Assignment # 03, Dated:30, Oct,2019, Wednesday

Submitted by:

Name: Natasha Gul

Reg #: 1421-116142

Semester 8th (B-116), Group-3, Fall 2019

Subject: Fiber Optic Communication

Submitted to:

Prof. Dr. M. Salem Sheikh

Email: drsmsaleem@yahoo.com

Preston University

Islamabad Campus
 Define Light & its models?
Light:
Electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation
occurs over an extremely wide range of wavelengths, from gamma rays with wavelengths less
than about 1 × 10−11 meter to radio waves measured in meters.

Models of Light:
There are two models of light:

 Reflection of light:
Reflection of Light is the process of sending back the light rays which falls on the surface of an
object. The image formed due to reflection of an object on a plane mirror is at different places.

Common examples include the reflection of light, sound and water waves. The law of reflection
says that for specular reflection the angle at which the wave is incident on the surface equals
the angle at which it is reflected.

 Refraction of light:
Refraction is the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where its speed is different. The
refraction of light when it passes from a fast medium to a slow medium bends the light ray
toward the normal to the boundary between the two media.

Refraction is the bending of a light or sound wave, or the way the light bends when entering the
eye to form an image on the retina.

An example of refraction is a bending of the sun's rays as they enter raindrops, forming a
rainbow. An example of refraction is a prism.
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Define Waves and its types in Optics?

Waves:
A wave is a kind of disturbance that travels through space and matter. Wave motions transfer
energy from one place to another.

Types of Waves:
There are the two main types of waves:

 Mechanical Waves:
Mechanical waves are waves which propagate through a material medium (solid, liquid, or gas)
at a wave speed which depends on the elastic and inertial properties of that medium.

 Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic waves are one of the waves that are propagated by simultaneous periodic
variations of electric and magnetic field intensity and that include radio waves, infrared, visible
light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.
The highest point of a wave is known as 'crest', whereas the lowest point is known as 'trough'.
Electromagnetic waves can be split into a range of frequencies. This is known as the
electromagnetic spectrum.

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Define all types of Electromagnetic waves?

There are four types of Electromagnetic waves:
 Radio Waves
are approximately 103 m in wavelength. As the name implies, radio waves are transmitted by
radio broadcasts, TV broadcasts, and even cell phones. Radio waves have the lowest energy
levels. Radio waves are used in remote sensing, where hydrogen gas in space releases radio
energy with a low frequency and is collected as radio waves.

They are also used in radar systems, where they release radio energy and collect the bounced
energy back. Especially useful in weather, radar systems are used to can illustrate maps of the
surface of the Earth and predict weather patterns since radio energy easily breaks through the
atmosphere.
Radio waves are EM (Electromagnetic)waves that have wavelengths between 1 millimeter
and 100 kilometers (or 300 GHz and 3 kHz in frequency).

 Microwaves
can be used to broadcast information through space, as well as warm food. They are also used
in remote sensing in which microwaves are released and bounced back to collect information on
their reflections.
Microwaves can be measured in centimeters. They are good for transmitting information because
the energy can go through substances such as clouds and light rain. Short microwaves are
sometimes used in Doppler radars to predict weather forecasts.

Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one
millimeter (frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz).

 Infrared radiation
It can be released as heat or thermal energy. It can also be bounced back, which is called near
infrared because of its similarities with visible light energy. Infrared Radiation is most commonly
used in remote sensing as infrared sensors collect thermal energy, providing us with weather
conditions.

Infrared (IR) light is EM radiation with wavelengths longer than those of visible light from
0.74 µm to 1 mm (300 GHz to 1 THz).

 Visible Light
It is the only part of the electromagnetic spectrum that humans can see with an unaided eye. This
part of the spectrum includes a range of different colors that all represent a particular wavelength.
Rainbows are formed in this way; light passes through matter in which it is absorbed or reflected
based on its wavelength. Thus, some colors are reflected more than other, leading to the creation
of a rainbow.
Visible light is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye,
ranging from roughly 390 to 750 nm.
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Write properties of Microwaves?

Some important properties of microwaves are:

 They are reflected by metal surfaces.

 They heat materials if they can make atoms or molecules in the material vibrate.
The amount of heating depends on the intensity of the microwave radiation, and the
time that the material is exposed to the radiation.
 They pass through glass and plastics.
 They pass through the atmosphere.
 They pass through the ionosphere without being reflected.
 They are absorbed by water molecules, how well depends on the frequency
(energy) of the microwaves.
 Transmission is affected by wave effects such as reflection, refraction, diffraction
and interference.

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 What is distortion in optics & how it can be reduced?
Distortion:
In optics, distortion is a deviation from rectilinear projection; a projection in which straight lines in
a scene remain straight in an image. It is a form of optical aberration.

Software can correct those distortions by warping the image with a reverse distortion. Lateral
chromatic aberration (purple/green fringing) can be significantly reduced by applying such
warping for red, green and blue separately.
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What is diffraction in wave optics?

