There are 5 transformations that can affect trig ratios

1) Horizonat stretch alters the period

2) Vertical stretch alters the amplitude
3) Horizontal translation causes a phase shift relocating the initial point
4) Vertical translation relocates the sinusoidal axis
5) Reflection changes the pattern of the 5 key points

Vocabulary:
1) Sinusoidal axis-horizontal line halfway between the local max and min
2) Amplitude: vertical distance from the sinusoidal to the maximum
3) Local maximum – the top of each wave all equal in value
4) Local minimum: the bottom of each wave all equal in value

Graphing Sinusoidal functions:

1) State the transformations
2) Determine the mapping rule
3)
4) Find the equation
5) Graph the result

Example:
Y= sinx
And y=cosx
State the mapping and find the table for the equation:
2y= sin(x-90)
2y=cos(x-90)
Mapping rule: (x,y)  (x+90), ½ y)
Y=sinx 2y=sin(x-90)
x y x Y
0 0 90 0
90 1 180 0.5
180 0 270 0
270 -1 360 -0.5
360 0

Y=cosx
x Y
0 1
90 0
180 -1
270 0
360 1
x Y
90 0.5
180 0
270 -0.5
360 0

State the mapping rule and find the table of values:

1) Mapping rule: (2x, -y+4)

x Y
0 3
180 4
270 5
360 4

2) Mapping rule: (x+90, 1/3y-2)

x Y
90 -1.67
180 -2
270 -2.34
360 -2

3)
3) Mapping Rule: (x+180, 2y)

x y
180 0
270 2
360 0

4) 3x-90, y+2
x y
-90 2
180 3
Note:

1) For many practical examples it is necessary to be able to undersand the criteria for
finding the function and determine the equation
2) The relations involve sine and cosine can be expressed in the form:
1/A(y-d)=sinb(x-c) or
1/a(y-d)=cosb(x-c)
3) Determine the sinusoidal axis=(max+min)/2
4) Determine the amplitude of the function= Max-sinusodial axis
5) Determine period:
Horizontal stretch = period 360
Phase shift is x coordinate of maximum

Finding the amplitude, period, and sinusoidal axis:

The amplitude period and sinusoidal axis must be found to model periodic relationships using
the trigonometric functions sine and cosine. Bothe degrees and radians angle measurements
are used.
Example:
Determine the amp period and equation of the sinusoidal axis for this equation. State the
mapping rule
2y-1=sin(x+45)
Solution:
Amplitude=0.5 period= 360 or pi
Sinusoidal axis: y=1

X,y  (x-45, 1/2y+1)

Exercises:
Determine the amp, period, and equation of the sinusoidal axis for each function. State the
mapping rule.
1) Y-2=sin 3x
2) Y+4=2 sin(x+90)
3) -2y=sin 0.25x
4) 3y=sin(x-10)
Solutions: