South SEED-LPDH College

College of Pharmacy

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF Rubia cordifolia Linn. (MANKIT)

FAMILY RUBIACEAE METHANOLIC EXTRACTS
AGAINST Candida glabrata

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Pharmacy

SOUTH SEED-LPDH COLLEGE
Las Piñas City, Metro Manila

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Bachelor of
Science in Pharmacy

Dauz, Maria Catrina A.

Frondozo, Eleonor G.

November 2019
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APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis, with the title “Antifungal Activity of Rubia cordifolia Linn. (Mankit) Family

Rubiaceae Methanolic Root and Stem Extract Against Candida glabrata”, Prepared and submitted by

Maria Catrina A. Dauz and Eleonor G. Frondozo in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Thesis

Writing 2 leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy, has been thoroughly examined and is

recommended for acceptance and approval for Final Defense.

Mr. Jimmu Mediavillo

Thesis Adviser

Committee on Thesis Final Defense

Ms. Nancy G. Montecillo RPh, MSPhc Dr. Remedios D. Lagera

Member Member

Ms. Aleli C. Baes RPh, MSPharm

Panel Chairperson

Ms. Aleli C. Baes RPh, MSPharm

Dean
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CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

We hereby certify that the contents of this research are our own work and that, to the best of our

knowledge and belief, contains no material previously written or published by another person or

organization nor any material which has been accepted for award of any other educational degree or

diploma from any university of institution of higher learning. except where due acknowledgment has

been made thereof.

Further, we declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of our work with the

assistance of other people on the manner of its written format, organization of materials, presentation,

language, and style.

Maria Catrina A. Dauz

Eleonor G. Frondozo

Attested by:

Mr. Jimmu Mediavillo

Adviser

Date:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to acknowledge the people who helped us with this research. People who stayed

late with us at school, Ms. KC Reneva and Ms. Cha Ambay. People who helped us throughout the

whole experiment, Sir. Felix Barqueros and some medtech students. People who helped us from the

very beginning until the end, our friends; Julie Ann Bagadiong, Mary Jan Come, Anne Ereje, Angelie

De Castro, Aidan Mararac and Ciara Familara. People who supports us financially and mentally, our

family and loved ones; Nick Isip and Gio Olaes. And the people who guided us and reminded us in

every deadline, Ms. Aleli Baes and Sir. Jimmu Mediavillo. Lastly, to God who made us through this all.

All praise and glory to You.

Thank you all for believing in us!

M.C.A.D.

E.G.F.
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ABSTRACT

This study exhibited the antifungal effect of the roots and stem extract of the plant Rubia

cordifolia Linn (Mankit against Candida glabrata.

The study conducted made use of an experimental research using positive control group,

negative control group and an experimental group comprised of different concentrations (200µl/mL,

400µl/mL, 600µl/mL, and 800µl/mL). The stem and roots part of the plant weighed 50g and 250mL of

80% methanol was used to extract the polar compounds. There was no significant difference between

the experimental group of different concentrations that of the positive control, Fluconazole

(Mycozole®)

The plant extracts were as effective as the Fluconazole (Mycozole®) as anti-fungal against

Candida glabrata. It was concluded that the most effective concentration which produced the highest

P-value among all the 4 concentrations (200µl/mL, 400µl/mL, 600µl/mL, and 800µl/mL) was

concentration 2 which is 200µl/mL. Though all the concentrations shows no significant difference

with the positive control.

It was recommended that studies similar to the study of researchers be conducted using more

concentrations. Furthermore, utilization of the other parts of the plant was recommended.

Keywords: anti-fungal, extract, fluconazole, concentrations, effective

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College of Pharmacy

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………………………… i

APPROVAL SHEET …………………………………………………………………………. ii

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY …………………………………………………………. iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………………………… iv

ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………………... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………………... vi

LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………………..…….. viii

LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………………………………….. ix

CHAPTER

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND ……………………….…….. 1

Introduction …………………………………………………………… 1

Background of the Study ……………………………………………… 2

Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………... 3

Hypothesis ……………………………………………...……………… 5

Significance of the Study …………………………………………….... 5

Scope and Limitations …………………………………………………. 6

Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………. 7

Review of Related Literature ………………………………………….. 9

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2 METHODOLOGY …………………………………………………..…….. 20

Research Design ……………………………………………..……… 20

Research Method ……………………………………………….…… 20

Data Gathering Tools/Instrument …...………………………….…… 21

Data Collection ………………………………………………….……21

Statistical Treatment ………………………………………………… 25

3 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION OF DATA …………………………………. 27

4 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ….……..28

Summary ……………………………………………………………. 28

Conclusions ………………………………………………………… 28

Recommendations ………………………………………………….. 30

REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………………. 31

APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………….……………. 36

FIGURES ……………………………………………………………………………..…... 44

CURRICULUM VITAE …………………………………………………………………. 51

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LIST OF FIGURES

PAGE

Figure 1 ……………………………………………………………………………………… 23

Figure 2 ……………………………………………………………………………………… 42
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LIST OF TABLES

PAGE

Table 1 ……………………………………………………………………………………… 24

Table 2 ……………………………………………………………………………………… 24

Table 3 ……………………………………………………………………………………… 25

Anova .……………………………………………………………………………………… 26

Multiple Comparison ………………….…………………………………………………… 26