59

Chapter 3

SEPARATION OF OIL AND GAS

F.J. LOCKHART, GEORGE V. CHILINGARIAN and SANJAY KUMAR

INTRODUCTION

The name “gas and oil separator” is one of a variety of terms used for pressure
vessels which separate multiphase well fluids into gaseous and liquid streams. Other
names found in the literature include: stage separator, knockout drum, trap,
vapor-liquid separator, flash drum, flash chamber, dry drum, scrubber, and settler.
Separators are used in many locations other than at wellheads, such as natural
gasoline plants, compressor suctions and discharges, liquid traps in gas transmission
lines, dehydration plants, and gas sweetening plants.
Such drums are designed to separate a gas from a liquid and, in some cases, to
separate three phases, i.e., a gas, a liquid hydrocarbon, and a liquid aqueous phase.
At times the removal of slugs of liquid from a gas is of such importance that the
separator may be sized for its liquid holding capacity. In general oilfield practices,
separators are used to separate oil, gas and water and to remove material such as
entrained solid impurities from the crude oil produced from the wells. A simplified
diagram of a spherical three-phase (oil-gas-water) separator is presented in Fig. 3-1.

GAS
OUTLET

CENTRIFUGAL-TYPE
t COALESCING-TYPE MIST

Fig. 3-1. A simplified diagram of a spherical three-phase (oil-gas-water) separator. (Modified after
Smith, 1962, p. 11-18, fig. 11-20),
60

A properly designed wellstream separator must perform the following functions

(Ikoku, 1980):
(1) Accomplish a primary-phase separation of the liquid from the gaseous
hydrocarbons.
(2) Refine the primary separation by removing most of the (a) entrained liquid
mist from the gas and (b) entrained gas from the liquid.
(3) Discharge the separated gas and liquid streams and ensure that no reentrain-
ment of one into the other takes place.

Equilibrium flash calculations

In some cases of separator design, the amounts of vapor and liquid and their
significant physical properties are known. There are a number of design problems in
surface operations, however, where this information is not known and must be
calculated. It is essential to know the amount and composition of the total feed to
the separator in such cases. Then, assigning a temperature and pressure to the
separator, the amounts and compositions of the vapor and liquid streams leaving
the separator can be calculated, assuming that equilibrium is attained between these
exit streams.
The basic concept involves formation of a mixture of vapor and liquid that is
kept in intimate contact for a long enough time to enable the entire vapor phase to
attain equilibrium with the entire liquid phase. The equilibrium is attained in the
piping and equipment just upstream of the separator. The separator itself serves
only as a wide spot in the line to help in separating the phases.
For the so-called “isothermal” flash, the temperature at the discharge of the
mixing zone and within the separator is specified along with the pressure initially,
and is attained by proper design and operation of a heat exchanger. If there is no
heat exchanger, then an “adiabatic” flash calculation is made, wherein the total feed
enthalpy must equal the total product enthalpy at the lower separator pressure.
Here the separator temperature is unknown, so there is a double trial-and-error, one
nested within the other. Usually the separator pressure is set and a temperature is
assumed. The calculation is made exactly as for the isothermal flash. Then the
enthalpies of the exit streams are calculated and their sum compared with that of
the inlet mixture. At the correct temperature, the exit enthalpies are equal to the
inlet enthalpy.

Basic equilibrium relations for complex mixtures

In complex mixtures, feed F entering the flash separator consists of F,, F,,
F,, ..., F, moles of different components. At a given temperature and a fixed
+
pressure, V moles of gas are produced (V, + V, + V, + ... K). A liquid residue L
consists of L,, L,, L,, ... , L, moles of the several components present in F. Thus,

See Appendix 3.1.

 61

the.mole fraction of each component may be expressed as F,/F, V , / V , L , / L , etc.

In addition, F = L + V and F, =.L, + V,. On applying Henry's law:

K/ Kn ( L n / L ) (3-1)

where V , / V = y and L , / L = x ; thus:

V,=KnLn(V/L) (3-2)

Substituting (F, - V,) for L,:

V,=Kn(F,- V,)(V/L) (3-3)
Solving for V,:

V, = F n / [ ( L / K n v ) + 11 (3-4)

Thus:

V = Fl/[ ( L / K , V ) + 11 + F 2 / [ L / K , V ) + 11 + ...
and

TYPES OF SEPARATORS

Inasmuch as most separators are designed for the removal of liquid drops from
the gas by the action of gravity, most of the discussion here deals with this general
type of separation. Another basic type of separator, however, uses the action of
centrifugal force to remove liquid drops from gas. These centrifugal separators use
multiple cyclones in parallel. Cyclones are relatively small and of standard size
which can be mass produced. These separators function best when the gas flows at
constant rate and pressure. At lower rates, the separation suffers, and at higher
rates, the pressure drop becomes excessive.
Gravity separators may be classified according to the shape of the vessel:
(I) Cylindrical
(a) Vertical
(b) Horizontal (single-tube or double-tube types)
(2) Spherical
Each one of these shapes has its own advantages, and there is no overwhelming
favorite among them. The vertical separator occupies less ground area and is
claimed to have the ability to handle large quantities of sand and to be easier to
TABLE 3-1
Comparison of different separator types
Vertical
Advantages (1) Easier to clean and can handle large
quantities of sand
(2) Saves space (occupies lesser ground
area)
Provides better surge control
Liquid level control is not critical
Less tendency for reevaporization of
liquid into the gas phase due to the
relatively greater vertical distance be-
tween liquid level and the gas outlet
Disadvantages (1) It takes a longer-diameter separator
for a given gas capacity as compared
to a horizontal separator
More expensive to fabricate
Difficult and more expensive to ship
(transport)
Ideal use Low to intermediate GORs and where
relatively large slugs of liquid are ex-
pected
Horizontal Spherical
(1) Can handle much higher GOR well- (1) Very inexpensive
streams because the design permits
much higher gas velocities
(2) Cheaper than the vertical separator (2) Good for low or intermediate GORs
Easier and cheaper to ship and assem- (3) Very compact and easy to ship and
ble install
Requires less piping €or field connec- (4) Better clean-out
tions
Reduces turbulence and reduces
foaming (thus, it can handle foaming
crudes)
Several separators may be stacked,
minimizing space requirements
Greater space requirements generally (1) Very limited liquid settling section
and rather difficult to use for three-
phase separation
Liquid level control more critical (2) Liquid level control is very critical
Surge space is somewhat limited (3) Very limited surge space
Much harder to clean (hence a bad
choice in any sand-producing area)
High GOR crudes, foaming chdes, or for Intermediate or low GOR; preferably
liquid-liquid separation. Good for a di- two-phase separation.
verse range of situations.
 63

clean. The horizontal separator can handle foaming crude oils better and is claimed
to be more economical for handling large gas volumes, The spherical separator is
easier to install and is more compact and adaptable for portable use (see Table 3-1).

INTERNAL PARTS OF A SEPARATOR

A gas-liquid separator may consist simply of an empty vessel, which causes the
fluid velocity in the entering pipe to be reduced by enlarging the cross-sectional area
of flow. Usually, however, the separator includes internal parts to promote sep-
aration of the phases.
In both cases the separator may be visualized as consisting of:
(1) Primary separation section (entrance) for separating the bulk of the liquid
from the gas. It is desirable to remove the liquid slugs and large droplets of liquid
quickly from the gas stream, and to remove gas from the liquid. Decreasing the
kinetic energy (i.e., the velocity) of the fluids is often accomplished with the use of a
tangential inlet to impart a centrifugal motion to the entering fluids.

ov

I I n l e t f o r two-phase feed
OV Outlet f o r leaving vapor
OL Outlet f o r leaving l i q u i d
(1) Primary separation s e c t i o n
(2) Secondary separation s e c t i o n
(3) Liquid separation s e c t i o n
(4) Mist extractor
(5) Vortex breaker
I

OL

(a)
Fig. 3-2. Internal parts of a gravity separator. a. Vertical separator. b. Horizontal separator.
64

(2) Secondary separation section for removing smaller particles of liquid by

gravity settling depends to a large extent on the decreased gas velocity and reducing
the turbulence of the gas.
(3) Liquid separation section (or the liquid accumulation section) for removing
gas bubbles which may be occluded with the liquid, and for sufficient storage of the
liquid to handle slugs of liquid anticipated in routine operation. This section thus
provides the surge capacity.
(4) Mist extraction section for removing from the gas the entrained drops of
liquid, which did not separate in the secondary separation section. Mist eliminators
may be used to decrease the amount of entrained liquid in the gas and/or to reduce
the diameter of the vessel.
There are two basic types of mist eliminators commonly used: the vane type and
mesh pads. The vane type is mounted in such a manner that the gas flows
horizontally through a multiple number of closely-spaced vertical baffles. Entrained
liquid particles impinge on the baffle surfaces and are forced into liquid drainage
pockets which are out of the gas flow path. Separated liquid drains down out of the
vanes by gravity. This type of mist eliminator operates at small pressure drops (e.g.,
less than 0.2-in. water) and is efficient in removing droplets of around 40 p m in size
and larger. The large open areas make the vane type advantageous in systems where
solid particles may be present.

Fig. 3-3. Basic types of mist eliminators. I. Vane type (courtesy of Peerless Manufacturing Co., Dallas,
Tex.): A = mist extractor installation in top of column with trays (top outlet): B = side outlet configura-
tion in vertical column; C = plan view of installation A , showing vane bank arrangement; D = horizontal
vessel configuration showing angled position of separator elements; and E = photograph of mist
extractor bundle. 11. Mesh pads - Fleximesh@mist eliminator (Copyrighted 1984 by Koch Engineering
Company, Inc.)
 65

Available FLEX I MESH*

When vapor and entrained liquid droplets pass through
o FLEXIMESH mist eliminator the vapor moves freely through
the mesh pad but the liquid droplets due to their greater
Mist Eliminator Styles
inertia cannot make the necessarysharp turns A Sa
result they are thrown into contact with the wire surfaces Density SurloceArec
ond bileflyheld there As more droplets enter the pad and FIIIFT' I MZIM3 %Voids
collect on the wires they grow in size run down the wire to 115 377 97 6
the bottom surface of the mesh reporotor and fail from the
I

110 I 360 97 7
unit Overhead vapor is now free of entrained liquid 163 I 535 94 0
86 I 282 98 2
140 I 459 98 4
117 65 I 213 98 5
70 112 65 I 213 98 6
50 80 48 I 157 990
20 0 320 450 1476 96 0
27 0 432 610 I 2000 94 6
40 64 125 I 410 97 0
40 64 150 / 492 97 0

Fig. 3-3 continued.

66

The mesh pads provide a large surface area of many knitted and crimped wires
for collection and coalescence of liquid mist. With the pads usually installed in a
horizontal position, the vapor flows upward and the liquid downward. Such mist
eliminators are capable of removing very fine droplets (e.g., 4-6 pm) and have good
removal efficiency over a wide range of throughput. Pressure drops can be less than
1-in. water. Caution is given to the possibility of plugging caused by the deposition
of solid materials such as silt, sand, and paraffins.
( 5 ) Vortex breaker to prevent the liquid from sucking any gas into the liquid exit
pipe. Typically, the liquid exit pipe is centered at the bottom of the vessel. A simple
vortex breaker can consist of a solid circular plate larger than the exit pipe,
supported by three legs about 4-6 in. above the bottom of the vessel.
(6) Adequate control devices such as the liquid dump (discharge) valves, gas
pressure valves, and safety relief valves.
Figure 3-2 shows schematically the internal parts of (a) a vertical gravity
separator and (b) a horizontal gravity separator. Additional internal parts may be
present in some separators: for example, an inlet baffle plate to help reduce the
kinetic energy of the entering stream and a “boot” attached to the bottom of the
horizontal vessel where an aqueous liquid phase can be withdrawn. Figure 3-3 shows
the two basic types of mist extractors. The gas phase flows horizontally through the
vane type and vertically through the mesh pad.

