University of Southeastern Philippines
College of Education
Name_PORFIRIO A. CARONAN, III_______
Date__December 30, 2019_____________
Learning Conceptual Understanding
Outcomes
What are the key points or
concepts?
1. Illustrate
and explain
1) Some of the approaches to
various
management were as
approaches to follows;
management. (1).Quantitative Approach;
(2) IT Approach to
Management;
(3) Systems Approach;
(4) Contingency or
Situational Approach;
(5) Scientific Management
approach;
(6) Management Process
or Administrative
Management Approach;
(7) Human Relations
Approach;
(8) Behavioural Science
Approach.
2. Explain how 2) The Operational Approach
the operational (Management Process
School):
approach can
be best
This approach views
implemented. management as an activity
based on certain unique
management functions.
University of Southeastern Philippines
Bo. Obrero, Davao City
Critical Analysis
What are the implications of the key
points in my current position/
aspired position?
1) First, The Empirical or
Case Approach
Management by Custom
School:
This is based on the belief
that, experience is the best
guide to knowledge. This
approach analyses
management by studying
the case histories of
successful managers. A
study of the successes and
failures of outstanding
managers is made;
Second, The Interpersonal
Behaviour Approach
(Behaviour School):
Since management
involves getting things done
through people, this
approach concentrates on
the human aspects of
management. This school
believes that when people
work together to
accomplish objectives,
Subject_EDD 310 Theoretical Perspective in Educational Management
Reflection Title: “Patterns of Management”
Reflection Evaluation Criteria
What is my Educational Will the changes I am proposing What are my personal learning
Management perspective and make a difference in developing goals in relation to the key points I
the practices in my my perspective towards effective have learned?
organization that needs management?
change in relation to the key 1) The management theory has
points I have learned? 4) identified many various approaches to
management namely;
(i) Empirical Approach
1) There were several
(ii) Interpersonal Behaviour Approach
approaches to understand
(iii) Group Behaviour Approach
what management is.
(iv) Decision Theory Approach
I can understand how
(v) Mathematical Approach
educational managers
(vi) Operational Approach; and
take decisions through
(vii) System Approach
the decision-making
approach.
These approaches were very important
tools to proper school management
Successful management
policy. The knowledge of management
lies in responding to
theory and techniques is important in
internal and external
order to achieve the following:
change. This involves the
a) Increase school efficiency;
clarification of objectives,
b) Crystallize the nature of school
the specification of
problems and the search
management;
for and implementation of
c) Improve research in school
solutions.
management; and
d) Coordinate the efforts of people so
The organisation is seen
that objectives of individuals get
as an information-
translated into social accomplishments
processing network with
and social goals of the school
numerous decision points.
organization can be attained.
 Management is regarded
as a process for getting
things done through the
functions of planning,
organizing, staffing, leading
and controlling. It involves
coordination of human and
material resources.
These functions of
management were
universal regardless of the
type of enterprise.
According to this school of
thought, management no
doubt makes use of other
social and biological
sciences; but they are
made use of only to the
extent they are relevant
and that the fundamental
functions of management
as stated above constitute
the core of management
study.
3. Analyze the
3) An increasing amount of
Management attention has been paid to
Theory Jungle: the subject of maintenance
Convergence management over the past
of Theory twenty years.
Approaches. Academics, industrial
practitioners and
consultants have proposed
numerous theories
connected with
maintenance management
during this period.
This has resulted in a
'maintenance theory
jungle', a region of
confusion and conflict for
many that are entangled in
University of Southeastern Philippines
Bo. Obrero, Davao City
people should understand
one another;;
(3). The Group Behaviour
Approach (Social
School):
This approach is concerned
primarily with the behaviour
among individuals. Persons
belonging to a particular
social group have common
feelings and attitudes and
they form an informal
organization.
(4) The Operational
Approach (Management
Process School):
This approach views
management as an activity
based on certain unique
management functions;
(5) The Decision Theory
Approach:
This approach concentrates
on the decision making
function of management.
According to this approach,
the central focus of
management is on decision
making. The decision of
what to achieve, and how to
achieve it are the real
challenges before a
manager;
(6) The Communication
Centre Approach:
This approach views
management as a center
receiving information,
processing it and
disseminating it thus
emphasizing the role of
communication in
management of business;
An understanding of how
decisions are made helps
in understanding
behaviour in the
organisation.
Decision-making writers
seek to explain the
mechanisms by which
conflict is resolved and
choices are made.
Another example,
empirical or case study
approach helps us to
know what management
is through the
experiences of various
successful managers.
Even the failure stories
unfold certain mystery
and this forms a part of
management lessons.
These different
approaches to
management discussed
were very important tool
for educational managers
to use in solving problems
in the organization.
2) Koontz and O’Donnell
(1976) have advocated
