1

Critical analysis of “Jane Eyre “under the light of feminism

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Abstract:-

This article will follow the criticism done on the novel Jane Eyre under the shadow of feminism.
Jane Eyre is the famous work of charlotte Bronte who shows different picture of female in the
novel and she also shows feminism in a different way. On one hand the author seems to follow
the conventional rules of the Victorian era. On the other hand she gave the importance to the
women. She shows the character of Jane Eyre as the one who was strong, independent and who
admire equality and not only Jane but the other women of the novel also processes importance
and because of that importance the novel got popularity in Victorian era. Through this analysis of
novel we will know the rule of male dominant society and also will know the place of women in
that male dominant society. In the novel the author also shows us that how a woman faced
suffering in her life and after all those sufferings how she stand strongly for her rights. In the
section of feminism we are going to see that how was the situation of woman in the past? And
what did feminism brought to woman? And we also analyze was feminism efficient to change
woman’s life. By analyzing the historical, cultural aspects and backgrounds of the of the
Victorian era and with the help of feminism and from the experiences of Jane Eyre from novel we
came to know that Jane Eyre admire true love, equality, self respect and independence.
 3

Chapter one
Introduction:-

Charlotte Bronte is considered as one of the major writer of the Victorian era. Her
novel Jane Eyre is known as the mater piece of 19th century. Charlotte Bronte introduces
character of Jane Eyre as the protagonist of the novel. In the novel she portraits the Jane
Eyre as the one who belong to the poor family and was an orphan child and she shown us
the way her family and society treated her. Jane Eyre shown in the novel as the one who
learned in the young age how to survive in the society and how to take stapes for herself.
Because she was growing with the experiences of the life which made her so strong and
which affect on her personality in a good manner. Jane Eyre was shown as the different
woman for other women because knows how to raise voice for herself. Jane shows in the
novel as strong women and pure soul and the one who always seems to give priorities to
the true love and sincerity towards her beloved. Charlotte Bronte never follow the 19th
century fiction in the novel by portraying her as the reliant, foolish and suppressed
women rather then she portrait a women in a different way or in a new look which is
individualistic and passionate women who never rely on others and who stand boldly in
front of male dominant society. Charlotte Bronte main motive of showing her character
as a strong character was to give awareness among the other women of the 19th century
women to fight for themselves in the male dominant society therefore Jane Eyre shown as
the strongest character of the novel. (Haiyan (Haiyan Gao, 2013, p.926).

Novel Jane Eyre took place in Victorian era. The Victorian era is famous for rule
and power of the queen Victoria which she had on England since (1836-1901). The other
thing which was famous about the era is that the era is all about the male dominancy and
supremacy over the women. In that Victorian era the woman who belongs to the low
standard family were not able to live peaceful and satisfied life because the life of women
at that era was very difficult. In that era the standard, the class and the status were very
much important and valuable for the person to live satisfied life. In that male supremacy
era the only light of hope for the women were the writers and novelist who took step for
the women through writhing novel such as Jane Eyre for the sake of freedom and
awareness of freedom among women of Victorian era. At the time the writers and the
 4

novelist were the voice of women. For that reason the novel Jane Eyre got popularity
among the people of 19th century or the people of Victorian era. As the era was about the
ale and the dominancy and supremacy of the male so the author of the novel Jane Eyre
charlotte Bronte spread light on the role of male and female in the novel by showing
different characteristic of the characters of the novel (Haiyan Gao: 2013, p.927)

Charlotte Bronte shows the picture of Victorian era from different aspects. In her
novel Jane Eyre charlotte Bronte depicts the feminism, the society, the class system, the
patriarchy and gender discrimination and the other things which she saw in that era
towards men and women. She gave the picture of conventional roles of genders in the
way that the male character she shows as the head of the house. She shows the
Rochester’s character as the one who can run the house easily. It shows the element of
patriarchy in the character as well. Further we can analysis the patriarchy in the novel
when she the behavior of Rochester towards bertha mason, he locked her in the room and
called her as a mad this give the image of patriarchy in the novel. (Simone buijsman:
2017 p77). The role of Mrs. Reed in the novel also worked as the part of patriarchy
because she seems to control the reeds house and Jane Eyre as well so this can be the part
of patriarchy in the novel. (Dr. B Janaki: 2017) After the gender role and patriarchy we
come to know that the novelist also shows the impact and influence of feminism in the
novel and also she shows the role of society in the novel through certain elements and
aspects of the Victorian society. She at some extent portraits the women in the novel as
the women which she saw in the Victorian era as we have example of character of bertha
mason she is as suppressed ,distressed and mentally disturbed women of the Victorian
era. Through this we can analysis the effect and impact of Victorian era and Victorian
society in the novel Jane Eyre. . (Simone buijsman,2017, p. 78).
 5