FACTORS INFLUENCING SEPARATION

There are several factors which affect the performance of a vapor-liquid sep-
arator. For a feed of given composition, the temperature and pressure are signifi-
cant. With increasing temperature and/or decreasing pressure, the flow volume of
vapor increases and the volume of liquid decreases. In addition, there is a decrease
in the densities of both vapor and liquid phases. Other physical properties also
change with changing temperature and pressure, but the density is the more
significant physical property involved.
Some systems may contain small amounts of surfactants, which cause formation
of foam (in vapor-liquid systems) and emulsions (in liquid-liquid systems). Forma-
tion of foam and emulsion adversely affects the performance of separators, espe-
cially when they are stable. Inasmuch as the presence of surfactants is usually not
known in advance, separators are usually designed on the assumption that they are
not present.
Most separators are designed for the removal of liquid droplets from gas by the
action of gravity. This separation depends on the physical properties of gas and
liquid, and the diameter of the particles. Excellent discussions of the scientific
concepts are available, but they only identify the general form of the mathematical
relationships. Most laboratory studies were concentrated on the settling of (1) solid
particles rather than liquid, (2) a single particle rather than a swarm of particles, and
(3) particles having a particular diameter rather than a mixture of sizes.
 61

In designing separators, the size distribution of the droplets is not known. Even if
it was given, however, it is not known how to select a proper “average” diameter to
attain the desired separation.
Thus, the most important factors influencing the design of a separator are: (1)
flow rate of the gas, (2) flow rate of the liquid, (3) density of the gas, and (4) density
of the liquid.

SEPARATOR DESIGN

Gas capacity

Gas capacity of a gas-oil separator is usually calculated from the semi-theoretical

relationship proposed by Souders and Brown (1934):

or

and

A = Q/60 u (3-9)
where: u = superficial gas velocity based on the cross-sectional area of gas flow,
ft/sec; G = superficial gas mass velocity, based on the cross-sectional area of gas
flow, lb/ft2hr; Q = g a s flow rate, actual cubic feet per minute at the flowing
temperature and pressure, ACFM (Actual Cubic Feet per Minute); A = cross-
sectional area of gas flow, ft2; yG = specific weight of gas, lb/ft3; yL = specific
weight of liquid, Ib/ft3; K = an empirical factor representing past experience found
to give satisfactory operations, with typical values of 0.25 for vertical separators and
0.50 for horizontal separators.

Liquid capacity

Liquid capacity of a separator is dependent upon the retention time (the holding
time) of the liquid within the vessel. Liquid holding time is provided to: (1) remove
slugs of liquid from the flowing stream in order to protect downstream vapor-han-
dling equipment; (2) keep downstream liquid-handling equipment operating satis-
factorily should there be a temporary feed stoppage or overload; and (3) separate
the occluded gas particles from the liquid phase. This last justification can become
quite important when the liquid is very viscous. Answers to the following questions
suggest the rules for holding time for each specific case:
68

(1) In the case of removing slugs of liquid from vapor: (a) What is the estimated
maximum liquid rate or the size of slug? (b) How much time would be required to
attain the liquid removal rate?
(2) For a temporary feed stoppage: (a) What would be the effect on downstream
equipment if the drum loses liquid? (b) How much time would it take for the
operator to correct for the loss?
(3) For a temporary feed overload: (a) What would be the effect on the
downstream vapor-handling equipment if the drum overflows? (b) How much time
would it take for the operator to correct for the temporary overload?
Past experience suggests the following holding times for liquids:
(1) Gas-oil separators-2-4 minutes.
(2) Gas-oil-water separators-with oil viscosity of less than 100 cP, 3-10 min,
and for oil viscosity of greater than 100 cP, 10-20 min.
These are typical values which may be changed for specific cases.

Vessel design

The following must be considered in designing separator vessels:

(1) The volumes of the dished heads are negligible as compared with the volume
of the cylinder.
(2) Unless specifically stated, the length/diameter ratio ( L / D ) is considered to
be acceptable when it is between about 3/1 and 8/1. There is not a great change in
costs over this range and other factors such as foundations, plant layout, and
symmetry are significant.
(3) For a vertical separator, the gas flows through the entire cross-section of the
upper part of the vessel. The feed enters the separator just above the vapor-liquid
interface, which should be at least 2 ft from the bottom and at least 4 f t from the
top of the vessel. The interface does not have to be at the center of the vessel.
(4) For a horizontal separator, the interface does not have to be at the centerline
of the vessel. In some cases, a smaller-diameter vessel may be obtained by making
the interface location off-center and a design variable. The feed enters at the end of
the separator just above the vapor-liquid interface, which should be at least 10 in.
from the bottom and at least 16 in. from the top of the vessel.
Table 3-11 (see also Fig. 3-4) gives some geometric properties of circles which
have been derived empirically. The exact relations are more difficult to use. The
empirical values in Table 3-11 are of sufficient accuracy and may be used directly.

Example 3-I
Calculate the diameter and height of a vertical separator for the following
conditions:
Gas rate = 300 ACFM
Gas density = 3.90 lb/ft3
Liquid rate = 22 GPM
Liquid density = 40.0 lb/ft3
 69

TABLE 3-11
Some geometric properties of circles a
~

Given A / A , to calculate h / D (see Fig. 3-4)

Between A / A , of 0 and 0.20 (maximum error = 3.2%):

h / D = 2 . 4 8 1 ( A / A T ) - 1 2 . 2 9 (A/A,)2+31.133 (A/AT)3

Between A / A , of 0.20 and 0.80 (maximum error = 1.8%):

h/D = 0.8123 ( A/A,) +0.0924

Between A / A , of 0.80 and 1.0 (maximum error = 0.8%):

( 1 - h / D ) =2.481 ( 1 - A/A,)-12.29 (1- A / A ~ ) ~ + 3 1 . 1 3(31 - A / A T ) ~

Given h / D to calculate A / A ,
Between h / D of 0 and 0.25 (maximum error =1.35%):

A/A,=0.21 (h/D)+3.52 (h/D)2-4.93 ( h / D ) 3

Between h / D = 0.25 and 0.75 (maximum error = 1.7%):

A / A , =1.231 ( h / D ) = 0.1138

Between h / D of 0.75 and 1.0 (maximum error = 0.1%):

( l - A / A T ) =0.21 ( l - h / D ) + 3 . 5 2 ( l - h / D ) 2 - 4 . 9 3 (1-h/D)3

a Exact relations may be found in Perry and Chilton (1973).

L L
Fig. 3-4. Diagram for Table 3-11,
i
Liquid residence time = 4.0 min
Liquid level in the separator is expressed as a fraction of the vessel length between
limits of 0.20 and 0.70. (This is not considered to be a rigid specification.)
Using eq. 3-7: u = 0.25[(40.0 - 3.90)/3.90)]0.5= 0.76 ft/sec
Vapor rate = ACF G ( T)(
min )= T)( 300 (
= 5.00 ACF/sec &)
70
5 .oo
Vapor area = -
o.76 - 6.58 ft2
Vessel diameter = [4(6.58)/~]'.~= 2.89 ft = 34.7 in.
Using a 36-in. diameter vessel, the liquid height required for a 4-min residence
time would be:
r 1

Vessel h r/D L/D

length, ft
8 0.21 2.67
10 0.17 3.33

The designer will probably select a diameter of 3.0 ft for the vessel and one of the
above two lengths.

Example 3-2
Repeat Example 3-1 for a horizontal separator. Using eq. 3-7: u =
o.50( 40.0 - 3.90)O.'
= 1.52 ft/sec
3.90
Vapor rate = 300/60 = 5.00 ft3/sec
Vapor area = 5.00/1.52 = 3.29 ft2
(1) Initially the vapor-liquid interface is considered to be the centerline of the
vessel. This may be adjusted later.
Vessel area = (2)(3.29) = 6.58 a:t
Vessel diameter = ( .I
I
)
4 X 6.58
= 2.89 ft or 34.7 in.
Thus, a 36411. diameter-vessel can be used.
Length of vessel needed for 4 min residence time would be:

Ths indicates that the liquid holdup requirement is not as significant as the
vapor handling requirement.
(2) Reduce the vessel diameter by lowering the vapor-liquid interface so as to
maintain the same required vapor area of 3.29 ft2.
On assuming a diameter of 30 in.:
A, = 77/4(%)' = 4.909 ft2
A / A , = 3.29/4.909 = 0.67
 71

From Table 3-11, h/D = 0.8123 (0.67) + 0.0924 = 0.6366; h = (0.6366)(2.50) =

1.59 ft = 19.08 in.
Vessel length to get 4 min retention time=
I(-)(1 -) 1 = 7.26
0.33 4.909
ft
Thus, a vessel 2.5 ft in diameter and 8 ft long would meet the specifications.

SEPARATOR DESIGN USING ACTUAL MANUFACTURERS FIELD TEST DATA

Inasmuch as the Souders-Brown equation is basically empirical in nature, a better

design can usually be made using the actual manufacturers’ field test data (see
Appendix 3.11 and Ikoku, 1980). These correlations account for the additional gas
capacity that can be obtained by increasing the height of a vertical separator or the
length of a horizontal separator. The Souders-Brown equation does not account for
any height-length differences. The correlation charts apply to one-quarter liquid
full, one-third-full, and half-full situations. The gas capacity can be increased by
decreasing the liquid-filled fraction, e.g., from one-half full to one-third full. Usually
the design standard is the one half-full liquid condition.
The liquid capacity Q (in bbl/day) can be determined as follows:

1440(V,)
Q= (3-10)

where Vp = liquid settling volume in bbl and t = retention time in min.

The liquid settling volumes for different separator types and sizes are presented
in the Appendix 3.11.

STAGE SEPARATION

Usually, the single-stage separation is not desirable. By separating the gaseous

and liquid hydrocarbons into vapor and liquid phases in two or more equilibrium
flashes at consecutively lower pressures, a more stable stocktank liquid can be
obtained. In addition, liquid recovery is enhanced.
Stage separation can be defined as a “process in which produced crude is
separated into liquid and vapor phases by two or more equilibrium-flash vaporiza-
tions at successively lower pressures”. Equilibrium or flash vaporization differs from
differential vaporization in that the vapor is not removed as it is formed, but is kept
in intimate physical contact with the remaining liquid until heating is completed.
The storage tank is usually considered as one stage of separation.
Differential liberation of gas is the ideal liquid separation system to maximize the
liquid recovery. In this process, the pressure is decreased in infinitesimally small
steps and the gas liberated at each stage is removed. Inasmuch as this would need an
infinite number of separators connected in series, it is obviously uneconomical.
72

-WELL-
FLUID
FIRST LI' SLCOMD

- STAGE
STAOE STA0E
TWO

I +' 2nd

THREE - STAGE

J FOUR - STAGE
Fig. 3-5. Schematic diagrams of two-stage, three-stage, and four-stage separations.

In actual field practice, three stages are usually optimal. Economic study involves
determination of fixed and operating costs for each additional separator and
comparing them to the incremental oil production that results from the addition of
t h s stage to the separation system. Inasmuch as the production varies with time
during the lifetime of a producing field, the optimum also changes. Thus, a detailed
economic analysis is usually not very useful or justifiable in most cases.
Examples of two-stage, three-stage, and four-stage separations are presented in
Fig. 3-5. The two-stage separation is most applicable for low-gravity oils, low
gas/oil ratios, and low flowing pressures. On the other hand, the three-stage
separation is most applicable for intermediate-gravity oils, intermediate to high
gas/oil ratios, and intermediate wellhead flowing pressures. Finally, the four-stage,
separation is most applicable for high-gravity oils, high gas/oil ratios, and high
flowing pressures. Four-stage separation is also used where high-pressure gas is
needed for market or for pressure maintenance.
 73

The simplified analysis of a stage separation system involves the determination of

the operating pressure of each one of the separators connected in series by the
following relationship (Campbell, 1976):

(3-11)

where R = pressure ratio; p 1 = pressure in stage 1 (high-pressure end), psia; p, =

stocktank pressure, psia; and n = number of stages minus 1. This implies assump-
tion of equal pressure ratios between the stages, which has been found to be the
optimum operating condition for maximizing liquid recovery.
The pressure at any stage in between can then be determined using the following
equation:
Pr- 1
Pr’ R (3-12)

where pr = pressure at stage r , psia; and R = pressure ratio.

