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by Megan Ratner
Introduction
Before the indies and even before the French New Wave, Italian neo-
realism staked out new cinematic territory. One of those blanket terms
that mean all things to all people, neo-realism has few absolutes,
though there are elements that set the Italian version distinctly apart.
Screenwriter and poet Cesare Zavattini wrote an actual manifesto to
guide these films, but their creation was just as much a result of
timing, chance and fluke. Unquestionably, their greatest single
influence was the anti-Fascism that marked World War II's immediate
postwar period. Key elements are an emphasis on real lives (close to
but not quite documentary style), an entirely or largely non-
professional cast, and a focus on collectivity rather than the individual.
Solidarity is important, along with an implicit criticism of the status
quo. Plot and story come about organically from these episodes and
often turn on quite tiny moments. Cinematically, neo-realism pushed
filmmakers out of the studio and on to the streets, the camera freed-up
and more vernacular, the emphasis away from fantasy and towards
reality. Despite the rather short run - 1943 to 1952 - the heavyweight
films of the period and the principles that guided them put Italian
cinema on the map at the time and continue to shape contemporary
global filmmaking.
Origins
A little history goes a long way toward understanding Italian neo-
realism. By the outbreak of World War II, the country had been under
Benito Mussolini's hefty thumb since 1924. In the regime's 1930s
heydays, swank productions set in big hotels, tony nightclubs and
ocean liners made up the "white telephone" movies, the shorthand
term for their decadent Deco interiors. The protagonists always found
a resolution to their insipid dilemmas, the prevailing Italian style as
unchallenging as blowing bubbles. There were also plenty of American
imports, equally unreflective of Italian realities. Describing this time,
Federico Fellini said, "For my generation, born in the 20s, movies were
essentially American. American movies were more effective, more
seductive. They really showed a paradise on earth, a paradise in a
country they called America."
Whether they were being shown the glories of their Roman past, their
fascist future or of l'America, a country unreal outside the movie-
house, what Italians rarely saw were images that reflected their lives.
As early as 1935, anti-Fascist journalist Leo Longanesi urged directors
to "go into the streets, into the barracks, into the train stations; only in
this way can an Italian cinema be born."
Aside from the political realities, it's worth remembering that Italy was
still in the first stages of a huge transition from agriculture to
manufacturing. People struggled; the economic miracle was still more
than a decade away. Yet few films showed this, the exceptions being
Treno popolare (1933) by Rafaello Matarazzo and, paradoxically, in
documentaries produced by LUCE institute, under complete control of
the regime.
For many Italians, neo-realist films put images to the ideas of the
Resistance. In the film journals Cinema and Bianco e Nero, writers
called for a cinema that resembled the verismo (realism) of literature.
This had begun as a 19th century literary movement which was
expanded by Alberto Moravia, Italo Calvino, Cesare Pavese and Pier
Paolo Pasolini, most of whom wrote for - or about - the movies as well.
Although philosophical ideas informed Italian neo-realism, it is very
much a cinematic creation. As Calvino pointed out, "neo-realists knew
too well that what counted was the music and not the libretto." The
aim was not to record the social problems but to express them in an
entirely new way.
Roberto Rossellini's Roma: città aperta (Open City, 1946) shows most
clearly neo-realism's link with the Resistance movement. Set during
the Nazi occupation of Rome, it mines the tensions of the foreign
presence and the divisions among those who abetted and those who
opposed. Made under duress (black market film stock, little studio
shooting, rushes unexamined, sound synchronized in post-production,
and, no surprise, a tiny budget), Open City has an eyewitness
immediacy tempered with operatic emotion. Pragmatic realities drove
the film as much as the script, co-written by Sergio Amedei and
Federico Fellini. The hybrid of melodrama and actual footage was the
result of Rossellini's populist, episodic approach, the story told in
bursts, intense and unsparing details of ordinary lives undone by the
trauma of occupation. Veracity rather than comfort informed the
narrative. As the Gestapo search for and find a key member of the
Resistance, Rossellini keeps his primary focus on Pina (Anna Magnani),
engaged to marry an unassuming but Partisan typesetter by whom she
is already pregnant. Open City may be most cited for two unforgettable
scenes - a torture scene, to which Reservoir Dogs's lopped-ear scene
bears a marked resemblance; and a sudden and dramatic death scene,
a final posture evocative of painterly renditions of Christian martyrs. It
also emphasizes the futility of war, its senselessness, a theme
Rossellini struck throughout his war trilogy.
Labor Intensive
La Terra Trema (The Earth Trembles, 1948) took Luchino Visconti to Aci
Trezza on Sicily. Far more documentary in style than the other neo-
realist films, The Earth Trembles relies on a completely nonprofessional
cast. Visconti explained the day's shooting to the villagers and used
ambient sound, allowing the people to speak their dialect
(necessitating subtitles even for the rest of Italy). The film is loosely
based on Giovanni Verga's novel, I Malavoglia (The House of the
Medlar Tree). When an island family risks their savings to buy a boat
and fish for themselves, they struggle to pay it off, fishing in bad
weather until a storm destroys their boat. Classically organized -
Visconti was a veteran of opera - the film allowed him to linger on a
cyclical life on the verge of disappearance (Orson Welles once noted
that Visconti photographed fishermen as if they were Vogue models.)
He used deep focus shots, lighting only the nighttime fishing scenes,
showing their lives as an organic whole, with each aspect accorded
value. The extremely spare soundtrack comprises few words, several
silences, sometimes only the peal of bells and little music. And yet
there's a timeless and deeply mythic quality to the film, its emphasis
on the honor and dignity that had been attached to a life earned from
the unpredictable sea.
Legislation had little immediate effect on what was made, though the
stories began to reflect the scramble for work and stability that defined
this period. Visconti's terrific Bellissima (1951) centers on a daughter
and fanatic stage-mamma, the inimitable Magnani, eager to get her
modestly talented daughter a spot in a movie. To her husband's
dismay, she squeezes every extra penny into lessons and cosmetic
improvements for the little girl. Ultimately, the mother all but puts
herself on the market to get the recognition she's convinced will make
life worth living. Set in a working-class Roman neighborhood,
Bellissima gives rare insight into how provincial big-city life could be,
each neighborhood a virtual small town, the neighbors sometimes
helpful, often petty and jealous of any advantage. Though not
traditionally considered a neo-realist film, Bellissima did focus on
people's lives in the wake of war, the sense of wanting to better
oneself and the struggle to find a way out of the grind of poverty. It
becomes yet more poignant in this context.
Umberto D.