

sponding element of the matri ces . ~~ A functi on is a relation that has no x-values that are the same.

S)The product of two matri ces can be found only if the number of columns
of one matrix equals the number of rows of the other, and the number of
rows of one equals the number of columns of the other; then, the elements
of each row of one are multiplied by the elements of the columns of the
other matrix, and thesc products are added to result in one number that is
one element in the product matrix.
6)/\ determinant is a number c a lculated Ii·om a square matrix (matrix with
the sa mc number of rows and columns), like I~ ~ I = ad - bc.
7)The cofactor of the element a i; is the minor of the clcment I'ij multiplied
by (_ l)i+j.
8)Expansion by cofactors is evaluating a determinate by forming the sum
of the products obtained by multiplying each element of any row or any
column by its eofilctOr.
9)Cramcr 's Rulc is discussed on page 2 in Systems of Equations.
SECOND DEGREE·QUADRATIC &
p oints.
POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
I. j(x) is read "fofx " or "the fll l/ctiol/ (jrx"
2. (r + g)(-.:) = f(x) + g (x)
3. if - g) (.'1;) =I(x) - g(...:)
4. (rg)(x) = /(.>.:) • g(.!;)
S. (r /g)(!;) = j(x) / g (...:)
6. g /j(x)/ = g 'if.f(x)
C. Vertical line tes t of a funct ion: A g raph represents a function if and only if no
vertical line intersects the graph in mo re than one point.
H. A on e-to-one funct ion is a fun ct ion that has no y -valucs that are thc sal1lc.
POLYNOMIALS
I. Form : .f(x) = anx n + an_lxn-t+.. . + a tx+a o for rea l numbers; a, w ith an '" O.
2. Restri c tio ns on th e coordi nate values may bc nccessary for the polynol1lial to be
a functi o n.
3. Intermediate Val ue Theore m: Ira < b andf(x) is a polynom ial function such that
.f(a) "'j(h) , then f takes every va lue bctwccnf(a) and.f(b) in the interval la, b J.
4. The graph of a po lynomia l fun c tion of degree l/ has at most l/ - I tu rni ng
S. Inverse func ti ons, f -' (...:) , are found by cxchangi ng the x and the)' variables in

I. One variable the equa tion;f-'/J(x)j = x for eve ry x in t he do main, and jlf -' ()~ / = y for every
a. Methods
y in the ra nge .
I )Factoring
6. Rem ai nder Theorem: If th e po lynomial P(...:) is divided by x - ,', the remainder
i. Usc inverse operations to set the equation equal to zero is Per) .
ii. Factor
7. Factor Theo rem : The poly nomi al P(...:) has a facto r x - ,. if and only if P(r ) = 0
iii .Set cach I~lctor equal to ze ro
and r is a root.
jv. So lve each resulting cquation

2)Quadratic Formula
I. Usc inverse operations to set the equation equal to zero.

-b + /b ' - 4ac
integers a nd *
~. If the coe ffic ients o f th e po ly nomial P(x) = an x" + an _1x"-'+... +a1x+a o arc

is a rational root in lowest terms, then p is a factor of the

constant term a o' and if is a fac tor of the leading coefficient all.
ii . Apply the quadratic formula, x = - 2a ' where tl , b,
and c arc numbers found in the cquation that you just set equal to
9. Th e g raph o f the ra ti o na l fun etion j?:..:) = ~ ~:; has a hori70ntnl asymptote if the

zero, a x z + b x + c = 0; notice that the a is the coeO'icient o f the degree o f P(x) " the degree of Q(x), and it has a vertical asympto te at x = I; i r
squared term , h is the co tficient of the first-degre e term, and (' is r is a rea l root of Q(x) but not of Pix) .
the constant without a variablc. 10. The tests for sy mmet ry of graphs symmetric with respect to the .
2. Polynomials a. x -axi s i f repl aci ng y in t he eq uation with -)I results in an equiva lent equation.
b.y -ax is if replacing x in the equat ion with -x results in an cquiHtient equation.
a . Fundamental Theorem of Algebra: Every polynomial of degree II " I has
c. o rigi n if rcp lae ing both x with -x andy w ith -)' in the equation rcsults in an
at least one root among the complex numbers ; it has exactly II roots among
equiva lent equati on .
the complex numbers when a root that is repeated k times is counted k times.
b. Conjugate Roots Theorem: If II + hi, b", 0, is a root of a polynomial of
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
I. Fonn:j(x) = a", where a > 0, II '" I.
degree II " I with rcal coetTicients. then a - bi is also a root. 2. Inverses o f e xponenti al funct io ns arc logarithmic functions .
c. Descartes's Rule of Signs: If P(x) is a polynomial with real coefficients, then:
I )The number of positive roots either is equal to the number of variations
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
I. For all pos itive num bcrs a, where a'" 1, )1 = log,,!; ifand only if x =lf".
in sign of P(x) or is less than the number of variations in sign by an even
2. The common logarithm, log x , has a base of 10. so II = 10 in the definition of log.
number. a nd 3. T he natu ral logarithm, 11/ x, has a base equal to the number e; a = e - 2. 71828,
2)The number ofncgative roots ei ther is equal to the number of variations in sign in the definiti o n of log .
of PC-x»~ or is less than the number of variations in sign by an even number. 4. Properties with II > 0 a nd II '" I
3. Rational Equations a. aloga x = x
a. S implify the rational exp ress ions on both sides· of the equals signs by getting b. log.a' = x
I1·k e d ·
enOllllnators aileI a((lIlg
II· I a + bI = CI + dI ~ c. log"a = I
d .log,, 1 = 0
bad e b+a d+c
becomcs ab + ab = cd + cd' then ~ = Cd· e. If logau = log"v, then u = v.
b. Multiply the cntire equation by the common denominators to eliminate f. If log"u = logbu a nd u " I , then a = b.
them . getting cd(b + a) = ab(d + c).
g.log"xy = logax + log,,)"
c. Solve the res ulting equation.
4. Radical Equations h.log a (f )~ log"x - logaY
a. Isolate the radical expression on one s ide of the equation, if possible (if not
possible, put the radical expressions on two opposite sides of the equals sign). i. log" (+)~-Iogax
b. Square, cubc, or raise both entire sides of the equation to the needed power
j. logax" = n(log" x), where n is a real number
(thc power that matches the index of the radical).
k.Chan ge of base rul e: If a > 0, a '" I, b > 0, b '" I , a nd x > 0, then
c. Repeat steps I and 2 as needcd until all radical expressions arc gone.
( log . x)
d. Solve the resulting equation. logb x = ( log . b) .
c. Check the solution(s) back in the original equation because there is a possibility
( l og x)
of extraneous roots (solutions that do not make the original equation true). I. In x = ( log e )

