Theories of Personality

Jennifer Cajocsan
Rowena C. Talatayud
John Felvir Huesca
Karen Natividad
Jesabel J. Ayco
Kristel Nicolae R. Carampatan
Joshua B. Cabaluna

1. D
Structuralism and analytic instrospection are techniques that rely on individual experiences to
physical events like sensatiosn, views, feelings, emotions and etc.

2. D
3. D
This theory proposes that a whole is perceived as more than the sum of its parts.
4. D
Gestalt focuses on perceptual processes. It proposes the concept on figure and ground which
centers on individual awareness
5. D
6. B
It involves studying the brain, immune system, nervous system and how it determines behavior.

7. D
Pschodynamic theory views our behavor as caused by the unconscious that individuals have no
control.
8. B
Psychoanalytic approach gives emphasis on the first five years of life in influencing behavior,
the unconscious, and structures of personality – id, ego, and superego.
9. A
Our minds tend to perceive objects as part of the greater whole and as elements of a more
complex system.
10. D
Gestalt Psychology views the human mind and behavour as a whole.
11. D
Gestalt Continuity explains how our brain experiences visual line of elements that are grouped
together.
12. A
Structuralism seeks to analyze the adult mind in terms of the simpliest definable components.
13. D
Free Association is the expression of the content of the consciousness without censorship as an
aid in gaining access to the unconscious.
14. D
Gestalt focuses on perceptual processes. It centers on individual’s awareness.
15. D
Behavior is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning.
16. D
Counselling Psychologist is concerned with problems about current life situations including
adjustment problems.
17. C
18. D
The unconscious is part of the mind which is inaccessible to the conscious mind like how the
liver functions.
19. B
Memory can be retrieved; thus, it can be stored in the subconscious. It is part of the mind that
stores information that individuals can retrieve.
20. C
Daydreaming is the stream of consciousness that detaches the individual form current external
tasks.

21. D
22. A
Ivan Pavlov is the proponents of classical conditioning.
23. A
Free association is a technique in Psychoanalysis wherein clients are asked to freely share
thoughts, ideas, or anything that comes to mind. This is believed to be the gateway to the
unconscious.
24. A
Psychoanalysts believe that dreams are the gateway to the unconscious. They rely on dream
analysis for clients to gain insight to their
25. B
Systematic Desensitization is a technique used by behavioral therapists instead of
Psychoanalysts. This a primary technique used for phobias.
26. D
Psychodynamic approach relies on free association and dream analysis to uncover the
unconscious. This approach aims to make clients aware how materials in the unconscious
influence their present behaviors.
27. C
Unconditional regard is a concept conceived by Carl Rogers. The client-centered approach
proposed by Carl Rogers focuses on the therapist’s relationship with the client. Carl Rogers
stresses the importance for the therapist to exhibit acceptance and support to the client.
28. C
Transference is a theoretical phenomenon wherein the client directs feelings towards his/her
parent to the therapist.
29. B
Freud termed the client’s treatment of the therapist as an overprotective lover and a former lover
as transference. Clients redirects feelings intended for someone significant to the therapist.
30. D
Freud believes that a client’s childhood and unconscious drives shape a client’s behavior. Thus,
the therapist spent time in uncovering unconscious through dreams and revisiting client’s
childhood.
31. C
Phenomenological approach is concerned with the client’s perception and experience here and
now. It is how the client experience the world here and now.
32. C

Phenomenological approach is concerned with client’s perception of the world. It aims to shed light on
that client’s unhealthy perception.
33. A

Phenomenological counselors stress the uniqueness in which each individuals perceive the world.

34.A

Phenomenological approach gives importance on how client perceives the word. Phenomenological
counselors throw off biases and accept the client for who he/she is.

35. A
Psychodynamic counseling focuses in uncovering the unconscious through dream analysis and
free association. Meanwhile, Phenomenological counseling aims for clients to be aware of
current thoughts and feelings.
36. B
Client-centered therapy is non-directive and allows client to lead in discussions. It allows client
to take an active role.
37. D
Thought Interpretation points the cause of current behavior. It goes beyond what is observable
and focuses on inferred/implicit component.
38. A
A therapist oriented in a client-centered therapy is primarily concerned with establishing
unconditional positive regard with the client.
39. D
Gestalt therapists take a more active role compare to client-centered therapists. The client-
centered therapists allow clients to take a more active role in the direction of the therapy
sessions.
40. A
The Psychoanalyst looks into client’s the dreams. He/she make sense of the dream to uncover
the unconscious.
41. B
Empty chair is used as technique in Gestalt Therapy. It allows clients to work through internal
and interpersonal conflicts.
42. A
Phenomenological Therapy focuses on the client’s growth and not merely on resolving his/her
problems.
43. B
Psychodynamic approach focuses on uncovering the unconscious through dream analysis. It
extensively examines the client’s dream.
44. C
Behavior Therapy focuses on client’s behavior and corresponding thoughts. It aims to change
client’s maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.
45. C
Systematic desensitization aims to gradually expose clients to something he/she has a phobia
until it no longer elicit fear.
46. B
John Watson espoused the view that Psychology should a science of overt behavior. Thus, his
followers support the same belief.
47. A
The Skinner box demonstrates that voluntary of the rat to push the lever could be strengthened
through reinforcement.
48. C
Operant conditioning aims to strengthen behavior through reinforcement.