Chapter Two

Literature review:-

Feminism:

The term feminism is used to illustrate cultural political and economic movement
designed for uniformity in the rights for men and women. The feminist movement
includes sociological and political activities regarding gender dissimilar issues. (Martina
Halirova:2016, p.07). The feminism is a broad topic and still it is discussed.19th century
is one of the remarkable phase of British history .it was the period of change for women
and 20th century go along with 19th century .all over in 19th and 20th century the(.
(Martina Halirova: 2016, p.08)
Feminism movement achieved remarkable developments and changes in the society and
in the place of women in the society .however the term feminism itself suggest the
negative meaning to some extent. . (Martina Halirova: 2016, p.08). Since the starting of
the 19th century the women of the British began to fight for their freedom, liberty and
integrity, the target of the fight was to acquire the opportunities for education and
occupations and life as men lived. . (Martina Halirova: 2016, p .09)

Feminism is all about the female and the right of female and it also talk about the inferior
place of females in the society. And the feminism also works on the differences between
male and female on the basis of their genders and sex. The feminism emerged to remove
or deduce the percentage of differences or dissimilarities which took place between male
and female regarding their sex and gender. The feminism cannot work on the one
argument or point or opinion because it is based on different feminist’s approaches. The
world feminism not a world of modern period and several studies or arguments took
place on this matter of its originality and its history and background. In 1871 the word
feminist emerged in France on the basis of medical test which was about the different
body parts of male and female. And then it was established by French writers who wrote
number of things regarding the behaviors of male and female. In 1940 the campaign took
place for the rights and for the better position of female in society in united state and in
British too. Before starting the women campaign few of the female writers started writing
 6

about the equal rights of females. After so any years of that campaign the word feminism
took place and that was not valuable for the feminist but with the passage of time that
word acquire position in society. Number of feminism campaign, approaches and waves
took place to support the feminism and to support the female rights in the male dominant
society.(Jane freedman: 2001, p. 02)

Background:-
During the mid of 1850 the women in Britain started fight to stop the cruelty of the
people towards them and when the fist feminists stared to proponent their notion about
the discrimination and when the first movement appears since then the society saw
women as working women for the sake of achieving their goals or targets to acquire same
rights or position as men have. (Martina Halirova: 2016, p.10)

The feminists categorized the movement into three different waves and each wave
important for the accomplishment of targets.
First wave:
The first wave deal with women’s suffrage movement in 19th and early 20th century
which focused on the obtaining or acquiring of right of vote for women .initially the wave
was introduced for the encouragements of women rights and providing right in the
property and the fight against the bond slave marriage and against the leadership of
husband I n the house on children’s and wives. Margaret Waters wrote in her book about
the women that “the house is like a jail for married women they are treated like prison in
the jail”. The condition of women and servants were the same at that time. . (Martina
Halirova: 2016, p.11)
Number of female writers declared that our demand was not only the right of equality but
also the acknowledgement of what women need or want to achieve their goals .(Martina
Halirova: 2016, p.11)
However in the half of 19th century the clubs camping’s and movements were started to
provide opportunities in terms of education and work outside their house and improved
the laws which affect the married women and at that time the right of vote were gave to
the women. The Pankhurst family was the important feature of the women suffragette
 7

