àH$aU 1 bo

àñVmdZm
1.1 àmñVm{dH$
àmW{_H$ ñVamda B`Îmm n{hbrÀ`m dJm©V "ì`§OZo' {eH${dV AgVmZm àË`oH$
ì`§OZmgmR>r doJdoJio g§~moY bmdyZ {eH${dbo OmVmV. Mm¡Vrg ì`§OZmn¡H$s 19 do "n'
ho ì`§OZ {eH${dVmZm {ejH$ nydu n, n nV§JmMm , nUVrMm BË`mXr g§~moY dmnaV AgV.
gÜ`m B`Îmm n{hbrÀ`m dJm©V "ì`§OZo' {eH${dVmZm "n' ho ì`§OZ {eH${dVmZm
n, n "n`m©daUmMm' Ago åhUyZ Vo ì`§OZ {dÚmÏ`mªda q~~dÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgV
Amho. Ago H$aÊ`mMr doi AmnUmda H$m Ambr Agmdr? `mMm Oa {dMma Ho$bm Va Ago
bjmV `oVo H$s, gd© ~mOy§Zr n`m©daUmMm èhmg hmoV Amho.
{dgmì`m eVH$mV gwê$dmVrg n`m©daU åhUOo H$m` Am{U Ë`mMo g§VwbZ
ì`dpñWV H$go amIbo nm{hOo `mMr OmUrd ZìhVr. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr_wio {dkmZ Am{U
V§ÌkmZ `m§À`m ~imda `m§{ÌH$r H$maImZXmarMr \$ma _moR>r bmQ> OJ^a ngabr Am{U
H$_rV H$_r doimV OmñVrV OmñV CËnmXZ KoÊ`mMr ñnYm© gwê$ Pmbr. CnbãY Z¡g{J©H$
gmYZgm_wJ«rMm dmna H$ê$Z CËnmXZ dmT>dm`Mo Am{U Ë`mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo g§nÎmr {Z_m©U
H$am`Mr ho {dH$mgmMo à_wI gyÌ ~Zbo. `m nÓVrZo {dH$mg ObXJVrZo H$adyZ KoÊ`mV
CÎmaoH$S>rb erV Am{U g_VremoîU H${Q>~§YmVrb amï´>o `eñdr R>abr. OJmV Ë`m§Zm
{dH${gV amï´>o åhUyZ ñWmZ {_imbo. Ë`m§À`m X{jUog Agboë`m {dfwd¥Îmr` àXoemVrb
X{jU A_o[aH$m, X{jU Am{\«$H$m Am{U nyd©-_Ü`nyd© Am{U X{jU Am{e`m`r amï´>m§Zm
`m àH$maMm {dH$mg ObXJVrZo H$aVm Ambm Zmhr. hr gmar {dH$gZerb amîQ´>o R>abr.
`m gd© {dH$gZerb amï´>m§Zr {dgmì`m eVH$mV _ybV: {dH${gV amï´>m§MmM AmXe©
S>moù`mg_moa R>odyZ ømM nÓVrÀ`m {dH$mgmMr H$mg Yabr.
H$maImZXmar Am{U CËnmXZdmT> `m§À`m×mao g§nÎmr g§KQ>rV H$aÊ`mÀ`m `m à{H«$`oV
n¥Ïdrdarb gmYZg§nÎmr {H$Vr à_mUmV Zï> hmoB©b `mMo ^mZ ì`º$sbm am{hbo Zmhr.
na§Vw {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg àXyfU Am{U gmYZg§nÎmrMm VwQ>dS>m `m g_ñ`m§Zr
Ooìhm J§^ra ñdê$n YmaU Ho$bo Voìhm n`m©daU g§dY©ZmÀ`m à`ËZm§Mr JaO Amnë`m
bjmV Ambr. O_rZ, O§Jb Am{U nmUr hr Am_Mr Iar gmYZg§nÎmr _mZdmZo ~ogw_ma
dmnabr. {VMr ZmgYyg Ho$br. A_`m©X bmoH$g§»`m dmT> Am{U A{Z~ªY Am¡Úmo{JH$
dmT>rVyZ àXyfUmMm ^ñ_mgya _mZdmZo V`ma Ho$bm. {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg
n`m©daUmMm g_Vmob T>mgiVmo Amho ho _mZdmÀ`m bjmV Ambo.
2

^maVmMr EHy$U ^m¡Jmo{bH$ aMZm, `oWrb hdm_mZ Am{U `oWo AmT>iUmar Aà{V_
O¡d{d{dYVm `m_wio ^maVmbm EH$ g§nÞ n`m©daUr` dmagm bm^bobm Amho. `m ^maV
XoemÀ`m O{_Zrda Am{U nmÊ`m_Ü`o {d{dY àH$maÀ`m dZñnVr Am{U àmUr `m§À`m
àOmVr AmT>iyZ `oVmV. OJmÀ`m O¡d{d{dYVoÀ`m 8% O¡d{d{dYVm ^maV `m I§S>àm`
XoemV Amho. OJmV O¡d{d{dYVoÀ`mÑï>rZo Or ~mam amï´>o "_hmO¡d{d{dYVm amï´>o' åhUyZ
Kmo{fV Pmbobr AmhoV Ë`mV ^maVmMm 10 dm H«$_m§H$ Amho. Aem `m g§nÞ ^y_r_Ü`o
20 ì`m eVH$mV Z¡g{J©H$ g§nÎmrMr Or hmZr hmoV Jobr Amho Vr _moR>r qMVmOZH$ ~m~
Amho. O_rZ, O§Jb, nmUr Aem KQ>H$m§À`m èhmgmMm Am{U Ë`m§À`m ^{dî`H$mbrZ
g§dY©ZmMm EH${ÌV {dMma H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. H$maU Ë`mdaM Amnbo n`m©daU Adb§~yZ
Amho.
1.1.
1.1.1 n`m©daU
_amR>r {dídH$mofm_Ü`o n`m©daUmMr ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo {Xbr Amho.
"{d{dY àH$maMr Ordg¥ï>r VgoM _mZdr g_yh d g_mO Á`m n[agamV amhVmV
d {dH${gV hmoVmV Ë`m n[agamVrb gd© KQ>H$m§Zm EH${ÌV[aË`m n`m©daU Ago åhUVmV.'
ì`wËn{ÎmemómÀ`m X¥ï>rZo n`m©daU åhUOo n¥Ïdrdarb {d{eï> ^mJmer {ZJ{S>V
Agbobr g^modVmbMr n[apñWVr hmo`.
All the conditions, circumstances and influences surrounding
and affecting the development of an organism or group of organisms
life on earth including atmospheric conditions, food chain and water
cycle.
http://www.yourdictionary.com/environment.
`mMm AW© Agm H$s, n¥Ïdrdarb OrdZmda à^md nmS>Umar, dmVmdaU, AÞ
gmIir, ObMH«$ `m§À`mda n[aUm_ H$aUmar n[apñWVr åhUOo n`m©daU hmo`.
O¡{dH$ KQ>H$m§À`m dmT> d {dH$mgmda à^md nmS>Umar g^modVmbMr n[apñWVr
åhUOo n`m©daU hmo`.
WmoS>Š`mV n`m©daU åhUOo g^modVmbMr n[apñWVr hmo`. `m n[apñWVr_Ü`o
AZoH$ gOrd, {ZOud, Z¡g{J©H$ qH$dm _mZd{Z{_©V Aem AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
n`m©daUmMo àH$ma
n`m©daUmMo àm_w»`mZo XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV. 1) Z¡g{J©H$ qH$dm àmH¥${VH$ n`m©daU
d 2) _mZd{Z{_©V n`m©daU.
 3

Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUm_Ü`o hdm, nmUr, O_rZ, I{ZOo, D$Om© gmYZo `m ^yO¡{dH$

KQ>H$m§Mm VgoM nmUr, dZñnVr d gyú_Ord `m O¡{dH$ KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
_mZd{Z{_©V n`m©daUm_Ü`o Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`, Z¡{VH$ _yë`o, ehao, Jmdo
BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. O¡{dH$ Am{U AO¡{dH$ KQ>H$m§Mo VgoM _mZd{Z{_©V
KQ>H$m§Mo nañna g§~§Y A{Ve` _hÎdmMo AgVmV. `mMo H$maU Ago H$s `m KQ>H$m§_Ü`o
gVV Am§Va{H«$`m KS>V AgVmV. `m XmoÝhr àH$maÀ`m n`m©daUmMo KQ>H$ nwT>rbà_mUo
_m§S>Vm `oVmV.
n`m©daU
Z¡g{J©H$ _mZd{Z{_©V
^m¡{VH$ O¡{dH$ 1. bmoH$g§»`m
_¥XmdaU àmUr 2. Am{W©H$
ObmdaU dZñnVr 3. gm_m{OH$
dmVmdaU gyú_Ord 4. amOH$s`
`m§À`m g§X^m©Vrb ^m¡Jmo{bH$ KQ>H$ 5. Ym{_©H$
1. ñWmZ, joÌ, AmH$ma 6. gm§ñH¥${VH$
2. hdm_mZ
3. ^yJ^©aMZm
4. àmH¥${VH$ aMZm
5. O_rZ/_¥Xm
6. àdmh àUmbr
1.1.2 n`m©daU {ejU
n¥Ïdrdarb O¡{dH$ Am{U AO¡{dH$ KQ>H$mVrb Am§Va{H«$`m, Ë`m§Mm n[aUm_,
Ë`m§À`m {Za{Zamù`m g§»`m, Am§Va{H«$`m, H$m`©nÓVr d ì`dñWmnZ `m§Mo AÜ``Z
AÜ`mnZ åhUOo n`m©daU {ejU hmo`. n`m©daUmMo AmH$bZ, n`m©daUmMm _mZdmgh
BVa gOrdm§da hmoUmam n[aUm_, n`m©daU{df`H$ g_ñ`m, Ë`m g_ñ`m§Mo {ZamH$aU
BË`mXr KQ>H$m§~m~VÀ`m {ejUmMm {dMma n`m©daU {ejUm_Ü`o Ho$bm OmVmo.
4