49. C

All other statements are true. Behavior Modification is popular until today; thus, there must be evidence
that it works.

50. D
Social Learning recognizes the influence of observation, imitation, and modeling in one’s
behavior.
51. A
Human beings are capable of self-guidance. Behaviors are directed towards goals and
anticipated outcomes.
52. B
Information-processing researchers likened the human mind to a computer. They are not
concern with unconscious processes.

53.
54. D
The superego works to suppress the urges of the id and tries to make the ego behave morally,
rather than realistically. The superego is the ethical component of the personality and provides
the moral standards.
55. B
Freud presented all psychic energy and not just sexual energy. However, he began to view the
libido as more than just sexual urges and more of general life instinct that encompasses survival
instincts and other motivations as well.
56. B
According to Freud, one identifies oneself with ( characteristics of ) an object . For instance as
what Freud said, it identifies himself with a characteristics of his father and transform himself to
assimilate this characteristics in his personality..
57. A
According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality, id is the personality component made
up of unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs and desires. The id
operates based on the pleasure principle of which demands immediate gratification of needs.
58. B
In psychoanalytic theory, defence mechanisms are psychological strategies brought into
play by the unconscious mind to manipulate, deny, or distort reality in order to defend
against feelings of anxiety and unacceptable impulses and to maintain one's self-
schema or other schemas
59. A
Freud explored this new pathway when he wrote that the young man who will become a
homosexual "represses his love for his mother; he puts himself in her place, identifies
himself with her, and takes his own person as a model in whose likeness he chooses
the new objects of his love"
60. C
Gestalt approach emphasizes that an individual should focus on his/her present emotions and
behaviour. Gestalt therapists do not talk about a patient’s past experience.
61.D
Humanistic psychology is a perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole individual and
stresses concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization. Rather than
concentrating on dysfunction, humanistic psychology strives to help people fulfill their potential
and maximize their well-being.
62.
63. A
Psychodynamic therapy, also known as insight-oriented therapy, focuses on unconscious processes as
they are manifested in a person’s present behavior.
64. B
Behavioral therapy is an umbrella term for types of therapy that treat mental health disorders.
This form of therapy seeks to identify and help change potentially self-destructive or unhealthy
behaviors
65. B
In vivo desensitization means in life desensitization. In other words, people who use this method
will use real life to gradually expose and desensitize themselves to their phobia.
66. B
Systemic desensitization involves three main steps. First, you’ll learn muscle relaxation
techniques. Then, you’ll create a list of your fears, ranking them in terms of intensity. Finally,
you’ll begin exposing yourself to what you fear.
67. B
Systematic desensitization is a behavioral technique commonly used to treat fear, anxiety
disorders and phobias.
68. B
According to systematic desensitization, a learned response, e.g. fear of spiders, can be
unlearned through classical conditioning. For example, his anxiety could be replaced by
relaxation.
69. C
Systemic desensitization involves muscle relaxation. It usually treats fears and phobias. Using
this method, the person is engaged in some type of relaxation exercise and gradually exposed
to an anxiety-producing stimulus, like an object or place
70. D
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapeutic treatment that helps patients
understand the thoughts and feelings that influence behaviors. CBT is commonly used to treat a
wide range of disorders, including phobias, addictions, depression, and anxiety.
71. C
In systematic desensitization, the person is engaged in some type of relaxation exercise and
gradually exposed to an anxiety-producing stimulus, like an object or place
72. C
the goal of systematic desensitization is to overcome avoidance by gradually exposing patients
to the phobic stimulus, until that stimulus can be tolerated. Wolpe found that systematic
desensitization was successful 90% of the time when treating phobias.
73. C
Punishment is designed to weaken behaviors by pairing an unpleasant stimulus to a behavior.
Receiving a detention for bad behavior is a good example of a punishment.
74. A
The tokens become what behavior analysts call generalized conditioned reinforcers. In a token
economy, tokens can be paired with so many things that they themselves become reinforcing in
many situations and environments. This makes it a useful tool when preferences change quickly
and/or environmental factors change the person’s motivation for reinforcement of a certain kind.
75. A
Flooding involves exposing people to fear-invoking objects or situations intensely and rapidly.
Forcing someone with a fear of snakes to hold one for 10 minutes would be an example of
flooding.
76. B
Systematic desensitization is an evidence-based therapy approach that combines relaxation
techniques with gradual exposure to help you slowly overcome a phobia. This approach also
involves the use of relaxation techniques.
77. A
Extinction refers to the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior
decreasing or disappearing. In other words, the conditioned behavior eventually stops. You stop
rewarding the behavior and eventually stop asking your dog to shake. Eventually, the response
becomes extinct, and your dog no longer displays the behavior.
78. C
Aversive reinforcement is the pairing of an unpleasant stimulus to an unwanted behavior in
order to eliminate that behavior. The student rigs his machine so that his coffee would create a
foul-smelling, unpleasant tasting food to help him stop drinking too much coffee.
79. B
CBT’s goal is to change patterns of thinking or behavior that are behind people’s difficulties, and
so change the way they feel. CBT works by changing people’s attitudes and their behavior by
focusing on the thoughts, images, beliefs and attitudes that are held (a person’s cognitive
processes) and how these processes relate to the way a person behaves, as a way of dealing
with emotional problems.
80. D
Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is a type of therapy introduced by Albert Ellis
in the 1950s. It’s an approach that helps you identify irrational beliefs and negative
thought patterns that may lead to emotional or behavioral issues.
81. A
Critics of behavior therapy argue that punishment and aversive conditioning are dehumanizing.