Determination of optimum pressure for first stage when second stage is atmospheric

To determine the optimum pressure for the first stage when the second stage is
atmospheric, the following procedure can be used.
(1) Vary the pressure on the high-stage separator.
(2) Follow the gas/oil ratios on both stages until they are stabilized.
(3) Determine the gasoline content of the gas from each stage, by a method such
as gas chromatography.
(4) Plot the gas/oil ratio of each separator, and the cumulative for both
separators, versus the pressure of the high-stage separator (Fig. 3-6.a).
( 5 ) Plot the gasoline content of the gas from each separator versus the pressure
of the high-stage separator (Fig. 3-6.b). The gasoline content for each separator may
decrease with increasing pressure of the high stage. For the low stage, this is due to
the increase in gas evolved overshadowing the increase in the gasoline vaporized. On
the other hand, for the high stage, it is due to the decrease in gasoline vaporized,
with increasing pressure.
(6) From the graphs of Fig. 3-6.a and 3-6.b, compute and plot the gallons of
gasoline lost per barrel of crude oil versus the pressure of the high-stage separator
(Fig. 3-6.c). The optimum pressure is at the minimum of the latter curve, providing
the primary objective of the separation is to remove as much gasoline as possible
from the gas.

Determination of optimum pressures for three-stage separation (Whinery-Campbell

technique)

The pressure of the highest stage may be fixed by the requirements of a

high-pressure sales line or pressure maintenance. In this case, therefore, the forego-
14

Y
0
IL

a
.----
Curnulotire

PRESSURE OF HIGH.STAGE SEPARATOR. PSI

Fig. 3-6. Schematic diagram of variation, with increasing pressure of high-stage separator, in a. gas/oil
ratio; b. gasoline content of separator gas; and c. total gasoline lost (to the gas phase) in two-stage
separation.

ing type of evaluation can be used to choose the optimum pressure for the second
stage, while the first stage is operating at the desired value. If the pressure of the
highest stage is not fixed by such requirements, it may be treated as another variable
in the evaluation.
Whinery and Campbell (1958, p. 53) developed a method for determining the
optimum second-stage pressure in three-stage separation. Their method is simple,
accurate (mean error of * 5 % ) , and eliminates the need for flash vaporization
calculations. An empirical analysis yielded two equations:

p 2 = A ( p,)o.686+ c, (3-13)

where C, = ( A - 0.057)/0.0233 for wellstreams having a gravity greater than one,

referred to air, and:

p 2 = A ( p,)o.765+ c2 (3-14)
 75

Fig. 3-7. Relationship between constant A and pseudo-specific gravity of feed ( T = 80OF). (After
Whinery and Campbell, 1958, p. 54, fig. 2; courtesy of the S.P.E. of A.I.M.E.)

where C, = ( A + 0.028)/0.012 for wellstreams having a gravity less than one,

referred to air. In the above equations, p 2 = second-stage pressure in psia, p 1 =
first-stage pressure in psia, and A = dimensionless constant which is a function of
stocktank pressure ( p , ) and the system composition. Whinery and Campbell found
that composition could be expressed in terms of the wellstream gravity and the
+
percentages of methane, ethane, and propane ( C , + C , C,, all in mole%), as
shown in Figs. 3-7 and 3-8. Constants A , C,, and C, can be obtained from these
graphs (Figs. 3-7 and 3-8).
Variation of p 2 with p 1 for a fixed system composition was presented by
Whinery and Campbell (1958, p. 53) and is shown here in Fig. 3-9. The maximum of
each curve shows the value of p 2 at which the stocktank recovery (gal)/(MMcf') *
residue gas is a maximum.
It should be remembered, however, that the Whinery-Campbell technique is an
excellent tool for the field engineer where time is of prime importance, but is not a
replacement for a computer.

* M-1000 and MM =1000OOO; Mcf -1000 standard cu ft; standard legal temperature in most
cases = 60'F.
16

.
C, DIMENSIONLESS SHIFTING CONSTANl

Fig. 3-8. Relationship between shifting constant C and constant A . (After Whinery and Campbell, 1958,
p. 54, fig. 3; courtesy of the S.P.E. of A.I.M.E.)

139
,
138.

SECOND STAGE PRESSURE, PSlA

Fig. 3-9. Relationship between second-stage pressure (psia) and stocktank recovery in gal/MMcf of
residue gas. (After Whinery and Campbell, 1958, p. 53, fig. 1; analysis 6, T = SOOF; courtesy of the S.P.E.
of A.I.M.E.)
 71

If it is not desirable to use the experimental methods outlined above, the problem
may be solved by calculations with equilibrium ratios. Such calculations, however,
are tedious unless a computer is available.

METHODS OF SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATIONS

In computing the compositions of the liquid and the vapor when neither
composition is known, but the equilibrium constants are given, the following
procedure can be used.
(1) Assume a value for V / L (or L / V ) to get (V/L)ass,l.
(2) Preferably using eqs. 3-5 and 3-6, compute the number of moles of each
component in the liquid and the number of moles of each component in the vapor.
(3) Add each group to get the calculated V .
(4) Divide the calculated V by the calculated L to get the ( V/L)calc,l.
(5) If the ( V/L)cdc,lis equal to ( V/L)ass,l, the assumption was correct within the
desired accuracy.
( 6 ) If ( V/L)calc,l is not equal to ( V/L)ass,l, assume another value for V / L where
(V/L)ass,2= (V/L)cdc,l + [(V/L)ca,c.l - (V/L)ass.lI; that is, make (V/L)ass,2 as far
beyond (V/L)caIc.l, as (J‘/LlCdc.1 is beyond (V/L)ass.l*
(7) One could also plot [( V / L ) a s s-, ( V / L ) c d c ,versus
] ( V/L)ass,;but the above
rule has worked out better in the experience of the writers in this type of problems,
because the relationship is far from being linear.
In computing the temperature and composition of vapor when the composition
of liquid is known, the procedure described below can be followed.
(1) Assume a temperature and record equilibrium ratios.
(2) Compute y1 = K1xl, y2 = K 2 x 2 , . . , and Cy.
(3) Assume another temperature which will make E y approach 1. The higher the
temperature, the greater is the value of K . For a fixed x , therefore, y will increase
with increasing temperature.
(4) Plot Cy versus temperature, and establish the point of intersection at Cy = 1.

Isothermal flash for two phases

The assumption of steady-state flow through the separator gives the mass
balances for each individual component as follows:

r;] = y + L, (3-15)

where I;] = moles of component “ 1 ” in the feed, = moles of component “i” in the
vapor, and Li= moles of component “ i ” in the liquid. On an over-all basis:

r;;=v,+L, (3-16)
 The second assumption of equilibrium between vapor and liquid in the mixture
gives:

Y, = K , x , (3-17)

where y, = mole fraction of component “ i ” in the vapor, x i= mole fraction of

component “i” in the liquid, and K i = vapor-liquid equilibrium ratio of component
“ i ” . Equation 3-17 may be represented as follows:

Substituting eq. 3-15 into eq. 3-18 and rearranging gives the following relationship:

(3-19)

If the substitution is made for v,rearrangement gives:

(3-20)

Equation 3-18 or 3-19 or any of the possible rearrangements of eqs. 3-15 and 3-18
may be used in a conventional iterative method. A value of L, is assumed, is
obtained from eq. 3-16 and the individual L, is determined using eq. 3-20. The
assumed L, is correct if the calculated xy=lL, agrees with it within closely defined
limits. After satisfactory agreement, each is calculated from eq. 3-15, and mole
fractions for vapor and liquid can be determined.
Although the solution to eq. 3-19 or 3-20 is straightforward, complications may
arise for some problems due to slow convergence strategy for manual as well as
computer calculations to attain required accuracy in a reasonable time interval. Two
strategies for achieving this are described here: (1) the Lockhart-McHenry (1958)
method, which is currently used by many engineers, and (2) the Lockhart method
(pers. comm., 1983) presented here for the first time.

LOCKHART-MCHENRY METHOD OF FLASH-EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS

Lockhart and McHenry (1958) proposed a method which reduces the usual time
and luck required for making flash-equilibrium calculations for multicomponent
mixtures. It reduces a multicomponent mixture to a hypothetical binary system.
When using the conventional method of calculation, the convergence may be slow
(calculated V / F versus assumed V / F ) , which makes it difficult to bracket the
TABLE 3-111
Lockhart-McHenry method, sample problem 3 (from Lockhart and McHenry, 1958; with permission of Hyakxarbon Processing, by Gulf Publishing Co.,
Houston, Tex.)

Component Fn Kn FnK n 4/Kn F,/(Kn+l)

at V / F = 0 at V / F = I at V / F = 0.5
Methane 163.9 3.80 622.5 43.1 34.2
Ethane 369.5 1.76 651.0 210.0 134.0
- __ - __
u Light 533.4 1273.5 253.1 168.2
Propane 450.0 0.79 355.3 570.0 251.5
Isobutane 74.1 0.44 32.6 168.4 51.5
nButane 239.9 0.35 84.0 686.0 177.7
Isopentane 56.6 0.195 11.1 290.2 47.4
n Pentane 59.3 0.160 9.5 370.7 51.1
Hexanes 71.4 0.075 5.4 951.0 66.4
- - -
u Heavy 951.3 497.9 3036.3 645.6
~

- - - __
Total B 1484.7 1771.4 3289.4 813.8
V/F= 0 V / F =1 V / F = 0.5
K: + 2.39 (eq.3.23) 2.11 (eq.3-24) 2.17 (eq.3-25)
K1; + 0.523 (eq.3-23) 0.314 (eq.3-24) 0.475 (eq.3-25)
1118 , 778 1016
-
- 685 ~
- 858 -
- 814
V* -+ 433 (eq.3-22) - 80 (eq.3-22) 202 (eq.3-22)
V * / F -+ 0.292 -0.0539 0.136
80

correct answer. On the other hand, on using the Lockhart-McHenry method, the
convergence to the correct answer is very sharp: it is equivalent to the intersection
of two lines at an angle of never less than 45".
For a binary mixture of components A and B (the more volatile and less volatile,
respectively), V can be solved by the following equation:

Lockhart and McHenry also offered the following equations for the multicompo-
nent mixtures:

v* = Fl/( 1 - K,*)- F h / ( K? - 1) (3-22)

for

ASSUMED V/F

Fig. 3-10. Calculated V * / F versus assumed V / F . The convergence to the correct answer is very sharp,
and is equivalent to the intersection of two lines at an angle of never less than 45'. (After Lockhart and
McHenry, 1958, fig. 3; with permission of Hydrocurbon Processing, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Tex.)
 81

The multicomponent feed F is resolved into moles of “light” component F, and

moles of “heavy” component Fh (components with K , of 1 or less are classified as
heavy and those with K,, of 1 or more as light). KT = equilibrium ratio for the light
component in the hypothetical binary mixture; K z = equilibrium ratio for the heavy
component; V* = moles of vapor calculated by eq. 3-22 for the flash-equilibrium of
the hypothetical binary mixture; and u = subtotals of the light component and the
heavy component.
KT = and Kg are evaluated on using eqs. 3-23 to 3-27, involving the subtotals
for the light and heavy components.
Example 3-3
As shown in Table 3-111 (Lockhart and McHenry, 1958), calculations are made at
assumed V / F values of 0, 1, and 0.5, where 0 and 1 correspond to the bubble point
and dew point calculations.
In Fig. 3-10, the intersection of the V* curve and 45O-line is shown. This
approximate answer is usually correct to within *0.02 in V / F . Usually, the true
answer can be determined in one more trial and never in more than two trials. The
Lockhart-McHenry method also lends itself very well to computer programming.