movement because of Emily Davis worked for the female education and the Emmeline
Pankhurst was British political reformer who support women to get right of vote she
introduced union named as (women’s social and political union), the WSPU fought for
the right of vote and in 1918 finally they got the right of vote. . (Martina Halirova: 2016,
p.11).
The first wave is concern to the rights of votes for women therefore the wave talks about
all the struggles which took place for the gaining of vote right for women. In that wave
the women of America made pamphlets and posters against the rule and behavior of
administration which they had towards women. They wished to point out administration
regarding problems which they were facing because of their invaluable place in the
society so they wished to show their problems to administration in order to live happy
and satisfied life. In many states of the world people stared to have campaign and
movement for the promoting the fight for the right of women and also better position of
women in society. Those movements and campaign were not only worked for the
betterment of white women but they also include black women in their target as well and
in the result of their struggle women got right for vote and till now the women have right
to vote.( Amina ghorfati: 2014-15, p.12)

Second wave:

After the World War II the second wave started which also named as women’s liberation
movement. The main motive of the movement was the end of the discrimination and the
achieving of lawful equal rights for women this wave also considered as the sequence of
the first wave moreover the first wave was originated when second wave was preceded.
Second to some extent it was a new thing because follows few different targets to achieve
second wave worked on women’s cultural and political aspects. It motivates women to
recognize main features of their lives. . (Martina Halirova: 2016, p.12)

Women were still endeavoring for the sake of satisfactory place in the society, the
demand of equal rights and equal education opportunities and equal payment for their
work. Not only these above mentioned things were the part of feminist movement but
few other things were the part of those feminists movement. (Martina Halirova: 2016,
p.12).
 8

Third wave

Third wave or the post feminism movement emerged in 1990. third wave deals with the
doctrine of previous waves because it contain the same outline of women rights but the
difference is that ,that is less concern with the political procedure and much dealing with
the individual roles of women. The third wave is all about the race, traditions and a belief
while first and second was dealing with middle class women. (Martina Halirova: 2016,
p.13)

United nation introduced a new movement which is known as HeForShe the aim of the
movement was the gender equality. The movement focused on the human rights rather
than the women rights. One of the major goals of the movement was to invite man or
boys to share their view about their own rights which was the remarkable objective of the
movement to have attention of male members of the movement. And that HeForShe
movement was beneficial for the women of all over the world to have equality. (Martina
Halirova: 2016, p.13)

Objectives of feminism:-

Patriarchy:
The term patriarchy work in order to define the superiority of men. First it was introduced
for the particular class which was under the control of the men. It include all the
members of family the servants, children and wives controlled by the main member of
the family or the father of the family. Now a days the term patriarchy use to show the
control of men over women. (Abeda Sultana, 2010:11 p.02)
Female writers describe the word patriarchy as the bond of male and female. Patriarchy
shows the hold of men in all the matters of householder and the matters of community,
and women have disadvantage of that power of men.
Patriarchy was shown as the method which some organization made for man to control
women and it is the convention which allows men to oppress women from various ways.
. (Abeda Sultana, 2010:11 p.02)
 9

Gender traditional roles:

The gender traditional roles address to such roles of male and female which society made
for them.
Several studies had been done of this topic of gender roles. Among those studies one was
on the DYDADIC study which was started to analyze the behavior of male and female on
the basis of their genders, and to study that these behaviors are conventional or not. And
the definition of (bem: 1974) says that the pair of two (male and female) are
conventional, because the behavior of female shows the unity and harmony or affinity
while the behavior of the male shows the authority and dignity.
(Tannen 1987:1990) state that no interaction with the unity and affinity and more
interaction with dignity and authority does not show the means of traditions while it is
based on the curiosity which the both genders have.
( sadanius:1991) argues that sometime the gender discrimination is taken as the matter of
natural process and sometime it is consider as the subject of ethnicity however the
connection between them is called as “bicultural” which emphasize on the approach
between them and it also emphasize on their consequences of one another.( William
Ickes:1978, p .71.72.73)
Sexism:
The word sexism initiated by the women’s of America through several campaigns in
1970. It point out the difference and subdue of women from many perspectives of life
(Isabella Meier: 2012 p 08) for that reason female writers are considered as the fighters in
society the term sexism resemble to the word racism which was emerged before
Feminist campaigns were perceived as the one who took step for the women to secure
them from sexism, which was to woe women. (Isabella Meier: 2012, p. 09) basically
sexism is something which detriment for the women because of their sex or gender.
Consequently the sexism includes all those things like detriment /obstacle, defeat,
inequality, injustice and differences for the gender which is unimportant as compare to
other.
With the passing of time the thoughts regarding sexism have alter. But some conventional
thoughts are depended on the behavior of gender. (Isabella Meier: 2012, p.09)
 10

