RESEARCH PROJECT

Name: Florinela Naida

ID:17000495
Group Name: HB-H-DO3
Supervisor Name: Mr. Solomon
Afework
 TITLE PAGE

Investigating reasons for

Diabetes among the elderly
people in England

This study is submitted in part fulfillment of an HND in health and

social care management in UKCBC

26 May 2019
 ABSTRACT

Purpose of the study:

The purpose of the research project is to see the feelings, causes and
efficacy of diets and treatment, as well as the complications of diabetes
among the elderly.

Methodology:

As a secondary research, the data presented will be reported and sent

and different procedures will be used to show diabetes statistics among
older people.

Findings:

Secondary research requires a reference list with all data and

information discussed in the research. All will be presented to the end of
the research project.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Diabetes is common in the elderly population. By the age of 75,

approximately 20% of the population may be afflicted by this illness.
Diabetes in elderly adults is metabolically distinct from diabetes in
younger persons and the treatment is different in this age group.
Diabetes is associated with an important poor life quality and with
significant morbidity due to macrovascular and microvascular
complications. The optimal glycaemic level and the changes in the risk
factors can reduce the risk of complications in the elderly population.
With age, there are more changes in the carbohydrates metabolism
which interact with the genetical history to explain the incidence of
diabetes in the elderly. Moreover, lifestyle plays an important role.
Obese people (especially those who have the abdominal obesity type),
with a diet rich in saturated fats or who are sedentary, have more
chances to develop diabetes once they age.
 Content

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION OF THE RESEARCH

1.0 INTRODUCTION and BACKGROUND

1.1 RESEARCH AIM

1.2 OBJECTIVES

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIO

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION

2.1 Overview of Diabetes

2.2 Complications of diabetes

2.3 The impact of diabetes on an elderly person

2.4 Strategies and intervention to control Diabetes

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.0 INTRODUCTION

3.1 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE

3.2 DESIGN/METHOD

3.3 DATA COLLECTION METHOD

3.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

3.5 DATA PRESENTATION & ANALYSIS

3.6 LIMITATIONS

3.7 OVERCOMING LIMITATIONS

3.8 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

3.9 RESEARCH TIMELINE/TIMEFRAME

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS & ANALYSIS

4.0 INTRODUCTION

4.1. What are the main causes of diabetes among elderly people in
England?

4.2. What are the interventions in place to improve the lives of older
people suffering from diabetes?

4.3 FIGURE 1:

4.4FIGURE2

4.5 FIGURE 3:

4.6 FIGURE 4

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION

5.0 INTRODUCTION

5.1 CONCLUSION

5.2 RECOMMENDATION(S)

REFERENCES
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION OF THE RESEARCH

1.0 INTRODUCTION and BACKGROUND

Population aging represents a social problem, as it affects many people,

not only interested in the respective population, but also in society in
general, which sustains the important consequences. One of the
problems of the elderly is diabetes.

We chose to search for reasons why elderly people in England are

affected by diabetes, the causes and health problems that arose from
diabetes because my mother suffered from this disease.

Diabetes is a disease that affects the large-scale population in London.

According to statistics, it is estimated that 7.5 percent of the adult
population suffers from diabetes. According to Diabetes in the UK, it is
estimated that the cost of diabetes in the NHS is more than £ 14 billion
(Diabetes UK,2010).

Because the number of diabetes patients is on the rise, the cost is

expected to increase to more than 700,000 - 10.9 percent of the adult
population – through 2030 (Diabetes Uk,2010). Diabetes is a serious
illness that untreated can lead to heart disease, stroke, blindness, and
kidney failure. Genes, lifestyle, and environmental factors make diabetes
ill.

Diabetes is of two types, type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes, and type 2
diabetes affects especially the elderly.

For generations, both diagnosis and treatment of diabetes have been

submerged in the swamp of error, ignorance, and superstition,
sometimes even by those who believe and claim experts in these areas.
The disease does not happen at random. All diseases are due to the
violation of the laws of nature in any way, at some time in a man's life.

In the past, a diagnosis of diabetes was about the same thing, with a
leprous disease: once you get sick, you stay ill for the rest of your life.

What seems important to me in the analysis I'm going to make in this

research project is extremely important to understand what happens to
people's lives from the onset of the disease. It is also important to follow
the help they receive from the authorities as well as the laws in force.