THE LOCKHART METHOD

In the Lockhart method, the first calculation is made at an assumed value of

L , / F = 0.5 in eq. 3-20, which becomes:

(3-28)

The C,: L, as compared with the assumed L, gives the direction of the correct L,.
For example, if at an assumed value of L , / F of 0.5 the calculated Zym1 L , / F < 0.50,
then the correct value of L , / F will be less than the calculated value of Z:- L , / F . If
the’calculated c m 1 L , / Fequals 0.5 exactly, then this is the correct value of L,/F.
On the other hand, if the calculated Z:-l L , / F exceeds 0.5, the correct value of L , / F
will be greater than the calculated value of Z ,: L , / F .
The second calculation should always be made to insure that there are two phases
at the temperature and pressure of the flash equilibrium. If the CymlL , / F < 0.5, then
the second calculation should be made at an assumed value of L , / F = 0, which is
the dew-point calculation:

(3-29)

i-1

For some liquid to be present, this ratio (eq.3-29) must be greater than unity.
82

TABLE 3-IV
Calculation of average E for the mixture

Condition Equation no. Average

At L, = V , 3-28

At L , / F = 0 3-29
(Dew-point)
At L , / F = 1.0 3-30
(Bubble-point)
ZI;
At any value of V, 3-19

At any value of L, 3-20

If the Ci“,,L,/F > 0.5, then the second calculation must be made at an assumed
value of L,/F = 1.0, which is the bubble-point calculation:

(3-30)

1-1

In order for some vapor to be present, this ratio (eq. 3-30) must be greater than
unity.
The third calculation at intermediate values of t ; / F (or L , / F ) may be made
using either eq. 3-19 or 3-20, as desired.
The proposed convergence technique uses the conventional calculations, but has
one additional step at the end of each iteration to calculate the “average” K for the
entire feed mixture. At the correct values of L , and t;, the average f equals unity.
In a legitimate flash calculation, K > 1.0 at the bubble-point and K < 1.0 at the
dew-point. The average K is calculated by using equations given in Table 3-IV.
For manual calculations, it is fast and easy to plot a graph of versus the
assumed L , (or t;). Sketching-in the curve through these points determines the next
assumption to be made. The curve is revised if necessary, after each new point is
calculated until satisfactory closure is attained.
When using computers, it is convenient to have a convergence scheme and
iterative technique built into the program. The hyperbolic convergence routine
proposed by Hohmann and Lockhart (1972) is recommended.
 83

Example 3-4

Calculate the lb-moles of vapor and liquid for the following conditions:
Compound Moles E K.= v/x
Methane 5 19.0
Ethane 5 4.0
Propane 20 1.5
Isobutane 35 0.70
nButane 35 0.55
-
100

At L, = V;, eq. 3-28 gives C:= L, = 52.42 moles.

Therefore, correct L, > 52.42 moles and K = 0.908. One can check now whether
or not vapor is present. Bubble-point calculation (eq. 3-30) gives X:,”,,F;K,= 189.
Thus, vapor is present; K = 1.89. Correct value of L, lies between 52.42 and 100
moles.
Try L, = 75.0 moles in eq. 3-20, which gives C:,,L, = 74.11 moles and K = 1.048.
Correct value of L,lies between 52.42 and 74.11 moles.
,
,-: L, = 68.95 moles and K= 1.002.
Try L, = 69.0 moles in eq. 3-20, which gives X
Correct value of L,lies between 52.42 and 68.95 moles.
,
Try L, = 68.0 moles in eq. 3-20, which gives Cy- Li = 68.08 moles and K = 0.996.
Correct value of L, lies between 68.08 and 68.95 moles.
This may be repeated until the desired closure is attained. The composition and
amount of vapor is obtained from eq. 3-15.

THREE-PHASE FLASH EQUILIBRIUM

Three-phase systems (a vapor phase, a liquid hydrocarbon phase, and a liquid

aqueous phase) are frequently encountered in petroleum operations. Formerly, it
was assumed that the water vapor reduced the hydrocarbon partial pressure in the
vapor according to Dalton’s law (Nelson, 1958). This assumption implied that the
solubility of water in liquid hydrocarbons and solubility of liquid hydrocarbons in
water are negligible. This approximation worked satisfactorily at low pressures
and/or medium or high temperatures, but became increasingly less accurate at
higher pressures and lower temperatures.
Three-phase flash calculation techniques have been presented by Osborne (1964),
Deam and Maddox (1969), Erbar (1973), and Peng and Robinson (1976). Two sets
of equilibrium data are required: a set describing equilibrium between the vapor
phase and each liquid phase. Equilibrium relationships between vapor and liquid
hydrocarbon phases are available, whereas those between vapor and liquid aqueous
phases are mostly present in company files and, hopefully, will be published.
Furthermore, most of the published data deals with pure water, whereas the actual
aqueous phases contain various amounts of different salts.
84

SAMPLE PROBLEMS AND QUESTIONS

(1) Draw a sectional view showing the interior construction of a typical oil-gas
separator.
( 2 ) In two-stage separation, what effect does the increasing of pressure of
high-stage separator have on the gasoline content obtained from (a) a low-stage
separator, and (b) a high-stage separator. Explain.
(3) Outline steps in determining the optimum pressure of the high-stage sep-
ara tor in two-stage separation.
(4) Describe the physical principles involved in the design and operation of
float-controlled separators.
(5) Define stage separation.
(6) A lube oil is treated with liquid propane in the proportions of 8.00 moles of
propane to 2.00 moles of oil. The mixture is flashed at 90 psig and 120°F. Under
these conditions the equilibrium ratio ( K = y / x ) for propane is ? (find it) and for
the lube is 0.00. For 400.0 moles of the original mixture, calculate the numbers of
moles and mole% of lube oil and propane in the equilibrium liquid phase.
(7) (a) A liquid was subjected to an equilibrium-flash vaporization at 90 psia. At
equilibrium, the analysis of the vapors on a mole% basis was as follows: propane
(C,), 30; isobutane (iC4), 35; n-butane (nC,), 25; isopentane (iC5), 10. Estimate the
temperature and the composition of the equilibrium liquid.
(b) Estimate the maximum temperature at which the equilibrium vapors could be
condensed practically completely at 90 psia.
(8) The liquid (mixture of heptane and octane) is heated in a closed container at
212°F. The composition of the vapor produced is 70%by volume of heptane and
30% by volume of octane. The vapor pressures at 212°F are 18.42 psia for the
heptane and 8.32 psia for the octane. The molecular weights are 100.2 for the
heptane and 114.2 for the octane. The specific gravities of liquids at 212°F are 0.684
for the heptane and 0.704 for the octane. Compute the composition of liquid in
volume per cent. [xl = (1 - K 2 ) / ( K 1- K 2 ) . ]
(9) In determining the optimum pressure for the first stage of gas-oil separation
when the second stage is atmospheric, certain graphs may be drawn. With the
pressure of the high-stage separator as the horizontal axis, give illustrative curves of:
(a) gas/oil ratio for low-stage and high-stage; also cumulative;
(b) gasoline content of separator gas for low-stage and high-stage; and
(c) total gasoline lost in two-stage separation.
(10) For a wellstream having the following composition, determine the optimum
second-stage pressure for a three-stage separation, if p1 = 600 psia.
Component Mole Fraction Mol. Wt.
0.30 16.01
0.30 30.07
0.10 44.09
0.15 58.12
0.05 72.15
0.05 86.17
0.05 115.22
 85

(Reference: Whinery and Campbell, 1958, p. 54.)

(11) A 12-ft high vertical separator, with a 24-in. inside diameter, is operating at
a pressure of 500 psia at 60°F. Compressibility factor = 0.909, oil gravity = 30"API,
gas specific gravity (with respect to air = 1) = 0.65, and separation coefficient =
0.167.
Determine:
(1) gas specific weight in lb/ft3 at operating conditions;
(2) oil capacity in bbl/day (retention time = 1 min); and
(3) gas capacity in MMscf/day.
(Reference: Craft et al., 1962, pp. 453-482.)

APPENDIX 3.1-RAOULT'S, DALTON'S AND HENRY'S LAWS

One can use Raoult's law in calculations involving normal paraffin hydrocarbons
if the pressure is below 60 psi. According to Raoult's law, at any particular constant
temperature, the partial pressure of one component of a mixture is equal to the mole
fraction of that component multiplied by its vapor pressure in the pure state at the
temperature of the liquid:

p! = PfXn (3.1-1)

where p! = partial pressure of a component in the liquid phase, p," = vapor pressure
of the component in the pure state, and x, = mole fraction of a component in the
liquid phase.
If a mixture is below its bubble-point temperature, the total pressure = p i + p i +
p ; + . . . +p,.1
Dalton's law states that the partial pressure of an individual component in a
gaseous mixture is equal to the product of the total pressure, n, and the mole
fraction of that individual component, y,,:

P,' = VY,, (3.1-2)

where p,' = partial pressure of a component in the vapor phase, 7~ = total pressure of
the system, and y, = mole fraction of the component in the vapor phase.
Raoult's law and Dalton's law can be combined, because at equilibrium the
partial pressure of a component in the vapor is equal to the partial vapor pressure of
the component in the liquid or p! = p:; consequently:

y,, = P:xn/n (Henry's law) ( 3 .I-3)

This equation expresses the equilibrium between the vapor and the liquid of an ideal
solution at any temperature and pressure. Example 3.1-1 shows calculations involv-
ing Henry's law.
86

The P;/m ratio is not a constant, however, and is altered by the total pressure
and to some extent by the kind of materials associated with it in the mixture.
Consequently, the y / x ratio must be determined experimentally (equilibrium ratio
K =y / x ) .
Example 3. I-I

A liquid consists of 42.5% butane and 57.5% pentane by volume at 60°F.If the
liquid is heated to 180°F at 100 psia, what will be the composition of the vapor that
is produced? (Assume that Raoult’s law holds.)
Vapor pressure of C4H,, at 180°F is 152 psi; vapor pressure of CSHI2at 180°F
is 56 psi; and sp.gr. at 60°F is 0.585 and 0.631 for C4H,, and C5H12, respectively.
Solution:

Compo- Vol. in Sp.gr. Wt. in Mol. Gram- Mole S Vapor Raoult’s Mole S
nent liquid at 60°F liquid wt. moles in pressure law in
at 60°F (g) in liquid (psi) partial vapor
(cc) liquid pressure
(psia) .
C,H,, 42.5 0.585 24.9 , 58.1 0.428 46.0 152 69.9 69.R
CSH,, 57.5 0.631 36.3 72.1 0.504 54.0 56 30.3 30.2
- -
0.9321oo.o 100.2 100.0

If this problem were solved on the basis of 100 ft3, one would multiply 42.5 and
57.5 by 62.4 lb/ft3; and if on the basis of 100 gal, by 8.33 lb/gal. In each case, one
should continue with the steps shown in the above table.
The reader is also referred to an excellent treatment of the subject by Nelson
(1958,pp. 434-464).
APPENDIX 3-II-ILLUSTRATION, ACCESSORIES, GAS CAPACITIES, SETTLING VOLUMES,
AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR: (1) VERTICAL LOW-PRESSURE SEPARATORS; (2) VERTICAL
HIGH-PRESSURE SEPARATORS; (3) HORIZONTAL LOW-PRESSURE SEPARATORS; (4)
HORIZONTAL HIGH-PRESSURE SEPARATORS; A N D (5) SPHERICAL SEPARATORS
(COURTESY OF HTI-SUPERIOR, INC., A BERRY INDUSTRIES COMPANY).

