NOTES for Research for Senior High

School: Inquiries, Investigations, and

Immersion
Research
A systematic inquiry conducted to understand a phenomenon which involves
accurate gathering and recording, critical analyses, and interpretation of facts
about the phenomenon for theoretical or practical ends.

Basic Research
Focuses on the advancement and production of new knowledge. This form of
research is used by academicians and scientists, and the primary consumers.

Applied Research
Focuses on addressing a specific concern or usually offers a solution to a social
problem. It is a small-scale study that introduces practical results that can be
used in the short term. Usually done by practitioners in the business sector,
government, health care sector, social service organizations, political
organizations, and educational institutions.

Research Problem
It is an issue that leads to the need for a study. It is the central idea of the
study.
It also serves as the main reason why research is being undertaken.

Conceptual or Theoretical Frameworks

These are perspectives, points of views, models, or frames of references usually
made up of assumptions, theories, and concepts that are used by the researcher
in the organization of observation, reasoning, analysis, and interpretation of
research data.

Theoretical Framework
The application of a theory or theories in explaining the existence of a
phenomenon and the interrelationship of various factors which led to the
existence of the phenomenon. Using this framework, the researcher borrows the
concepts, theories, and ideas proposed by different social scientists, theorists,
and philosophers.

Conceptual Framework
Uses concepts from theories. The researcher finds a variable in the study that
corresponds to the concept as it was used in the theory from which it was taken.

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion DEPED

TAMBAYAN PH
Hypothesis
A verifiable proposition or a tentative statement that clearly explains the
relationship between two variables about how the social world operates. It has
two main elements. First, it must state the relationship between two variables.
Second, it must express a causal or cause-effect relation between two or more
variables.

Significance of the Study

Explains its relevance and contribution to the field. It must be explained as
clearly as possible so that readers will understand the necessity to pursue the
research. It must explicitly state the contribution of the study to the body of
knowledge about the subject matter i.e., the study adds new knowledge to the
existing scholarly literature on the topic, fills up the gaps in the existing
knowledge, and confirms or contradicts a theory, a concept, or methodology.
Also, it can help address or solve an existing social or political problem and that
different sectors of the society will benefit from the study. The sector must be
identified that will gain much from the study and explain what each sector will
gain from the research.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

It defines the extent and focus of the research. It refers to the specific topics
or
coverage of the research. The geographic location should be clearly explained,
the unit of analysis, or the people or population to be studied, the time period of
the research, and the questions that will be answered by the study. On the other
hand, the topics that will not be looked into the study will also serve as a clear
guide of the limits and conditions of the research.

Definition of Terms
Giving clear definitions so that readers may understand and
avoid
misinterpretation.

Review of Related Literature

A written summary of published research studies and relevant works about a
particular subject matter that is related to the researcher's main topic.

Periodicals
Newspapers, popular social science magazines, professional publications (e.g.
National Geographic and Psychology Today), Internet news summaries, opinion
magazines, editiorials, and mass market publications (e.g., Time, Newsweek, The
Economist).

Scholarly Journals
Peer-reviewed or abstracted refereed journals containing research results of
social scientists and other researchers (e.g. Malay, Asian Studies, Philippine
Studies, American Sociological Review, Philippine Social Science Review).
Scholarly journals that can be accessed online (e.g., JSTOR and EBSCO HOST),
Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion DEPED
TAMBAYAN PH
e-journals or Internet only scholary journals that publishes online peer-reviewed
researches (e.g., Philippine e-journals), and article or book reviews that contain
literature review essays that provide journal article or book commentary and
evaluations.

Books
Original research results or a compilation of research articles published by
university presses such as University of the Philippines Press, Ateneo de Manila
University Press, De La Salle University Publishing House, and University of
Santo Tomas Publishing House).

Dissertation and Thesis

Written by graduate students some are published while others are unpublished
and can be accessed in the university libraries.

Government Documents
Published by the national government, local government units, government
agencies, and international agencies.

Policy Reports and Conference Papers

Published by government and private research institutes and policy centers.
Professional organizations that hold annual conferences have scholarly papers
presented in them.

Exploratory Research
Conducted to know more about the problem.

Descriptive Research
Conducted to provide picture of the concepts or ideas about a topic or problem.
The researcher describes the nature of variables used in the study.

Explanatory Research
Aims to explain the reasons and causes of a problem or issue. It explains the
causes, reasons, and sources of different social behavior, beliefs, situations, and
events.

