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16 In Boolean expression, the EXOR gate is expressed as: The following inference can be easily drawn from the workingof e...
17 The EXNOR Gate Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE EXNOR GATE CIRCUIT. Components: 1) Two AND gates 2) And OR gate 3) Th...
18 In Boolean expression, the EXNOR gate is expressed as The following inference can be easily drawn from the workingof e...
19 Conclusion Logic gates are used to develop many IC circuits or microchips in today’s modern world. NAND gate and NOR ga...
Bibliography This project would be nearly incomplete if I had not used the information given in the following websites. My...
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Physics Investigatory project Class 12 Logic Gates
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Raghav Rathi, Working at Maheshwari Public School
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Published on Jan 16, 2018
Physics Investigatory project Class 12 on topic Logic Gates
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Physics Investigatory project Class 12 Logic Gates
1. 1. BRIGHT INDIA PUBLIC SCHOOL (Affiliated to CBSE curriculum) INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON “ Logic Gates ” Guided by: Ma’am Urmila Submitted by:
Raghav Rathi
2. 2. This is to certify that Raghav Rathi student of XII Science Roll no ___________ worked on project titled “Logic Gates” held in Bright India Public School during the
academic yearp 20172018 He worked sincerely under the guidance of faculties and prepared this dissertation. External Teacher Subject Teacher Principal
3. 3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I am immensely indebted to almighty god for his blessings and grace without which I could not have undertaken this task and my
efforts would never have been a success. I humbly consider a privilege and honor to express my heartiest and profound gratitude to Sir Dinesh Mathur, PrincipalBIPS, Ajmer for
his appropriate direction, valuable suggestion, under judging assistance so generously extended to me. I wish to express my deepest feelings of gratitude to Ma’am Urmila,
Physics department. For her erudite involvement and sustained guidance which has been pivotal in my project work. His minute observation, precious insights, critical
comments have indeed greatly helped to shape my ideas. This guidanceand support received from my entire classmates who contributed and who are contributing to this project,
is vital for the success of this project. I am grateful for their constant support and help. I also owe sense of gratitude to my parents for encouragement and support throughout the
project. RAGHAV RATHI
4. 4. Sr.no Title Page no. 1 Introduction 1 2 Principle 2 3 BasicGates 3 4 The OR Gate 5 5 The AND Gate 7 6 The NOT Gate 9 7 The NOR Gate 11 8 The NANDGate 13 9 The
EXOR Gate 15 10 The EXNOR Gate 17 11 Conclusion 19 12 Bibliography 20 CONTENTS
5. 5. 1 Introduction GATE: A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical relationship between the input and output voltages. It is a digital circuit which either
allows a signal to pass through or stop it. The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They are used in digital electronics to change one voltage level into another
according to some logic statement relating to them. Truth Table: A logic gate may have one or more than one inputs, but it has only one output. The relationship between the
possible values of input and output voltages are expressed in the form of a table called truth table. Truth table of a logic gate is a table that shows all The inputs and outputs that
are possible for the logic gates. Boolean algebra: The algebra which is based on binary nature of the logic gates. Boolean Expressions: They are the logical statement which
are followed by logical gates.
6. 6. 2 Principle Any Boolean algebraic operation can be associated with the input and output, which represents the statement of Boolean algebra. Although these circuits may be
complex, they may all be constructed from three basic Devices like a PN junction diode, a resistance and an NP N transistor. We have three different type of logic gates and
they are the AND gate, the OR gate and the NOT gate. LOGICAL STATEMENTS 1 0 High Low Positive Negative On Off Close Open Conducting NonConducting Right
Wrong True False Yes No
7. 7. 3 Basic Gates The OR Gate: It is a device that combines A and B to give Y as the result. The OR gate has two or more inputs and one output. In Boolean algebra, addition
symbol (+), is referred as the OR. The Boolean expression: A+B=Y This indicates that Y equals to A or B. The AND Gate: It is a device that combines A with B to give Y as
the result. The AND gate has two or more inputs and one output. In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign is referred as the AND. The Boolean expression: A.B=Y o r A X B=Y
This indicates that Y equals to A and B.
8. 8. 4 The NOT Gate: It is a device that inverts the inputs. The NOT has one input and has one output. In Boolean algebra, bar symbol is referred as the NOT. The Boolean
expression: This indicates that Y is not equal to A. Making of logic gates was started by binary numbers. Logic gates can also store information.
9. 9. 5 The ORGate Aim: To design and stimulate the OR gate circuit. Components: Two ideal pn junction diode (D1 and D2). Theory and Construction: An OR gate can be
realized by the electronic circuit, making use of two diodes D1 and D2. Hear the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive
terminal of the battery corresponds to level 1. The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth.