n`m©daU {ejUmV Ho$di n`m©daU{df`H$ Aem KQ>H$m§MmM g_mdoe hmoV ZgyZ

n`m©daUmMo AÜ``Z, AÜ`mnZ nÓVr, AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZmMr gmYZo, _yë`_mnZ nÓVr,
n`m©daU{df`H$ CnH«$_ d H¥$Vr BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. n`m©daU {ejUmMo ñdê$n
ì`mnH$, gd©ñneu, Am§VakmZemIr` Agë`mZo `m {df`mMo doJio d¡{eîQ>ç Amho,
BVa {df`m§nojm hm doJim {df` Amho.
^maVmVrb amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmVrb (1986) Xhm Jm^m KQ>H$m§n¡H$s
"n`m©daUmMo g§ajU' hm EH$ à_wI KQ>H$ Amho. n`m©daUmMr OmUrd {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r
àmW{_H$ {ejU ñVamnmgyZ {díd{dÚmb` {ejUmn`ªV n`m©daUmMm Aä`mg A{Zdm`©
Ho$bm Amho.
n`m©daU {ejUmMm
{ejUmMm AW©
Om_r (Jammi) `oWrb MMm©gÌm_Ü`o `wZoñH$moZo (UNESCO,1976)
Imbrbà_mUo n`m©daU {ejUmMr ì`m»`m Ho$br Amho.
"Environmental education is a way of implementing the goals
of environmental protection. It is not a separate branch of science
or field of study. It should be carried out according to the principles
of life-long integral education."
`mMm AW© Agm H$s, n`m©daU ajUmMo C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMm EH$ _mJ© åhUOo
n`m©daU {ejU. hr {dkmZmMr ñdV§Ì emIm qH$dm ñdV§Ì Aä`mg joÌ Zmhr Va AmOrdZ
EH$mpË_H$ {ejUmÀ`m VÎdmZwgma Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr Pmbr nm{hOo.
{dë`_ ñQ>°n (1968) `m§Zr {Xë`mà_mUo,
'Environmental Education is aimed at producing a citizenry that
is knowledgeable concerning the biophysical environment and its
associated problems, aware of how to solve these problems and
motivated to work toward their solution.'
åhUOoM "O¡d^m¡{VH$ n`m©daUmMo Am{U Ë`m§À`mer g§b¾ Agboë`m g_ñ`m§Mr
OmUrd d kmZ Agbobm, Ë`m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r OmJê$H$ d ào[aV Agbobm
ZmJ[aH$ V`ma H$aUo ho n`m©daU {ejUmMo C{Ôï>o Amho.'
n`m©daU {ejU ho Am¡nMm[aH$, AZm¡nMm[aH$ nÓVrZo {Xbo OmVo,
VgoM Vo AZw^dmVyZhr AàË`jnUo {_iV AgVo. AÜ`mnH$, {dÚmWu, nmbH$, g_mO
ho gd© n`m©daU {ejUmMm Aä`mg H$arV AmhoV. {dÚmWu Á`m n[agamV amhVmo
Ë`m n[agamVrb n`m©daUmÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb {d{dY ñWm{ZH$ g_ñ`m§Mr OmUrd hmoÊ`mBVnV
kmZ {dÚmÏ`m©H$S>o Agmdo, Ë`m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar {dÚmÏ`m©Zo nma nmS>mdr
BVnV Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o n`m©daU {ejUmMo kmZ AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ñdV:hÿZ Ë`mZo
n`m©daUmVrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mo g§ajU d g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$amdm.
 5

ñWm{ZH$ g_ñ`o~amo~aM Ë`mbm amï´>r`, Am§Vaamï´>r` g_ñ`m§Mr OmUrd ìhmdr, Ë`m g_ñ`m
gmoS>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ë`mZo H$amdm. {Ma§Ordr {dH$mgmgmR>r àË`oH$ {dÚmÏ`m©Zo OmUrdnyd©H$
à`ËZ Ho$bm Va nwT>rb {nT>rgmR>r {ZpíMVM Mm§Jbo n`m©daU {Z_m©U hmoB©b Aer ^mdZm
àË`oH$ {dÚmÏ`m©_Ü`o {Z_m©U ìhmdr hr Anojm Amho.
1.1.3
1.1.3 n`m©daU {ejUmMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_r
n`m©daU {ejUmMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_r AmnUmg Imbrbà_mUo XoVm `oB©b.
1. _mZdr {dH$mg : Am§Vaamï´>r` n[afX (1972) : ñQ>m°H$hmo_ (United Nations
Conference on Human Development, Stockholm, 1972)
`m n[afXo_Ü`o _w»`V: àXyfU, Amåbr nO©Ý`, Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nXm§Mm èhmg
Am{U n`m©daUmÀ`m BVa g_ñ`m `m§À`m H$maUm§da Am{U Cnm`m§da MMm© Pmbr. n`m©daU
g§dY©ZmgmR>r gd© amï´>o, g§ñWm, g_yh, ì`º$s `m§Zr EH${ÌV à`ËZ H$aÊ`mMr JaO Amho,
5 OyZ hm Xadfu OmJ{VH$ n`m©daU {XZ åhUyZ gmOam H$aÊ`mV `mdm, UNEP Mr
ñWmnZm ìhmdr, Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda n`m©daU {ejUmMm AmamIS>m V`ma H$aÊ`mV
`mdm, VgoM hm AmamIS>m Am§Va{dÚmemIr` Ñï>rZo V`ma ìhmdm Aem _hÎdmÀ`m
{e\$maer Pmë`m.
2. ~obJ«oS>S> H$m`©emim, 1975 (International Workshop on Environmental
Education, 1975)
n`m©daUmer g§~§{YV H¥$VtMm CÔoe hm n`m©daUr` ZmVog§~§Y gwYmaUo hm Agbm
nm{hOo, hm Ñ{ï>H$moZ R>odyZ n`m©daU {ejUmMr C{Ôï>o d _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo ~obJo«S> MmQ>©a_Ü`o
XoÊ`mV Ambr.
3. n`m©
n`m©daU {ejUmdarb ñdV§Ì n[afX, {Vpãbgr>
{Vpãbgr>, 1977 (The
Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education,
Tblisi, 1977)
n`m©daU {ejUmda Am§Vaamï´>r` n[afX ^a{dÊ`mV Ambr. `m n[afXoZo n`m©daU
{ejUmMr Ü`o`o, C{Ôï>o Am{U _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo {ZpíMV Ho$br. Ë`m_wio {d{dY amï´>m§Zm
n`m©daU {ejUmMo H$m`©H«$_ AmIÊ`mMr {Xem àmá Pmbr.
4. n`m©daU Am{U {dH$mg : OmJ{VH$ Am`moJ (1984
1984--87)(World
Commission on Environment and Development (1984-87)
`m Am`moJm_Ü`o {Ma§Ordr {dH$mgm_Yrb {ejUmÀ`m ^y{_Ho$~m~V MMm© Pmbr.
n`m©daU {ejUmgmR>r àgma _mÜ`_o d {ejH$ `m§À`m O~m~Xmè`m _hÎdnyU© Agë`mMo
Z_yX Ho$bo Jobo.
6