Modern sexism define as the refutation of the differences, inequalities and unfairness
with women ,and this phenomena of modern sexism is known as the neo-sexism this
modern sexism believe on the equality of male and female. Moreover the sexism is
something which tells us the major aspects of gender differences based on the physical
structure of the men and women (Isabella Meier: 2012, p.10).
Objectification:
A well known philosopher (Immanuel Kant 1779) state that the desire of sexual activities
make human stuff that anybody can use it as instrument for the sake of fulfillment of their
desire of sexual pleasure.
One of the female writer Catharine MacKinnon claims that women in our society used by
the men as an instrument for the sake of fulfillment of their desire (Catharine
MacKinnon: 1987, p. 637).
Martha Nussbaum says that the objectification is not as simple as these thinkers shown to
us. She claims that the objectification is difficult and has many ideologies and point of
views. (Martha Nussbaum: 1995, p.249, 250)
Sinnott and Shifren recognize two approaches of evolution of gender behavior, one is
subconscious and second is discovering. Subconscious deals with the understanding
while the discovering is deals with the leaning or discovering of rules for getting success
in society regarding their gender roles. (Sinnott & Shifren: 2001, p.173)

Types of feminism:-

Radical feminism:

Radical feminism claims that the only thing which stops the discrimination in the society
is the remove of sexual practices from society. The sexism based on the presence of
gender difference in society. (Amina gafari: 2014; 15, p.08)

Radical feminism emerged from the conversation of daily lives afterwards the hypothesis
took place on the basis of disproportion and prejudice. Radical feminism support women
on the basis of their bodies ,gender , sex, mentality and their spirit while it blame men on
the basis of control aggressive , rape and child abuse . Radical feminism believes that the
 11

brutality most of the time created by the men through abuse and killing women. (Judith
lorber: 1997, p 07. 08)

Liberal feminism:

Liberal movement focused on the accomplishment of the equal rights of men and women.
Liberal feminism supports the power of one who brings change in the context of
difference in society between men and women. Liberal feminism consider as the strong
point in feminism because it work on the matters of women which include society as
well. (Amina ghorfati: 2014-15, p.08

It was quite difficult for the woman to get success in term of her rights therefore it was
easy to deal in a group this will help women to represent their views about the matters of
women which were the part of liberal feminism that were used as the instrument to
support their aims . In simple words liberal feminism is all about the system which
supports the idea of men and women equality. (Amina ghorfati: 2014-15, p.08)

The liberal feminism took step against the competence and authority which makes
difference between male and female it is considered as most essential and valuable
branch or part of the feminism because it deal with the female issues and problems with
the involvement of society. Liberal feminism argued that the male and female should
possess equal rights and they also given same option in the field if jobs and education.
The major focused on the liberal movement was to show the world that hoe modern
society act differently with women from men on the basis of their sex. The liberal
feminism broke the rules if stereotype society regarding the differences between male and
female because of their different sexes and genders. In this way of gaining rights the
liberal feminism got success and the women got place and respect in modern society and
till now the women holds valuable place in the field of profession, education and in the
politics and so many different fields women have position. (Judith lorber: 1997, p.12)

Marxist feminism:

Marxist feminism in other words we can say that material feminism is considered as the
major aspect of the feminism .it introduces as the finish of the individualism with the help
 12

of societal reformist economy. The Marxist feminism worked on the injustice with
women in the sense that the women are not gave for their work at work places and at
home they are regret. This shows the inequality between man and women on the basis of
capital and authority. The feminist approach claims that the men and women van be equal
if men share their power and money with women (Amina ghorfati: 2014-15 p11)

