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• A wide range of choices exists with respect to the evaluation of the convective
fluxes.
• The basic problem is that we have to know their values at all NF faces of a
control volume, but the flow variables are not directly available there.
• So we have to interpolate either the fluxes or the flow variables to the faces of the
control volumes.
• Central,
• Flux-vector Splitting,
• Flux-difference Splitting,
• Total Variation Diminishing (TVD)
Discretization of the Convective Fluxes
cell-centered
• The above relationships remain valid for a cell-vertex scheme with dual
control volumes, if the node index i is substituted for I.
The artificial dissipation flux consists of a blend of adaptive second- and fourth-order
differences, which result from the sum of first- and third-order difference operators
Scalar Dissipation Scheme - JST scheme
The dissipation is scaled by the sum of the spectral radii of the convective flux
Jacobians in all coordinate directions
The sensor also switches off the second-order differences in smooth parts of the flow
field, in order to reduce the dissipation to the lowest possible level.
Scalar Dissipation Scheme - JST scheme
Pressure sensor
This did not appear to be sufficient to avoid completely some small oscillations, of the order
of 1 per cent in density variation, preventing the complete convergence to the steady state.
Scalar Dissipation Scheme - JST scheme
They are noticeable mostly near regions with sharp gradients, such as airfoil trailing edges.
These oscillations were removed by the introduction of the third derivative term providing
some background dissipation through the domain, but led to the reappearance of overshoots
around the shockwaves. Hence, the background dissipation is turned off when is
large.
Discretization of the Convective Fluxes
• This results in a large coupled system of ODEs which we can then solve using
numerical methods developed for ODEs, such as Forward and Backward Euler
method, Trapedoizal methods, Runge-Kutta methods etc.
Jacobians of the System of Equations
• Behavior of a system of partial differential equations can be described by
examining the eigenvalues of the system.
• If the eigenvalues are all real and distinct, the equations are hyperbolic;
• if the eigenvalues are real and equal, the equations are parabolic;
• if the eigenvalues are all imaginary, the equations are elliptic.
• If the eigenvalues are a mixed set of the above, then the system of partial
differential equations is of a mixed nature.
• Eigenvalues themselves are the slopes of the characteristic lines; i.e., the
eigenvalues themselves give the characteristic directions for the system of
partial differential equations.
The Eigenvalue Method
• The most convenient form of the above equations for usage in CFD (i.e. for
programming convenience) is the flux vector formulation.
• What is a flux? We can observe that in the conservation forms of the N-S
equations, the following flux terms appear
Flux Variables
• When the volume is fixed in space, we are concerned with the flux of mass,
momentum, and energy into and out of the volume.
• In this case, the fluxes themselves become important dependent variables in the
equations, rather than just the primitive variables such as ρ, p, V
Flux vector formulation of the N-S equations
Solution Vector
Source Terms
Flux Vectors
Jacobians of the System of Equations
Conservation form of the governing equations
These are generally nonlinear functions, and for this reason the form of first Eq.
above is not that of a quasi-linear equation.
To examine the mathematical characteristics of first Eq. above, we must first cast it
in quasi-linear form.
Jacobians of the System of Equations
Since F, G, and H are functions of U
Using
The advantage of the above Eq. is that the derivatives of the dependent variables
(the elements of U) appear linearly; hence, the Eq. is in quasi-linear form.
Hence, the mathematical nature of the quasi-liner form of the Eq. is dictated by
the values of the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrices A, B, and C.
Jacobians of the System of Equations
Example Consider an unsteady, one-dimensional, inviscid flow with no body
forces
denoting
where
Jacobians of the System of Equations
The jacobian matrix A is obtained by differentiating each of the flux terms one by one
by each of the independent variables
Jacobians of the System of Equations
the eigenvalues give the slopes of the characteristic lines in the xt space
Now, we note an interesting property of the jacobian matrix A for the Euler
equations. Consider the Euler equations for unsteady, one-dimensional flow
For an inviscid flow, the flux vector F can be expressed directly in terms
of its jacobian as
With this, we can split the flux vector F into two parts
• The flux-vector splitting schemes decompose the vector of the convective fluxes
into two parts—either according to the sign of certain characteristic variables, or
into a convective and a pressure part.
• The well-known Van Leer’s flux-vector splitting scheme belongs to the first
category based on characteristic decomposition.
• The second approach is followed by more recent methods like the advection
upstream splitting method (AUSM) of Liou et al., or the convective upwind split
pressure (CUSP) scheme of Jameson, respectively.
• Their advantage can be seen in only a moderately increased numerical effort but
a much better resolution of shocks and boundary layers, as compared to the
central scheme with scalar artificial dissipation.