VERTICAL LOW PRESSURE SEPARATORS

GAS OUTLE

MIST EXTRACTOR

I\

5- STANDARD ACCESSORIES
Standard accessories furnished with two-phase (oilgas)
CONTROL
separators.
1 . Low pressure, diaphragm operated dump valve.
1 . Float operated level control
1 . ASME safetv relief valve
lF'1i I 1 . Pressure gage with isolating valve
1 .Stainless steel wire mesh mist extractor
1 . Inlet diverter
FlrTE 1 . Drain connection
1 .Outside ladder on 10' high separators and higher
1 . Quieting baffle over settling section
Companion flanges bolted on gas inlet and outlet
(threaded or slipon)
OUTLET
1 .Tubular gage glass with safety cocks 8 draln valve
OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES
Thermometer
Safety Head
DRA,N Heating Coil
Additional Connections
Skid Mounting
Three Phase Operation
88

VERTICAL LOW PRESSURE SEPARATOR INFORMATION

GAS CAPAC:ITIES

wx20
W'XlS

WXl0

4W'xlS
49x10

36"xlO
WXT.W,

M"Xl0

WXS

24"xT-9

24"xS

SPECIFICATIONS
STANDARD AND ASME CODE CONSTRUCTION
Nominal inlet 8 Oil Standard Valves Settling Gas Oil Shippin(
Model Size W.P. Gas Outlet Outlet Oil Gas Volume Capacity Capacity Weight
No. Dia.x HI. psi Conn. Conn. Veive Valve bbl MMSCFD bbllday Ib
V.245 24" x 5' 125 2" Thd 2'Thd 2' 2' 0.65 1.9 860 950
V-247 2 4 ' x 7v2, 125 2'Thd 2'Thd 2" 2" 1.01 3.1 1290 1150
V.3010 30" x 1 0 125 3" Thd 3'Thd 2' 2' 2.06 5.7 2700 2000
36" x 5' 125 4'Thd 2'Thd 2" 2" 1.61 4.3 1960 2wM
36" x 71h' 125 4"Thd 3'Thd 2, 2' 2.43 7.1 2940 2350
V-3610 3 6 ' x 10' 125 4" Thd 4" Thd 2' 2' 3.04 8.3 3920 2700
V.4810 48" x 1 0 125 6' Fig 4" Thd 3" 2" 5.67 14.6 8980 3400
V-4815 48" x 15' 125 6" F.g 4" Thd 4" 2" 7.86 17.3 10460 4500
V-M)lO W'X10 125 6' Fig 4" Thd 4" 3" 9.23 23.1 10900 5200
V43015 60" x 15' 6 ' Flg 4" Thd 4" 3' 12.65 27.0 16400 6400
-
125
80' x 2 0 125 6" Flg 4" Th,d 4" 3" 15.51 32.9 21800 7600

Normal volume carried in vessel is to center line of fiodt opening.

Gas capacities shown are for maximum working pressure.
 89

VERTICAL HIGH PRESSURE SEPARATORS

GAS WTLET -p&fJ-- .SAFETY U' 'ALVE

la. I
PRESSURE
GAGE STANDARD ACCESSORIES
Standard accessories furnished with twc-phase
(oii.gas) separators,
THERMOMETER
1 . High pressure, screwed, angle type, diaphragm
motor valve
1 . Pneumatic level control
1 . ASME safety relief valve
1 . Pressure gauge with isolating valve
FLOAT PROTECTOR

1 .Control gas regulator set with fittings

GAGE GLASS
LIQUID LEVEL
CONTROL 1 . Stainless steel wire mesh mist extractor
1 . Inlet diverter
1 . Drain connection
1 . Outside ladder on 1 0 high separators and higher
1 . Quieting baffle over settling section
Companion flanges bolted on gas inlet and outlet
(threaded or slipon)
1 - Reflex gage glass with steel cocks 8. draln valve
Additional accessories furnished with threephase
(oil-gas-water) separators.
1 . High pressure, screwed, angle type, diaphragm
motor valve
1 .Pneumatlc level control
1 . Transparent gage glass with ateel safety cocks
& drain valve
OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES
Safety Head
Heating Coil
Additional Connections
Skid Mounting
90

CAPACITIES OF VERTICAL HIGH PRESSURE SEPARATORS

I
GAS CAPACITIES

200 300 400 XD 6W 8W 1MD 15W 1ooo

SEPARATOR OPERATING PRESSURE, PSI0

SETTLING VOLUMES
SIZE VOLUME SIZE VOLUME
O.D. x Ht. bbl. O.D. x Ht. bbl.
16' x 5' 0.27 42" x 7%' 3.53
16' x 7H' 0.41 42" h 1 0 4.29
16' x 10 0.51 42" x 15' 5.80
10' x 4' 0.44 48" x Vh' 4.81
20" x 7%' 0.65 48" x 1 0 5.80
20' x 10 0.82 48" x 1 s 7.79
24' x 5' 0.66 54" x 7 H ' 6.33
24" x 7%' 0.97 54" x 1 0 7.80
24" x 10 1.21 54" x 15' 10.12
30' x 5' 1.13 60'x 7'h' 8.08
30" X 1%' 1.64 60' x I 0 9.63
30" x 10 2.02 60" x 15' 12.73
36" x 7%' 2.47 60" x 2 0 15.31
38" x 10 3.02
36" x 1s 4.13

B a d on loo0 psl W.P. Smparcltor

 91

VERTICAL HIGH PRESSURE SEPARATORS

SPECIFICATIONS
Nominal Inlet LL Std. Gas Llquld Shlpplng
Model Size W.P. Gas Outlet Oil Capaclty Capacity Weight
No. O.D. x Ht. PSI Conn. Valve MMCFD bbl/day Ib.

VS.1010.2 16~x10' 2" Thd 1" 2.1 750 1150

V52052 2O'XS 230 3" FIa 1" 1.7 590 1000
VS.207.2 ZO"x71h' 3" FIO 1" 2.9 890 1200
, vs.2010-2 2O"XlO 3" Flg 1" 3.4 1180 1400
VS-2452 24"xs 230 3" FIg 1" 2.5 850 1200
VS-247.2 24"x7%' 3" Flg 1" 4.1 1270 1450
VS-2410-2 24"XlO 3" FIg 1" 4.0 1700 1700
VS.305-2 3O"XV 230 4" Flg 1" 3.9 1330 110
VS-307.2 3O"x7v2' 4" Flg 1" 0.5 XXK) 1750
VS-3010-2 30"xlO 4, Flg 1" 7.0 2880 1900
VS-367-2 36"x74/2' 230 4" Flg 1" 9.4 2900 2300
vs-3610.2 W'XlO 4' Flg 1" 11.0 3880 2700
, vs-36152 W'XlS 4" FIg 1" 13.7 58003500
V5427.2 42"x74/2 230 6' Flg 2" 12.7 3900 3100
VS-4210-2 42"xlO
~. 6' FIa 2" 14.0 52M)
_-__ 3860
....
VS.4215-2 42"x15 6" FI; 2, 18.4 7800 4800
VS-487-2 46'X7M' 230 6' Fla 2" 16.7 5150 3700
I vs-4810.2 48"xlO 6' F l i 2" 19.5 8870 4800
VS.4015.2 46'x15 6' F l i 2" 24.5 lo300 esoo

-t
V5547-2 54"x74/2' 230 6' FIa 2" 21.1 esoo4800
VS-5410-2 54"xlO 6' FIQ 2" 24.6 8850 5700
VS-54152 54"x15 6' Flg 2, 30.7 13Ooo 7800
VsBo7.2 0O"x7'h'! 230 6 ' Flg 2" 26.1 8 0 5 0 5 8 0 0
vs6010-2 00"xlO 6 ' FIg 2" 30.5 10700 7100
VS60152 00"x15 6' FIg 2" 38.1 16100 8800
VS60202 8O'XZo' 6,Flg 2" 43.4 21400 12300
'451055 16"x5' 500 2" Thd 1" 1.0 380 1000
VS-107.5 lWx71h' 2 ' Thd 1" 2.7 540 1150
VS-1010-5 16'Xlo' 2" Thd 1" 3.1 720 1300
VS-2055 Zo"X5 500 3" FIg 1" 2.8 580 1300
v5207.5 2O'x7M" 3" FIg 1" 4.3 870 1500
VS-20105 2O'XlO 3" FIg 1" 5.0 1150 1700
VS.245-5 24"x5 500 3" Flg 1" 3.7 820 2100
V5247-5 24"x79h' 3" FIg 1" 0.1 1230 2500
VS-2410-5 2r)"XlO 3" FI@ 1" 7.1 1040 2900
vs305-5 W'XS 500 4" FIg 1" 5.7 1280 2700
VS-307-5 30" x 74/21 4" Fla 1" 9.3 lee0 k3M
__..
VS-3010.5 W'X10' 4" FI; 1" 10.9 2520 3800
VS-387-5 W'x7M' 500 4" FIa 1" 13.3 2700 4700
VS-36105 W'XlO 4" FIO 1" 15.5 38005300
VS-30155 W'x15' 4" Flp 1" 19.4 5400 8500
VS-427-5 42"x7%' 500 6" FIg 2" 18.4 3750 5200
V5-42105 42.~10' 6' FIg 2, 21.4 5Ooo 8200
VS-42155 42"x15 6 FIg 2, 28.8 7500 8200
v5487.5 4WX7M' 500 6'FIg 2" 24.3 5 O o o 5 8 0 0
V5481Q5 48"XlO' 6'FIg 2" 28.4 8800 7540
V548155 W'X15' 8" FIg 2' 35.4 ssqo loso0
92

VERTICAL HIGH PRESSURE SEPARATORS

SPECIFICATIONS
Nominal Inlet a Std Gas Liquid Shlppli
Model Size W.P. Gas Outlet Oil Capacity Capaclty Weigh1
NO. O.D. x l i t . psi Conn. Valve MMCFD bbl/day Ib.