5. n`m©daU {ejU Am{U à{ejU `mdarb Am§Vamï´>r` n[afX,

n[afX, _m°ñH$mo, 1987
(International Congress on Environmental Education and
Training, Moscow, 1987)
{Vpãbgr n[afXoÀ`m {e\$maer nwT>o Mmby R>odÊ`mMo R>abo. n`m©daU {ejU,
à{ejU d _m{hVr àgma `mgmR>r n[aUm_H$maH$ à{V_mZo emoYUo d dmnaUo, n`m©daUr`
g_ñ`m§Mr H$maUo d n[aUm_ `m~Ôb OmUrdOmJ¥Vr, `m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r
EH$mpË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMr JaO ñdrH$maUo, {Ma§Ordr {dH$mgmgmR>r à{ejU BË`mXr ~m~tZm
àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mMo R>abo. _m{hVrMm àgma, g§emoYZ Am{U à`moJ, e¡j{UH$ H$m`©H«$_
Am{U AÜ`mnZ gm{hË`, à{ejU H$m`©H«$_, Vm§{ÌH$ Am{U ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejU, g_mO
{ejU, {dÚmnrR>r` {ejU Am{U VÁkm§Mo à{ejU `m _wÔ`m§da _hÎdnyU© MMm© Pmë`m.
6. [aAmo-{X-
{X-OmZoamo n[afX,
n[afX, 1992 (Rio Conference, 1992)
`m n[afXoÀ`m Ahdmbm_Ü`o AO|S>m -21 (Agenda-21) `m H¥$VrH$m`©H«$_mMo
36 do àH$aU ho {ejU, à{ejU Am{U gm_m{OH$ OmUrdOmJ¥Vr Ago Amho.
`m_Ü`o {Ma§Ordr {dH$mgmgmR>r {ejUmMr nwZa©MZm, g_mOmÀ`m n`m©daU OmUrd
OmJ¥Vr_Ü`o dmT>, à{ejUmgmR>r àmoËgmhZ `m VrZ _w»` joÌm§g§X^m©V MMm© Ho$br Jobr.
7. n`m©daU Am{U g_mO `m {df`mdarb Am§Vaamï´>r` n[afX : {Ma§Ordr
{dH$mgmgmR>r {ejU Am{U bmoH$OmJ¥Vr (8 Vo 12 {S>g|~a 1997)
(International Conference on Environment and Society :
Education and Public Awareness for Sustainability -
Thessaloniki, 1997)
{Ma§Ordr {dH$mgm_Ü`o {ejUmÀ`m _hÎdnyU© ^y{_Ho$da àH$me Q>mH$Uo, n`m©daU
{ejUmMo `moJXmZ Ü`mZmV KoUo, ñWm{ZH$, amï´>r` Am{U Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda `mo½`
H¥$VrgmR>r MmbZm XoUo `mda MMm© H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m n[afXoMm Ahdmb XmoZ ^mJmV
{d^mJbm Amho. 1) g_ñ`m§Mm {dMma Am{U 2) ZdmonH«$_erb H¥$Vr. g_ñ`m§Mm {dMma
`m_Ü`o {Ma§Ordr {dH$mgmgmR>r {ejUm_Ü`o Am§Va{dÚmemIr` Ñ{ï>H$moZmMr Amdí`H$Vm
Amho, {d{dY àH$maMo à`ËZ EH${ÌVnUo hmoUo JaOoMo Amho, AmOn`ªV Pmboë`m n`m©daU
{ejU{df`H$ n[afXm§À`m {e\$maetda H¥$Vr`moOZm H$aÊ`mMr JaO Amho, Am¡nMm[aH$
{ejUmMr nwZa©MZm, {Ma§Ordr {dH$mgmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo nÓVr `m_Ü`o ~Xb Ano{jV Amho,
Aä`mgH«$_mMm gd©g_mdoeH$ (Holistic Appraoch) Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñdrH$mabm Omdm,
{Ma§Ordr {dH$mgmgmR>r `mo½` OrdZe¡brMm ñdrH$ma ìhmdm, {Ma§Ordr {dH$mgmgmR>r
{ejUm_Yrb ^m§S>db Jw§VdUyH$ JaOoMr Amho `m ~m~tda MMm© H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
 7

8. {Ma§Ordr {dH$mgmgmR>rÀ`m {ejUmMo XeH$ : g§`wº$ amï´>g§K (2005

2005--2014)
(The United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable
Development : 2005-2014)
`mMr à_wI C{Ôï>o nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV. 1) {Ma§Ordr {dH$mgmgmR>r {ejH$ d
AÜ``Z `m§À`m _Ü`dVu ^y{_Ho$bm A{YH$ àH$memV AmUUo. 2) {Ma§Ordr {dH$mgmgmR>r
H$Q>r~Ó AgUmè`m g§ñWm d ì`º$s `m§À`m_Yrb ZmVog§~§Y qH$dm {dMmam§Mr XodmUKodmU
A{YH$ ÑT> H$aUo. 3) AÜ``Z Am{U bmoH$OmJ¥Vr `m×mam {Ma§Ordr {dH$mgmgmR>rÀ`m
g§Yr_Ü`o dmT> H$aUo. 4) {Ma§Ordr {dH$mgmgmR>rÀ`m {ejUm_Yrb AÜ``Z d AÜ`mnZ
`m à{H«$`m§Mr JwUdÎmm dmT>{dUo. 5) {Ma§Ordr {dH$mgmgmR>rÀ`m j_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r
àË`oH$ nmVirda H$m`©ZrVtMm {dH$mg H$aUo. VgoM Am§Va{dÚmemIr` Am{U
gd©g_mdoeH$ ~m~tda ^a XoUo.
9. n`m©daU {ejUmdarb 4 Wr Am§Vaamï´>r` n[afX (24 Vo 28 Zmoìh|~a 2007,
Ah_Xm~mX) (4th International Conference on Environmental
Education : 24th-28th November, 2007, Ahmedabad)
`m n[afXo_Ü`o Imbrb à_wI {e\$maer H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. 1) Aä`mgH«$_m_Ü`o
Am§Va{dÚmemIr` Ñ{ï>H$moZ hdm. àË`oH$ Aä`mgH«$_m§_Ü`o emídV {dH$mgmgmR>rÀ`m
{ejUmda ^a hdm. 2) AZm¡nMm[aH$ n`m©daU {ejUm_Ü`o d¥Ór Pmbr nm{hOo.
3) n`m©daU ì`dñWmnZm_Ü`o n`m©daU {ejU A{Zdm`©nUo {Xbo Omdo., 4) _m{hVr
Am{U g§^mfU V§ÌkmZmMm (ICT) dmna ìhmdm. 5) g§emoYZo hr _wº$, gh^mJr d nmaXe©H$
Agmdr. 6) {ejH$ {ejUm_Ü`o emídV {dH$mgmgmR>rÀ`m {ejUmMm g_mdoe ìhmdm.
1.1.4
1.1.4 n`m©daU {ejUmMr JaO
_mZd hm n`m©daUmMm KQ>H$ Amho. AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Zr `wº$ AgUmè`m n`m©daUr`
KQ>H$m§_Ü`o Am§Va{H«$`m hm _hÎdmMm ^mJ Amho. AZoH$ H$maUm§_wio n`m©daUm_Ü`o
Ag§VwbZ {Z_m©U Pmbo Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMo Bï> d A{Zï> Ago n[aUm_ _mZdmda VgoM
Ë`mÀ`m OrdZmda hmoV AmhoV. AmO OJmg_moa bmoH$g§»`m dmT>, Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU `m
H$maUm§_wio AZoH$ n`m©daUr` g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> X`mdo bmJVo Amho. n`m©daU g§ajUmgmR>r
H$m`Xo AmhoV _mÌ Ë`mMr H$S>H$ A§_b~OmdUr hmoÊ`mgmR>r à~i amOH$s` BÀN>meº$s
Zmhr. n`m©daU g§ajU Am{U g§dY©ZmgmR>r OZMidirMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. Ë`mgmR>r
n`m©daU {ejUmMr JaO Amho. PnmQ>çmZo dmT>Umar bmoH$g§»`m, dmT>Vo àXyfU,
gmYZg§nÎmrMm hmoV Agbobm èhmg `m gdmªÀ`m Xwîn[aUm_m_wio n[apñWVr {~H$Q> hmoVo
Amho. Ë`mgmR>r àË`oH$mZo YS>nS> Ho$br nm{hOo. àË`oH$mÀ`m _ZmV Am{U H¥$VrV n`m©daU
ajU Am{U g§dY©ZmMm {dMma `oÊ`mgmR>r n`m©daU {ejUmMr JaO Amho.
8

n`m©daUmÀ`m èhmgmÀ`m _wimer Oo _hÎdmMo H$maU Amho Vo åhUOo n`m©daUm_Ü`o

_mZdmZo Ho$bobm hñVjon hm hmo`. n¥Ïdr^modVr Agboë`m AmoPmoZ dm`yÀ`m g§ajH$
H$dMmg hmZr nmohMë`m_wio gy`m©nmgyZ `oUmar KmVH$ AëQ´>m ìhm`moboQ> {d{H$aUo n¥Ïdrn`ªV
nmohMyZ Ordg¥ï>rMo ApñVËdM g§nwï>mV AmUVmV H$s H$m` Aer ^rVr {Z_m©U Pmbr Amho.
Z{OH$À`m ^{dî`mV bmoH$g§»`m AmUIr PnmQ>çmZo dmT>V OmUma Amho. ì`º$sÀ`m
JaOmgwÓm doJmZo dmT>Uma AmhoV. àXyfU hr 21 ì`m eVH$mVrb gdm©V _moR>r g_ñ`m
amhUma Amho. {ZgJm©da {dO` {_i{dÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr gmoSy>Z _mZd Omon`ªV n`m©daUmMo
^mZ R>odyZ dmJV Zmhr, Vmon`ªV n`m©daUmMo g§VwbZ gmYUo Ho$di AeŠ` Amho.
n`m©daU{df`H$ ~m~t~Ôb OmJ{VH$ ñVamda OmUrdOmJ¥Vr KS>dyZ AmUUo hr H$mimMr
JaO Amho.
n`m©daU g_ñ`m§Zm N>oX XodyZ {Ma§Ordr {dH$mg gmYmd`mMm Agob Va Ë`mH$[aVm
n`m©daU {ejUmMm ñdrH$ma H$aUo hr H$mimMr JaO R>aVo.
1.1.5 n`m©daU {ejUmMr Ü`o`o d C{Ôï>o
1977 _Ü`o a{e`m `oWrb {Vpãbgr (Tblisi) `m eham_Ü`o n`m©daU {ejUmda
Or Am§Vaamï´>r` n[afX Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr Ë`m n[afXoZo n`m©daU
{ejUmg§~§YrMr Or Ü`o`o d C{Ôï>o _m§S>br AmhoV Vr nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
n`m©daU {ejUmMr Ü`o`o
1. Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` Am{U n[apñWVrH$s BË`mXr g§X^m©V ehar
d J«m_rU joÌmV Agbobo nañnam§db§~Ëd `mMr ñnï> OmUrd {Z_m©U
H$aUo.
2. n`m©daU g§ajUmgmR>r Am{U Vo gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agbobo kmZ,
_yë`, àd¥Îmr BË`mXr {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMr àË`oH$mbm g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z
XoUo.
3. n`m©daUmÀ`m g§X^m©V g_mOmVrb d¡`{º$H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§Mo
Zdo dV©UyH$ àmê$n V`ma H$aUo.
n`m©daU {ejUmMr C{Ôï>o
1. OmUrdOmJ¥Vr (Awareness)
gm_m{OH$ JQ> d ì`º$sg g§nyU© n`m©daU d Ë`mÀ`mer g§~§{YV Agboë`m
g_ñ`m§Mr OmUrd {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg _XV H$aUo.
 9