Survey Research
A quantitative research that provides numerical description of trends, attitudes,
or opinions of a population by studying a sample population. This strategy
requires the use of questionnaires or structured interviews for collecting data,
and it can be employed in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.
Respondents are usually asked about their behavior (e.g., voting behavior,
consumption behavior), attitudes, beliefs, and opinions on a particular issue or
problem, characteristics (e.g., civil status, religion, political affiliation),
expectations, self-classification, and knowledge. They are asked with the same
set of questions. Researchers adopt the deductive approach -- they start with a
Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion DEPED TAMBAYAN
PH
theoretical or an applied research question and ends with the use of empirical
data for analysis and interpretation.

Experimental Research
The researcher does something to one group and none to another group, and
then examines the differences between the outcomes. This form of research
methodology is usually employed in the natural sciences and related fields like
agriculture, engineering, and medicine; and in the social sciences like
psychology, education, journalism, marketing, nursing, political science, social
work, and sociology.

Content Analysis
A technique for gathering and analyzing the content of a text. Text refers to
anything written, or in visual or oral form that serves as a medium of
communication. It includes books, newspapers, magazines, advertisements,
speeches, official documents, films, musical lyrics, photographs, symbols,
artworks, etc. The content of a text refers to the words, meanings, pictures,
symbols, ideas, and messages that are communicated by the text.

Field Research
It is also called ethnography or participant-observation research, a qualitative
research method wherein the researcher directly interacts and observes in a
small-scale social setting in the present time and in the researcher's own culture.
Data is collected through participant observation and interviews.

Case Studies
The researcher conducts an up-close or in-depth study of an individual, an
organization, a behavioral condition, an event, or a contemporary phenomenon
in its social context.
Historical-Archival Research
This referes to reconstruction and recreation of the past through the use of
primary and secondary sources.

Sampling Design
The last part of the research design, in quantitative research, the researcher gets
a representative sample or a small collection of units or cases from a larger
population to study the smaller group and infer generalizations about the larger
group. In qualitative research, the purpose is to collect cases, events or actions
that will clarify and deepen his or her understanding of society in a particular
context.

Nonprobability or Nonrandom sampling

Used in qualitative research, the researcher gradually chooses the cases based
on their specific content.

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion DEPED TAMBAYAN

PH
Population
It can be a person, a group of people, an organization, a document, a message,
or an action that can be measured.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

The data collected are processed to determine for possible patterns and trends,
discover similarities and differences, and find out possible relationships that
exist in the data. The results will be able to address the research problem.

Data Coding
Researcher reorganizes the data into a format that can easily be processed by
computers (e.g., SPSS Program, Nvivo). They develop rules to assign numbers to
variable attributes.

Statistical Analysis
This is used to examine numerical data, which they manipulate and summarize
to produce a meaningful analysis particularly in quantitative research. It can be
single variable (univariate), two variables (bivariate), or three or more variables
(multivariate).

Frequency Distribution
This is done by computing the percentage frequency distribution of the variable
with the total number of respondents.

Graphs
Utilized to show relationships in a set of data.

Charts
Used to describe the relationship between parts of a group or object or sequence
of operations in a process.

Drawings
Images that can be shown from several views. They must be illustrated by a
professional artist.

Photograph
Used to augment the text.

Conclusions
Abstractions of the summary of findings into what are most important in relation
to the objectives of the study. They help readers understand the significance of
the study. This synthesizes the main points of the research and answers the
research questions.

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion DEPED TAMBAYAN

PH
Recommendations
Suggestions for future studies based on the experiences and major findings of
the researcher.

Citing Resources
Intellectual honesty should be practiced at all times in research
writing.Plagiarism can be avoided by identifying the sources of every text that is
directly quoted, paraphrased, and summarized in the paper.

APA Guide
The American Psychological Association (APA) style uses the in-text citation. This
contains the surname of the author, the publication year of the source, and the
specific pages where the information can be found. It is written at the end of the
sentence. Example: According to a study, 60% of the people in the community
smoke (Sean, 2014, p.60). Example 2: According to Sean (2014), 60% of the
people in the community smoke.

Abstract
The executive summary of research, a short summary or synopsis of the content
of the research paper. It provides the reader with a quick preview or survey of
the contents of the research paper.

Appendices
Contain various information in relation to the research, though it may not be
necessary to include them in the main body of the research. They can be survey
questions, interview guides, transcriptions of interviews, and photos. They can
also contain data results that are not included in the main results in the body.

Oral Presentation
Time alloted to communicate and share the results of your research to the public.

Bibliography
Contains all the published references used in the research study.

Research
A systematic inquiry conducted to understand a phenomenon which involves
accurate gathering and recording, critical analyses, and interpretation of facts
about the phenomenon for theoretical or practical ends.

