Contents :

Torque slip characteristics

Power flow diagram
Relationship between rotor power and losses
Related Problems

Kongunadu college of Engineering & Technology Three phase Induction Motor – Torque slip characteristics
 Torque-Slip Characteristics
 The curve drawn between torque and slip from start
(s=1) to Synchronous speed (s=0) is called torque slip
characteristics of the induction motor

 Torque Equation

 Input voltage is constant (E2=C)

Kongunadu college of Engineering & Technology Three phase Induction Motor – Torque slip characteristics
 Torque-Slip Characteristics

Kongunadu college of Engineering & Technology Three phase Induction Motor – Torque slip characteristics
 Torque-Slip Characteristics
 Three Regions:
 Stable operating region
 Unstable operating region
 Normal operating region

 Stable Region (AB)

 ‘s’ is very small ( then, (sX2)2 <<< R22), Hence s2X22 is
neglected

 in this region as load ↑, T↑, s↑

 Characteristics is approximately straight line

Kongunadu college of Engineering & Technology Three phase Induction Motor – Torque slip characteristics
 Torque-Slip Characteristics
 Unstable Region (BC)
 When s increases further from sm the region is unstable
region, s is high (between sm and 1) , R22 can be neglected
as compared to s2X22

 in this region as load ↑, s↑, T↓

 Characteristics is approximately rectangular hyperbola.
 When load further increases, N↓, s↑, leads motor to
standstill condition, hence motor should not be operated
at any point in this region.

Kongunadu college of Engineering & Technology Three phase Induction Motor – Torque slip characteristics
 Torque-Slip Characteristics
• Normal Region (AD)
– Low slip region, the motor can continuously operated in this
region.

• Three torques:
•Starting torque (Tst)
•Maximum torque or pull out torque(Tm)
•Full load torque(Tfl)

• Starting Torque (Tst)

•The motor produces the torque when s=1 speed is zero.

• Maximum Torque or Pull out Torque(Tm)

•The torque produced at s=sm is called maximum torque.
•Sm is slip at which maximum torque occurs.
•Also called breakdown torque of pull out torque.

• Full Load Torque (Tfl)

•In the characteristics the torque corresponding to point D is
called full load torque of motor. usually Tfl < Tm.
Kongunadu college of Engineering & Technology Three phase Induction Motor – Torque slip characteristics
 Torque-Slip Characteristics
• Losses in An Induction Motor
– Three losses are
– Magnetic Losses (Constant)
– Mechanical Losses (Constant)
– Electrical Losses (variable)
Magnetic Losses
•Also called core losses or iron losses.
•Losses occur in stator core and rotor core because of rotating
magnetic field
Two types
Eddy Current Losses
Hysteresis Losses

Hysteresis Losses
• Occur due to alternate change in magnetic field in the stator
core.
• Can be minimized by selecting high grade silicon steel as the
material

Kongunadu college of Engineering & Technology Three phase Induction Motor – Torque slip characteristics
 Torque-Slip Characteristics
Eddy Current Losses
• Occur due to flow of eddy current through body of the stator
core.
• Can be minimized by using laminated construction of the
stator core

• Two losses are depend on supply frequency ,

• fstator = fsupply, hence iron loss for stator is more
• frotor <<, hence iron losses are also very small, neglected
under running condition
Mechanical Losses
• Consists of frictional losses and windage losses
• Losses are <<< due to speed drop is very small
• Constant losses = Iron Losses + Mechanical Losses
Electrical Losses
• Due to resistance of stator and rotor winding. (stator and
rotor copper losses)
• When load ↕ current ↕, so it is called variable losses

Kongunadu college of Engineering & Technology Three phase Induction Motor – Torque slip characteristics
 Power Flow Diagram

Kongunadu college of Engineering & Technology Three phase Induction Motor – Torque slip characteristics
 Power Flow Diagram
• Induction motor converts electrical power into mechanical
power.
• 3ph supply is fed to stator, input power Pin is

• Losses occur in stator called stator losses (PSL)

• Remaining power is transferred to rotor magnetically,
• It is called output of the stator or input to the rotor(P2)

• In rotor side, rotor copper losses occur (Pcu).

• Normally rotor iron losses are very small therefore it should
be neglected.
• Remaining part is called mechanical power developed (Pm)

Kongunadu college of Engineering & Technology Three phase Induction Motor – Torque slip characteristics
 Power Flow Diagram
•Due to rotating part in motor
mechanical losses (PmL) occur .