82. A and B in adolescence stage it focuses on two dangers that could be developed first one
would be the identity confusion. When youth fail to navigate the crisis they are uncertain about
who they are and will lack confidence and will become socially disconnected from others. The
second danger would be isolation, when youth fail to navigate this crisis they become distant
.and self-contained.

83. C. As older adults, some can look back with a feeling of integrity that is contentment,
fulfillment and having led a meaningful life and valuable contribution to society with
responsibility.

84. A. Parents who are sensitive and responsive to their basic needs could help their baby
develop a sense of security/Trust. Giving proper care would likely develop trust in this stage.

85. C. Parents is this stage to encourage and guide children to explore within their limits and
ask a lot of questions.

86. D. In this stage it is important to develop the virtue of competence by resolving the crisis at
this stage by completing the assigned task given to them. This virtue is demonstrated by making
things, getting results, applying skills an feeling capable.

87. A. According to Erikson, young people who succeed at this stage develop a strong sense of
identity while those who fail to establish their own identity at this stage tend to be confused
about themselves and about their future.
88. C. Children will most likely to develop strong sense of industry if they get well along with
their peers since they feel proud and confident if they can do things as well as their peers.

89. A. According to Erikson, at this stage, young people experience a lot of changes in their
body, they begin to contemplate on the role they want to play in the adult world and would also
try develop their occupational and sexual identities by exploring different possibilities.

90. B. An adolescent must struggle to discover and find his own identity while negotiating and
struggling with social interactions and fitting in. Some attempt to delay the entrance to adulthood
and withdraw from responsibilities (moratorium)

91. D. True intimacy is developed after having a strong sense of identity at stage five of young
adults.

92. D. Person who remains childless are more likely to experience isolation since in intimacy
stage young adult think about settling down and start of making their own family and if it is
unsuccessful they tend to isolate themselves to avoid and even destroy the people and negative
forces that appear to be harmful to them.

93. B. At the stage of integrity people develop the virtue of wisdom and characterized by
composure, broad mindedness, appropriate emotional forbearance and peace of mind

94.D. True intimacy is developed after having a strong sense of identity at stage five of young
adults.

95.B. A Care and concern for people beside self and family is usually develop during the middle
age especially guiding the younger people to avoid the feeling of alone or sense of isolation

96. Sensorimotor Stage - the tremendous growth and change. Preoperational Stage-children
begin to engage in symbolic play to manipulate. Concrete Operational Stage-the development
of logical thought. Formal Operational Stage-thinking becomes much more sophisticated and
advanced.

97.A. In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development an operation is an essential mental ability that
makes it possible for child to form schemes

98.C. Piaget’s principle of equilibration stresses the universality of a child to develop consistent
conceptions

99 A..In Piaget’s theory the principles of assimilation and accommodation account for the
tendencies of children to take in ideas and alter conceptions of experience

100. A. Accomodation the child was able to process new information and alter pre-existing
schemas in order to fit in the new information.

101.Accomodation occurs when children modify their cognitive structures to deal with new
experiences and alter existing schema to fit in to the new information

102.D. Assimilation because the child lacks the capacity to reinterpret new experiences and
assimilate with the old ideas.
103.A. Decentration refers to the ability of the child to think of more than one quality as it is also
considered doing multiple aspects in a given situation.