Basic Research
Focuses on the advancement and production of new knowledge. This form of
research is used by academicians and scientists, and the primary consumers.

Applied Research
Focuses on addressing a specific concern or usually offers a solution to a social
problem. It is a small-scale study that introduces practical results that can be
Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion DEPED TAMBAYAN
PH
used in the short term. Usually done by practitioners in the business sector,
government, health care sector, social service organizations, political
organizations, and educational institutions.

Research Problem
It is an issue that leads to the need for a study. It is the central idea of the
study.
It also serves as the main reason why research is being undertaken.
Conceptual or Theoretical Frameworks
These are perspectives, points of views, models, or frames of references usually
made up of assumptions, theories, and concepts that are used by the researcher
in the organization of observation, reasoning, analysis, and interpretation of
research data.

Theoretical Framework
The application of a theory or theories in explaining the existence of a
phenomenon and the interrelationship of various factors which led to the
existence of the phenomenon. Using this framework, the researcher borrows the
concepts, theories, and ideas proposed by different social scientists, theorists,
and philosophers.

Conceptual Framework
Uses concepts from theories. The researcher finds a variable in the study that
corresponds to the concept as it was used in the theory from which it was taken.

Hypothesis
A verifiable proposition or a tentative statement that clearly explains the
relationship between two variables about how the social world operates. It has
two main elements. First, it must state the relationship between two variables.
Second, it must express a causal or cause-effect relation between two or more
variables.

Significance of the Study

Explains its relevance and contribution to the field. It must be explained as
clearly as possible so that readers will understand the necessity to pursue the
research. It must explicitly state the contribution of the study to the body of
knowledge about the subject matter i.e., the study adds new knowledge to the
existing scholarly literature on the topic, fills up the gaps in the existing
knowledge, and confirms or contradicts a theory, a concept, or methodology.
Also, it can help address or solve an existing social or political problem and that
different sectors of the society will benefit from the study. The sector must be
identified that will gain much from the study and explain what each sector will
gain from the research.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

It define the extent and focus of the research. It refers to the specific topics or
coverage of the research. The geographic location should be clearly explained,
Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion DEPED
TAMBAYAN PH
the unit of analysis, or the people or population to be studied, the time period of
the research, and the questions that will be answered by the study. On the other
hand, the topics that will not be looked into the study will also serve as a clear
guide of the limits and conditions of the research.

Definition of Terms
Giving clear definitions so that readers may understand and
avoid
misinterpretation.

Review of Related Literature

A written summary of published research studies and relevant works about a
particular subject matter that is related to the researcher's main topic.

Periodicals
Newspapers, popular social science magazines, professional publications (e.g.
National Geographic and Psychology Today), Internet news summaries, opinion
magazines, editiorials, and mass market publications (e.g., Time, Newsweek, The
Economist).

Scholarly Journals
Peer-reviewed or abstracted refereed journals containing research results of
social scientists and other researchers (e.g. Malay, Asian Studies, Philippine
Studies, American Sociological Review, Philippine Social Science Review).
Scholarly journals that can be accessed online (e.g., JSTOR and EBSCO HOST),
e-journals or Internet only scholary journals that publishes online peer-reviewed
researches (e.g., Philippine e-journals), and article or book reviews that contain
literature review essays that provide journal article or book commentary and
evaluations.
Books
Original research results or a compilation of research articles published by
university presses such as University of the Philippines Press, Ateneo de Manila
University Press, De La Salle University Publishing House, and University of
Santo Tomas Publishing House).

Dissertation and Thesis

Written by graduate students some are published while others are unpublished
and can be accessed in the university libraries.

Government Documents
Published by the national government, local government units, government
agencies, and international agencies.

Policy Reports and Conference Papers

Published by government and private research institutes and policy centers.
Professional organizations that hold annual conferences have scholarly papers
presented in them.
Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion DEPED
TAMBAYAN PH
Exploratory Research
Conducted to know more about the problem.

Descriptive Research
Conducted to provide picture of the concepts or ideas about a topic or problem.
The researcher describes the nature of variables used in the study.

Explanatory Research
Aims to explain the reasons and causes of a problem or issue. It explains the
causes, reasons, and sources of different social behavior, beliefs, situations, and
events.