1.1 RESEARCH AIM

The aim of this study is to investigate the causes of diabetes among

elderly people in England.

1.2 OBJECTIVES

To gather and present relevant secondary data on sickle call diabetes

To make recommendations to the local authority on the cause of

diabetes.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION

The two main research questions are directly related to the research
objectives:

1. What are the main causes of diabetes among elderly people in

England?

2. What are the interventions in place to improve the lives of older

people suffering from diabetes?
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION

Diabetes is a disorder of the body associated with a blood sugar over

the normal limit. The disease affects all age groups and is one of the
most serious chronic conditions in terms of the fact that there is no cure
to "cure" it, but only methods that keep it under control and stop it, plus
several other complications in the eyes, heart, kidneys and neurological
order.

2.1 Overview of Diabetes

Diabetes has been a known disease for over three millennia, and the
first reference to the disease was found in Erbes' writings 3500 years
ago (Morley JE, 2000 ).

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic illness caused by the decrease or absolute

lack of insulin in the body, which causes the body's inability to use
carbohydrates as a source of energy. The disease is a serious,
untreated condition that can create major life-threatening complications.
This is due to the lack of quantitative or qualitative insulin, denoting late
signs of the disease. In diabetes, the metabolic disorder is not only
glucose but also lipids and proteins.

Prediabetic is when the blood sugar level is higher than normal,

increasing the risk that the person develops diabetes. It is very important
for the disease to be diagnosed early, to be treated early, to prevent
complications.
Source: https://publichealthmatters.blog.gov.uk/2016/09/18/the-week-at-phe-online-
highlights-and-national-conference-wc-12-sep/

It is very important to go see your family doctor when:

Feeling very thirsty, urinating more often than usual, having a tired, low
weight or muscle mass.

2.2 Complications of diabetes.

Diabetes is associated with various ophthalmic, neurologic, neurological

and cardiovascular complications, thus amputating, stroke, heart
disease or even definitive blindness. Therefore, diabetics must perform
regular checks on all these specializations. General recommendations
such as movement, physical activity, balanced nutrition, stress
avoidance, smoking cessation, and moderate alcohol consumption are
also vital.
Eye complications occur in about a third of diabetics, being the most
common cause of blindness in the entire population. Of the forms of
diabetic eye disease, the most common is diabetic retinopathy, followed
by cataracts and glaucoma.

In diabetes patients, hyperglycemia can affect the whole body's nerves,

leading to diabetic neuropathy. This is of several types and is
asymptomatic, often developing slowly over several months without the
patient observing obvious changes. Symptoms that indicate this disease
are tingling, numbness or pain in the legs, reduction or increase of tactile
sensitivity.

Studies have shown that there is a close link between heart disease and
type 2 diabetes. Diabetics are more prone to acute myocardial infarction,
80% of cases being asymptomatic. In this case, the diabetic patient does
not experience the classic symptoms of the heart attack, such as sudden
pain in the chest, often confused with an indigestion discomfort.

2.3 The impact of diabetes on an elderly person.

Prediabetes and diabetes have many risk factors. Researchers do not

fully understand why some people develop prediabetes and type 2
diabetes, while others do not do this disease.

It is certain that certain factors increase the risk of diabetes, and among
these factors is the age of the patient.

Your risk of developing diabetes increases as you get older. The

explanation would be quite simple: this is because we tend to make less
movement, lose weight and gain weight (we accumulate many
kilograms) with age.
Source: http://www.londonscn.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/dia-understanding-ldn-
challenges-022015.pdf

2.4 Strategies and intervention to control Diabetes

To avoid complications associated with diabetes,

compliance with the 5 golden rules is important, they are:

1. Check your blood sugar regularly.

2. Set up a healthy living plan:

• Change your eating habits, that is, choose a healthy diet with 3 main
meals a day and possibly 2 intermediate snacks,

• Exclude concentrated sweets, carbonated juices, processed foods, and

fat or fried foods, instead choose full-grain vegetables and whole grains,
lean meats, low-fat dairy, and fruit,

• Choose an easy form of physical activity (eg walking) that you can do
at least 30 minutes a day every day or a more intense form of exercise
such as running or walking on the track do it at least 150 minutes a
week.