10. 10. 6 The following conclusion can be drawn from the above circuit: (i) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=1, B=0), then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 (ii) If switch A is
kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0), then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 (iii) If switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb does not glow, hence
Y=0 (iv) If switch A and B both are kept closed (A=1, B=1), then bulb glows, hence Y=1 TRUTH TABLE: Input A Input B OUTPUT 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
11. 11. 7 TheAND Gate Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE AND GATE CIRCUIT. Components: Two ideal pn junction diode (D1 and D2) and resistance R. Theory and
Construction: An AND gate can be realized by the electronic circuit, making use of two diodes D1 and D2. The resistance R is connected to the positive terminal of a 5V battery
permanently. Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery corresponds to the level 1. The output
Y is the voltage at C with respect to earth.
12. 12. 8 The following conclusion can b e easily drawn from the workingof this circuit: (i) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0, B=0), then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0.
(ii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0), then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0. (iii) If switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb does
not glow, hence Y=0. (iv) If both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1), then bulb glows, hence Y=1. TRUTH TABLE: Input A Input B OUTPUT 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
13. 13. 9 The NOT Gate Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NOT GATE CIRCUIT. Components: An ideal npn transistor. Theory and Construction: A NOT gate cannot
be realized by using diodes. However, an electronic circuit of NOT gate can be realized by making use a npn transistor. The base of the transistor is connected to the input A
through a resistance Rb and the emitter is earthed. The collector is connected to 5V battery. The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth.
14. 14. 10 The following inference can be easily drawn from the workingof circuit: (i) If the switch A is kept open (A=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1 (ii) If the switch A is kept
closed (A=1) then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 TRUTH TABLE: Input A OUTPUT Y 0 1 1 0
15. 15. 11 The NOR Gate Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NOR GATE CIRCUIT. Component: Two ideal pn junction diode (D1 and D2). An ideal npn transistor
Theory and Construction: If we connect the output Y’ of OR gate to the input of a NOT gate, then the gate obtained is the NOR gate. The output Y is voltage at C with respect
to earth.
16. 16. 12 In Boolean expression, the NOR gate is expressed as: The following inference can be easily drawn from the workingof electrical circuit: (i) If the switch A and B is kept
open (A=0, B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1. (ii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb glows, Hence Y=0. (iii) If the switch A is kept
open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1) then the bulb does not glow, hence Y=0. (iv) If the both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0.
TRUTH TABLE: Input A Input B OUTPUT 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
17. 17. 13 The NAND Gate Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NAND GATE CIRCUIT. Components: Two ideal pn junction diode (D1 and D2) A resistance R An ideal
npn transistor Theory and Construction: If we connect the output Y’ of the AND gate to the input of a NOT gate then the gate obtained is the NAND gate. The output Y is
voltage at C with respect to earth.
18. 18. 14 In Boolean expression, the NAND gate is expressed as: The following inference can be easily drawn from the workingof circuit: (i) If the switch A and B are kept closed
(A=0, B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1. (ii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb glows,hence Y=1 (iii) If switch A is kept closed and B is
kept open (A=1, B=0), then bulb glows,hence Y=1 (iv) If both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0. TRUTH TABLE: Input A Input
B OUTPUT 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
19. 19. 15 The EXOR Gate Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE EXOR GATE CIRCUIT. Components: 1) Two AND gates 2) An OR gate 3) Two NOT gate Theory and
Construction: The operation EXOR checks for the exclusivity in the value of the two signals A and B. It means if A and B are not identical, the output Y=1, and if both are
identical, then output Y=0. This operation is also called exclusive OR gate, designated EXOR.
20. 20. 16 In Boolean expression, the EXOR gate is expressed as: The following inference can be easily drawn from the workingof electrical circuit: (i) If the switch A and B are
kept open (A=0, B=0) then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 (ii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1) then bulb glows, hence Y=1 (iii) If the switch A is
kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb will glow, hence Y=1 (iv) If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then bulb will not glow, hence Y=0
TRUTH TABLE: Input A Input B OUTPUT 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
21. 21. 17 The EXNOR Gate Aim: TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE EXNOR GATE CIRCUIT. Components: 1) Two AND gates 2) And OR gate 3) Three NOT gates
Theory and Components: The operation EXNOR checks for the exclusively in the value of the two signals A and B. it means if A and B are not identical, the output Y=0, and
if both are identical, then the output Y=1. This operation is also called exclusive NOR gate, designated EXNOR.
22. 22. 18 In Boolean expression, the EXNOR gate is expressed as The following inference can be easily drawn from the workingof electrical circuit: (v) If the switch A and B are
kept open (A=0, B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1 (vi) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1) then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 (vii) If the switch A is
kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb does not glow, hence Y=0 (viii) If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then bulb will glow, hence Y=1
TRUTH TABLE: Input A Input B OUTPUT 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
23. 23. 19 Conclusion Logic gates are used to develop many IC circuits or microchips in today’s modern world. NAND gate and NOR gate are known as universal gates because we
can construct all the three basic gates using NAND & NOR gates. Without logic gates, electronic world would be nearly incomplete!
24. 24. Bibliography This project would be nearly incomplete if I had not used the information given in the following websites. My special thanks to the up loader of information on
these websites. If considered, I have used everything that GOOGLE shows me……. 20
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