104. D. Between 4-7 months of age, babies develop a sense of "object permanence." They're
realizing that things and people exist even when they're out of sight. Babies learn that when they
can't see mom or dad, that means they've gone away. They don't understand the concept of
time, so they don't know mom will come back, and can become upset by her absence. Whether
mom is in the kitchen, in the next bedroom, or at the office, it's all the same to the baby, who
might cry until mom is nearby again

105.A child searches for a toy that has fallen and rolled out of sight has developed the concept
of object permanence since it is regarded as the ability to see things even if they are out of
sight.

106. A. The tendency to exercise schema whenever a particular situation arises. This behavior
helps children to improve their behavior and extend it to other situations.

107. C. Piaget developed these stages that each child should go through in order: sensorimotor,
concrete, preoperational

108. D. The Key Features of the preoperational stage include concentration the tendency to
focus on only one aspect of a situation at one time. Thus, give children the difficulties of thinking
or accommodating more than one aspect of any situation at the same time

109. B

The preoperational stage is the second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive

development. This stage begins around age two and last until approximately age seven.
During this period, children are thinking at a symbolic level but are not yet using
cognitive operations.

110.B. Egocentrism stresses the difficulty in seeing things from another’s point of view

111. C. As children continue into elementary school, they become able to represent ideas and
events more flexibly and logically. The other new feature of thinking during the concrete
operational stage is the child’s ability to decenter, or focus on more than one feature of a
problem at a time.

112. B. A Child’s sense of morality is externally controlled. Children accept and believe the rules
of authority figures, such as parents and teachers. A child has not yet adopted or internalized
society’s conventions regarding what is right or wrong, but instead focuses largely on external
consequences that certain actions may bring.

113. B. Conventional Level- self sacrifice is goodness.

114. A. Children see morality as more than simple deals. They believe that people should live
up to the expectations of the family and community and behave in “good ways." Good behavior
means having good motives and interpersonal feelings such as love, empathy, trust, and
concern for others
115. C. Throughout the postconventional level, a person’s sense of morality is defined in terms
of more abstract principles and values. People believe that some laws are unjust and should be
changed or eliminated. This level is marked by a growing realization that individuals are
separate entities from society and that individuals may disobey rules inconsistent with their own
principles.

116. A. Moral reasoning in stage four is beyond the need for individual approval exhibited in
stage 3. If one person violates a law, perhaps everyone would-thus there is an obligation and a
duty to uphold laws and rules.

117. C. Piaget was adamant that the order of the stage remains the same for any culture ,
although the age of the individual could vary. Piaget’s stages are age-specific and marked by
important characteristics of thought processes. They also include goals children should achieve
as they move through a given stage.

118. D. Piaget was trained as a biologist and then worked with Alfred Binet in France. Binet
created the first intelligence test. Piaget’s research method, though very innovative, could be
classified as informal ones. He sometimes utilizes games and interviews. His subjects were
Lucienne, Laurent, and Jaqueline: his own children

119. B. This is a must-know principle for any major test in counselling! In Piaget’s theory the
term conservation refers to the notion that a substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the
same even if it changes shape. According to Piaget. The child masters conservation and the
concept of reversibility during the concrete operation stage.

120. B. Remember your memory device: conservation begins with a “c” and so does concrete
operations. The other three stages proposed by Jean Piaget do not begin with “c”

121. C. Choice “b” provides another key name. Vygotsky disagreed with Piaget’s notion that
developmental stages take place naturally. Vygotsky insisted that the stages unfold due to
educational intervention. Kohlberg is the leading theorist in moral development. Kohlberg,
Erikson and Maslow’s theory are said to be epigenetic in nature.

122. A. By egocentrism, Piaget was not really implying the child as self-centered. Instead,
egocentrism conveys the fact that the child cannot view the world from the vantage point of
someone else.

123. D. Unfortunately, Piaget felt a large number of individuals never really reach this stage;
hence, the difficulty with subjects like algebra, physics, and geometry. Another characteristic of
the formal operations stage is that the child can think in terms of multiple hypothesis.

124. A. It would make sense that the child would use reflexes in the first stage, which is termed
sensorimotor intelligence. Piaget has said that the term practical intelligence captures the gist of
this stage. Piaget emphasized the concept of ‘object permanence” here. A child who is beyond
approximately 8 months of age will search for an object that is no longer in sight.

125. D. The child who has not mastered object permanence is still a victim of “out of sight, out of
mind.” The child, needless to say, needs representational thought to master object permanence,
which is also called object constancy. During this initial stage the child learns the concept of
time and causality.
126. A. Around the second month of age the child begins to smile in response to a face or a
mask that resembles a face.

127. B. Centration occurs in the preoperational stage and is characterized by focusing on a key
feature of a given object or situation while not noticing the rest of it.