Diffraction:

Diffraction refers to various phenomena that occur when a wave encounters an obstacle or a
slit. It is defined as the bending of waves around the corners of an obstacle or through an
aperture into the region of geometrical shadow of the obstacle/aperture.
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Define Wave Propagation?

Wave propagation:
Wave propagation is any of the ways in which waves travel. With respect to the direction of
the oscillation relative to the propagation direction, we can distinguish between longitudinal
wave and transverse waves. For electromagnetic waves, propagation may occur in
a vacuum as well as in a material medium. Other wave types cannot propagate through a
vacuum and need a transmission medium to exist.
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Define Velocity?
Velocity:
Velocity is defined as a vector measurement of the rate and direction of motion. Put simply,
velocity is the speed at which something moves in a particular direction, such as the speed of
a car traveling north on a major freeway, or the speed a rocket travels as it launches into
space. The scalar (absolute value) magnitude of the velocity vector is the speed of the motion.
In calculus terms, velocity is the first derivative of position with respect to time units for velocity
are m/s (meters per second). Formula of velocity is
r=d/t
r is the rate, or speed (sometimes denoted as v, for velocity)
d is the distance moved
t is the time it takes to complete the movement
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 Define Power?
Power is the rate at which work is done or the rate at which energy is transferred from one
place to another or transformed from one type to another
P = ∆W /∆t
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Define Dispersion?
Dispersion:
Dispersion is the spreading out of a light pulse in time as it propagates down the fiber.
Dispersion in optical fiber includes model dispersion, material dispersion and waveguide
dispersion.

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Define Polarization?
Polarization:
In fiber optics, polarization is a single-mode optical fiber in which linearly polarized light, if
properly launched into the fiber, maintains a linear polarization during propagation, exiting the
fiber in a specific linear polarization state; there is little or no cross-coupling of
optical power between the two polarization modes. Such fiber is used in special applications
where preserving polarization is essential.
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 Define Interference?
Interference:
Interference in metal wires occurs due to production of magnetic fields by the metal (which
produce currents in the metal) due to time varying electrical signals through them. The signal
can also be distorted by the presence of electric/magnetic fields close to the wire. Basically
anything that can induce or vary an electric/magnetic field in a metal wire would cause
attenuation and interference.
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Explain Solitons & its Types?

Solitons:
In optics, the term soliton is used to refer to any optical field that does not change during
propagation because of a delicate balance between nonlinear and linear effects in the
medium.

Types of Solitons:
There are two main kinds of solitons:

 Spatial solitons:
The nonlinear effect can balance the diffraction. The electromagnetic field can change the
refractive index of the medium while propagating, thus creating a structure similar to a graded-
index fiber. If the field is also a propagating mode of the guide it has created, then it will remain
confined and it will propagate without changing its shape.

 Temporal solitons:
If the electromagnetic field is already spatially confined, it is possible to send pulses that will
not change their shape because the nonlinear effects will balance the dispersion. Those
solitons were discovered first and they are often simply referred as "solitons" in optics.

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Define Metamaterial?
Metamaterial:
Which allows wave guidance through subwavelength geometry is proposed. Transmission of
information through surface Plasmon mediated or through classical core guidance is made
possible, with metamaterial as either core or cladding. Here, the alternate combination of
Ag/Al2O3 layers are used, which acts as an anisotropic metamaterial (AMM), supporting
plasmatic propagation, depending upon the wavelength (around UV-Region).
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 Define Resonance & its Types.
Resonance:
In physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to vibrate with increasing amplitudes at
some frequencies of excitation. These are known as the system's resonant frequencies (or
resonance frequencies). The resonator may have a fundamental frequency and any number
of harmonics.
Resonance is the forced motion in tune with the nature oscillation frequency of a system,
which is called the resonant frequency. Resonance is created when the pushing the system
in the right direction that increases its amplitude. Every object has its own resonance.

Types of Resonance:
There are 5 types of resonance in optical fibers.

 Orbital resonance:
Orbital resonances greatly enhance the mutual gravitational influence of the bodies. In most
cases, this results in an unstable interaction, in which the bodies exchange momentum and
shift orbits until the resonance no longer exists. Under some circumstances, a resonantsystem
can be stable and self-correcting, so that the bodies remain in resonance.

 Atomic, particle, and molecular resonance:

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is the name given to a physical resonance phenomenon
involving the observation of specific quantum mechanical magnetic properties of an atomic
nucleus in the presence of an applied, external magnetic field. Many scientific techniques
exploit NMR phenomena to study molecular physics, crystals, and non-crystalline materials
through NMR spectroscopy.

 Mechanical resonance:
It is the tendency of a mechanical system to absorb more energy when the frequency of its
oscillations matches the system's natural frequency of vibration than it does at other
frequencies.

 Acoustic resonance:
It is a branch of mechanical resonance that is concerned with the mechanical vibrations
across the frequency range of human hearing, in other words sound.

 Electrical resonance:
This occurs in an electric circuit at a particular resonant frequency when the impedance of the
circuit is at a minimum in a series circuit or at maximum in a parallel circuit (usually when
the transfer function peaks in absolute value).
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