Interaction Ratio For Beams

Member No. Parameter Parameter Both are used

Lx ,Ly is used UNB,UNT is together
used
1 2.78 3.44 3.44
2 1.09 1.56 1.56
3 1.22 1.93 1.93
23 1.22 1.93 1.93
24 1.17 1.87 1.87
25 0.8 1.27 1.27
26 0.929 1.6 1.6

Conclusion:

For beams UNB,UNT ratios govern.

hose corner stresses are displaying compressive or tensile stresses at

specific corner locations in members. The stresses are the result of axial
tension or compressive loads in combination with bending moment. A
diagram defining the four corner locations for any section can be found in
the online help. Cheers, Chris

On the other hand, if you see radical displacements, then you should
revisit the model and either provide additional boundary conditions or
remove the excessive releases to remove the instability "manually".

Cheers,

Interaction diagram for columns

interaction diagram is a curve that shows the possible combination of moment
and axial load that cause failure to a given cross section. I said possible because
with increase in the applied moment the axial load capacity of a section
decreases. The diagram has two axis. The Cartesian y axis here represents the
normalized axial load ( Nsd/(fc*Ac)) and the x axis here shows normalized
moment ( Msd /(fcd*Ac*h)) and this is the common representation.

Interaction diagram is used to design column sections . Here is how you design
using interaction diagram

1. Propose the reinforcement arrangement you would like for the

column section you are designing
 2. for the proposed reinforcement and cross sectional dimension develop
the interaction diagram in accordance with your country code for the
analysis of sections with moment and axial load.
3. Determine the design axial load(Nsd ) and the design moment(Msd)
for the column you are designing.
4. If the design moment and axial load lie with the interaction diagram
the proposed section is okay else you will start from step one again.
In order to avoid this iteration most codes ( like ACI 318–14) provide you with
interaction diagrams for different reinforcement arrangement and reinforcement
amount.

A column interaction diagram is a visual representation of the combined loads

(bending and Axial) that will cause the column to fail. See diagram below.

-X-axis represents the Bending Moment the column might experience.

-Y-axis represents the Axial Forces the column might experience.
-Red line represents column failure. Combinations “under” the curve and to the
left of curve can safely be applied to the column. Combinations above and to the
right will cause failure.
-eb indicates the load combination that will (in theory) cause the column to fail in
tension (from bending) and compression (from axial load) simultaneously.
-Failure Combinations above the [origin - - - - eb] line will fail in Axially (in
compression).
-Failure combinations below the eb line will fail in Bending (Tension face of
column).

The process of producing an interaction diagram is lengthy, and the explanation

of such a process even longer. The diagram is used to help visualize what
magnitude of loads and eccentricity of loads concrete columns can safely handle.

As the name implies its an interaction diagram. Meaning threre are certain
parameters which needs to be interacted so as to satisfy a certain obligatory
conditions.

Let me clear furthermore. Column interaction diagram basically comprises two

variables namely Normal force which is commonly called axial force in Y axis
and Bending Moment in X axis. Naturally columns are a vertical structures. As
a result they are subjected for Normal force which has a direction parallel to the
axis of the column and additional reaction moment due to a connection b/n
column and beam at a certain point along the column height.

This circumstance Unlike beam structures (which are basically flexure members
and are always subjected for bending moment only)needs a certain balancing
consideration of these two forces while designing the capacity of a column
section.

Let me give typical example and consider the following scenario.

Suppose your have a capacity of carrying 10kg stuff. Now assume that you want to
buy some bananas and oranges from market and walk to your home. As long as
you have the capacity of carrying 10 kg but not more than this amount, you can
buy diferent combination of bananas and oranges. It might be 3kg banana and
7kg orange or 5kg banana and 5 kg orange or it can be as many as possible
combination as long as you are maintaining the 10 kg maximum value. Now if
you plot this value in to x and y axis and connect all the points you will probably
find out a certain diagram. Which mean if you select some amount of banana
from the graph , you will automatically find out on the graph how much orange
exactly you have to carry so as to keep your carrying capacity since it should be
always 10 kg.

Now lets come to the our point.the same thing holds true for columns.A certain
column section can have a certain defined amount of capacity. Normally the
diagram developed for uni axial columns(columns which are subjected for forces
coming from one direction) call it interaction diagram since we have only one
axial force and one bending moment which can be ploted on X-Y plane but, for
biaxial columns we call it interaction Surface since there are three or more
variables which needs to be interacted and needs one more Z axis.

Therefore interaction diagram is a diagram developed by concidering two or

more variable forces(usually axial force and bending moment) so as to guide the
different combination of moment and axial force that a certain column section
can possibly withstand with out failure. Hence a column unlike beam structure
can have infinite number of section capacity depending on the combination of
axial force and moment. Its should always maintained that the increase in one
magnitude, there should be a decrease for the other one so as to keep the section
ultimate capacity constant.

