Synopsis topic

My synopsis topic is “hormones and its role”In this I describe the following
Hormone.
Abstract Hormone,
organic substance secreted by plants and animals that functions in the
regulation of physiological activities and in maintaining homeostasis.

. It stimulates cell reproduction during adulthood..Hormone act as communication between

tissues and organ to maintaining several physiological function such

as digestion, metabolism, respiration, tissue function,. Growth hormone, which is produced by

the pituitary gland, the most important gland in the endocrine system, stimulates growth during

a person's childhood

Introduction

Hormone are chemical messenger that perform many bodily life function and also help in

maintain our body and deviation from normal level can indicate serious health problems

oxytocin

Oxytocin is a relatively short polypeptide hormone composed of nine amino acids. It is

produced primarily in the hypothalamus and acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. Best known

for its role in female reproduction, it is actually found in both male and female mammals.

prolactin

Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. Levels of this hormone can vary over

the course of someone's life, depending on a variety of factors, including age and pregnancy.

This hormone is also sometimes known as luteotropic hormone (LTH). Many medical labs can
test prolactin levels in patients who have conditions which may be related to abnormal

production of this hormone.

Thyroid stimulating hormone

The thyroid is a large endocrine gland located in the neck. For men, the gland is located just

below the area known as the Adam’s apple. While most people do not think much about the

function of the thyroid, this gland can have a profound impact on both the physical and

emotional well being of the individual.

cortisol

Cortisol is a type of hormone, called a corticosteroid hormone, produced by the body. It's

sometimes called the “stress” hormone since people produce greater levels of it when under

significant stress, especially during a “fight or flight” reaction.

insulin

Insulin is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas and that regulates the level of glucose —

a simple sugar that provides energy — in the blood. Human bodies require a steady amount of

glucose throughout the day, and that glucose comesfrom the foods that people eat.

Parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is

a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates the serum calcium through its

effects on bone, kidney, and intestine Arnold Adolph Berthold (1849)

Arnold Adolph Berthold was a German physiologist and zoologist, who, in 1849, had a

question about the function of the testes. He noticed that in castrated roosters that they did not

have the same sexual behaviours as roosters with their testes intact. He decided to run an

experiment on male roosters to examine this phenomenon.

Bayliss and Starling (1902)

William Bayliss and Ernest Starling, a physiologist and biologist,They work on nervous

system. They also work on pancreas which is involve in secretion of digestive fliud

Material method

Measurement of level of steroid and or thyroid hormone in serum can be banificial in

diagnoising and monitoring a number of diseases. Routine clinical test for for hormone are

generally immune-assay based and intercom parison studieshave problem in precision,

accuracy,and specificity for some of these assay, particularity at low hormone concentration.

Steroid hormones (cortisol, progesterone, estradiol-17β, testosterone) and thyroid hormones

(thyroxine, triiodothyronine) serve an essential function by regulating gene transcription.

Cortisol is a steroid hormone that is produced by the adrenal gland. It is often called the "stress

hormone" because it is secreted at higher levels in response to stress. Prolonged elevation of

cortisol levels in the bloodstream can have negative effects on thyroid function, metabolism,

and immune function. Measurement of cortisol in serum can be used to diagnose problems in

the adrenal or pituitary gland, as well as stress-related disorders. Previous work has indicated

that routine clinical measurements may significantly overestimate the cortisol levels present in

serum, making accurate diagnosis of cortisol-related disorders difficult. Similar limitations

have been observed in routine clinical assays for other hormones as well. Improving the

accuracy of clinical assays for hormones will improve diagnoses and result in earlier

treatments. The new reference methods and SRM 971 Hormones in Human Serum will help

achieve this goal and will also provide higher-order reference systems for traceability.

Location of hormones

Hormones are present in both plant and animal cell and perform their activities or function

under normal condition.but under abnormal condition,their amount of concentration is

affectcted releasing small or large amount.

OBJECTIVE

To control endocrine functions, the secretion of each hormone must be regulated

within precise limits. The body is normally able to sense whether more or less

of a given hormone is needed.

Many endocrine glands are controlled by the interplay of hormonal signals

between the hypothalamus, located in the brain, and the pituitary gland, which

sits at the base of the brain. This interplay is referred to as the hypothalamic-

pituitary axis. The hypothalamus secretes several hormones that control the

pituitary gland.