3
 CONIC SECTIONS
The general limn of the equation ofa conic section with axes parallel to the coordinate
3. :t e = ne where c is a constant
,,= I
axes is Ax2 + B.W + CJl + Dx + Ey + F = 0, where A and C are not both zero, 4. The /lth term of an arithmetic sequence is a" = a l + (n-I)d where" is the
1. Lines common difJerence.
, Y I ~Y2 Lly rise
a. Slope = III = X I ~ X 2 = ~ = riiIl 5. Arithmetic Series: The sum of the first II terms of an arithmetic sequcncc with
b. Point-slope form 01' a linea~ equation: y - y / = III(X - x I)' a / as the first term and" as the common difference is the III" partial sum:
e. Slope-intercept form of a linear equation: y = IIIX + b, where 111 is the slope
Sn
=.!l
2(a1+n
a ) or S n=.!l
2 12a I+(n - 1)dl .
of the line and b is the y-intercept (point where the line crosses the y-axis).
d. Standard form of a linear equation: ax + by = c, where a, b, and c are integers. 6. The IIlh term of a geometric sequence with a/as the first term and r as thc
e. Vertical lines have the equation x = a, where a is the x-value where the line common ratio is an = alr"-I.
crosses the x-axis. 7. The terms between the first and the last terms or a geometric sequence are
/'. Horizontal lines have thc equation y = a, where a is the ,v-value where the called the geometric means.
line crosses the y-axis. 8. Geometric Series: The sum of the first II terms of a geometric scqucncc with a/ as
g. Two lines arc parallel ifand only if their slopes are equal ; m l = m 2.
the first term and r as the common ratio and r '" I is the IIlh partia l sum:
h. Two lines are perpellllicular if and onl1' if their slopes are negative recip­
rocals, and m 2 = - nil and m l = - m,' . [al(l-r")]
i. If III > 0, the line is increasing. 5,,= (. 1- r ) .
j. If 111 < 0, the line is decreasing.
9. The sum or the terms of an infinite geomctri c scquence with a l as the first
k. If 111 = 0, the line is horizontal.
1. If III is undefined, the line is vertical. II
term and r as the common ratio, where r ~ I is I ~ r ; when r < I. II
2. Parabolas
a. General equation: y = a(x - h;2 + k (opens up/down), or x = a(I' - k)2 + h
II
because if r > I or r I I= I. the sum docs not exi s t.
(opens lelilright)
10. The rlh term of the binomial cxpansion of (x + V)" is
n! xI1-(r-l) r-I .

b. Standard form: (x - h)2 = 4p(y - k) (opens up/down), or (y - k)2 = 4p(x - h) In-(r-I)]!(r-I)! y