128. D. Piaget felt that before the final stage, a child learns best from his or her own actions, not
lectures and his or her interactions and communications with peers rather than adults. Piaget,
nevertheless, was quick to point out that he did not consider himself an educator but rather a
genetic epistemologist.

129. C. Symbolic mental processes allow language and symbolism in play to occur. A milk
carton can easily become a spaceship or a pie plate can become the steering wheel of an
automobile. The preoperational stage occurs from ages 2 to 7 years.

130. C. Animism occurs when a child acts as if nonliving objects have lifelike abilities and
tendencies.

131. C. According to structuralist viewpoint, each stage is a way of making sense out of the
world.

132. B. Equilibrium/ Equilibration occurs when the child achieved a balance. When new
information is presented cannot process, a condition referred as disequilibrium sets in. The child
therefore changes the schema to accommodate the novel information, and equilibration is
mastered.

133. D. Equilibration is defined by Piaget as the process of searching for a balance between
cognitive schemas and environmental information. When a balance occurs, equilibrium is felt;
imbalance causes disequilibrium.

134. B. Id, ego, and superego depict Freud’s structural theory of the mind

135. C. The oral stage is the first Freudian psychosexual stage and occurs while the child is still
an infant. Attachment in human as well as animal studies indicate that the bonding process
takes place early in life.

136. D. In the developmental stages, the sexual drive seems hidden during latency. Sexual
interests are replaced by social interests like sports, learning and hobbies. Latency is the only
Freudian developmental stage which is not primarily psychosexual in nature. It occurs roughly
between ages 6 and 12.

137. C. The Oedipus complex, the boy’s secret wish to marry his mother, paired with rage
toward his father, is said to occur between ages 3 and 5. The Oedipus complex occurs during
the phallic stage and both words conveniently contain the letter “p.” Freud chose the name
based on the Greek myth in which Oedipus, the mythical king of Thebes, unknowingly killed his
father and married his mother.

138. D. In the Oedipus complex in boys and the Electra complex in girls, the female child
fantasizes about sexual relations with the parent of the opposite sex.
139. A. Freud the father of psychoanalysis, which is the most comprehensive theory of
personality and therapy ever devised.

140. B. In psychoanalytic theory the word fixation implies that the individual is unable to go from
one developmental stage to the next. The person literally becomes stuck or fixated in a stage
where he or she feels safe.

141. A. Eric Berne, the father of Transactional Analysis, put Freudian lingo in everyday
language and spoke of the Parent ego state, which is roughly equivalent to the superego. The
parent ego state is filled with should, ought, and must which often guide our morality.

142. A. The oral region of the body (the mouth) would be the portion of the body most closely
related to smoking and alcoholism.

143. B. In Freudian theory the id is also called the pleasure principle and houses the animalistic
instincts. The ego, which is known the reality principle, is pressured by the id to succumb to
pleasure or gratification regardless of consequences.

144. D. The Freudian stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital) emphasize sexuality. Erik
Erikson’s eight stages focuses on social relationship and thus are described as psychosocial.

145. C. The id is chaotic and concerned only with the body, not with the outside world. Freud
emphasized the importance of the id, while Erikson stressed ego functions. The ego is logical,
rational, and utilizes the power of reasoning and control to keep impulses in check.

146. A. Erikson, a psychoanalyst and a disciple of Freud created a theory with eight stages in
which each stage represents a psychosocial crisis or a turning point. Since the final stage does
not even begin until age 60, most personality theorists believe that his theory actually covers the
entire life of an individual.

147. B. Erikson proposed eight stages and this is the first. This stage corresponds to Freud’s
initial oral-sensory stage . Each of Erikson’s stages is described using bipolar or opposing
tendencies.

148. D. Each stage is seen as a psychosocial crisis or a turning point. Erikson did not imply that
the person either totally succeeds or fails. Instead, he says that the individual leans toward a
given alternative (integrity or despair). The final stage begins at about age 60. An individual who
successfully mastered all the stages feels a sense of integrity in the sense that his or her life
has been worthwhile.

149. C. Intimacy implies sharing one’s life and counselors need to be aware that an individual
who fails to do well in this stage may conclude that he or she can depend on no one but the self.

150. A. Freud felt that the stages were psychosexual and his disciple Erikson felt that they were
psychosocial, yet both agreed that individuals must resolve one stage before forging on the
next.

151. no answer
152. D. A person who does not master this stage well become self-centered; hence, the termed
“generativity vs. Self-absorption is that generativity sounds like generation and a successful
individual in this stage plans for the next generation.

153. C. Piaget’s name to his first stage (sensorimotor) and Freud’s name to his first stage (oral).
Thus you will match Erikson’s name to his first stage, which is trust versus mistrust.