The pituitary gland, sometimes called the master gland, in turn controls the

functions of many other endocrine glands. The pituitary controls the rate at

which it secretes hormones through a feedback loop in which the blood levels

of other endocrine hormones signal the pituitary to slow down or speed up. So,

for example, the pituitary gland senses when blood levels of thyroid hormone

are low and releases thyroid stimulating hormone, which tells the thyroid gland

to make more hormones. If the level gets too high, the pituitary senses that and

decreases the amount of thyroid stimulating hormone, which then decreases the

amount of thyroid hormone produced. This back-and-forth adjustment

(feedback) keeps hormone levels in proper balance.

Many other factors can control endocrine function. For example, a baby sucking

on its mother's nipple stimulates her pituitary gland to secrete prolactin

and oxytocin, hormones that stimulate breast milk production and flow. Rising

blood sugar levels stimulate the islet cells of the pancreas to produce insulin.

Part of the nervous system stimulates the adrenal gland to produce epinephrine.

REVIEV OF LITERATURE

The hormone having following history

Arnold Adolph Berthold (1849)

Arnold Adolph Berthold was a German physiologist and zoologist, who, in 1849, had a

question about the function of the testes. He noticed that in castrated roosters that they did not

have the same sexual behaviors as roosters with their testes intact. He decided to run an

experiment on male roosters to examine this phenomenon. He kept a group of roosters with

their testes intact, and saw that they had normal sized wattles and combs (secondary sexual

organs), a normal crow, and normal sexual and aggressive behaviors. He also had a group with

their testes surgically removed, and noticed that their secondary sexual organs were decreased

in size, had a weak crow, did not have sexual attraction towards females, and were not

aggressive. He realized that this organ was essential for these behaviour’s, but he did not know

how. To test this further, he removed one testis and placed it in the abdominal cavity. The

roosters acted and had normal physical anatomy. He was able to see that location of the testes

do not matter. He then wanted to see if it was a genetic factor that was involved in the testes

that provided these functions. He transplanted a testis from another rooster to a rooster with

one testis removed, and saw that they had normal behaviour and physical anatomy as well.

Berthold determined that the location or genetic factors of the testes do not matter in relation
to sexual organs and behaviour’s, but that some chemical in the testes being secreted is causing

this phenomenon. It was later identified that this factor was the hormone testosterone.

Bayliss and Starling (1902)

William Bayliss and Ernest Starling, a physiologist and biologist, respectively, wanted to see

if the nervous system had an impact on the digestive system. They knew that the pancreas was

involved in the secretion of digestive fluids after the passage of food from the stomach to

the intestines, which they believed to be due to the nervous system. They cut the nerves to the

pancreas in an animal model and discovered that it was not nerve impulses that controlled

secretion from the pancreas. It was determined that a factor secreted from the intestines into

the bloodstream was stimulating the pancreas to secrete digestive fluids. This factor was

named secretin: a hormone, although the term hormone was not coined until 1905 by Starling

Hormones have a long evolutionary history, knowledge of which is

important if their properties and functions are to be understood. Many

important features of the vertebrate endocrine system, for example, are

present in the lampreys and hagfishes, modern representatives of the

primitively jawless vertebrates (Agnatha), and these features were

presumably present in fossil ancestors that lived more than 500 million

years ago. The evolution of the endocrine system in the more advanced

vertebrates with jaws (Gnathostomata) has involved both the

appearance of new hormones and the further evolution of some of those

already present in agnathans; in addition, extensive specialization of

target organs has occurred to permit new patterns of response.

The factors involved in the first appearance of the various hormones is

largely a matter for conjecture, although hormones clearly are only one

mechanism for chemical regulation, diverse forms of which are found

in living things at all stages of development. Other mechanisms for

chemical regulation include chemical substances (so-called organizer

substances) that regulate early embryonic development and the

pheromones that are released by social insects as sex attractants and

regulators of the social organization. Perhaps, in some instances,

chemical regulators including hormones appeared first as metabolic by-products. A

few such substances are known in physiological regulation: carbon dioxide, for

example, is involved in the regulation of the respiratory activity of which it is a

product, in insects as well as in vertebrates. Substances such as carbon dioxide are

called parahormones to distinguish them from true hormones, which are specialized

secrete
references’

I give maximum information from book of psychology and also give description from google

websites.

Neave N(2018) HORMONE AND BEHAVIOUR

NUSSEY S WHITEHEAD ENDOCHRONOLGY

LENARD J MAMALIAN HORMONES IN MICROBIAL CELL

PRINCIPLE OF ENDO CHRO NOLGY AND HORMONE

ACTION.BELFORE,ANTONINO