Survey Research
A quantitative research that provides numerical description of trends, attitudes,
or opinions of a population by studying a sample population. This strategy
requires the use of questionnaires or structured interviews for collecting data,
and it can be employed in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.
Respondents are usually asked about their behavior (e.g., voting behavior,
consumption behavior), attitudes, beliefs, and opinions on a particular issue or
problem, characteristics (e.g., civil status, religion, political affiliation),
expectations, self-classification, and knowledge. They are asked with the same
set of questions. Researchers adopt the deductive approach -- they start with a
theoretical or an applied research question and ends with the use of empirical
data for analysis and interpretation.

Experimental Research
The researcher does something to one group and none to another group, and
then examines the differences between the outcomes. This form of research
methodology is usually employed in the natural sciences and related fields like
agriculture, engineering, and medicine; and in the social sciences like
psychology, education, journalism, marketing, nursing, political science, social
work, and sociology.

Content Analysis
A technique for gathering and analyzing the content of a text. Text refers to
anything written, or in visual or oral form that serves as a medium of
communication. It includes books, newspapers, magazines, advertisements,
speeches, official documents, films, musical lyrics, photographs, symbols,
artworks, etc. The content of a text refers to the words, meanings, pictures,
symbols, ideas, and messages that are communicated by the text.

Field Research
It is also called ethnography or participant-observation research, a qualitative
research method wherein the researcher directly interacts and observes in a

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion DEPED TAMBAYAN

PH
small-scale social setting in the present time and in the researcher's own culture.
Data is collected through participant observation and interviews.

Case Studies
The researcher conducts an up-close or in-depth study of an individual, an
organization, a behavioral condition, an event, or a contemporary phenomenon
in its social context.
Historical-Archival Research
This referes to reconstruction and recreation of the past through the use of
primary and secondary sources.

Sampling Design
The last part of the research design, in quantitative research, the researcher gets
a representative sample or a small collection of units or cases from a larger
population to study the smaller group and infer generalizations about the larger
group. In qualitative research, the purpose is to collect cases, events or actions
that will clarify and deepen his or her understanding of society in a particular
context.
Nonprobability or Nonrandom sampling
Used in qualitative research, the researcher gradually chooses the cases based
on their specific content.

Population
It can be a person, a group of people, an organization, a document, a message,
or an action that can be measured.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

The data collected are processed to determine for possible patterns and trends,
discover similarities and differences, and find out possible relationships that
exist in the data. The results will be able to address the research problem.

Data Coding
Researcher reorganizes the data into a format that can easily be processed by
computers (e.g., SPSS Program, Nvivo). They develop rules to assign numbers to
variable attributes.

Statistical Analysis
This is used to examine numerical data, which they manipulate and summarize
to produce a meaningful analysis particularly in quantitative research. It can be
single variable (univariate), two variables (bivariate), or three or more variables
(multivariate).

Frequency Distribution
This is done by computing the percentage frequency distribution of the variable
with the total number of respondents.

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion DEPED TAMBAYAN

PH
Graphs
Utilized to show relationships in a set of data.

Charts
Used to describe the relationship between parts of a group or object or sequence
of operations in a process.

Drawings
Images that can be shown from several views. They must be illustrated by a
professional artist.

Photograph
Used to augment the text.

Conclusions
Abstractions of the summary of findings into what are most important in relation
to the objectives of the study. They help readers understand the significance of
the study. This synthesizes the main points of the research and answers the
research questions.

Recommendations
Suggestions for future studies based on the experiences and major findings of
the researcher.

Citing Resources
Intellectual honesty should be practiced at all times in research
writing.Plagiarism can be avoided by identifying the sources of every text that is
directly quoted, paraphrased, and summarized in the paper.

APA Guide
The American Psychological Association (APA) style uses the in-text citation. This
contains the surname of the author, the publication year of the source, and the
specific pages where the information can be found. It is written at the end of the
sentence. Example: According to a study, 60% of the people in the community
smoke (Sean, 2014, p.60). Example 2: According to Sean (2014), 60% of the
people in the community smoke.

Abstract
The executive summary of research, a short summary or synopsis of the content
of the research paper. It provides the reader with a quick preview or survey of
the contents of the research paper.

Appendices
Contain various information in relation to the research, though it may not be
necessary to include them in the main body of the research. They can be survey

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion DEPED TAMBAYAN

PH
questions, interview guides, transcriptions of interviews, and photos. They can
also contain data results that are not included in the main results in the body.

Oral Presentation
Time alloted to communicate and share the results of your research to the public.

Bibliography
Contains all the published references used in the research study; a list of all of
the sources you have used (whether referenced or not) in the process of
researching your work. In general, it should include: the authors' names, the
titles of the works, the names and locations of the companies that published
your copies of the sources.

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion DEPED TAMBAYAN

PH