3. Take care of your weight

• the body mass index is below 25 kg / m2;

• Abdominal circumference should be less than half the height or <94

cm in men and <88 cm in women.

4. Periodically check your blood pressure and blood fats

• Optimal blood pressure is below 135/85 mmHg;

5. Consult the Diabetologist and cardiologist periodically.

With ophthalmic screening, eye problems can be detected even before

the patient experiences changes or visual disturbances.

The visit to the specialist at the time is more than recommended. This
consists of an investigative test that includes both a physical
examination based on patient symptoms and laboratory analysis for a
complete screening. This type of control is recommended to be done
once a year to prevent the occurrence of ulcers or amputations. It is also
important for people with diabetes to look for signs of cracking or
exfoliating the legs, the appearance of vesicles, joint changes or walking
and balance, "says the diabetologist.

Diabetic kidneys can develop severe suffering. The most common,

diabetic nephropathy is a chronic, progressive kidney disease that
occurs in about a third of diabetic patients. If it is detected on time and
properly followed, therapeutic measures can be stepped up to slow
progression to chronic renal failure.
To find the early onset of renal impairment, it is recommended that every
patient with either type 1 or 2 diabetes should make a simple analysis
every year - microalbuminuria, urinary protein removal.

Once diagnosed, diabetic nephropathy should be monitored annually.

Measures that can keep diabetes under control should also be stepped
up. Increased attention should be paid to the hygiene-dietetic regime. It
does not mean restrictions but just that it must be respected more
rigorously, and medication is taken correctly, plus smoking cessation,
sedentary control, obesity control and, finally, effective blood pressure
control.

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter informs you about the research done, as well as about the
methods used to address research questions. The main sources used in
research are based on other research, being a secondary research
inspired by online sources, books, journals.

3.1 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE

The theoretical perspective used in the research project is based on

social theories about the number of elderly people with diabetes in
London. I will also use the organizational theories, the theories of the
NHS organization and other organizations that deal with the care and
treatment of people suffer from this disease.
3.2 DESIGN/METHOD

The research method used in the research proposal is qualitative,

exploratory research used to understand the opinions, motivations, and
occurrences that underlie my research.

The methodology used in this research project, the most information I

will get from books, journals, and diabetes reports that I will find on the
internet.

3.3 DATA COLLECTION METHOD

For research, we will use secondary data that is a type of data that has
already been published in books, newspapers, magazines, journals,
online portals, etc.

3.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Source selection process will help the researcher to identify research

subject area and were the information can be found, then gather the
existing data were will be compared within different sources that will be
analysed.

3.5 DATA PRESENTATION & ANALYSIS

Data presentation and analysis helps people in understanding the

results of surveys conducted, makes use of already existing studies to
obtain new results. Helps to validate the existing research or to
add/expand the current research. Presenting the data includes the
pictorial representation of the data by using graphs, charts, maps and
other methods. These methods help in adding the visual aspect to data
which makes it much more comfortable and quicker to understand.
3.6 LIMITATIONS.

In this research, I'm confronted with some limitations such as:

-time limit because I'm working full-time;

-I do not find enough information for my research project;

-another limitation is a language because English is not my mother

tongue;

- another limitation is because I do not have research experience

3.7 OVERCOMING LIMITATIONS.

I can go beyond study limitation, trying to spend more time studying.

Also, I must read more to find more information for my research project

3.8 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS.

As a result of my research, as secondary research, no one suffers,

according to the Code of Conduct and Ethics (2009)

3.9 RESEARCH TIMELINE/TIMEFRAME

Nr Activity Nov. Dec. Ian. Feb. March. Apr. May

1. Research

proposal

2. Data

collection

3. Data

analysis

4. Draft

5. Feedback
6. Presentation

Submission

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS & ANALYSIS

4.0 INTRODUCTION

Diabetes mellitus is spreading throughout the world, regardless of race.

It believes that 2-3% of the world's population suffers from this disease,
becoming a social scourge causing chronic disorders with serious
repercussions on their social lives. Diabetes mellitus is due to the lack of
quantitative or qualitative insulin, which makes possible the appearance
of hyperglycaemia and glycosuria, indicating late signs of illness and
disease. In diabetes, the metabolic disorder is not only glucose but also
lipids and proteins.

