Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
LINEAR TRANFORMATIONS
Linear Transformation
Let and be two vector spaces over the same field . Then the mapping
is said to be a linear transformation or a linear mapping if it satisfies
the following two properties:
i)
ii)
The above two properties can be written in one condition as follows:
Example 1: Prove that the mapping defined by
is a linear transformation.
Solution: Given the mapping defined by
Let , . Then
(definition)
Example 2: Prove that the mapping defined by
is a not linear transformation.
Solution: Given the mapping defined by .
Let , . Then
(definition)
(definition)
THEOREM 1: Let be a finite dimensional vector space with an ordered
basis . Let be a vector space and be
a set of vectors in . Then prove that there exists a unique linear transformation
such that .
Proof:
Existence of the mapping
For this vector , we define
n
ai i
i 1
n n n n n
aii bii caii bii cai bi i
i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1
n
Now, using the definition ai i , we have
i 1
n n
cai bi T i cai bi i
i 1 i 1
On the other hand,
Therefore, is a well defined linear transformation.
To show that is unique
Assume that be another linear transformation such that
.
n
For aii , we have
i 1
n n n
ai i aiT ' i ai i (using definition)
i 1 i 1 i 1
Hence be proved.
THEOREM 2: Let be a linear transformation. Let and be the
zero vectors of and respectively. Then .
That is, a linear transformation maps a zero vector into a zero vector.
Kernel of a linear transformation
Let and are two vector spaces, and is a linear
transformation. Then kernel of , denoted by , is the set of vectors in
that maps into the zero vector in , that is,
Range (or Image) of a linear transformation
Let and are two vector spaces, and is a linear
transformation. Then range of , denoted by , is the set of vectors in
which are images of the vectors in , that is,
a) is a subspace of .
b) is a subspace of .
Proof: We have the following result:
Let and are two vector spaces and is a linear transformation.
Then , where and are zero vectors in and respectively.
a) From the above result, it clear that is a nonempty subset of since
it contains a zero vector.
Let . Then by its definition, we have
Since is a linear transformation, we have
i.e.,
Therefore, is a subspace of .
Let . Then by its definition there exist some vectors
such that and
Since is a linear transformation, we have
i.e.,
Therefore, is a subspace of .
Hence be proved.
Rank and Nullity of a Linear Transformation
Let and are two vector spaces and is a linear
transformation. Then
Theorem 4: Rank and Nullity Theorem
Let and be two vector spaces and is a linear transformation.
Suppose that is of finitedimension, then prove that ,
that is, .
Let …
, where
We now show that the set of all image elements of additional vectors
is a basis for so that .
To prove that is linear independent, it is enough to show that for any scalars
such that ,
where .
Now,
Since is a linear transformation, we have
By the definition of , we have
That is, for any scalars such that
Linear combination of the vectors in
As is linearly independent, we have
Thus, is linearly independent.
Now, for some scalars such that
Since is a linear transformation, we have
(from (2))
Linear combination of the vectors in
Thus, spans
Hence be proved.