VS.54155 54"xlS 6" Fig 2' 44.6 12400 12500

VS-607-5 6O'x7W' 500 6" Flg 2, 38.1 7700 9500
VS-6010.5 60"x 1 0 6' Flg 2' 44.5 10300 11500
vs-60155 60"xlS 6' Flg 2' 55.6 15400 15800'
vs-w20-5 6O"x20 6 ,Flg 2, 63.3 20600 zoo00
VS-1656 W'X5 600 2" Thd 1" 1.8 360 1100
VS-167-6 16"x71/2+ 2 , Thd 1" 3.0 540 1250
VS-1610-6 16"xlO 2'Thd 1" 3.5 720 1400
VS.2056 ZO"x5' 600 3" Flg 1" 2.8 560 1400
VS-207.6 ZO"x71h' 3 , Flg 1" 4.6 840 1600
VS-2010.6 2O"XlO 3 ! Flg 1" 5.4 1120 1800
VS.2456 24"x5 800 3" Flg 1" 3.6 760 2200
VS.247-6 24"x71hh' 3 ' Flg 1" 6.3 1140 2600
VS.2410.6 24"xlO 3 , Flg 1" 7.3 1520 3000
VS.3056 30"x5 600 4" Fig 1" 6.0 1200 2800
vs-307-6 30"X7M' 4" FIa 1" 9.6 1800 3400
VS-3010-6 W'x10 4" F l i 1" 11.5 24W 4000
VS.367.6 36"X7%' 600 4" Flg 1" 14.7 2700 4900
VS-3610-6 36"xlO 4" Flg 1" 17.2 3600 5500
VS-38156 36"x15 4" Flg 1" 21.5 5400 6800
VS-427-6 42"x71/2' 600 6" Flg 2- 20.4 3750 5600
VS-4210-6 42"xlO 6" Flg 2' 23.8 5000 6700
VS.4215-6 42"x15' 6" Flg 2' 30.0 7500 8900
VS.487-6 48"X71/z' 600 6 ' FIg 2" 27.1 5000 8400
VS4810-6 48"xlO 6" Flg 2" 31.7 6600 8200
VS-48156 W'x15 6" Flg 2, 39.6 9900 11800
VS-547-6 5493X71h9 600 6" FIg 2, 34.0 6200 eooo
VS-5410-6 54"xlO 6" FIg 2" 39.6 6300 loo00
VS-5415-6 54"x15' 6" Flg 2, 49.6 12400 13900
VS.807-6 6OSx7H' 600 6" Flg 2' 42.3 7700 10300
VS-6010-6 60"xlO 8" Flg 2" 49.4 10300 12500
VS.60156 W'XlS 6" Flg 2" 61.7 15400 17000
V56020-6 W'x20' 6" Flg 2, 70.3 20600 21500
VS-16510 16'x5' 1000 2" Thd 1" 2.4 340 1100
I VS.167-10 l6"x71hs 2" Thd 1" 3.9 500 1200
VS.1610-10 16"XlO' 2 ' Thd 1" 4.5 670 1500
VS-20510 20"xs 1000 3" Flg 1" 3.7 530 1800
I VS-207.10 20"x71/2 3" FlQ 1" 6.1 790 1900
vs-201 010 20"XlO' 3" Flg 1" 7.1 1050 2200
vs-24510 24"x5' loo0 3" FIg 1" 5.3 760 2500
VS-247-10 24" x7 V2' 3" Flg 1" 8.6 1140 2650
VS.2410-10 24"XlO' 3" Flg 1" 10.4 1520 3300
VS-30510 W'XS loo0 4" FIg 1" 8.2 1180 3200
VS.307-10 W'x7H' 4" Flg 1" 13.8 1760 3650
v53010-10 30"xlO 4" Flg 1" 15.9 2350 4200
V5367.10 W'x7H' loo0 4" Flg 1" 20.7 2680 5400
vs3610-10 38"XlO' 4" Flg 1" 24.1 3570 6400
vs-381510 38"XlS 4" Flg 1" 30.1 5360 8700
 93

VERTICAL HIGH PRESSURE SEPARATORS

Nominal Inlet 8 Std. Gas Liquid Shippini
Model Size W.P. Gas Outlet Oil Capacity Capacity Weight
No. O.D. x Ht. psi Conn. Valve MMCFD bblldav Ib.

I VS-307.12 30"x7'/2' 4" Flo 1" 15.3 1760 3950

VS.3010-12 3O"xlO 4" Flg 1" 17.9 2350 4500
VS.367.12 36"x71/2' 1200 4" Flg 1" 23.1 2610 6000
VS.3610-12 36"xlO' 4" Flg 1" 26.9 3470 7300
VS.3615-12 36"xlS 4" Flg 1" 33.6 5220 9900
VS-427.12 42"x71/2' 1200 6 ,Flg 2, 31.0 3510 8300
VS.4210-12 42"xlO' 6" Flg 2" 36.1 4680 9900
VS-4215.12 42"xlS 6" Flg 2" 45.2 7020 13100
VS.467.12 4B"X71/2' 1200 6" Fig 2, 40.5 4650 11OOO
VS-4810.12 48"xlO 6" Flg 2" 47.3 6200 13500
VS-4815.12 46"x15' 6" Fig 2' 59.1 9300 18400
vs.547.12 54"x7'/2' I200 6 ,Flg 2, 51.4 5650 14400
VS.5410-12 54"xlO 6 ' Flg 2' 59.9 7600 17500
VS5415-12 54"xlS 6" Flg 2" 74.9 11700 23500
VS-607-12 60"x71/2' 1200 6" FIa 2" 62.3
._ . 7250 18OOO
VS.6010-12 60"xlO' 6" Fla 2' 72 7 9700 21500
VS.6015-12 60"x15' 6" Fla 2s 90.9 14550 29000
9
2,
VS-6020.1 60"X20 104.0 19400 36000
VS.165.14 16"XS 1440 2" Thd 1" 2.9
-. 320 1500
VS-167.14 16"X7 1/2 ' 2 ' Thd 1" 4.8 460 1800
VS.1610.14 16"XlO' 2" Thd 1" 5.4 640 2100
VS-205.14 20'xS 1440 3 , FIa 1" 4.1 450 2100
I V5207.14 20"x7Vz" 3 ' Fla 1" 6.7 670 2600
VS.2010-14 20"XlO 3" Fla 1" 7.6 900 3100
VS.24514 24"x5' 1440 3" Flg 1" 6.7 740 2800
3" Flg 1" 11.2 1100 3200
94

HORIZONTAL LOW PRESSURE SEPARATORS

STANDARD ACCESSORIES
Standard accessories furnished with two.phase (oil.gas) separators.
1 . Low pressure, diaphragm operated dump valve.
1 . Float operated level control
1 . ASME safety relief valve
1 . Pressure gage with isolating valve
1 .Stainless steel wire mesh mist extractor
1 . Inlet diverter
1 . Drain connection
1 - Quieting baffle
Companion flanges bolted on gas inlet and outlef (threaded or slipon)
1 -Tubular gage glass with safety cocks & drain valve
OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES
Thermometer
Safety Head
Heating Coil
Additional Connections
Skid Mounting
Three Phase Operation
 95

H0 R E 0NTAL LOW PR ESSURE SEPARATOR INFORMAT10 N

iu
GAS CAPACITIES

60 x20
60'r15
60 '"10

4W'xlS

48"x10
36x15

36 " 1 0

30x10
30'XT.6'
30' x s
24 X10
24 x 7 . 6
24.35

I ! ! ! ! ! ! l ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! . ' ! ! L ' ! ' ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! W '

I III.IIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I I I 1111111II
1
PO 15 20 30 40 50 60 7 0 8 0 9 0 1W 125 1
1
~ ~~

SEPARATOR OPERATING PRESSURE PSlG

Nominal inlet a Oil Standard Valves Gas Oil Shipping

Model Size W.P. Gas Outlet Outlet Oil Gas Capacity Capacity Weight
No. Dia. x Lgth. psi Conn. Conn. Valve Valve MMSCFD Bbllday Ib.
~- - -
H.247 24"x7%' 125 2"Thd 2'Thd 2" 2" 5.3 2900 1200
H-2410 24"xlO' 125 3"Thd 3"Thd 2' 2" 8.0 3850 1800
H-305 3O"x5' 125 3"Thd 3'Thd 2' 2, 7.4 3ooo 1200 '
H-307 3O'x7H' 125 3"Thd 3" Thd 2" 2'' 8.4 4500 1800
H-3010 3O"xlO 125 4"Thd 4" Thd 2" 2' 9.4 Boo0 2100
H-3810 38"xlO 125 4"Thd 4"Thd 2" 2" 13.6 88002800
H-3815 36'x15 125 4" Thd 4" Thd 2' 2' 16.5 13200 3800
H-4810 48"xlO 125 8" Flg 4"Thd 2' 2' 18.5 lsB00 3500 '
H-4615 46'x15 125 6' FIg 4"Thd 3" 3' 22.4 23700 4600
H.8010 6O"xlO 125 6" Fig 4"Thd 3" 3" 38.0 24500 8200
H.6015 lO"x15 125 8" Fig 4"Thd 3" 3" 48.0 36800 8100
H.6020 60"x20' 125 6" Fig 4" Thd 4" 4" 53.3 4oooo loo00
96

HORIZONTAL HIGH PRESSURE SEPARATORS

SAFETY VALVE

THERMOMETER
INLET

RESSURE GAGE
MIST EXTRACTOR

NLET DIVERTER

LIQUID
LEVEL
CONTROL

DUMP VALVE

LIQUID
OUTLET
STANDARD ACCESSORIES
Standard accessories furnished with two-phase (oil.gas) separators
1 . High pressure screwed, angle type, diaphragm motor valve
1 . Pneumatic level control
1 . ASME safety relief valve
1 . Pressure gage with isolating valve
1 . Control gas regulator set with fittings
1 . Stainless steel wire mesh mist extractor
1 . Inlet diverter
1 Drain connection
1 . Outside ladder on 10' high separators and higher
1 . Quieting baffle
Companion flanges bolted on gas inlet and outlet (threaded or slipon)
1 Reflex gage glass with steel cocks 8 drain valve
Additional accessories furnished with three-phase (oil-gaswater) separators
1 . High pressure, screwed, angle type, diaphragm motor valve
1 . Pneumatic level control
1 Transparent gage glass with steel safety cocks & drain valve
OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES
Thermometer
Safety Head
Heating Coil
Additional Connections
Skid Mounting
StlOlVtlVd3S 3tlflSS3tld H U H WlNOZltlOH A 0 S31113VdV3
L6
98

HORIZONTAL HIGH PRESSURE SEPARATORS

Nominal Inlet a Std. Gas Liquid Shipping
Model Slre W.P. Gas Outlet Oil Capacity Capacity Weight
No. O.D. X Lgth psi Conn. Valve MMCFD' Bbllday Ibs.

HS-1210-2 12%"x10' 2 , Thd 2, 2.1 1000 1000

HS-1852 1WX5' 230 2 , Thd 2' 2.7 840 1000
HS-187-2 lWx7H' 2 , Thd 2" 3.1 1260 1100
HS-1610-2 16'Xlo' 2" Thd 2, 3.5 1880 1200
HS-205-2 2O"x5' 230 3" Thd 2, 4.4 1330 1200
HS-207-2 X)"x7%' 3" Thd 2" 4.9 2000 1300
HS-2010-2 20"Xlo' 3" Thd 2, 5.5 2850 1400
HS-2452 24"x5' 230 4" Thd 2" 6.3 1900 1300
HS-247-2 24"x7*r' 4" Thd 2" 7.0 2850 1450
HS-2410-2 24"xlO 4" Thd 2" 7.9 3800 1550
HS-24152 24"x15' 4" Thd 2" 9.6 5700 1700
HS-3052 W'x5' 230 4,Thd 2 9.8 3ooo 1500
HS-307-2 W'x7H' 4" Thd 2" 11.1 4500 1800
HS-30102 W'X10' C' Thd 2" 12.4 8ooo 2200
HS-30152 W'x15' 4" Thd 2" 15.0 9 o o o 2 8 0 0
HS-367-2 38"x7%' 230 6" FIg 2" 16.1 8m 2400
HS-3810-2 W'X10' 8" FIg 2" 18.1 8700 2800
HS-36152 36"xW 8" Fla 2" 21.8 13ooo 3800
HS362&2 36"X20' 8" Fig 2 1 25.0 17000 4800
HS-427-2 42"x7%' 230 8" Fig 2, 21.7 8800 3300

I HS-42102
HS-4215.2
H.s-4220-2
42"xlO'
42.~15'
42"xX)'
8" Flg
8" Fla
8" FIg
2
2"
2'
24.5
29.5
33.0
11700
17800
23500
3900
5200
8800
HS-487-2 W'x7H' 230 8" Flg 2" 28.5 11500 4200

I HS4810-2
HS-48152
HS-4820-2
48"XlO'
W'x15'
48"W
8" FIQ
8" Fla
8" FIg
2"
2"
2"
33.3
38.9
44.5
15400
23000
32000
5100
7000
eooo
HS-547-2 54"x7M9 230 8" Fla 2" 36.0 14800 5500

I HS-5410-2
HS-54152
HS-542&2
54"XlO
54"xlB
W'X20'
8" FIE
8" FIa
8" Fig
2,
2"
2"
40.5
49.0
56.9
19400
29200
38800
8800
Baoo
11000
HS807-2 BO"x7H' 230 8" Fig 2" 44.8 18Ooo 8800

I HS8010-2
HS80152
HS802G2
60"XlO
W'XlS
60"x20"
8" Fig
8" Flg
8" Fig
2'
2"
2"
50.2
60.7
70.5
24wo
38ooo
48OOO
85M)
11200
14000
' HS125-5 12~x5' 500 2" Thd 1" 2.5 500 800
nsi27.5 12W"x7H' 2" Thd 2, 2.8 750 1000
HS-12165 12rk"xlO 2" Thd 2" 3.2 1000 1100
HS-1655 Wx5' 500 2 fhd 2" 4.0 800 1400
HS-187-5 lV'x7M' 2,Thd 2" 4.5 1200 1500
HS-1810-5 l6'XlO' 2" Thd 2" 5.1 1800 1800
nszw 20"X5 500 3" FIg 2" 8.4 1300 1800
HS-207-5 20"X7H' 3" Flg 2, 7.2 1850 2050
HS-2010-5 20"XlW 3" FIg 2" 8.1 2800 2400
HS-265 24"x5' 500 4" FIg 2" 9.2 1850 2100
HS-247-5 24"xIH' 4" FIg 2" 10.3 2750 2800
ns.2410-5 24"xlO' 4" FIg 2" 11.8 3700 3100
H82415.5 24"r15' 4" Fio 2" 14.0 5 5 M m
 99

HORIZONTAL HIGH PRESSURE SEPARATORS

SPECIFICATIONS
Nominal Inlet 8 Gas Llquld Shipping
Model Size W.P. Gas Outlet Oil Capaclty Capaclty Welght
No. O.D.x Lgth psi Conn. Valve MMCFD' Bbllday Ibs.