Kongunadu college of Engineering & Technology Three phase Induction Motor – Torque slip characteristics
 Relationship between rotor input (P2), rotor copper
loss (Pcu) and gross mechanical power (Pm)
 In general Power in terms of torque is

 Power is transferred from stator to rotor

 Gross mechanical power developed by rotor (Pm) is

 Rotor copper loss

Kongunadu college of Engineering & Technology Three phase Induction Motor – Torque slip characteristics
 Relationship between rotor input (P2), rotor
copper loss (Pcu) and gross mechanical power
(Pm)

Kongunadu college of Engineering & Technology Three phase Induction Motor – Torque slip characteristics
 Problem - 1
 A 6pole, 3phase induction motor develops a power of 22.38kW,
including mechanical losses, which total 1.492kW at a speed of
950rpm on 550V, 50Hz mains. The power factor is 0.88. Calculate for
this load (i). Slip, (ii). The rotor copper loss, (iii). The total input iif
the stator losses are 2000W, (iv). The efficiency, (v). The line
current, (vi). The number of complete cycles of the rotor
electromotive force per minute.

• Given: P=6, Pm=22.38kW, PmL=1.492kW,

N=950rpm, V=550V, f=50Hz, PF =0.88;
• Solution
(i). Slip s

Kongunadu college of Engineering & Technology Three phase Induction Motor – Torque slip characteristics
 Problem - 1
• Given: P=6, Pm=22.38kW, PmL=1.492kW,
N=950rpm, V=550V, f=50Hz, PF =0.88;
• Solution

(ii). Rotor copper loss Pcu

(iii). The total input (Pin)

(iv). Efficiency

Kongunadu college of Engineering & Technology Three phase Induction Motor – Torque slip characteristics
 Problem - 1
• Given: P=6, Pm=22.38kW, PmL=1.492kW,
N=950rpm, V=550V, f=50Hz, PF =0.88;
• Solution

(v). The line current (IL)

(vi). The number of complete cycles of the

rotor electromotive force per minute.

Kongunadu college of Engineering & Technology Three phase Induction Motor – Torque slip characteristics
 Problem - 2
 A 37.3kW, 4pole, 50Hz induction motor has friction and windage
losses of 3320 watts. The stator losses equal the rotor losses. If the
motor is deleiverig full load power output at a speed of 1440rpm,
calculate, (i). Synchronous speed, (ii). Slip (iii). Mechanical
power developed by the motor, (iv). Rotor copper loss, (v). Power
transferred from stator to rotor, (vi) Stator power input, (vii).
Efficiency.
• Given: Pout=37.3kW; P=4; f=50Hz; friction and windage losses
Pml=3320W; Stator losses PSL=Rotor Loss Pcu; N=1440rpm.;
• Solution
(i). Synchronous speed(Ns)

(ii). Slip s

Kongunadu college of Engineering & Technology Three phase Induction Motor – Torque slip characteristics
 Problem - 2
• Given: Pout=37.3kW; P=4; f=50Hz; friction and windage losses
Pml=3320W; Stator losses PSL=Rotor Loss Pcu; N=1440rpm.;

• Solution

(iii). Mechanical power developed by the motor

(Pm),
(iv). Rotor copper loss (Pcu),

(v). Power transferred from stator to rotor (P2),

Kongunadu college of Engineering & Technology Three phase Induction Motor – Torque slip characteristics
 Problem - 2
• Given: Pout=37.3kW; P=4; f=50Hz; friction and windage losses
Pml=3320W; Stator losses PSL=Rotor Loss Pcu; N=1440rpm.;

• Solution

(vi) Stator power input (Pin),

(vii). Efficiency

Kongunadu college of Engineering & Technology Three phase Induction Motor – Torque slip characteristics
 Problem - 3
 An 18kW, 4pole, 50Hz, 3phase induction motor
has friction and windage loss 500W. The full
load slip is 4%. Compute for full load, (i).
Rotor copper loss. (ii). Rotor input. (iii). The
shaft torque and (iv). The gross torque.
• Given: Pout=18kW, P=4; f=50Hz; PmL=500W;
s=4%;
• Solution
(i). Rotor copper loss (Pcu),

Kongunadu college of Engineering & Technology Three phase Induction Motor – Torque slip characteristics
 Problem - 3
• Given: Pout=18kW, P=4; f=50Hz; PmL=500W;
s=4%;
• Solution
(ii). Rotor input (P2).

(iii). The shaft torque (Tsh),

(iv). The gross torque(Tg)

Kongunadu college of Engineering & Technology Three phase Induction Motor – Torque slip characteristics
REFERENCES

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3 P.S. Bhimbhra, ‘Electrical Machinery’, Khanna Publishers, 2003.

4 M.N.Bandyopadhyay, Electrical Machines Theory and Practice, PHI Learning PVT LTD., New Delhi, 2009.

5 K. Murugesh Kumar, ‘Electric Machines’, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd, 2002.
Syed A. Nasar, Electric Machines and Power Systems: Volume I, Mcgraw -Hill College; International ed Edition,
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January 1995.

7 J. Ganavadivel, ‘Electrical Machines II’, Anuradha publications, Fourth edition, 2015.

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9 Google and Wikipedia