4.1. What are the main causes of diabetes among elderly

people in England?

Diabetes mellitus is a condition that affects 415 million people

worldwide, with more than 5 million deaths associated with this
condition, according to the latest statistics (Diabetes Uk,2010).
Incriminated causes are most often encountered in what we call the
modern lifestyle. That is, foods rich in fats and fats, excess sugar,
sedentary, smoking, insufficient sleep, plus genetic predisposition

Causes of diabetes are diverse, from genetic inheritance to a disorderly

lifestyle, sedentary, but also an exaggerated consumption of
hypercaloric foods with rich sugar content.

Type 1 diabetes can develop rapidly in weeks or even days.

Many people have type 2 diabetes for years without realizing that early
symptoms tend to be general. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form
of diabetes. If you have passed the age of 50 or 60 years, it is good to
know the most important information about this disease, to avoid
complications.

Diabetes is associated with an increased risk for several pre-existing

medical conditions in older adults. In addition to classical cardiovascular
and microvascular diseases, a group of conditions (reunited under the
term geriatric syndromes) may occur at a higher frequency in elderly
adults with diabetes and may affect their quality of life.

Cognitive dysfunction - these patients may experience certain types of

dementia with Alzheimer's disease, especially as they are twice as likely
to occur in the elderly with diabetes. Memory problems often occur
among elderly people who suffer from diabetes.

Deterioration of certain functions - advanced age and diabetes are two

risk factors for impairment of certain functions. People with diabetes are
less physically active compared to those without diabetes. Problems
may arise in these patients, either because of the interaction between
the medical conditions that occur at the same time, due to peripheral
neuropathy, because of problems in the vision and hearing or in
maintaining balance.

Risk of falling and fracture - The normal aging process and diabetes as
well as the conditions affecting functionality are associated with a higher
risk of falling and fractures. For example, women with diabetes have a
higher risk of hip and shoulder fracture after passing a certain age. And
the fact that your vision is affected by diabetes can increase the risk of
falls and fractures.
Polymedication - Older adults with diabetes have a higher risk of
polymerization, and thus increase the risk of adverse effects and the risk
of interactions between the medications these patients take. In a study,
polymerization (defined as the use of 6 or more prescribed drugs) was
associated with a higher risk of falling into elderly people.

Depression - Diabetes is associated with a higher prevalence of

depression. The main signs of depression among the elderly are severe
sadness, apathy, fatigue, sleep disorders, loss/weight gain.

Diabetes is one of the most common causes of death among the elderly.
Most likely, the role of diabetes in mortality is underestimated because,
when elderly patients die from cardiovascular causes, it is not among
contributing factors to death. The main cause of death among third-time
diabetic patients is cardiovascular disease, and these patients have
almost double the mortality rate. Mortality in these patients is closely
related to blood glucose levels and glycosylated haemoglobin (Meneilly
GS,2000).

4.2. What are the interventions in place to improve the

lives of older people suffering from diabetes?

Diabetes is a chronic condition and, if poorly managed, can lead to

devastating complications including blindness, amputation, renal failure,
stroke and early death.

Best practice guidelines say that patients should get regular checks to
ensure that they control their condition well enough to avoid future
complications. Guidance on clinical practices is necessary to improve
the health of the population, and for optimal outcomes, diabetes care
needs to be individualized for each sick person of diabetes.
For proper care of people with diabetes, it is very important to have a
good partnership between professionals who are directly responsible for
the health of people in the community. They encourage people to do
their tests for the discovery of diabetes in the early stages.

But the official NHS care audits in England show that many patients do
not receive these checks. Also, diabetes treatment is free of charge, with
diabetes being a chronic disease.

UK diabetes shows that in the past year there have been few general
improvements in diabetes delivery and some aspects of care have
worsened - such as fewer people with type 1 diabetes who receive
annual control.

It is said that only 41% of people with type 1 diabetes - who need to be
treated with insulin - receive all the annual checks recommended by the
National Institute of Health and Excellence and only 16% meet the three
recommended targets for the treatment of blood sugar, cholesterol and
blood pressure. Patients with diabetes mellitus receive fewer vital
controls than older patients. There are also wide variations depending
on where you live in England.

People with diabetes who live in some areas benefit from better care
and treatment than people living in other areas, says charity.