2. kmZ (Knowledge)
n`m©daUmer g§~§{YV Agbobo kmZ d _yë`o ì`º$s d g_mO JQ>mZo AmË_gmV
H$amdr `mgmR>r gmhmæ` H$aUo.
3. A{^d¥Îmr (Attitude)
n`m©daU gwYmaUm, n`m©daUmMo g§ajU `mV g{H«$` ^mJ KoÊ`mgmR>r ì`º$s
d g_mO JQ>mMo `mo½` dV©Z Agmdo `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm àd¥Îm H$aUo.
4. H$m¡eë` (Skill)
n`m©daUmÀ`m g_ñ`m AmoiIUo d Ë`m gmoS>dUo `m~m~VMo H$m¡eë` g_mOJQ>
d ì`º$sZo g§nm{XV H$amdo `mgmR>r _XV H$aUo.
5. gh^mJ (Participation)
n`m©daUmÀ`m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r g_mO JQ> d ì`º$sg gd© ñVamda g{H«$`
^mJ KoÊ`mg g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
1.1.6
1.1.6 àmW{_H$ ñVamdarb n`m©daU {ejU
{ZgJ© Am{U _mZd `m§Mo ZmVo AVyQ> Amho. Amnë`m ~w{Ógm_Ï`m©À`m ~imda
g§ñH¥$VrMr C^maUr H$aUmam Am{U àM§S> àJVr gmYUmam EH$_od àmUr åhUOo _mZd.
_mZdmÀ`m `m d¡{eï>`m§_wio d g_mO{à`Vo_wio Ë`mÀ`m ^modVrÀ`m Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUmbm
gm_m{OH$ n`m©daUmMrhr OmoS> {_imbr Amho.
n`m©daU {ejU hm Cn`moOZmË_H$ ñdê$nmMm {df` Agë`m_wio {ejUmÀ`m
{d{dY ñVam§H$[aVm Aä`mgH«$_ V`ma H$aVmZm AÜ`mnZmÀ`m {df`dñVy~amo~aM {d{dY
àH$maMo CnH«$_, {H«$`m-H¥$Vr, àmË`{jH$ H$m`©, joÌr` H$m`© (Field Work) `m ~m~tH$S>o
{deof bj nwadbo Amho.
amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ Am{U à{ejU g§ñWoZo (NCERT) B. g. 1980 _Ü`o
àmW{_H$ ñVamH$[aVm n`m©daU {ejUmMm Aä`mgH«$_ V`ma Ho$bm hmoVm. na§Vw `m
Aä`mgH«$_mMr A§_b~OmdUr åhUmdr Ver Pmbr Zmhr. 1986 À`m "amï´>r` e¡j{UH$
YmoaUm'nmgyZ 2000 gmbÀ`m "embo` {ejUmÀ`m amï´>r` Aä`mgH«$_ AmamIS>çm'n`ªV
gd© e¡j{UH$ H$m`©H«$_m§_Ü`o n`m©daU{df`H$ OmUrdm§da ^a XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
{XZm§H$ 18 {S>g|~a 2003 amoOr ^maVmÀ`m gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo "amï´>r` e¡j{UH$
g§emoYZ Am{U à{ejU n{afXo'(NCERT) bm n`m©daU{df`H$ {ejU hm A{Zdm`©
{df` åhUyZ Xoe^a bmJy H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmXe©ê$n Aä`mgH«$_ {dH${gV H$Ê`mMm AmXoe
{Xbm. Ë`mZwgma gXa g§ñWoZo Vgo àmê$n V`ma Ho$bo d Xoe^a n`m©daU {ejUmÀ`m
10

gmd©{ÌH$ A§_b~OmdUrbm àma§^ Pmbm. Ë`mgmR>rÀ`m H$m`©dmhrbm _hmamï´> amÁ`

emgZmZo d {ejU{df`H$ g§ñWm, g{_Ë`m§Zr VËnaVoZo JVr {Xbr.
n«mW{_H$ ñVamdarc n`m©daU {ejUmMr C{Ôïo>
gÚ:pñWVr_Ü`o n«mW{_H$ ñVamdarc n`m©daU {ejUmMr C{Ôïo> nwT>rcn«_mUo
AmhoV.
1. {dÚmÏ`mªZm Ë`m§À`m n[agam~m~V kmZ {_i{dÊ`mg _XV H$aUo.
2. {dÚmÏ`mªZm n`m©daU, Ë`mMo n«H$ma, KQ>H$ VgoM `m KQ>H$m_Yrc
nañnag§~§Y g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mg _XV H$aUo.
3. {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o n`m©daU Am{U Ë`mÀ`m g_ñ`m `m g§X^m©V OmUrdOmJ¥Vr
hmoÊ`mg _XV H$aUo.
4. {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nVrÀ`m dmnamÀ`m `mo½` gd`r {dH${gV
H$aUo.
5. {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o n[aga {ZarjUmMo H$m¡eë` {dH${gV H$aUo.
6. {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o n`m©daU g§dY©Zm~m~V gH$mamË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ {dH${gV
H$aUo.
7. {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o n`m©daU g§dY©Z{df`H$ _yë`m§Mo g§ñH$ma hmoÊ`mg _XV
H$aUo.
8. {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o n`m©daU g§dY©Zmg§~§Yr A{^éMtMm {dH$mg H$aUo.
9. {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o n`m©daU g§dY©ZmgmR>r `mo½` dV©Z ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUUo.
_hmamï´> amÁ` e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afX, nwUo `m§Zr OyZ 2005 _Ü`o
àmW{_H$ ñVamda AÜ`mnZ H$aUmè`m àmW{_H$ {ejH$m§Zm n`m©daU {ejUmÀ`m
Aä`mgH«$_mMr A§_b~OmdUr H$er H$amdr, `mMr {Xem {_iÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo B`Îmm 5 dr
d 6 drgmR>r "n`m©daU {ejU' {ejH$ hñVnwpñVH$m àH$m{eV Ho$br Amho. Ë`m_Ü`o
àmW{_H$ ñVamdarb B`Îmm 5 dr d 6 drgmR>r n`m©daU {ejUmMm Aä`mgH«$_ AmamIS>m
{Xbm Amho. Vmo nwT>rbà_mUo Amho.
 11

gmaUr H«$_m§H$ 1.1

n`m©daU {ejU Aä`mgH«$_ AmamIS>m (B`Îmm 5 dr d 6 dr)
KQ>H$ nmR>çm§e AÜ``Z {ZînÎmr
1. n`m©daU n`m©daUmMr g§H$ënZm {dÚmWu
n`m©daUmMo àH$ma - Z¡g{J©H$ Am{U
n`m©daU g§H$ënZm g_OmdyZ
gm_m{OH$ KoVmo.
• Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daU - KQ>H$ -
n`m©daUmMo àH$ma OmUVmo.
KQ>H$m§Mo nañnag§~§Y - CXmhaUo
Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUmMo KQ>H$
(Ogo AÞgmIù`m, D$Om© àdmh, OmUVmo.
{ZgJm©Vrb g_Vmob, {dKQ>Z B.)
Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daU KQ>H$m§Mm
• _mZdr OrdZmVrb n`m©daUmMo _hÎd nañnag§~§Y g_OmdyZ KoVmo.
• n`m©daU ajUmMr JaO
_mZdr OrdZmVrb n`m©daUmMo
_hÎd OmUVmo.
• Am¡Úmo{JH$ n[aga, VrW©joÌ,
H¥${fàYmZ n[aga, n`©Q>Z ñWi Aem
n`m©daU ajUmMr JaO OmUVmo.
{R>H$mUmVrb ì`dgm`, OrdZ `m§À`m
gm_m{OH$ n`m©daU g§H$ënZm,
AmYmao gm_m{OH$ n`m©daUmMr ì`dgm`, OrdZmÀ`m AmYmao
g§H$ënZm g_OmdyZ KoVmo.
2. Z¡g{J©H$ • Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmr g§H$ënZm {dÚmWu
gmYZg§nÎmr
Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmr g§H$ënZm
• Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmr dmT>, {dH$mg,
Am{U {VMo g_OmdyZ KoVmo.
ApñVËd BË`mXtÀ`m AmYmao
Cn`moOZ
OrdZ{df`H$ JaOm
dmT>, {dH$mg d ApñVËìmgmR>r
• {ZgJm©VyZ Ë`m§Mr hmoUmar nyV©Vm Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmr `m§Mr _m{hVr
KoVmo.
• Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmr - hdm, nmUr,
_¥Xm, I{ZOo Am{U gy`©àH$me `m§Mm
OrdZ{df`H$ JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm
dmna d _hÎd {ZgJm©VyZ hmoVo ho OmUVmo.

Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrMo _hÎd
• Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrMm AÝ`
g_OmdyZ KoVmo.
gOrdm§H$Sy>Z d _mZdmH$Sy>Z hmoUmam
dmna `m§Mr VwbZm
AÝ` gOrd d _mZd `§mÀ`mH$Sy>Z
hmoUmam Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrMm
• H$mhr ómoVm§À`m A{VdmnamMo qH$dm dmna `mMr VwbZm H$ê$ eH$Vmo.
J¡admnamMo n`m©daUmda hmoUmao

H$mhr ómoVm§Mm J¡admna dm
Xwîn[aUm_ (agm`Zo, nmUr, D$Om©,
A{Vdmna hmoVmo ho OmUVmo.
dZg§nXm BË`mXr)

ómoVm§À`m A{VdmnamMo qH$dm
J¡admnamMo Xwîn[aUm_ OmUVmo.
12

KQ>H$ nmR>çm§e AÜ``Z {ZînÎmr

3. Q>mH$mD$ • Q>mH$mD$ nXmWmªMr {Z{_©Vr d Ë`m§Mo
nXmWmªMr ómoV
{Z{_©Vr
• Q>mH$mD$ nXmWmªMo àH$ma - Ðdê$n,
KZê$n, dm`wê$n
• Q>mH$mD$ nXmWmªMo gmMUo, Ë`mMo
Xwîn[aUm_
• KaJwVr Q>mH$mD$ nXmW© - Ë`m§Mr
{dëhodmQ> (H$Mam, gm§S>nmUr B.)
• gm_m{OH$ Amamo½`
4. Q>mH$mD$ • Q>mH$mD$ nXmW© d Ë`m§Mr {dëhodmQ>
nXmWmªMo
• KZH$Mam - g§H$bZ, dmhVyH$ d
gwì`dñWmnZ
{d{eï> {R>H$mUr Q>mH$Uo
• dm`wê$n Q>mH$mD$ nXmW© dmVmdaUmV
gmoS>Uo.
• H$Mam ì`dñWmnZ{df`H$ JaOm
• ì`º$s¨Mo Am{U g_mOmMo ghH$m`©
• emgZ d ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm§Mr `mo½`
H$m`©nÓVr
{dÚmWu

Q>mH$mD$ nXmWmªÀ`m {Z{_©Vr{df`r
_m{hVr H$ê$Z KoVmo. Q>mH$mD$
nXmWmªMo ómoV H$moUVo ho OmUVmo.

Q>mH$mD$ nXmWmªMo àH$ma gm§Jy
eH$Vmo.

Q>mH$mD$ nXmWmªMo Xwîn[aUm_
g_mOdyZ KoVmo.

Q>mH$mD$ nXmWmªMr {dëhodmQ>
`m{df`r _m{hVr KoVmo.

gm_m{OH$ Amamo½` åhUOo H$m` ho
_mhrV H$ê$Z KoVmo.

gm_m{OH$ Amamo½`mMo _hÎd
OmUVmo.
{dÚmWu

Q>mH$mD$ nXmWmªÀ`m {dëhodmQ>rMr
JaO OmUVmo.

{d{eï> àH$maÀ`m Q>mH$mD$
nXmWmªÀ`m {dëhodmQ>r{df`r
_m{hVr H$ê$Z KoVmo.

dm`wê$n Q>mH$mD$ nXmW© H$moUVo Vo
gm§JVmo.

H$Mam ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m JaOm
OmUyZ KoVmo.

H$Mam ì`dñWmnZmV ì`º$s¨Mo d
g_mOmMo ghH$m`© `mMr _m{hVr
KoVmo.

emgZ d ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm§À`m
H$m`©nÓVr{df`r _m{hVr KoVmo.

ómoV : n`m©daU {ejU {ejH$ hñVnwpñVH$m (B`Îmm 5 dr d 6 drgmR>r) (OyZ 2005)

nwUo: _hmamï´> amÁ` e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afX.
 13

1.1.7
1.1.7 n`m©daU {ejUmgmR>r EH$mpË_H$ X¥{ï>H$moZ
_mZdr _Z d g^modVmbMm n[aga `m§À`m nañna Am§Va{H«$`oVyZ kmZ OÝ_mbm
`oVo. AmOMo `wJ n`m©daUmÀ`m g_ñ`m§Mo `wJ Amho. _Zwî` OrdZmer g§~§{YV AZoH$
Ádb§V g_ñ`m n`m©daUmer {ZJ{S>V AmhoV. bmoH$g§»`m Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU `m§Mm
doJ àM§S> Agë`m_wio Z{OH$À`m ^{dî`mV n`m©daUmMm n«íZ A{YH$ J§^ra hmoV Amho.
AWm©VM n`m©daU {ejU `m {df`mg AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd àmá Pmbo Amho. åhUyZ hm
{df` EH$ ñdV§Ì {df` åhUyZ Aä`mgH«$_mV R>odVm `oB©b Agm {dMmaàdmh {Z_m©U
Pmbm. na§Vw hm {df` ñdV§Ì {df` åhUyZ Aä`mgH«$_mV g_m{dï> Z H$aVm
Aä`mgH«$_mVrb {df`m§Mm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ g_m{dï> H$amdm Agm _Vàdmh V`ma Pmbm
d Ë`mVyZM EH$mpË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñdrH$mabm Jobm.
Aä`mgH«$_mVrb AZoH$ {df` n`m©daUmer g§~§{YV AmhoV. B{Vhmg,
ZmJ[aH$emó, ^yJmob, gm_mÝ`{dkmZ, Ord{dkmZ Am{U ^mfm BË`mXr {df`m§À`m
Aä`mgH«$_mV n`m©daUmer g§~§{YV Amdí`H$VoZwgma KQ>H$ g_m{dï> H$aVm `oVrb Agm
{dMma H$ê$Z n`m©daU g§ajUmer {ZJ{S>V Ame` {Za{Zamù`m embo` {df`mV g_m{dï>
H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
gr. ìhr. JwS> (C. V. Good) `m§À`m _Vo, EH$mpË_H$aUmMm AW© nwT>rbà_mUo
Amho.
'Integration is the process or practice of combining different
school subjects and presenting them as aspects of one unified project
or activities e.g. teaching of Geography, History, Arts, English and
Arithmetic in a study of Panama Canal.'
darb ì`m»`odê$Z AmnUmg Ago åhUVm `oVo H$s, EH$mpË_H$aU åhUOo {d{dY
^mJ qH$dm {df` Aem nÓVrZo EH$Ì H$aUo H$s Á`m_wio Ë`m§Mm EH$g§K Agm nyU© ^mJ
V`ma hmoB©b.
n`m©daU {ejUmÀ`m n[aUm_H$maH$ EH$mpË_H$aUmgmR>r EH$mM emIoVrb {^Þ
àdmh AmUUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. EH$mpË_H$aUm_wio {df`mMo ñnï> AmH$bZ hmoÊ`mg _XV
hmoVo. n`m©daU {ejU hm {df` ~hþemIr` {df` Amho. `mV AZoH$ {df`kmZm§Mm
g_mdoe hmoVmo. àË`oH$ kmZemIm n`m©daU {ejUmÀ`m AmH$bZmV ^a Q>mH$Vo.
EH$mpË_H$aUmMo _mJ©
EH$mpË_H$aU XmoZ _mJmªZr H$aVm `oVo.
1. Additive Integration

XmoZ {^Þ joÌmVrb kmZmMo H$_r AWdm OmñV à_mUmV g§nyU©> EH$ÌrH$aU H$ê$Z
ZdrZ kmZmMo EH${ÌH$aU åhUOo Additive Integration hmo`.
14

AmH$bZ 3

EH$mpË_H$aU

AmH$bZ 1 + AmH$bZ 2

Additive Integration

`m àH$maÀ`m EH$mpË_H$aUm_Ü`o XmoZ {^Þ joÌmVrb g§nU

y © AmH$bZmË_H$ CnnÎmr
qH$dm VmpÎdH$ ^mJmMm g§~§Y OmoS>bm OmVmo. Aem g§íbofUmZo ZdrZ _m{hVrMo AmH$bZ
hmoVo. g§íbofU H$aUo hr à{H«$`m EH$mpË_H$aUmH$S>o OmVo.
2. Extractive Integration

`m_Ü`o XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ joÌmVrb H$mhr R>am{dH$ KQ>H$m§_YyZ ZdrZ kmZ {Z{_©Vr
Ho$br OmVo.