154. C. Kohlberg theory has three levels of moral development: the Preconventional,
Conventional, and Postconventional level which is referred to in some texts as the Personal
Integrity or Morality of Self-Accepted Principles level. Each level can be broken down further
into two stages.

155. A. In the preconventional level the child responds to consequences. In the conventional
level the individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and even the nation.
Kohlberg felt that many people never reach the final level of post-conventional or self accepted
morality.

156. B. Erikson proposed eight stages and this is the first. This stage corresponds to Freud’s
initial oral-sensory stage.

157. B. At the conventional level the individual wishes to conform to the roles in society so that
authority and social order can prevail.

158. D. The entire level is known as morality of conventional rules and conformity. The
Postconventional level is Social contract and Principles of self-conscience and universal ethics.
The last level is sometimes termed the “morality of self-accepted principles level.

159. B. Individual judgment is based on self-chosen principles, and moral reasoning is based on
individual rights and justice.

160. A. In the initial stage, morality is guided by a fear of punishment. Choice “d” is concerned
with the Piagetian conceptualization of moral development.

161. D. All of these are included. It deals with adaptations to the environment. It deals with how
the environment influences traits. And it deals with how traits influence the environment.

162. C. For a behavior to be included as part of person’s personality it should be relatively

stable over time.

163. A Any researcher who studies how evolution have shaped human behavior is in the
biological domain of knowledge. This relates also to life and any living processes.

164. D The dispositional domain emphasizes measurement. More than any other domain of
knowledge about personality, the dispositional domain uses quantitative measures.

165. C A theory is a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one
based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained.Belief is a trust, faith, or confidence
in someone or something

166. B Cardinal traits dominate an individual's whole life, often to the point that the
person becomes known specifically for these traits. People with such personalities can
become so well-known for these traits that their names are often synonymous with
these qualities

167. B. The focus is on what the person can ultimately become. The present and even the
future are emphasized. The key to change is seen as self-determination.

168. C. A horizontal relationship assumes equality between persons. In a vertical relationship

the counselor is viewed as an expert. Choice “D” is incorrect, as the existentialists stress
nonthreatening emphathy

169. B. Rollo May introduced existential therapy in the United States. Irvin Yalom, another
existentialist, is noted for his work in group therapy. In his book Love’s Executioner, he reveals
his approach to treatment with some of his most intriguing clients. Other names that appear in
the answer choices to this question include: Fritz Perls, the father of Gestalt Therapy; Albert
Ellis, who pioneered rational-emotive behavior therapy; Arthur Janov, noted for his primal
scream therapy; and Aaron T. Beck, whose Cognitive Behavior Therapy resembles REBT and
focuses on automatic thoughts leading depression. Beck is praised for his cognitive triad of
depression. It asserts that the depressed individual: 1. feels worthless and has a negative view
of himself or herself; 2. has a negative view of the world as unfair; 3. feels the future as
hopeless.

170. D. Mitwelt has the prefix “mi,” which sounds like “my” as in “my wife” or “my brother; the
“my shows possessiveness indicative of a “relationship.” Eigenwelt sounds suspiciously like the
word identity. By a process of elimination you would not need a memory device for the
remaining term Umwelt (the physical and biological system).

180. B. From 1942 to 1945 Viktor Frankl was a prisoner in German concentration camps
including Auschwitz and Dachau. Several of his relatives died in the camps. Frankl felt,
nonetheless, that suffering would transformed into achievement and creativity.

181. A. Logotherapists often use the term noogenic neurosis, which is the frustration of the will
to meaning. The counselor assists the client to find meaning in life so the client can write his or
her own life story by making meaningful choices. When exploring the meaning of life some
anxiety is normal. Moreover, death is not seen as an evil concept but rather an entity which
gives meaning to the process of life.

182. D. The metaphysical study of life experience is called ontology

183. D Rogers viewed man positively wherein an individual develops in a warm, accepting and
trusting environment.

184. A. The conscious mind is aware of the immediate environment. The preconscious mind is
capable of bringing ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty ( the
memory of what transpired several months ago to trigger the client’s depression.) Thus, the
preconscious can access information from the conscious as well as the unconscious mind.

185. B. The id strives for immediate satisfaction, while the superego is ready and willing to
punish the ego via guilt if the id is allowed to act on such impilses. This creates tension and a
certain degree of pressure within the personality. The ego controls the tension and relieves
anxiety utilizing “ego defense mechanisms.” Simply put, ego defense mechanisms are
unconscious strategies, which distort reality and are based on self-deception to protect our self-
image.

186. A. Freud saw defense mechanism as an unconscious method a person uses to protect him
or herself from anxiety. Freudians feel that repression is the kingpin or granddaddy of ego
defense mechanisms. A child who is sexually abused, for example, may repress (truly forget the
incident. In later life, the repression that served to protect the person and “helped her through
the distasteful incident at the time” can cause emotional problems.