operational approach to
management. This
approach was the best
accepted and
implemented by
educational managers
because this recognises
that there is a central core
of knowledge about
managing which exists in
management such as line
2) Different school organizations with
different objectives and different
competitive environments require
different plans and objectives. The task
of school manager is to apply his
knowledge to realities in order to attain
desired results i.e. managers must try
to find the approach that is the best for
them in a certain given situation, so
they can achieve their goals
3) Koontz observed of the
'Management Theory
Jungle' " the various
schools, or approaches, of
management theory, . are
not drawing greatly
different inferences from
the physical and cultural
environment surrounding
us. ... Like the widely
differing and often
contentious denominations
of the Christian religion, all
have essentially the same
goals and deal with
essentially the same
world".
4)
 it. In 1961 Harold Koontz
introduced students and
practitioners of
management to the
concept of a 'Management
Theory Jungle
4. Describe 4) There were several positive
the aspects of bureaucracy.
bureaucracy They were intended to
and decision- ensure equal opportunities
making in and increase efficiency
educational based on
institutions. a meritocratic structure.
Meritocracy means that
hiring and promotion
should be based on proven
and documented skills,
rather than on nepotism or
random choice only.
On the other hand ,
School-based decision-
making rests on two well-
established propositions
namely;
(1) The school is the
primary decision-
making unit; and its
corollary; decisions
should be made at the
lowest possible level.;
and
(2) Change requires
ownership that comes
from the opportunity to
participate in defining
change and the
flexibility to adapt it to
individual
circumstances; the
corollary is that change
does not result from
externally imposed
procedures.
University of Southeastern Philippines
Bo. Obrero, Davao City
(7) Systems Approach to
Management (Systems
Management School):
This approach regards an
enterprise as a system. A
system is composed of
related and interdependent
elements forming a unitary
whole;
(8)The Mathematical or
‘Management Science’
Approach: This school
believes that managing or
planning or decision-
making can be expressed
in mathematical symbols
and relationship;
(9) The Socio Technical
Systems Approach (E.L.
Trist):
This approach is based on
the belief that personal
attitudes and group
behaviour are influenced by
the technical system in
which people work; and
(10) Contingency
Approach:
This approach is the very
latest approach of existing
approaches to
management. According to
this approach, there is no
single way or best way to
address a given problem
situation. This approach is
opposed to one size fits all
formula approach.
2) This school is developed
during the scientific
management era.
According to this school,
and staff, patterns of
departmentation, span of
management, managerial
appraisal and various
managerial control
techniques. It draws from
other fields of knowledge
and adapts within it those
parts of these fields which
are specially useful for
managers. In addition,
“the operational approach
regards management as
a universally applicable
body of knowledge that
can be brought to bear at
all levels of managing and
in all types of enterprises/
institution”.. At the same
time, this approach
recognises that the actual
problems managers face
and the environments in
which they operate may
vary between enterprises
and levels. This
application of science by
a perceptive school
practitioner must take this
into account in finding
solutions to management
problems.
3) The various schools of or
approaches to
management theory that
were identified nearly two
decades ago, and called
“the management theory
jungle,” are reconsidered.
What is found now are
eleven distinct
approaches, compared to
the original six, implying
 management is the study of
functions of managers and
the functions of managers
are the same irrespective of
the type of organization.
Operational approach has
taken from all possible
disciplines, which have
direct or indirect effect on
human behavior and
organizational functioning
and developed its concepts.
The operational approach
recognizes that “there is a
central core of knowledge
about managing which
exists only in
managements” and which
can be applicable to all
levels of management
regardless of the type and
size of the organization.
Thus, the management
process consisting of
planning, organizing,
staffing, directing and
controlling was considered
to be universal irrespective
of the type of enterprise.
Operational approach takes into
account that with the nature, size
and level of enterprise the problems
faced by the executives and
managers in their real life vary.
3)
References Cited
University of Southeastern Philippines
Bo. Obrero, Davao City
that the “jungle” may be
getting more dense and
impenetrable.
However, certain
developments are
occurring which indicated
that we may be moving
more than people think
toward a unified and
practical theory of
management (Koontz, H.,
1980). This jungle carries
with it the same confusion
and conflict, arising from
entanglement, which
ultimately leads to a
reduction in the potential
effectiveness of the
maintenance effort.
There was also a need to
accept and tolerate the
cohabitation of schools of
thought and theory for the
wider benefit of the
discipline.
 Koontz H, The Management Theory Jungle, Academy of Management Journal, 1961, 4 (3), 174 – 188;

Koontz, H. (1980). The management theory jungle revisited. Academy of management review, 5(2), 175-188;

Koontz, H., & O'Donnell, C. (1976). Management: a Book of Readings: Edited by Harold Koontz, Cyril O'connnell. McGraw-Hill Book Company.

University of Southeastern Philippines

Bo. Obrero, Davao City