AmH$bZ 3

EH$mpË_H$aU

AmH$bZ 1 AmH$bZ 2

`m_Ü`o g§nyU© joÌmVrb kmZmMm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mEodOr R>am{dH$ KQ>H$mMo

EH$mpË_H$aU Ho$bo OmVo.
 15

àñVwV g§emoYZm_Ü`o g§emoYH$mZo EH$mpË_H$aUmÀ`m Xwgè`m _mJm©Mm åhUOo

Extractive Integration `m àH$mamMm dmna Ho$bm Amho. `m_Ü`o J{UVmMm KQ>H$
d n`m©daU {ejUmMm KQ>H$ `m Xmohm|À`m EH$mpË_H$aUmVyZ ZdrZ kmZ {Z{_©Vr eŠ`
Amho. `m_YyZ {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o n`m©daU {ejUm{df`rMo kmZ, AmH$bZ, H$m¡eë`, X¥{ï>H$moZ
d OmUrdOmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b.
1.1.8
1.1.8 J{UVmVyZ EH$mpË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmZo n`m©daU {ejU
J{UVmV AmH$S>o_moS>, {Z`_, VÎdo `m§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo, na§Vw J{UV åhUOo
Ho$di {heo~ d AmH$S>o_moS> H$aÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` ZgyZ Vr EH$ g§aMZm Amho. 1986 À`m
ZdrZ e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmV {ejUmMm Ame` ñnï> H$aVmZm åhQ>bo Amho H$s, "{dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o
Mm¡H$g~wÓr, g¥OZerbVm, dñVw{Zð>Vm, gm¢X`©Ñï>r~m~V {ZpíMV Aem j_Vm Am{U _yë`o
`m§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r J{UVmMo {ejU Amdí`H$ Amho.
J{UVm_Ü`o A§H$J{UV, ì`dhmamÀ`m Cn`moJr nS>Umao A§H$J{UV, àma§{^H$
~rOJ{UV Am{U àm`mo{JH$ ^y{_Vr `m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bobm Amho. `m_Ü`o _yb^yV {H«$`m
(~oarO, dOm~mH$s, JwUmH$ma Am{U ^mJmH$ma), Z\$m-VmoQ>m, gaiì`mO, eoH$S>odmar,
joÌ\$i, KZ\$i, gm§p»`H$s _m{hVr, JwUmoÎma d à_mU, AmboI, {d{dY ^m¡{_{VH$
AmH¥$Ë`m BË`mXr ~m~tMo AmH$bZ ìhmdo hm Ñ{ï>H$moZ g_moa R>odyZ ho KQ>H$ g_m{dï>
H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. {d{dY KQ>H$m§da AmYm[aV empãXH$ CXmhaUm§Mm g_mdoe
J{UVm_Ü`o AgVmo.
J{UVm_wio ì`dhmambm AmQ>moneranUm `oVmo, {ZpíMVVm `oVo, nañnam§_Ü`o
ì`dhma H$aUmè`m§Zm Ë`m ì`dhmamMm {ZpíMV Am{U EH$M AW© H$iVmo. ì`dhmam§_Ü`o
_mZdmbm A§H$, {MÝho, g§»`mboIZmÀ`m nÓVr, ^m¡{_{VH$ AmH¥$Ë`m, MbZ, doi, bm§~r,
dOZ d YmaH$Vm _moOÊ`mÀ`m {H«$`m, AmH¥$Ë`m H$mT>Uo, Z_wZo V`ma H$aUo, ì`mnmar {heo~
H$aUo `m§À`mer g§~§Y `oVmo.J{UVm_wio X¡Z§{XZ gd© ì`dhma AW©nyU© [aVrZo H$aVm `oVmV.
n`m©daU {ejUm_Ü`o n`m©daUmVrb KQ>H$, Ë`m§À`mer {ZJ{S>V g_ñ`m
d Ë`mdarb Cnm` `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m KQ>H$m§er g§~§Y R>odyZ J{UVmVrb _yb^yV
{H«$`m, Z\$m-VmoQ>m, eoH$S>odmar ho KQ>H$ {eH${dVm `oVrb.
àmW{_H$ ñVamda {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o n`m©daUm{df`r gH$mamË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$mpË_H$ Ñï>rZo {d{dY {df`m§_YyZ n`m©daU {ejU XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmbobm
{XgyZ `oVmo. na§Vw J{UVm_YyZ n`m©daU {ejU XoÊ`mMm \$magm à`ËZ Pmbobm {XgyZ `oV
Zmhr. åhUyZ g§emoYH$mZo àmW{_H$ ñVamdarb {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r "J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU'
`m g§MmMo {dH$gZ `m g§emoYZ {df`mMr {ZdS> Ho$br Amho.
16

1.2 g_ñ`m {dYmZ

àmW{_H$ ñVamdarb {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r "J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU' `m g§MmMo
{dH$gZ - EH$ Aä`mg.
g_ñ`m {dYmZmVrb nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm§À`m ì`m»`m
àmW{_H$ ñVa
g§H$ënZmË_H$ ì`m»`m
nyd© àmW{_H$ ñVa d _mÜ`{_H$ ñVa `m§Zm OmoS>Umam Xwdm åhUOo àmW{_H$ ñVa
hmo`. `m_Ü`o B`Îmm 1 br Vo 8 dr `m dJmªMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
e§. H¥$. gmohmoZr (1993), e¡j{UH$ Q>rnmH$moe
H$m`m©Ë_H$ ì`m»`m
nyd© àmW{_H$ ñVa d _mÜ`{_H$ ñVa `m§À`m Xaå`mZ AgUmam ñVa H$s Á`m_Ü`o
1 br Vo 8 dr Mo dJ© `oVmV.
àñVwV g§emoYZm_Ü`o àmW{_H$ ñVam_Yrb B`Îmm 5 dr d 6 dr `m XmoZ dJmªMmM
{dMma Ho$bobm Amho.
J{UV
g§H$ënZmË_H$ ì`m»`m
The study of numbers, equations, functions and geometric
shapes and their relationships.
http://dictionary:reference.com/browse/mathematics
J{UV åhUOo A§H$, gyÌo, g_rH$aUo Am{U ^m¡{_{VH$ aMZm `m§Mm Aä`mg
H$aUmar VgoM `mVrb g§~§Ym§Mm Aä`mg H$aUmar EH$ emIm hmo`.
H$m`m©Ë_H$ ì`m»`m
embo` {ejUm_Ü`o {d{dY {df` {eH${dbo OmVmV, Ë`mVrb J{UV hm EH$
A{Zdm`© {df` Amho.
n`m©daU {ejU
g§H$ënZmË_H$ ì`m»`m
"Environmental education is a way of implementing the goals
of environmental protection. It is not a separate branch of science
or field of study. It should be carried out according to the principles
of life-long integral education."
UNESCO Seminar at Jammi (1976)
 17

`mMm AW© Agm H$s, n`m©daU ajUmMo C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMm EH$ _mJ© åhUOo
n`m©daU {ejU. hr {dkmZmMr ñdV§Ì emIm qH$dm ñdV§Ì Aä`mg joÌ Zmhr Va AmOrdZ
EH$mpË_H$ {ejUmÀ`m VÎdmZwgma Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr Pmbr nm{hOo.
`wZoñH$mo, Om_r `oWrb MMm©gÌ (1976)
H$m`m©Ë_H$ ì`m»`m
Á`m {ejUm×mao {d{dY {df`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o n`m©daUmVrb
KQ>H$m§{df`r kmZ, AmH$bZ d OmUrdOmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U hmoVo, VgoM `m kmZmMo X¡Z§{XZ
OrdZmV Cn`moOZ H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm {Xbr OmVo Ago {ejU åhUOo n`m©daU {ejU hmo`.
"J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU g§M'
H$m`m©Ë_H$ ì`m»`m
J{UV Am{U n`m©daU {ejU `m Xmohm|Mr C{Ôï>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r V`ma Ho$boë`m
J{UVmÀ`m CXmhaUm§Mr nwpñVH$m åhUOo "J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU g§M' hmo`.
`m g§Mm_Ü`o J{UV d n`m©daU {ejU `m§À`m EH$mpË_H$aUmVyZ V`ma Ho$bobr
CXmhaUo, AmH¥$Ë`m, {MÌo, ñËm§^mboI VgoM àË`oH$ CXmhaUm§Imbr {Xbobr n`m©daUmMr
_m{hVr d Ë`mda AmYm[aV àíZ `m§Mm g_mdoe Amho, åhUyZ `mbm "J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU
{ejU g§M' Ago åhQ>bo Amho.
"J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU' `m g§MmMo {dH$gZ
H$m`m©Ë_H$ ì`m»`m
J{UV Am{U n`m©daU {ejU `m Xmohm§oMr C{Ôï>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r J{UVmVrb
{d{dY KQ>H$ d n`m©daU {ejUmMo KQ>H$ `m§Mm EH${ÌV {dMma H$ê$Z J{UVmÀ`m
CXmhaUm§Mr nwpñVH$m V`ma H$aUo, {VÀ`m~m~V {ejH$m§Mr _Vo KoUo, Ë`m _Vm§à_mUo
nwpñVHo$_Ü`o gwYmaUm H$aUo d Z§Va {VMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm VnmgUo `m g§nyU© à{H«$`obm
"J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU' `m g§MmMo {dH$gZ Ago åhQ>bo Amho.
1.3
1.3 g§emoYZmMr JaO d _hÎd
n`m©daU g§dY©ZmgmR>r VËna AgUmam g_mO {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo AmO
àmW{_H$ ñVamnmgyZ Vo Cƒ {ejUmn`ªV n`m©daU {ejUmMm g_mdoe Pmbobm Amho.
àmW{_H$ ñVamda n`m©daU {ejU hm ñdV§Ì {df` Z R>odVm {d{dY {df`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
EH$mpË_H$ nÓVrZo Vo XoÊ`mV `oV Amho.
^mfm {df`mVyZ JÚ d nÚ nmR>m§_Ü`o n`m©daUmer {ZJ{S>V KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe
H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. CXmhaUmW© B`Îmm 6 drÀ`m "{ZgJm©Mo daXmZ' `m nmR>m_YyZ
{ZgJm©Mm _mZdmbm hmoUmam Cn`moJ Am{U {ZgJm©Mo ajU H$aÊ`m~m~V _mZdmMo H$V©ì`
18