187. C. Psychoanalytically trained counselors thus attempt to help the client recall the repressed
memory and make it conscious so it can be dealt with. This is called insight and is often
curative.

188. A The subject uses Displacement since he redirects his aggression to a powerless
substitute target.

189. B The scenario illustrates the sweet lemon rationalization wherein the subject is making
the best of an undeniably bad situation.

190. B The ego defense mechanism being used was compensation wherein the subject
overachieve area in lieu to compensate for failures in another.

191. D. Resistance was originally defined within the context of psychoanalysis. In

psychoanalysis, resistance is loosely defined as a client's unwillingness to discuss a
particular topic in therapy.

192. No Answer

193. B Congruene may be defined as a fit between one’s behaviors and feelings. Carl Rogers
believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of congruence.
This means that self-actualization occurs when a person's “ideal self” (i.e., who they would like
to be) is congruent with their actual behavior (self-image).

194. B Carl Jung, the founder of Analytic Psychology, said that men operate on logic or the
logos principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the eros principle. The animus
corresponds to the paternal Logos just as the anima corresponds to the maternal Eros.

195. A Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his client, and
dreams which termed as Mandalas. It can appear in dreams and visions or it can be
created spontaneously as by drawing.In our dreams, the mandala indicates the
phenomenon of centering of the ego in relation with the psychic wholeness.
196. B. Sigmund Freud believed that behavior and personality were derived from the constant
and unique interaction of conflicting psychological forces that operate at three different levels of
awareness: the preconscious, conscious, and unconscious.

197. D Archetypes are known as materials that make up the collective unconscious. These are
universal, archaic patterns and images that derive from the collective unconscious and are the
psychic counterpart of instinct. They are inherited potentials which are actualized when they
enter consciousness as images or manifest in behavior on interaction with the outside world.

198. D Jung identified the four major archetypes which include the persona- the role we present
to others to hide our true self; animus, anima; shadow- the mask behind the persona; and the
self which represents the unified unconsciousness and consciousness of an individual

199. A. Aaron Beck entails that there are three basic types of cognitive errors that contribute to
client’s miseries. The proponent focuses on client’s cognitive distortions by correcting cognitive
errors.

200. D. The client is experiencing having irrational beliefs in his mind. It is being defined as an
emotional disturbance being externally caused and people have little or no ability to
increase or decrease their dysfunctional feelings and behaviors.

201. D Extraversion and introversion were popularised by Swiss psychoanalyst Carl Jung
(1875-1961) in 1921. In Psychological Types, Jung described how extraverts engage with
external stimuli (Jung, 1921). Introverts, meanwhile, focus their energy inwards, towards more
solitary, thoughtful activities

202. C Adler proposes the birth order rule which suggests that the number of siblings
affect a child's potential. Adler called also upon the importance of understanding the
“Family Constellation”: “It is a common fallacy to imagine that children of the same
family are formed in the same environment.

203. A. The Law of Effect developed by Edward Thornlike lead to the development of operant
conditioning within behaviorism. It also suggested that responses that produce a satisfying
effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses
that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation

204. D. Glasser also authored choices “a” and “c” as well as his original 1965 classic, Reality
Therapy, and an update of the theory in his 2000 book Reality Therapy in action. Choice “b” has
nothing to do with reality therapy but generally is quoted as Freud’s most influential work, often
dubbed as “the Bible of Psychoanalysis.”

205. A. Even when the client wants to give up, the therapist does not. Glasser’s theory has
been criticized on the basis that it is too simplistic.

206. B. The individual who possesses identity feels worthy and significant to others. Identity is a
person’s most important psychological need. A person who is irresponsible and thus frustrated
in an attempt to feel loved and worthwhile will develop a failure identity and a faulty perception
of reality. The client is encouraged to assume responsibility for his/her own happiness.

207. C The ABC Model can also be referred as the “ABCDE” Model, where D stands for the
Disputation of Beliefs and E stands for New Effect, the result of holding healthier beliefs.
208. D Catastrophizing is an irrational thought a lot of us have in believing that
something is far worse than it actually is. Catastrophizing can generally can take two
different forms: making a catastrophe out of a current situation, and imagining making a
catastrophe out of a future situation

209. D. The great behavior modifier B.F. Skinner did not believe punishment was very effective.
He felt that after the punishment was administered the behavior would manifest itself once
again. Positive measure are seen as more effective than punishment. If punishment is used,
remember that it does not cause the person (or other animal) to unlearn the behavior.

210.