I HS-4210.5
HS-4215-5
HS.42205
42"XlO
42"x15'
42"x20
8" FIO
6" FIR
8" FIO
2"
2"
2,
35.1
42.5
49.4
11200
16800
22400
7800
loo00
12200
H5487.5 48Vx7M' 500 8' FIa 2" 41.3 11100 8OOO

I H548105
HS-4815-5
HS48205
48'xlO
48"x15'
48"x20'
8" FIO
8" Fla
8' Flg
2,
2,
2"
48.5
58.2
85.3
14800
22200
%MI
8800
13500
17200
H5547.5 54"X7'/2 500 8" Fla 2, 52.0 14ooo 9700

I HS-5410-5
HS-54155
HS-54205
54"xlO
54"x15'
54"x20'
8" F l i
8" FIR
8" FlO
2"
2"
2'
58.5
70.8
82.3
lssoo
28000
37200
11800
17000
21200
HS507-5 6O"x71h' 500 8' Flg 2" 85.0 17400 12800
HS.6010-5 6O"xlO 8, FIg 2" 73.0 23200 15100
HSS0155 60"x15' 8" FIg 2" 88.0 34800 20100
HS60205 6O"x2O 8" Flg 2- 102.0 48400 25100
HS-1256 12%"x5' 800 2 , Thd 1" 2.8 500 lo00
HS-127-6 12%"x7H' 2" Thd 1" 3.1 750 1100
H51210.8 12%"x10' 2" Thd 1" 3.5 1000 1200
H51856 18"XS 800 2 , Thd 1" 4.5 800 1500
H51675 16"x71h' 2 , Thd 1" 5.1 1200 1600
HS-1810.8 16'xlO' 2" Thd 1" 5.7 1800 1600
H5-205-8 ZO"x5' 600 3" FIg 1" 7.0 1260 1700
HS207-6 20"x7%' 3 ' FIg 1" 7.8 1800 2150
HS2010.8 2O"Xlo' 3" Flg 1" 8.8 2500 2800
H5245.6 24"xS 600 4" FIg 1" 9.5 1700 2350
H5247-8 24"x71h' 4" FIg 1" 10.8 2550 2700
HS2410-6 24"XlO 4" Flg 1" 12.0 3400 3200
H52415.6 24"x15' 4" Flg 1" 14.5 5100 3700
HS-3058 30"x5' 600 4" Flg 1" 14.9 2700 2700
HS307-8 30"X7H" 4" Flg 1" 18.7 4ooo 3700
HS-30108 W'XlO 4" FIo 1" 18.8 5400 4800
H530156 30"x15' 4" FIO 2' 22.7 8100 6800
HS367-6 Wx7H' 600 6' Fin 2" 25.1 eo00 5100
H53610.8 38"XlO' 6" FIg 2" 26.2 8OOO 8200
H53615-6 W'x15' 8" FIg 2, 34.1 12Ooo 8500
HS-36208 36"x20 8" FIg 2" 39.8 leooo lo800
HS-427-6 42"x7H8 600 6" FIg 2" 34.7 8400 6soO
HS4210.8 42"x 10' 6" Flg 2" 39.0 11200 8300
H54215.6 42"x15' 8" FIg 2" 47.2 lee00 loB00
HS-42206 42"xZO' 6" FIG 2" 54.9 22400 12900
100

HORIZONTAL HIGH PRESSURE SEPARATORS

SPECIFICATIONS

Nominal Inlet 8 Std. Gas Liquid Shipping

Model Size W.P. Gas Outlel Capacity
No. O.D. x Lgth Conn. Valve MMCFD

HS-207.10 20"x71hh' 3" FIO 1" 10.3 1770 2300

HS-2010.10 2O"xlO ' 3" Flg 1" 11.6 2380 2800'
HS.245-10 24"xS lo00 4" FIg 1" 13.3 1700 2200
HS.247.10 24'%71/z' 4" FIg 1" 15.0 2550 3OOO
HS-2410-10 24"xlo' 4" Flg 1" 16.8 3400 3800
HS-2415-10 24"x15' 4" Flg 1" 20.3 5100 5400
HS-305-10 303x5' lo00 4" FIg 1" 20.5 2800 3200
HS.307.10 30"X71h' 4" Flg 1" 23.1 3800 4300
HS-3010-10 30"xlO' 4" FID 1" 26.0 5200 5500
HS-3015.10 3@'~15' 4" Flg 2" 31.4 7900 7800
HS.367-10 36"x71/z * lo00 6" Flg 2' 35.0 8ooo 8100
HS-3610-10 38"xlO' 0 ' Flg 2, 39.4 8ooo 7500
HS4615.10 36"X15' 0 ' FIg 2" 47.4 1 m 10200
HS.3620-10 36k20 6" FIg 2, 55.4 lso00 1 m
HS-427.10 42"X77h' loo0 6" Flg 2" 48.7 8ooo 8200
HS-421010 42"XlO 6" FIg 2, 52.5 10700 es00
HS-4215-10 42"X15' 8" Flg 2' 63.5 leooo 13400
HS.422010 42"~20' 6'' Flg 2" 73.6 21400 18900
HS.467-10 48"x71h' lo00 8" FIg 2, 62.5 10700 logo0
HS.4810-10 48"xlO' 8" Flg 2" 70.3 14300 12700
HS.4815-10 48"xlS 8" Flg 2' 85.0 21400 17500
HS-4820-10 48"~20' 8" Flg 2" 88.8 28800 22100
HS-547-10 54"x7M' lo00 8" FIg 2, 78.2 13400 13400
HS5410-10 54"XlO 8" FIg 2" 88.0 17900 lso00
HS-541510 54"~15 8" Flg 2, 108.4 28800 21200
HS-5420.10 54"xZO 8" Flg 2, 123.6 35800 2&(00
HS-807-10 6O'x7H' lo00 8" Flg 2' 97.8 18800 18700
HS.6010-10 60"XlO 8" FIg 2" 110.0 22400 les00
HS-801510 6O"XlS 8" FIg .2# 113.0 3380026400
HS-6020-10 60"xZO 8' FIg 2" 154.0 44800 32800
 101

HORIZONTAL HIGH PRESSURE SEPARATORS

Nominal Inlet 8 Std. Gas Liquid Shipping
-
Model Size W.P. Gas Outlet Oil Capacity Capacity Weight
NO. 0.0. x Lgth psi Conn Valve MMCFD Bbllday Ibs.

HS-121012 l2W"xlO 2" Thd 1" 5.0 900 1450

HS-165.12 16"x5' 1200 2" Thd 1" 6.3 710 1500
1 HS-167-12 16"x71/2' 2' Thd 1" 7.1 1070 1800
HS-1610.12 16"XlO' 2" Thd 1" 6.0 1430 2150
' HS.20512 2O"x5 1200 3" Flg 1" 9.9 1120 1650
HS.207-12 20"x71/2' 3 ' Flg 1" 11.1 1660 2400
HS.2010-12 2O"xlO 3" Flg 1" 12.5 2250 2900
HS-24512 24"x5' 1200 4" Flg 1" 14.7 1670 2600
HS-247.12 24"x7 7/2 ' 4" Flg 1" 16.5 2500 3100
HS-2410.12 24"X 10' 4" Fig 1" 18.6 3300 3900
HS.2415.12 2 4 " 15'
~ 4" Fig 1" 22.5 5000 5400
HS-30512 3O"x5' 1200 4" Flg 1" 23.2 2600 3600
HS-307-12 3O"x7V' 4" Flg 1" 26.1 4000 4600
HS-3010-12 3O"xlO' 4" Flg 1" 29.4 5300 5700
HS.3015-12 30"X15' 4" Flg 2" 35.5 7900 7600
HS.367.12 36"x7'/2' 1200 6" Flg 2" 40.0 6000 6500
HS.3610-12 36"XlO 6" Flg 2" 44.3 '8000 7900
HS.3615-12 36"X15' 6" Fla 2" 53.6 12000 10600
HS.3620-12 36"x20 6" Fl; 2" 62.3 16000 13300
HS-427.12 42"x7M' 1200 6" Flg 2" 53.0 6000 8700
HS.4210-12 42"XlO 6" Flg 2" 60.0 10700
HS.421512 42"~15' 6" Flg 2" 72.0 16000 14300
HS.4220-12 42"X2O 6 ' Fig 2' 83.7 21400 18000
HS.487-12 48"X7'h' 1200 8" Fig 2" 69.3 10500 11700
HS.481012 48"XlO 8" Flg 2" 79.9 14000 13700
HS-4815.12 48"X15' 8" Fig 2% 94.2 21000 18500
102

HORIZONTAL HIGH PRESSURE SEPARATORS

Nominal Inlet B Std. Gas Liquid Shipping
Model Size W.P. Gas Outlet Oil Capacity Capacity Weight
NO. O.D. x Lgth psi Conn. Valve MMCFD Bbllday Ibs.

