Comparative Osteology

5/3/2013
ANAT 02201
Learning Outcome

To

“Identify developmental differences in skeletons

of major domestic animals and to describe their
implications”
 Basis
• Evolution …. Genetic makeup
• Embryological development
• Predator or Prey?

• Design ….improvement
Axial skeleton

Variation in Shape of Skull

Dog
Cat
Horse
Ox

(Species, Age, Sex, Breed)

 Age
• New borns • Facial part is smaller
due to disproportionate
growth of masticatory
apparatus, nasal cavities
and paranasal sinuses
• Later • Skull enlarges as a
whole, teeth grow,
paranasal sinuses form,
base of the skull
elongates
 Species differences in skull
… few examples
• Interparietal bone • Horse and cat
• Frontal bone forms entire roof of • Cow and pig
cranium
• Rostral bone • Unique bone in pig
• Complete bony orbit • Horse &ruminants
• Facial crest: Facial tuber • Horse: Cow
• Cornual processes • Cow
• Temporal fossa laterally • Cow
• Foramen orbitorotendum • Ruminants and pig
(Round-orbital foramina)
 (Species)

Position of Orbital Cavities

Binocular field of vision

Skull size… sense organs

Temporal fossa
Mandible

Mandibular Space
Alveoli for canine teeth
Weight
Articular surface of condyle
.
.
relate to individual
requirements
(Breed)
Facial Vs Cranial parts

3 types of skulls in dog

(Breed in horse)

Nasal bridge

• Convex profile (ram’s head) … certain draft horses

• Concave (dished) … arabian horses

 Vertebral Column

Formation of withers in Horse and Ox

Articulation of lumbar transverse process
 Ox Horse

Pig
Dog
Thoracic Girdle

Coracoid
Clavicle
Scapula

Variable development of these components

Bipedal vs Quadrupedal mode of locomotion
 Fusion of Radius and
Ulna

Loss of supination and

pronation in ungulates

What would have

happened if radius and
ulna of horses were not
fused?

Dog Ox
Raising of manus from
plantigrade to unguligrade

Reduction of digits

Reduction of bones leads

to strengthening of
remaining components

Dog Ox, Horse

(Digitigrade) (Unguligrade)
Flat vs Concave pelvic floor

Pelvic Axis
Broken vs straight

Conjugate Diameter
Vertical Diameter
Inclination of Pelvis

Transverse Diameter
Thank You