Economically you will provide the most routine system in design so that it may be
built in a direct fashion. Then a singular column type can be judged to satisfy all
design cases in a building, and those columns can be pre-manufactured. The
column interaction diagram is the failure envelope for axial loads and moments
<or eccentric loads, whatever the case may be.
The interaction diagrams consist of acceptable combinations for the moment
resistance and the axial resistance of a structural element. They are usually
normalized to be used for generic purposes. Pay attention to the fact that you
can't use it in extreme cases but you should analyze your structure via a software
or by using the formulae that were used to construct it.

mofizahmed wrote:

Dear Mr.Ahmed,
1) while designing Uniaxially loaded
column,for a moment acting along x
axis or the breadth as shown.what
value should i consider for the ratio
(d'/D) used into the interaction
curve with reinforcement on two
side.
When moment is in 'X' direction
that is about 'Y' axis then d'/D will
be d'/B in case 2. And if moment is
'Y' direction then d'/D will be d'/d.
d'/D is really used to identify
effective depth from bending
consideration. Hence effective depth
for bending in case-1 [D-d'] and in
case 2[B-d']. Use appropriate
effective depths.

2) As I think,when reinforcement are

provided on two side of a column,it
must be lie on larger side,as shown
in the fig!! Please confirm whether i
m right or not.???
Not necessarily, if moments are
in direction 'Y' then effective depth is
in direction of 'Y' and hence when
you use effective depth in
'Y'direction then reinforcement will
be parallel to 'B' and not parallel to
'D'. In between you will have provide
reinforcement satisfying codal
provision ,which is bars shall be
provided at 300mm and dia of bar
shall not be less than 12mm.

3) If i m right (in above point 2)

then what I think is that,in the first
case i.e case1 one must take cover
to depth ratio as d'/B and in case2 it
should be d'/D. Please confirm????
No.It is effective depth of column
in the direction of moment.

[bi axial column design with

reinforcement on two side]

4) Consider case1 shown in the

figuire.if moment along Y axis is
considered,then
column behave as having
reinforcement on twoside only.But if
moment along X axis is
considered,then column behave as
having reinforcement throughout.
In the former case,Interaction curve
given in SP 16 chart 27 to 38 can be
used easily but in the later case
what should I do,should i consider
chart 39 to 50 (reinforcement on all
side) or chat 27 to 38
(reinforcement on 2 side).
Larger the moment large should
be effective depth. In the case2 you
have drawn capacity of column to
cater for moment about 'X' axis is
much larger than that in in 'Y'
direction and vise a versa in case-1.
Regards Umesh Rao

Please explain.
Back to top

mofizahmed Posted: Fri Jan 21, 2011 9:05 am Post subject: Thanks
...

Thank you very much Mr.umeshrao sir for the

information.
Though the doubt was silly one,but at the time of
designing it does used to confuse me.
I really thanks you for this reply.
(Sorry for the late reply!!)
Joined: 05 Aug 2009
Posts: 121

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vikram.jeet Posted: Sat Jan 22, 2011 7:59 am Post subject: Column
General Sponsor
cover to depth ratio

Column design
Column size B x D

Dear Er Mofiz Ahmed

Joined: 26 Jan 2003 Uniaxial moment : If uniaxial moment is along D , the

Posts: 2212 large dia
bars need to be provided at two opposite faces along B
so that
100% provided reinf is effective in taking moment.
d'/D shall be cover to this reinf

Uniaxial moment : If uniaxial moment is along D ,and

provided reinf bars
are also (at two opposite faces)along D (though not
desirable), then you may
need to workout the effective reinf considering
100%area of corner bars
plus proportionate area of inner bars being lumped at
corner
d'/D shall be cover to this reinf based on corner bars

Lumping at corner of proportionate areas of inner bars

needed since
d'/D values are available upto 0.20 in SP-16 charts.
In such scenario it is always prefferable to use heavy
corner and
B- face bars .Sometimes two layers of bars need to be
provided
at each B-face (in question)with a clear gap of 40 mm in
between
them.The inner B-face bars will be two nos, also of heavy
dia .
 In this scenario d' shall be taken approx as cL of gap
between
two layers of B face for making reference to the relevant
chart.

For Biaxial moment: to be worked on basis of charts

Mo capacity along D direction based on chart- - -d'/D
Mo capacity along B direction based on chart-- - -d'/B

with regards

vikramjeet

1) while designing Uniaxial loaded column, for a moment

acting along x axis or the breadth as shown. What value
should i consider for the ratio (d'/D) used into the
interaction curve with reinforcement on two ide.
2) As I think, when reinforcement are provided on two
side of a column, it must be lie on larger side, as shown
in the fig!! Please confirm whether i m right or not.???
3) If i m right (in above point 2) then what I think is
that, in the first case i.e case1 one must take cover to
depth ratio as d'/B and in case2 it should be d'/D. Please
confirm????
[bi axial column design with reinforcement on two side]
4) Consider case1 shown in the figuire.if moment along Y
axis is considered, then
column behave as having reinforcement on two side
only. But if moment along X axis is considered, then
column behave as having reinforcement throughout.
In the former case, Interaction curve given in SP 16
chart 27 to 38 can be used easily but in the later case
what should I do, should i consider chart 39 to 50
(reinforcement on all side) or chat 27 to
38(reinforcement on 2 side).
Please explain.
--

Posted via Email

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bijay sarkar Posted: Mon Jan 24, 2011 10:56 am Post subject:
...