Barbara Young, chief executive of Diabetes UK, said that the use of high
standards of care for people with diabetes will reduce pressure on NHS
resources and save money. This is why people give you the support and
education to manage their illness in good health. This along with
improving diabetes care, gives people with diabetes the chance to have
a long and healthy life, and save the NHS a significant amount of
money. In order to implement good practices, working with local
authorities is very important.

Prof. Kevin Fenton of Health Public England said free medical check-ups
were available to help identify and manage diabetes. He said that
disease prevention programs were also under way.

PHE and NHS England are developing a national type 2 diabetes

prevention program that will support people most at risk of making
essential lifestyle changes - such as weight loss, diet improvement, and
increased activity. Together help people take early steps to reduce the
risk of developing this serious condition.

Diabetes is currently estimated to cost UK £ 23.7bn. With diabetes

becoming more common, this figure is set to rise to £ 40bn by 2035-36.
4.3 FIGURE 1:

Estimated number of people with diabetes in 2018 and the

estimated number of people with diabetes in 2035.

Source: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/
4.4FIGURE2:

Types of diabetes and its prevalence according to gender.

Source: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/resources-s3/201711/diabetes-key-stats-guidelines-
april2014.pdf
4.5 FIGURE 3:

Summary of expected diabetes prevalence (diagnosed and

undiagnosed) for London in 2018 by group ethnicity

Source: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/professionals/position-statements-
reports/statistics/diabetes-prevalence-2018
4.6 FIGURE 4

Diabetes prevalence (diagnosed and undiagnosed) for England in 2018

by age group. Studies show the aging increases the chance of suffering
diabetes.

Source: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/professionals/position-statements-
reports/statistics/diabetes-prevalence-2018
 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION

5.0 INTRODUCTION

Diabetes is the most common endocrine disease and, what is important

to know, is not transmitted. Causes of diabetes are not fully known, but
doctors around the world talk about hereditary factors to the same extent
that environmentalists also play an important role.

The illness does not happen by accident due to violations of the laws of
nature at some point in the life of a person. This violation, wilful or
involuntary, occurring with many generations ago, is the result of a
natural calamity. For example, find the radiation of the Tunguska
meteorite, 80 years ago, causing genetic mutations resulting in current
affections with diabetes.

5.1 CONCLUSION

Because of the dramatic increase in prevalence, diabetes among the

elderly is one of the most important diseases in this age group.
Fortunately, understanding the pathogen as well as treating diabetes
plays an important role in increasing the quality of life of elderly patients,
as well as in reducing complications (micro and macrovascular) that may
occur more frequently in them. The lifestyle of elderly patients (including
diet and exercise in particular) should be closely monitored.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION(S)

People with diabetes are twice as likely to have heart disease than non-
diabetic patients, the risk being caused by hypertension, high
cholesterol, atherosclerosis.
Keeping the diabetic under control includes reducing all cholesterol risk
factors by reducing cholesterol by using a diet without animal products.

Stretching stress through physical and relaxing exercise, reducing blood

pressure through exercise.

Also, very important is smoking cessation, smoking increases the risk of

diabetes.

Diabetics, regardless of the type of disease, should eat lean meat, fresh
fruit (not containing much sugar), whole wheat and low-fat dairy
products.

Carbohydrate monitoring is a key element because they strongly affect

the level of sugar in the blood. A balanced diet includes a variety of
vegetables and fruits (low sugar), whole grains, beans, fish, lean meats
and fat-free dairy products. When you have diabetes, you should follow
a strict program of meals and snacks.

It is essential that, besides diet and sports, follow the prescribed

medication. Insulin injections and regular blood sugar testing can be part
of your daily life.
REFERENCES

Early treatment diabetic retinopathy study research group:

Photocoagulation for diabetic macular

Government Office for Science: Tackling obesities: Future choices

Modelling future trends in Health and Social Care Information Centre:
Accessed 18 /10/2019.