HS.2415.15 24"x15' 4 ,Flg 1" 26.2 5000 5900

HS-305-15 3O"XS 1500 4" Flg 1" 27.1 2600 4100
HS-307.15 3O'x7%' 4" Flg 1" 30.5 3900 5200
HS.3010.15 3O"xiO' 4" Flg 1" 34.3 5200 6300
HS.3015-15 30"x15' 4" Flg 2" 41.5 7900 8500
HS.367.15 36" x7 '/2 1500 6' Flg 2' 43.9 5700 7300
HS.3610.15 36"xlO' 6' Flg 2' 49.4 7600 6800
HS.3615.15 36"x15' 6' Flg 2' 59.7 11400 11800
HS-3620.15 36"x20' 6" Fig 2' 69.4 15200 14800
HS-427.15 42"x71/2' 1500 6" Flg 2" 60.0 7700 9600
HS-4210-15 42"xlO 6" Flg 2" 67.0 10300 11600
H5.42 15.1 5 42'x15' 6" Flg 2" 81.o 15400 15900
HS-4220-15 42"x20' 6" Flg 2" 94.5 20600 20000
HS.487.15 48',x77/2 ' 1500 8" Flg 2" 76.0 10000 13300
HS.4610.15 48"xlO' 8" Flg 2" 86.0 13500 16100
HS.4815.15 46"x15' 8" Flg 2" 106.0 20000 21700
HS4620.15 48"x20 6" Flg 2" 123.5 27000 27500
HS-125.20 12W'x5' 2000 2" Flg 1" 5.0 400 2000
HS.127.20 123/4*'x7'/2 ' 2" Flg 1" 5.7 600 2200
HS-1210-20 123/r"x108 2" Flg 1" 6.4 800 2400
HS.165-20 16"x5 2000 2" Flg 1" 7.4 590 2200
HS-167-20 16" x7 V 2 ' 2" Flg 1" 8.3 880 2600
HS-1610.20 16"x'10' 2" Flg 1" 9.3 1180 3000
HS.205-20 20"x5' 2000 3" Flo 1" 12.6 1000 3000
HS-207.20 20'1x71/z' 3" Flg 1" 14.1 1500 3600
HS.2010.20 20"XlO' 3" Flg 1" 15.9 2000 4300
HS.245.20 24"x5' 2000 4" Flg 1" 19.0 1570 3600
HS.247.20 24"x71/2' 4" Flg 1" 21.4 2260 4700
HS-2410.20 24"x 10' 4" Flg 1" 23.4 3040 5800
HS.2415-20 24"x15' 4" Flg 1" 30.0 4500 8000
 103

HORIZONTAL HIGH PRESSURE SEPARATORS

SPECIFICATIONS
~ ~

Nominal inlet 8 Std. Gas Liquid Shipping

Model size W.P. Gas Outlet Oil Capacity Capacity Weight
No. O.D. x Lgth psi Conn. Valve MMCFD Bbllday Ibs.
HS-305.20 30"xS 2000 4" Fig 1" 31.0 2460 5800
HS.307.20 30'X7'h' 4" Fig 1" 34.8 3720 7400
HS.3010.20 3O"xlO 4" Fig 1" 39.2 4960 8700
HS-3015-20 30'x15' 4" Fig 1" 47.3 7440 11600
HS.367.20 3SS'x7Vz' 2000 6" Flg 1" 44.6 5350 9600
HS.3610-20 36"XlO 6 ' Flg 1" 50.2 7100 12200
HS.3615.20 36"xlS 6 ' Flg 1" 56.4 10700 16400
LHS-3620-20 36'x20 6" Flg 1" 66.3 14200 20800

SETTLING VOLUMES
Settling Volume, bbl.
Slze
O.D. X LQth. M Full W Full 1/4 Full

12%" x 5' 0.38 0.22 0.15

12%" x 7 M V 0.55 0.32 0.21
12%" x 1 0 0.72 0.42 0.28
1s" x 5' 0.61 0.35 0.24
16' x 7%' 0.88 0.50 0.34
16' x 1 0 1.14 0.66 0.44
20" x 5' 0.98 0.55 ,038
20' x 7M' 1.39 0.79 0.54
20' x 10 1.80 1.03 0.70
24" x 5' 1.45 0.83 0.55
24" x 7Vz' 2.04 1.18 0.76
24" x 1 0 2.63 1.52 1.01
24" x 15' 3.61 2.21 1.47
30" x 5' 2.43 1.39 0.91
30, x 7'h' 3.40 1.96 1.29
30' x 10' 4.37 2.52 1.67
3 0 ' x 15' 6.30 3.65 2.42
3 6 ' X 7V2' 4.99 2.67 1.90
36" x 1 0 6.38 3.68 2.45
36" x 15' 9.17 5.30 3.54
36' x 20 11.96 6.92 4.63
42" x 7%' 6.93 3.98 2.61
42" x 1 0 6.83 5.09 3.35
42' x 15' 12.62 7.30 4.63
42' x 20' 16.41 9.51 6.32
48" x 7%' 9.28 5.32 3.51
48" x 1 0 11.77 6.77 4.49
46' x 15' 16.74 9.67 6.43
48" x 20' 21.71 12.57 8.38
54" X 7l/2' 12.02 6.87 4.49
54" x 1 0 15.17 8.71 5.73
54" x 15' 21.49 12.40 6.20
54" x 20' 27.61 16.08 10.68
60, x 7 % 15.05 6.60 5.66

-
60' x 1 0 18.93 10.86 7.17
60' x 15' 26.68 15.38 10.21
60' x 20' 34.44 19.90 13.24
104
SPHERICAL SEPARATORS
HTI Hydrotek's Spherical Separator utilizes a tan-
gentiai inlet to increase flow velocity as the wellstream
enters the separator. The fluid is directed against the in-
side of the sphere for initial separation in the annular
space. Oil is forced against the shell as the gas moves
to the center.
The gas makes two complete directional reversals
before entering the mist extractor.
The liquid drains to the liquid accumulation area. A
large ratio of liquid surface area to liquid volume
assures rapid release of solution gas.
FEATURES
No unused or "Dead" space.
A baffle arrangement separates the liquid and gas sec-
tions to provide a quiet liquid surface for quick gas
release and proper liquid level control operation.
Weii planned orientation of fittings and connections
facilitates fast hook-up.
Separators available for three-phase operation (gas, oil
and water) and for handling extremely foamy oil.
 105

SPHERICAL SEPARATORS

STANDARD ACCESSORIES OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES

Standard accessories furnished with two-phase (oil-gas) separators. Thermometer
1 . High pressure, screwed, angle type, diaphragm motor valve Safety Head
1 - Pneumatic ievei control Heating Coil
1 .ASME safety relief valve Additional Connections
1 . Pressure gauge with isolating valve Skid Mounting
1 . Control gas regulator set with fittings
1 . Stainless steel wire mesh mist extractor
1 . Tangential inlet diverter
1 . Drain connection
1 . Quieting baffle over settling section
Companion flanges bolted on gas inlet and outlet (threaded or slipon) on 250 P S I . & higher
1 . Reflex gage glass with steel cocks & drain valve (tubular gage glass
on 125 P.S.I. separators)
(Mechanical gas valve same size as oil valve furnished on 125 PSI separators)
Additional accessories furnished with three-phase (oil-gas-water) separators.
1 . High pressure, screwed, angle type, diaphragm motor valve
1 . Pneumatic level control
1 . Transparent gage glass with steel safety cocks & drain valve
1 . Thermometer with S.S.
106

cn
a
0
3a
e
W
cn
a0
z
W
I
e
cn
&
cn
W
I

k
0
2a
0
cn
W
K
a
(3
3
v)
v)
W
a
n
3
9
 107

SPHERICAL SEPARATORS
SPECIFICATIONS

Model Nominal W.P. iniel 8 Std. Liquid Gas Cap. Oil Cap. Approx.
No. Diameter psi Gas Outlet Valve MMCFO bbidday Weight, Lb
88-4212 42' 125 2" 6.2 1900 1000

.
ss-4812 48" 3' 9.0 2500 1300
ss.5412 54' 4" 12.0 4500 1700
55.4225 42" 250 2" 6.4 1900 1100
SS.4625 483 2' 12.0 2500 1400
SS.6025 60, 2" 22.0 5100 3400
55.2450 24" 500 1" 3.6 300 1000
55.3050 30' 1" 6.9 600 1200
SS.3650 36" 1" 10.0 1100 1500
88-4250 42' 2, 12.0 1900 2300
__
SSa850 48' 2' 18.0 2500 3100
558050 60' 2, 31.0 5100 3400
S52480 24' 600 1" 4.0 300 1200
__
ss-3oBo
_... 30'
.. 1" 7.6 600 1300
SS-3660 36' 1" 11.0 1100 1600
SS.4260 42' 2, 14.0 1900 2400
SS-4660 48" 2" 20.0 2500 3200
SS-6060 60, 2' 33.0 5100 3600
SS.24100 24" 1 000 1" 5.1 300 1300
SS-30100 30" 1" 10.0 - 600 1400
5s-36100 36' 1" 15.0 1100 1600
SS-42100 42, 2" 18.0 1900 2600
SS.46100 48" 2" 25.0 2500 3700
SS.66100 60' 2, 45.0 5100 4300
55.24120 24" 1200 1" 5.7 300 1400
85-30120 30" 1" 11.0 600 1500
55.36120 36" 1" 16.0 1100 1900
5542120 421 2" 20.0 1900 2900
SS-48120 48" 2, 28.0 2500 3800
ss.60120 60" 2, 49.0 5100 4700
SS-24144 24, 1440 1" 6.5 300 1500
SS-30144 303 1" 13.0 600 1800
85-36144 36' 1" 19.0 1100 2400
88-42144 423 2' 22.0 1900 3300
88.46144 48" 2" 31.0 2500 4100
ss-80144 60" 2, 54.0 5100 5400
88.24200 24" 2 m 1" 7.4 300 1600
ss.30200 30' 1" 15.0 600 2200
SS-36200 36'. 1" 21.0 1100 2600
ss.42200 42' 2, 26.0 1800 3900
SS24300 24" 3000 1" 6.3 300 2600
S530300 30"' 1" 16.0 600 3200
S536300 36' 1" 23.0 1100 3800
SS.42300 42' 2 q 26.0 ls00 4900

Nominal capacities based on separator V2 tuil of liquid.

All separators, 250 psi and above are ASME code constructed and stamped.
108

REFERENCES

API, 1960. Specification of Oil and Gas Separators. (Tentative API Study 12J). API, Division of
Production, 1st ed., Dallas, Tex., p. 4.
Campbell, J.M., 1976. Gas Conditioning and Processing. Campbell Petroleum Series, Norman, Okla.
Chilingar, G.V. and Beeson, C.M., 1969. Surface Operations in Petroleum Production. Am. Elsevier, New
York, N.Y., 397 pp.
Craft, B.C., Holden, W.R. and Graves Jr., E.D., 1962.Well Design, Drilling and Production. Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 571 pp.
Deam, J.R. and Maddox, R.N., 1969. How to figure three-phase flash. Hydrocarbon Process., July:
163-164.
Erbar, J.H., 1973. Three-phase equilibrium calculations. N.G.P.A. 52nd Annu. Conv., pp. 62-70.
Hohmann, E.C. and Lockhart, F.J., 1972. Remember the hyperbola. Chemrech, Oct.: 614-619.
Ikoku, Chi U., 1980. Natural Gar Engineering, A Systems Approach. PennWell, Tulsa, Okla., 788 pp.
Lockhart, F.J. and McHenry, R.J., 1958.Figure flash equilibrium easier, quicker this way. Pet. Refiner,
37 (3): 209-212.
Nelson, W.L., 1958. Petroleum Refinery Engineering. McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y., 4th ed., pp.
440-443.
Osborne, A., 1964. How to calculate three-phase flash equilibrium. Chem. Eng., 21: 97-100.
Peng, D. and Robinson, D.R., 1976. Two- and three-phase equilibrium calculations for systems
containing water. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 5412): 595-599.
Perry, R.H. and Chilton, C.H. (Editors), 1973.Chemical Engineers’ Handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York,
N.Y., 5th ed., pp. 2-6.
Sivalls, C.R., 1977. Fundamentals of Oil and Gas Separation. Proc. Gas Conditioning Conf., Univ.
Oklahoma, 17 pp.
Smith, H.V., 1962.Oil and gas separation. In: T.C. Frick (Editor), Petroleum Production Handbook, Vol.
I, Mathematics and Production Equipment, pp. 1-40.
Souders, M. and Brown, G.G., 1934.Design of fractionating columns, I: Entrainment and capacity. Ind
Eng. Chem., 26: 98-103.
Uren, L.C., 1953. Petroleum Production Engineering: Oil Field Exploitation. McGraw-Hill, New York,
N.Y., pp. 558-565.
Whiney, K.F.and Campbell, J.M., 1958.A method of determining optimum second stage pressure in
three stage separation. J. Pet. Tech., lO(4): 53-54.
Wilkins, R.B., 1949. Stage separation of crude oil. Oil Gas J., 48(26): 62.
Worley, M.S. and Laurence, L.L., 1957. Oil and gas separation is a science. J. Per. Tech., 9(4): 11-16.