Women were considered as the worthless staff because they were inferior and they had
no class and they do not charges the good amount for their work. Therefore the female
supporters insist for the discard of free enterprise from society. Industrial enterprise in
modern period took step for women, they gave women equal amount as they gave to the
men. This was the prime purpose of the feminist movement. (Amina ghorfati: 2014-15,
p.11)
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Chapter Three

Research Methodology:-

The section aims to define the method that I have opted in order to carry my research.
The major design that study follows is qualitative research. The qualitative research is
research that plays important role in the process of investigation. It depicts the
experimental research that includes primary motives, beliefs and encouragement to
comprehend. It gives us the awareness of the issues and difficulties and it assist to evolve
those notions. The procedure of gathering material is extremely disorganized. The
qualitative research works with few ordinary techniques for example round table
conversation, discrete meetings and contributions etc. The sampling design of qualitative
research is short to accomplishing. (Google) I have chosen a work; “Jane Eyre” and I
will be analyzing text of this novel under the light of feminism. It will be a textual
analysis I will be critically analyzing the text of “Jane Eyre”. For further research,
number of articles, researches and websites will be visited to compile the data for
research.
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Chapter Four

Data analysis: -

Depiction of feminism in “Jane Eyre”

Feminism has been the topic of discussion or arguments since two decades. Various work
have been done on this topic of feminism like we have a example of Jane Austen’s novel
pride and prejudice and the drama Macbeth and many other novels and dramas gave
importance to the topic of feminism. Feminism got importance in way that on one side
female were praised by their bravery and on the other hand they were recognized as the
symbol and sign of the survive and control (Jay Sheldon :2018, p.65). Meanwhile
charlotte Bronte gave the different picture of feminism. She introduced the feminism with
the help of character of female Jane Eyre. Charlotte Bronte talks about the character Jane
Eyre in a way that she faces a lot of troubles and hatred behavior of a society. But the
main thing about the character was that she overwhelms from that difficulties and
troubles and she survived. And the important aspect of the character of Jane Eyre was the
bravery and strong sprite which we can see only in the character of Jane Eyre. We cannot
that see that spirit in other women of the novel like Blanche Ingram and bertha. (Jay
Sheldon: 2018, p.65).

Society and feminism in “Jane Eyre”

In the novel Jane Eyre the character of Jane Eyre go behind the restriction or obstruction
of the society. In the 19th century women were not provided as such opportunities for the
education and opportunities for the choosing of their rights in context of life, either they
wanted to do households or not . Jane Eyre in the novel introduced as the governess and
this was the best path for the Jane Eyre to become independent and this was also the
symbol of the self confidence for the other women. In the Victorian era the topic
feminism was not allowed to discuss openly. So for that the novelist charlotte Bronte was
the only one who took step against the rules of society with the help of character of Jane
Eyre. The refusal of the Rochester’s proposal in the novel Jane Eyre shows the self
respect for the women, it shows that the women should be considered as respectable as
 15

men. Sex difference should not allow between men and women. (Jay Sheldon: 2018,
p.53).

Haiyan Gao says the novel Jane Eyre took place in Victorian era and in Victorian era the
women were considered as the sign of oppression and control while men were the topic
of dominance and rule therefore it was quite difficult for a poor/low class women to live
satisfied married life. Hence the character of Jane Eyre in the novel shows that the poor
class women can survive with the help of self confidence. (Haiyan Gao 2013, p. 934)

Patriarchy in “Jane Eyre”

In the novel Jane Eyre the patriarchy was shown in this sense that the Rochester the head
of the house tried to control the both women Jane Eyre and bertha mason. He tried to
control bertha mason in this sense that he kept bertha locked in the room and he called
her mad and he tried to control Jane Eyre in this way that he wanted to marry her for the
sake of his good future. (Anne-Marie Tokley:1999, p.04).

Karen stein declare that the character of bertha in the novel Jane Eyre refers to the
dominance of the men, in the novel bertha was confined in the room and that shows the
patriarchy in the novel. The dominancy of Rochester on bertha and Jane Eyre reveled that
all women are dominated by society. (Karen stein: 1998, p.12 )

Gender traditional role in “Jane Eyre”

In the novel Jane Eyre at some extent the novelist seems to follow the conventional roles.
Because she shows the male character as the one who had money, house and many other
facilities of the life. (Martina Halirova: 2016, p.17 ).