(opens Icft/ right)
c. Where (h. k) is the vertcx. (h. k ± p) or (h ± P. k) is the vertex with p = 41a'
y = k ±p or x = h ±p is the directrix. andx = h or y = k is the line ofsymmctry.
3. Circles
PROBLEM SOLVING
a. General equation: (x - h)1 + (y - k)1 =,2 ODD NUMBERS, EVEN NUMBERS, MULTIPLES
b. Where (I!. k) is the center of the circle and r is the radius. 1. First number = x
4. Ellipses . (x _ h)' (y _ k) ' 2. Second number = x + d
a. General equation: - - , - + - - , - = I 3. Third number = x + 2d, etc .. where d is the common di flcrcnee betwee n a ny two
b. Where (h. k) is the cel~ter, a is the ~orizontal movement left and right trom consecutive numbers in the set.
the center to points on the ellipse. and b is the vertical movement up and MONEY, PURCHASES
,down from the center to points on the ellipse. I. V is currency value or purchase price.
e. Additionally, when a > b, then major axis is horizontal and foci are (h ± c. 2. C is the number of coins. bills. or purchased items.
k); where c 2 = {/1 - b 2 and where a < b, then major axis is vertical and foci 3. Formula: VIC I +V 2C 2 + ... +V"C" =Vlnlal
are (It. k ± c), where ("1 = b 2 _ a 2 MIXTURE, SOLUTIONS
5. Hyperbolas " I. V is the volume
. (x - h) (y - k) l ' I f ' h) 2. P is the percent solution or mixture
a. G enera I equatIOn: - - , - - - - , - = (opens et-ng t
b. Where (It. k) is the cente~ of the rectaRglc that contains no points of the hyperbola, 3. Formula: VIP I + V 2P 2 + ... + V,llI = Vn"al v"lu.Pfinal valuc
a is the horizontal movement left and right ll'Om the center to the points on the WORK
rectangle, b is the vertical movement up and down /Tom the center to points on the I. W is the ratio of time to complete the job together by a team of people or machi nes
rectangle, and y -k= ± ~ (x - h) is the equation of the asymptotes. compared to the time to complete the job alone by one person or onc machinc.
. (y'~k)' (x-h)' 2. One, t , represents the whole job.
c . General equation: - -,- - - - , - = 1 (opens up-down) 3. Formula: WI +W2 +",+W n = I
. a b ..
d. Where (It. k) IS the center of the rectangle that contams no pomts of the hyperbola, DISTANCE
b is the horizontal movement left and right from the center to the points on the I. d is distance
rectangle, a is the vertical movement up and down Irom the center to points on 2. r is rate or speed
the rectangle, andy -k= ± %(x - h) is the equation oCthe asymptotes. 3. t is time as indicated in the rate; for example. miles per hour or mete rs per second
4. Formula: d = rt
5. These relationships can be used depending on the situation descri bed in the problem:
a. d lo = d...,lurning
SEQUENCES & SERIES b. d l + d 2 = dllll"1
A. An infinite sequence is a function with a domain that is a set of positive integers; PROPORTIONS & VARIATIONS
written as a I' a 2' a3' ••• , ai' ... , with each a i representing a term. 1. (I. b. c. and d are quantities specified in the problem.
B. A finite sequence is a function with a domain that is a set or only II positive 2. k", 0
integers; written as U ,'"r "3' ... , (I,,_i' a/,. 3. Formulas:
C. Summation: fa, = a l + a 2 + ... + am_I + am where k is the index of the summation.
l "" I
a. Proportion: ba = {f;
c cross-multiply to get lid = cb
b. Direct varialion: y = kx
D.lllh partial sum: S" = :t a, = a l + a 2 + ... + a"'1 + a"
. . k
=
c. I nverse vanat,on: y = x
k~x; y
l 1
E. An arithmetic sequence or arithmetic progression is a sequence in which each d. Combined variation:)I = varies directly as x a nd inve rse ly as :.
term difJers from the preceding term by a constant amount called the COl1/11/01/
difference; a" = a".1 + d where d is the common difference.
f. A geometric sequence or geometric progression is a sequence in which each term ISBN-13: 978-157222721-7
" lite: I)u..: III ils ", )[1J~· n ..cd Il'm n:ll. usc IhJ~ QUickStudy .
..: han ;1:;. <I gujJc. hu! no! ;'" a rcplacmcnl I\)f lhlgtlo!J das,\.lo\)rl
is a constant multiple of the preceding term ; an = ran_I where r is the constant ISBN-1D: 157222721-4

911~111,1ll l ~IIIIIIllIIIJllllllllllllillllli I
.\U ril: hh r~f l"\ td. "'(, ~lIn h t Ih" f"Jh1It.lh.'" ,a,n ht ~rd
multiple is called the common ratio, and r = ~ . '" Ir~n,,"lH1..:d If! 1111'0' h·m,. (If ~ ~,,\ II'\.:..J'" ,Irtln.n..
"I .111 m'<lnn~lI"n
Of"

Uk - I rm:d\aIU"'.lI. "l\:ludll', flh(>tQo,'('fI\ ...... '..,j,ll'

""','lte dn,J ""r,..:\~ 1 '~"'tm. ",Iho"" "WI,m pnTll" ,.lll Ir~1In lilt
G. II! or " II factorial" = 11(11 - /)(11 - 2)(11 - 3) ... (3)(2)(/); note: O! = t put-ll_her C2002. 2005. BarC h8r1a, Inc, 0401

PROPERTIES OF SUMS, SEQUENCES & SERIES:

I. :t(a,
+ b.) = ± :tal :tb, fr~~~gr~akO~fntfes at
L. = I l = 1 1. = I qUlcKsluay.com
2. feal c:tal where c is a constant

=
u.s. $4.95 CAN. $7.50
l = I= l I

Author: S. Kizlik

Customer Hotline # 1.800.230.9522 6

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