`m~m~V MMm© H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. "~oSy>H$', "ZXr', "gmn - eoVH$è`mMm {_Ì',
"{edmOr _hmamOm§À`m AmkmnÌmVrb d¥jm§À`m dmnamg§~§YrMm ^mJ', "S>m°ë\$sZ', "_w§JrMo
AmË_M[aÌ' Aem nmR>m§_YyZ n`m©daU{df`H$ OmUrdOmJ¥VrMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm {XgyZ
`oVmo. nmD$g, ^mH$arM§ PmS>, {ZgJm©Mo daXmZ `m_YyZ _mZdmZo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m g§H$Q>mMr
OmUrd H$ê$Z {Xbr Amho.
{dkmZ {df`mVhr n`m©daU {ejUmMo KQ>H$ g_m{dï> Ho$bobo {XgyZ `oVmV.
CXmhaUmW© n`m©daUmMo _hÎd, d¡`{º$H$ Amamo½`, ñdV:Mm n[aga, _mZdr eara, Amhma,
gm_m{OH$ ñdmñÏ`, Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmr, hdm, D$Om© g§H$Q>, àXyfU `m KQ>H$m§VyZ
n`m©daU {df`H$ OmUrdOmJ¥Vr H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.
^yJmob {df`mVyZ {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o n`m©daUm{df`r OmUrdOmJ¥Vr ìhmdr åhUyZ
dmVmdaU, Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUmMo KQ>H$, F$Vy d F$VwMH«$, nO©Ý`_mZ, bmoH$OrdZ, ^m¡{VH$
d O¡{dH$ n`m©daU, OrdmdaU, O_rZ, Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmr VgoM n`m©daU Am{U
n`m©daUmer g§~§{YV Á`m g_ñ`m AmhoV Ë`m~m~V OmJê$H$Vm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ
Ho$bm Amho.
AemàH$mao ^mfm, {dkmZ, ^yJmob `m_YyZ {deofËdmZo n`m©daU {ejU XoÊ`mMm
à`ËZ Ho$bobm {XgyZ `oVmo. na§Vw J{UVmMr nmR>çnwñVHo$ nm{hë`mg _mÌ Ago bjmV `oVo
H$s, n`m©daU {ejUmMo KQ>H$ `m nmR>çnwñVH$m_Ü`o \$mago g_m{dï> Ho$bobo ZmhrV.
åhUyZ J{UVmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ n`m©daU {ejU XoUo eŠ` AgVmZmhr emgZmH$Sy>Z
à{gÓ Pmboë`m J{UVmÀ`m nmR>çnwñVH$m§_Ü`o Agm à`ËZ {XgV Zmhr. àñVwV
g§emoYZm_Ü`o J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho d Ë`mMr
n[aUm_H$maH$Vmhr nS>VmiyZ nm{hbr Amho. åhUyZ gXaMo g§emoYZ _hÎdmMo Amho.
àmW{_H$ emioVrb {dÚmWu hm {H$emoamdñWoVrb {dÚmWu Amho. `m d`moJQ>mVrb
{dÚmÏ`mªZm "J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU' `mMo EH$mpË_H$ AÜ``Z H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr
CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo ho _mZgemór`ÑîQ>çm A{YH$ `mo½` Amho. Ë`m_wio gXaMo g§emoYZ
ho {deof _hÎdmMo Amho.
g§emoYH$mZo `m g§MmVrb CXmhaUm§Mo AÜ`mnZ H$aÊ`mMr H$m`©ZrVr {dH${gV
Ho$bobr Amho. àmW{_H$ {ejH$m§Zm n`m©daU {ejUmMo AÜ`mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r
`m H$m`©ZrVrMr _XV hmoB©b. Ë`mMà_mUo {ejUemó nX{dH$m Am{U {ejUemó nXdr
`m Aä`mgH«$_mV à{dï> AgUmè`m N>mÌmÜ`mnH$m§Zm Aem àH$maÀ`m H$m`©ZrVrÀ`m
nmR>{Z`moOZmà_mUo gamd nmR> KoVm `oVrb.
EHy$U àmW{_H$ ñVamda EH$mpË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm ñdrH$ma H$ê$Z Oo n`m©daU
{ejU {Xbo OmVo Amho Ë`m_Ü`o "J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU' `m g§MmMo AÜ`mnZ Am{U
AÜ``Z `m_wio {dÚmÏ`mªMr n`m©daU {ejUm{df`rMr OmUrdOmJ¥Vr A{YH$ à_mUmV
 19

{dH${gV hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b, hoM `m g§emoYZmMo {deof _hÎd qH$dm {deof Ago \${bV
Amho.
1.4
1.4 g§emoYZmMr C{Ôï>o
g§emoYH$mZo g§emoYZmgmR>r nwT>rb C{Ôï>o {ZpíMV Ho$br hmoVr.
1. B`Îmm 5 dr d 6 drÀ`m J{UV {df`mÀ`m Aä`mgH«$_mMo C{Ôï>o d j_Vm
`m§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ narjU H$aUo.
2. B`Îmm 5 dr d 6 drÀ`m J{UV {df`mÀ`m nmR>çnwñVH$mMo n`m©daU
{ejUmÀ`m g§X^m©V {díbofU H$aUo.
3. àmW{_H$ ñVamdarb EH$mpË_H$ n`m©daU {ejUmMr C{Ôï>o emoYUo.
4. J{UVmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ n`m©daU {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r J{UV Am{U
n`m©daU {ejU `m§Mo KQ>H$ {ZpíMV H$aUo.
5. J{UV {df`mVrb CXmhaUo V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r n`m©daU {ejUmÀ`m
g§X^m©Vrb _m{hVr Jmoim H$aUo.
6. darb _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao B`Îmm 5 dr d 6 drÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r
"J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU' Agm g§M {dH${gV H$aUo.
7. {dH${gV Ho$bobm g§M dmnaÊ`mMr H$m`©ZrVr {ZpíMV H$aUo.
8. n`m©daU {ejU Am{U J{UV `m Xmohm§oMr C{Ôï>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mÀ`m
Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ g§MmMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm VnmgUo.
9. àmW{_H$ ñVamda "J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU' XoÊ`mgmR>r {e\$maer
H$aUo.
1.5
1.5 J¥{hVHo$
àñVwV g§emoYZmMr J¥{hVHo$ nwT>rbà_mUo hmoVr.
1. {d{dY {df`mVyZ EH$mpË_H$aUmZo n`m©daU {ejU XoUo eŠ` Amho.
2. J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r g§M {dH${gV H$aVm `oUo eŠ`
Amho.
20

1.6
1.6 g§emoYZ n[aH$ënZm
g§emoYH$mZo àñVwV g§emoYZmgmR>r g§emoYZ n[aH$ënZm nwT>rbà_mUo {ZpíMV Ho$ë`m
hmoË`m.
1. "J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU' hm g§M B`Îmm 5 drÀ`m "J{UV : _yb^yV
{H«$`m' `m KQ>H$m§gmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m J{UVmVrb g§nmXZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo
n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVmo.
2. "J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU' hm g§M B`Îmm 5 drÀ`m "J{UV : _yb^yV
{H«$`m' `m KQ>H$m§gmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m n`m©daU {ejUmVrb g§nmXZmÀ`m
Ñï>rZo n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVmo.
3. "J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU' hm g§M B`Îmm 5 drÀ`m "J{UV : EH$_mZ
nÕVr Am{U Z\$m-VmoQ>m' `m KQ>H$m§gmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m J{UVmVrb
g§nmXZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVmo.
4. "J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU' hm g§M B`Îmm 5 drÀ`m "J{UV : EH$_mZ
nÓVr Am{U Z\$m-VmoQ>m' `m KQ>H$m§gmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m n`m©daU
{ejUmVrb g§nmXZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVmo.
5. "J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU' hm g§M B`Îmm 5 drÀ`m "J{UV : joÌ\$i
Am{U gm§p»`H$s _m{hVr' `m KQ>H$m§gmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m J{UVmVrb
g§nmXZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVmo.
6. "J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU' hm g§M B`Îmm 5 drÀ`m "J{UV : joÌ\$i
Am{U gm§p»`H$s _m{hVr' `m KQ>H$m§gmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m n`m©daU
{ejUmVrb g§nmXZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVmo.
7. "J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU' hm g§M B`Îmm 6 drÀ`m "J{UV : JwUmoÎma
d à_mU Am{U Z\$m-VmoQ>m' `m KQ>H$m§gmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m J{UVmVrb
g§nmXZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVmo.
8. "J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU' hm g§M B`Îmm 6 drÀ`m "J{UV : JwUmoÎma
d à_mU Am{U Z\$m-VmoQ>m' `m KQ>H$m§gmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m n`m©daU
{ejUmVrb g§nmXZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVmo.
9. "J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU' hm g§M B`Îmm 6 drÀ`m "J{UV :
eoH$S>odmar Am{U gaiì`mO' `m KQ>H$m§gmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m J{UVmVrb
g§nmXZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVmo.
 21