Although she shows him as the irresponsible character of the Rochester yet she portraits
him as the rich, good looking and handsome and so on. She shows the male character as
the one who had numerous relationships with the women. One the other hand she
portraits the character of the Jane Eyre as the one who as the one who is strong and self-
supporting women. She gave the value to the female through the heroic picture of the
character of Jane Eyre. (Martina Halirova:2016, p.17).
 16

Depiction of women in the novel “Jane Eyre”

Charlotte Bronte represent women in a unique way with characteristics which they
possess she depict the character of Mrs. reed as the one who power of dominance and
who seems to rule in the family and rule on Jane Eyre , who always tried to control Jane
Eyre and she was shown as the head of the house. Miss temple was shown as the one who
chose material life instead of freedom and she was portrait as the one who never faced the
problems regarding the finance and the major aspect of her character was that that she
was shown as the one who always helped Jane Eyre and she was very supportive to Jane
Eyre in the Lowood institute, she tried to made Jane Eyre stable in her life. One the other
hand bertha mason was shown as the one who never had independence and loyal love in
her life. Bronte shows the character of bertha mason as the one who was dependent, week
and the one who is mentally ill. Bertha mason shown in the novel as the other women of
Victorian era, suppress, dependent, foolish and oppressed women. Here the novelist
shows the traditional or typical woman of 19th century. Because at that time the women
were oppressed by the society and therefore the character of bertha shows the real picture
of the 19th century. Further the novelist identifies the character of Blenche Ingram as the
one who have roughness in her character. She was shown as the one who possess
negativity in her character. And she was shown as the one who can do anything to fulfill
her desire. (Dr. B Janaki: 2017, p.11

In case of Jane Eyre charlotte Bronte gave totally different picture of her character. She
shows positive image of her character. She depicts her character as the one who suffered
a lot since her childhood and she never compromise on her own desires. She was the one
who had no wealth and no status yet she was admirable. Although the novelist portrait
her as the one who had nothing valuable yet she portraits her as the one who believe in
the power of individualism. This set example for not only the women of 19th century but
also for the women of twenty first century. Jane Eyre’s character shows that women
should not be a target of unfairness and inequality rather then they always tried to fight
for their rights and it also shows that the women should stand strongly and passionately
in front of patriarchal society as Jane Eyre stood passionately before Mr. Rochester and
st. John river when they both demanded her to marring them although Jane Eyre married
 17

Mr. Rochester in the end yet she did this according to her own will not because they tried
to oppressed or forced her.( Dr. B Janaki: 2017, p.12)
 18

Chapter five

Conclusion:-

This article examines the character of Jane Eyre from charlotte Bronte’s novel Jane Eyre
in a different way. The novelist categorizes the novel in to three stages of the character’s
life. The first stage is concern about the life of Jane Eyre as a orphan child and the second
stage is related to the school life where she faced the cruelty of life and the third stage is
all about the marriage life and the love life, and she was also introduced as the
independent women who gave importance to herself for respect and equality. Her
struggles her priorities and her experiences set an example for the readers of the novel.
After facing so many problems and issues in the life, in the form of poor childhood,
marriage and in the love .she in the end learned to live happy life. (Haiyan Gao: 2013,
p.17).

From the novel and the deep study on the character of the Jane Eyre we learned the
importance of self-respect or self realization. Jane Eyre demonstrates that the bad
circumstances are nothing for the one who have self confidence. And we learned through
the Jane character and through the novel that everyone deserves to get respect and
equality in the society. Jane’s character shows that bin the society where males are
superior in those society women can do something for their self satisfaction. Her
character shows us that the women for the sake of self respect and self satisfaction do not
wait for the miracle or the good fortune to made her life good (Haiyan Gao: 2013, p.18).
 19

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 20

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2Fmenschen%2Ffrauen%2Fpdf%2Ffemcities-englisch-2012.pdf&usg

14. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3173687?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

15. https://www.google.com.pk/url?Fwww.mheducation.co.uk%2Fopenup%2Fchapters%2F0
335204155.pdf&usg=AOvVaw292MTfs39BCSRuQ2w3WHoh
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