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CONSTRUCTION METHODS OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE
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4.1 POSITION & DISTRIBUTION OF REINFORCEMENT BAR
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4.1.2 STORAGE REINFORCED:
a) Reinforcement has arrived at the construction site must be fastened according to the size
used.
b) It is arranged by type, length and size of the reinforcement.
c) If the reinforcement is corroded, then it should be removed and replaced.
d) The ribs should be kept clean and away from oil stains, rust, soil and other materials (see
Figure Below).
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4.1.3 INSTALLATION OF REINFORCEMENT ON SITE:
a) Reinforcement was installed according to engineering drawings that are attached to a
building.
b) It is important to ensure that the reinforcement has concrete cover.
c) Steel is bound with gauge iron fasteners 16 or 18.
d) This Iron fasteners are used for stabilize and facilitate the placement of the reinforcement
wire.
e) In the CP 110, we can know the requirements in the design of reinforced structures.
f) All bending shall be made in accordance with engineering drawing tolerance is 25% work.
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4.2 POSITION & DISTRIBUTION OF REINFORCEMENT BAR
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4.2.2 METHOD OF SORTING, TIE SPACING & STEEL INSTALLATION:
a) After the cutting bar, tie bar works fine with the wire.
b) It purposes for avoid movement, especially when the concreting work in progress.
c) The wire bonding used a diameter of 0.8 mm to 1.6 mm.
d) To get the suitable distance between the mold and the reinforcement bars, so the spacer
blocks are used (see Figure below).
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4.2.4 CONNECTION FOR POLE
a) The best of connections to be made in 1/3 the height of the pile.
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4.2.7 THE SORTING AND SPACING REINFORCEMENT:
a) Reinforcement shall be placed in the points where the maximum stress is located such as
below the structure surface.
b) This is because the inclusion of reinforcement can lead a bar to rust and this will weaken the
bond with concrete.
c) The distance from the concrete surface to reinforcement (known as “concrete cover”) is
between 15 mm to 40 mm.
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4.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORMWORK &
REINFORCED CONCRETE:
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FUNCTION OF FORMWORK:
1. Forms mold the concrete to desired size and shape and control
its position and alignment
2. To place the fresh concrete before it can be compressed to
achieve the required strength.
3. To obtain an attractive finishes.
4. Formworks also act as a temporary structure that support:
a) It’s own weight.
b) The freshly placed concrete.
c) Construction live loads (material, human & logistic).
ADVANTAGES OF TIMBER
FORMWORK:
DISADVANTAGES OF TIMBER
i. Easy handling because it’s light FORMWORK:
weight.
a) Can’t be used for long. Have limited re-use. Can
ii. Easy to disassemble.
only be re-used 5 or 6 times
iii. Damaged parts can be replaced
with new one. b) If the timber is dry, it will absorb moisture from
iv. Very flexible. wet concrete which could weaken the resultant
concrete member.
c) Timber with high moisture content (more than 20
% moisture content), wet concrete will shrink &
cup leading to open joints & leakage of grout.
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ADVANTAGES OF STEEL FORMWORK:
a) Very strong and able to carry heavy load
b) Easy to be fixed
c) Uniform size and surface
d) Can be used for a very long time
DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL
FORMWORK:
a) Limited size or shape
b) Excessive loss of heat
c) A very smooth surface will be produced • After concreting to the first floor
which would give problems for finishing columns, the steel column forms
process were dismantled easily.
d) Limited fixing (Pemasangan terhad) http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
ADVANTAGES OF GLASS REINFORCED PLASTIC:
a) Very useful for complex shape and special features
b) Easy to disassemble
c) Light (not heavy)
d) Damages on the formwork can be easily be repaired
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The minimum time before removing formwork after concreting:
a) Duration of opening the formwork is depend on the type of concrete used, weather, methods of
preservation and others.
b) The formwork is open when it is strong enough to bear its load and others.
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CAUSES OF FORMWORK FAILURE:
1. Formwork failures are the cause of many accidents and failures that occur during concrete
construction which usually happen when fresh concrete is placed.
2. Generally some unexpected event causes one member to fail, then others become overloaded or
misaligned and the entire formwork structure collapses.
3. There are several failures that can cause formwork failure:
Improper stripping and shore removal.
Inadequate bracing.
Vibration.
Unstable soil under mudsills, shoring not plumb.
Inadequate control of concrete placement.
Lack of attention to formwork details.
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a) Inadequate bracing: b) Vibration:
More frequent causes of formwork failure. Forms sometime collapse when their shores/
Inadequate cross bracing and horizontal jack are displaced by the vibration caused:
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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS DURING FORMWORK:
Among the precautions that can be taken to ensure formwork function as it suppose to be are as follow:
Material used for the construction of formwork must fulfill the specification.
Formwork is fixed firmly & properly
Construction area must be protected to prevent vandalism of formwork.
Warning sign must be put up at the area where the formwork is fixed to prevent entrance of people
that may damage the formwork.
The formwork must be inspected before the concrete is poured.
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Permanent Formwork:
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d) The used of Permanent Formwork:
Reduce construction and maintenance costs
Shorten construction time
Improve safety by reducing hazards during construction.
Reduces construction waste generation during construction.
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4.4 DEFECTS IN CONCRETE:
HONEYCOMBING
o When too much coarse aggregate appears on the surface.
Causes:
o Poor compaction, segregation during placing or paste leakage from forms.
o A poor concrete mix with not enough fine aggregate causing a rocky mix.
Prevention:
o Use a better mix design.
o Take care during placing concrete to avoid segregation.
o Compact concrete properly.
o Good watertight formwork.
Repair:
o If honeycombing happens only on the surface it can be rendered.
o If honeycombing happens throughout the concrete it may need to be removed and replaced.
o The surface may require rendering.
o Rendering means to cover the surface with a layer of mortar.
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WORK HARD AND PRAY FOR YOUR SUCCESS