211. D. Empty Chair: The empty chair technique is a “method of facilitating the role-taking
dialogue between the patient and others or between parts of the patient’s personality. It is
generally used in a group situation” (Patterson, 1986). Two chairs are placed facing each other:
one represents the patient or one aspect of the patient’s personality, and the other represents
another person or the opposing part of the personality. As the patient alternates the role, he or
she sits in one or the other chair.

212. D. Perls likened the process of therapy to that of peeling an onion. The person has a phony
layer, a phobic layer (fear that others will reject his or her uniqueness), an impasse layer (the
person feels struck), the implosive layer (willingness to expose the true self), and the explosive
layer (person has relief due to authenticity)

213. B Gestalt therapy was developed by psychotherapist Fritz Perls on the principle
that humans are best viewed as a whole entity consisting of body, mind, and soul, and
best understood when viewed through their own eyes, not by looking back into the past
but by bringing the past into the present

214. A. The parent ego state is the synthesis of the messages received from parental figures
and significant others, incorporated into the personality. Also known as the “exteropsyche,” it
bears a very strong resemblance to Freud’s superego. When a counselor analyzes out of which
ego state a client is primarily operating, it is known as “structural analysis.” when a counselor
analyzes an ego state (nurturing parent) it is known as “second order structural analysis.”

215. D The Adult ego state processes facts and does not focus on feelings. It is characterized
by logical, practical thinking and reasoning

216. D. The child state, sometimes called the “archaeopsyche,”resembles Freud’s id. The
Natural Child is what the person would be naturally: spontaneous, impulsive, and untrained. The
little professor is creative and intuitive. The Little professor acts on hunches, often without the
necessary information. The adapted child learns how to comply to avoid a parental slap on the
hand. Messages we receive from parents to form the ego states called “injunctions” and cause
us to make certain early life decisions.Hence. If an early message was, “I wish you would have
never been born,” then the decision might be, “If my life gets very stressful, I’ll just kill myself.”
Hint: Describing the client using the P-A-C conceptualization is known as “structural analysis”

217. B The person remain feeling bad whilst also perceive others as bad. This position could
also be a result of relationships with dominant others where the other people are viewed with a
sense of betrayal and retribution.
218. D The man has moved from the persecutor, to the rescuer, to the victim role. Karpman and
other clinicians point out that “victim, rescuer, and persecutor” refer to roles people
unconsciously play, or try to manipulate other people to play, not the actual circumstances in
someone’s life. There can be real victims of crime or racism or abuse, etc.

219. C The counselor is using concreteness which entails being specific, definite, and vivid rather
than vague and general.

220. B The purpose of interpretation is to make the client aware of the unconscious processes.
This also increases the possibility of understanding.

221. B. Alfred Adler, the father of individual psychology, initially felt that aggressive drives were
responsible for most human behaviors. He then altered the theory slightly and said that the
major factor was the “will power.” Finally he concluded that it was the “striving for superiority” or
a thirst for perfection that motivated behavior.

222. B. Adler, who broke with Freud in 1911, went on to found a number of child-guidance
clinics in which he was able to observe children’s behavior directly. One criticism of Freud has
been that his child development theories were not based on extensive research or observations
of children’s behavior.

223. B. The Adlerian theory suggests that we need one another. The collective unconscious in
choice “C” is a term coined by C.G. Jung which implies that all humans have “collected”
universal inherited, unconscious neural patterns.

224. A. Paradoxical techniques also are associated with the work of Viktor Frankl who
pioneered logotherapy, a form of existential treatment. Paradoxical strategies often seem to
defy logic as the client is instructed to intensify or purposely engage in the maladaptive
behavior.

225. A. Robert Carkhuff is very well known for his creation of a five-point scale intended to
measure empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect. Many counselor educators
consider empathy the most important factor in the counseling relationship. When using the
Carkhuff scale, a rating of 1 is the pooresr and a rating of 5 is the most desirable. A rating of 3 is
considered the minimum level of acceptance. Choice “d” is incorrect. Empathy is the ability to
experience the client’s subjective world. Sympathy is compassion.

226. B Raymond Cattell created a taxonomy of 16 different personality traits that could be used
to describe and explain individual differences between people's personalities. He also
developed an assessment based on these 16 personality factors. The test is known as the 16
PF Personality Questionnaire and is still frequently used today, especially in career counseling,
marital counseling, and in business for employee testing and selection.

227. B Cattell's goal was to empirically determine and measure the essence of
personality. Cattell used factor analysis to reduce thousands of psychological traits into
what he believed to be 16 of the basic dimensions, or source traits of human
personality. As a result, he created the 16PF personality test

228. C Eysenck developed the three factor model which focuses on three broad personality
factors: psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism which is a highly researched factor theory of
personality
 END

23 – 52 – WEN
53 – 81 – JENNIFER
82 – 110 – KAREN
111- 149 – JF AND JESABEL
150 – 228 -NICOLAE AND JESABEL