Health survey for England 2004: Health of ethnic minorities,

Hex et al. Estimating the current and future costs of type 1 and type 2
diabetes in the UK, including http://bit.ly/1F3kueN

in five EU countries, LSE (Jan 2012) | http://bit.ly/1xoX0P5

International Diabetes Federation (2009). Diabetes atlas, fourth edition:

www.diabetesatlas.org Accessed 24/03/2019

J.D. Jones Nielsen et al.: Rising obesity-related hospital admissions

among children and young

John M Sparrow, Bruce K McLeod, Tim D W Smith, Michael K Birch and

A Ralph Rosenthal: The1806 (1985;103(12) http://1.usa.gov/11C5E0Q

Accessed 14 /02/1019

Kanavos, van den Aardweg and Schurer: Diabetes expenditure, burden

of disease and management London Assembly Health

London Strategic Clinical Network: Diabetes Strategic Clinical Network

Profile (2013) Accessed 23/05/2019

Meneilly GS, Tessier D, 2000. Diabetes in the elderly.

Morley JE, 2000. Diabetes mellitus: a major disease of older persons.

2014 | http://bit.ly/1EZZ14o Accessed 22/04
National Diabetes Audit 2011/12, Complications and Mortality |
http://bit.ly/1BMTrX0 Accessed 03/11/2018

obesity and the impact on health, (November 2007) http://bit.ly/11tlTw8

Accessed 23/09/2018

Office for National Statistics: 2011 Census | http://bit.ly/1uQqBjp

people in England: National time trends study, Imperial College (June

2013) | http://bit.ly/1wXZqQJ Accessed 13/10/2018

Public Health England, Community health profiles 2013, Diabetes |

http://bit.ly/1xUCUMr Accessed 24/11/2018

Public Health England: APHO diabetes prevalence model, (November

2012) | http://bit.ly/1yohqWP Accessed 14//04/2019
APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1: SAMPLE OF POWER POINT

Slide 1

Investigating reasons for

Diabetes among the elderly
people in England
Name: Florinela Naida
ID:17000495
Group Name: HB-H-DO3
Supervisor Name: Mr. Solomon Afework
Slide 2

Table of content

 Introduction
 What are the main causes of diabetes among elderly people in England?
 What are the interventions in place to improve the lives of older people suffering
from diabetes?
 Conclusion
 References
Slide 3

Introduction

The purpose of the project is to see

what diabetes is, the causes and how it
affects the lives of the elderly. Also,
what are the interventions provided by
the authorities to improve the lives of
the elderly who suffer from diabetes.
Slide 4

What are the main causes of diabetes

among elderly people in England?

Causes of diabetes in older people are various:

 foods rich in fat;
 excessive consumption of sugar;
 smoking;
 genetic heritage
Slide 5

Untreated diabetes can lead the

elderly to complications such as:
 Memory problems;
 problems in maintaining balance,
due to diabetes and advanced age;
 hearing problems;
 vision problems;
 the risk of falling and producing
fractures due to advanced age and
diabetes;
 elderly, diabetic patients have a
higher risk of polymerization,
increasing the risk of adverse
effects following treatment.
Slide 6

What are the interventions in place to improve

the lives of older people suffering from
diabetes?

 Guidance on clinical practices is necessary to improve the health of the

population, and for optimal outcomes, diabetes care needs to be
individualized for each sick person of diabetes.
 Practice recommendations are intended to guide a global approach to care
for people with diabetes.
 The science and art of medicine meet when the clinician is confronted with
treatment recommendations for a patient who did not meet the eligibility
criteria for the studies on which the guidelines were based.
 For the proper care of people with diabetes, it is very important to have a
good partnership between professionals.
 Treatment for diabetes is free of charge.
 People are encouraged to periodically check for early detection of diabetes.
Slide 7

Conclusion

Diabetes is a frequent disease that is not transmissible and can not be taken
accidentally, so it is very important to follow a healthy lifestyle to avoid this
disease. Being one of the most important diseases among the elderly and given
the complications of this disease, increasing the quality of life among these
people is very important. Also, once the disease is installed, it is very important
to monitor it and follow the appropriate treatment.
Slide 8

References
 London Assembly Health Committee: Blood sugar rush: Diabetes time bomb in
London Accessed 15 /05/2019
 London Diabetes SCN website Accessed 24/04 /2019
 London Strategic Clinical Network: Diabetes Strategic Clinical Network Profile
(2013) Accessed 15/04/2019
 National Diabetes Audit 2011/12, Complications and Mortality |
http://bit.ly/1BMTrX0 Accessed 22 /05/2019
Appendix 2: Research diary

Below are some of the research diary photos.