10. "J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU' hm g§M B`Îmm 6 drÀ`m "J{UV :

eoH$S>odmar Am{U gaiì`mO' `m KQ>H$m§gmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m n`m©daU
{ejUmVrb g§nmXZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVmo.
11. "J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU' hm g§M B`Îmm 6 drÀ`m "J{UV :
ñV§^mboI, joÌ\$i Am{U KZ\$i' `m KQ>H$m§gmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m
J{UVmVrb g§nmXZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVmo.
12. "J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU' hm g§M B`Îmm 6 drÀ`m "J{UV :
ñV§^mboI, joÌ\$i Am{U KZ\$i' `m KQ>H$m§gmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m
n`m©daU {ejUmVrb g§nmXZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVmo.
1.7
1.7 g§emoYZmMr ì`már d n[a_`m©
n[a_`m©Xm
ì`már
ì`már
1. àñVwV g§emoYZmMo {ZîH$f© _hmamï´>m_Ü`o B`Îmm 5 dr d 6 drÀ`m gd©
{dÚmÏ`mªZm bmJy nS>Vrb.
2. àñVwV g§emoYZm_Ü`o g§emoYH$mZo B`Îmm 5 dr d 6 drgmR>r n`m©daU
{ejUmÀ`m Imbrb KQ>H$m§da CXmhaUo V`ma Ho$br AmhoV.
i) O¡{dH$ KQ>H$, ii) AO¡{dH$ KQ>H$, iii) _mZd{Z{_©V n`m©daU iv) D$Om©
gmYZo, v) gmYZg§nÎmr, vi) Q>mH$mD$ nXmWmªMr {Z{_©Vr Am{U
gwì`dñWmnZ, vii) àXyfU, viii) n`m©daU ajU
n[a_`m©Xm
1. àñVwV g§emoYZ B`Îmm 5 dr d 6 dr nwaVo _`m©{XV hmoVo.
2. àñVwV g§emoYZ _amR>r _mÜ`_mVyZ {ejU KoUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªnwaVo _`m©{XV
hmoVo.
3. àñVwV g§emoYZ "J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU' `m g§MmMr
n[aUm_H$maH$Vm VnmgÊ`mgmR>r B`Îmm 5 drÀ`m J{UV {df`mÀ`m nwT>rb
ghm KQ>H$m§nwaVo _`m©{XV hmoVo.
i) g§»`m§darb {H«$`m : ~oarO d dOm~mH$s
ii) g§»`m§darb {H«$`m : JwUmH$ma d ^mJmH$ma
iii) EH$_mZ nÓVr
iv) Z\$m-VmoQ>m
v) joÌ\$i
22

vi) gm§p»`H$s _m{hVr

4. àñVwV g§emoYZ "J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU' `m g§MmMr
n[aUm_H$maH$Vm VnmgÊ`mgmR>r B`Îmm 6 drÀ`m J{UV {df`mÀ`m nwT>rb
gmV KQ>H$m§nwaVo _`m©{XV hmoVo.
i) JwUmoÎma d à_mU
ii) Z\$m-VmoQ>m
iii) eoH$S>odmar
iv) gaiì`mO
v) ñV§^mboI
vi) joÌ\$i
vii) KZ\$i
5. àñVwV g§emoYZm_Ü`o J{UV d n`m©daU {ejU `m§Mo KQ>H$ {ZpíMV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r 22 {ejH$m§Mr {ZdS> Ho$br Jobr.
6. àñVwV g§emoYZm_Yrb àm`mo{JH$ H$m`© ho lr_§V O`qgJamd KmQ>Jo
{dÚm_§{Xa, H$mJb `m EH$mM emio_Ü`o nyU© H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
7. àñVwV g§emoYZm_Ü`o "J{UVmVyZ n`m©daU {ejU' `m g§MmMr
n[aUm_H$maH$Vm nmhÊ`mgmR>r emioÀ`m {Z`moOZmZwgma CnbãY Pmboë`m
doioZwgma gbJ XmoZ KQ>H$m§Mo AÜ`mnZ H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm
EH${ÌVnUo Vnmgbr Jobr Amho.
1.8
1.8 àH$aU `moOZm
àñVwV g§emoYZmV g§emoYH$mZo _m{hVr H$em àH$mao _m§S>bobr Amho, H$moUË`m
KQ>H$m§Mm H$moUË`m àH$aUm§V g_mdoe Ho$bm Amho `m{df`rMr WmoS>Š`mV _m{hVr `m
{R>H$mUr XoÊ`mV Ambobr Amho.
àH$aU n{hbo : àñVmdZm
`m àH$aUmV g§emoYH$mZo g_ñ`oMr nmíd©^y_r, g_ñ`oMo {dYmZ, Ë`m_Yrb
nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm§À`m g§km, AW©, g§emoYZmMr C{Ôï>o, J¥{hVHo$, n[aH$ënZm, g§emoYZmMr
ì`már d g§emoYZmMr n[a_`m©Xm BË`mXr Jmoï>r ñnï> Ho$boë`m AmhoV.
 23

àH$aU Xwgao : g§emoYZ g_ñ`oer {ZJ{S>V g§~§{YV gm{hË`mMm AmT>mdm

`m àH$aUmV g§emoYZ g_ñ`oer {ZJ{S>V g§~§{YV g§emoYZ gm{hË`mMm AmT>mdm
KoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. BVa g§emoYH$m§Zr g§emo{YV Ho$boë`m {df`mer g§~§{YV H$moUH$moUVo
g§emoYZ Ho$bo, H$moUH$moUVr gmYZo dmnabr, H$moUVo {ZîH$f© _m§S>bo AmhoV `m§Mm AmT>mdm
KoD$Z àñVwV g§emoYZ H$go JaOoMo Amho ho Z_yX Ho$bo Amho.
àH$aU {Vgao : g§emoYZmMr H$m`©nÓVr
`m àH$aUmV g§emoYH$mZo g§emoYZm§À`m H$m`©nÓVr `m{df`rMo dU©Z Ho$bo Amho.
g§emoYZ åhUOo H$m`, g§emoYZmÀ`m nÓVr H$moUË`m, g§emoYH$mZo Amnë`m g§emoYZmgmR>r
H$moUVr g§emoYZ nÓVr dmnabr, H$moUVr gmYZo dmnabr `m g§X^m©V `m àH$aUmV {ddoMZ
Ho$bobo Amho.
àH$aU Mm¡Wo : g§H${bV _m{hVrMo {díbofU, AW©{Zd©MZ Am{U {ZîH$f©
`m àH$aUm_Ü`o g§emoYH$mZo g§emoYZmVyZ {_imboë`m _m{hVrMr Zm|X H$ê$Z
Ë`m _m{hVrMo {díbofU, AW©{Zd©MZ Ho$bobo Amho Am{U {ZîH$f© _m§S>bo AmhoV.
àH$aU nmMdo : gmam§e, AZw_mZ d {e\
{e\$maer
`m àH$aUm_Ü`o g§emoYH$mZo Oo g§emoYZ H$m`© Ho$bo Amho Ë`mÀ`m Aä`mgmdê$Z Oo
{ZîH$f© _m§S>bo AmhoV Ë`mdê$Z {e\$maer {Xboë`m AmhoV.
AemàH$mao `m àH$aUmV g§emoYH$mZo g_ñ`oMr nmíd©^y_r, g_ñ`oMo {dYmZ,
Ë`m_Yrb nm[a^m{fH$ g§km§Mm AW©, g§emoYZmMr C{Ôï>o, g§emoYZmMr ì`már, g§emoYZmÀ`m
n[a_`m©Xm, n[aH$ënZm BË`mXr ~m~tMr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. `mnwT>rb
àH$aUmV g§emoYZ {df`mer g§~§{YV gm{hË`mMm AmT>mdm KoVbm Amho. BVa g§emoYH$m§Zr
g§emo{YV {df`mer g§~§{YV H$moUH$moUVo g§emoYZ Ho$bobo Amho, H$moUVr gmYZo dmnabr
AmhoV, H$moUVo {ZîH$f© _m§S>bo AmhoV `mMr _m{hVr XoÊ`mV Ambobr Amho.
24