Dear Vikramjeet Sir,

Joined: 14 Dec 2009
Posts: 314 I am really confused about the procedure as mentioned
in your Uniaxial Case 2 to lump the proportionate area of
steel at edges or in two layers. How to determine the
proportion for compression face as well as for tension
face. Formation of Neutral Axis in actual case may not be
at Centre of the column.

regards,
 bijay sarkar

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vikram.jeet Posted: Mon Jan 24, 2011 12:10 pm Post subject:

General Sponsor
Column cover to depth ratio

Dear Er Bijay Sarkar,

Yes, the method is approximate adopted by designers

during the era of manual
computations It was as per the To steel Handbook on
Joined: 26 Jan 2003 RCC design on
Posts: 2212 ultimate /limit theory .
Even your IS Code SP-16 & charts on column design
were came later. It was
To steel foundation Handbook wherein relevant tables on
beam design and
charts on column design were being referred by even
Govt Dep’t..
You can refer to the To steel handbook examples, if the
same is available.
The practice was to assume CL of column for working out
area of reinf bars
(other than corner & ortho face bars) to be lumped at
each respective corner.

Assuming a column BxD is having bars along D

faces only
If a column is Having 4 corner bars plus two bars in
between ,one on each side Centre ,
corner bars will have 100% rein area plus central bars
have NIL contribution for
moment capacity along D. But Mo capacity of other
direction(i.e. along B) is 100%
area of all bars.

Similarly If a column is Having 4 corner bars and four

bars in between, two on each
side equal spaced ,corner bars will have 100% reinf area
plus central bars have
33% contribution for moment capacity along D dir. But
mo capacity of other direction
is 100% area of all bars.

Though the method is approximate ,but not very much

off and was accepted
practice everywhere.

with best regards

vikramjeet

Dear Vikramjeet Sir,

 I am really confused about the procedure as mentioned
in your Uniaxial Case 2 to lump the proportionate area of
steel at edges or in two layers. How to determine the
proportion for compression face as well as for tension
face. Formation of Neutral Axis in actual case may not be
at centre of the column.

regards,

bijay sarkar
--

Posted via Email

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vikram.jeet Posted: Tue Jan 25, 2011 7:54 am Post subject: Column
General Sponsor
cover to depth ratio

Dear Er Bijay Sarkar,

Further to add on this topic:

The column charts are available with maximum d'/D upto

Joined: 26 Jan 2003 0.20.
Posts: 2212
In case column charts can be developed for d'/D upto
,say 0.40 , then
it is possible to calculate exactly the moment capacity
contribution
of inner bars .
I think using extrapolation of values from charts with
d'/D=0.15 and
d'/D=0.20, the values at d'/D=0.25,0.30,0.35 and 0.40
may be
developed.

But the earlier practice of taking proportionate

area(being lumped
at corners) ,would probably be very close ,if a check is
made.

best regards

vikramjeet
--

Posted via Email

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mukeshkumar121in@gmail.co Posted: Mon May 27, 2013 5:06 pm Post subject:

SEFI Regulars
 Dear Rao Sir,

I have one doubt regarding column with biaxial moment.

Joined: 02 Jun 2011 I am designing a column using staad and in parameters I
Posts: 20 am using Rface4. Now, is it necessary to provide equal
reinforcement on 4 sides of column in case of rectangular
column. Moreover, if the size is say 500x1500 mm, then
also will it be necessary to provide equal reinforcement
on 4 sides. Does it not depend upon the moment in
major and minor axis?

Thanks & regards

The present AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction), ACI (American

Effective length K Factors

The present AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction), ACI (American
Concrete Institute), and CAN‐S16.1‐M84 Specifications use alignment charts
conveniently to determine effective length factor for columns in both braced
and unbraced frames. In this method, the effective length factor K is determined
directly by the relative joint bending stiffness ratio G's at each end of the
column under consideration. For the development of alignment charts, the far
ends of columns above and below the column being designed are assumed to be
rigidly connected. In engineering practice, however, some columns may not be
rigidly jointed. For an unbraced frame, the present chart always provides an
unconservative result when the far end conditions of columns above or below
the column being considered are different from the usual alignment chart case.
The general equation for the effective length factor K for columns in unbraced
frames is derived in the first part of this paper. Extensive numerical studies are
made using the equation developed. Against the background of this
information, a modified alignment chart procedure for the determination of a
more accurate ^‐factor for the design of columns in unbraced frames is then
proposed. The proposed approach is illustrated by several numerical examples.
Similar development for columns in braced frames has been reported
previously by the authors.