ASSIGNMENT-3

IDEAL CHARACTERISTIC OF SIGNAL

A filter can be defined as a frequency selective network. It allows transmission

of signals of certain frequencies with no attenuation or with very little
attenuation, and it rejects or heavily attenuates signals of all other frequencies.
An ideal filter can be defined as filter that has very sharp cut-off characteristics,
and it passes signals of certain specified band of frequencies exactly and totally
rejects signals of frequencies outside this band. Its phase spectrum is linear.
Filters are usually classified according to their frequency response
characteristics as low-pass filter (LPF), high-
pass filter (HPF), band-pass filter (BPF) and
band-elimination or band-stop or band reject
filter (BEF, BSF, BRF).

Low-pass filter: An ideal low-pass filter

transmits, without any distortion, all of the
signals of frequencies below a certain
frequency ⍵c radians per second. The signals of frequencies above ⍵c
radians/second are completely attenuated. ⍵c is called the cut-off frequency.
The corresponding phase function for distortion less transmission is -⍵td.
The transfer function of an ideal LPF is given by:

1, ⎹⍵⎸˂⍵c
⎹H(⍵)⎸ = {
0, ⎹⍵⎸ > ⍵𝑐

High-pass filter: An ideal high-pass filter

transmits, without any distortion, all of the
signals of frequencies above a certain
frequency ⍵c radians/second and
attenuates completely the signals of
frequencies below ⍵c radians/second,
where ⍵c is called the cut-off frequency.
The corresponding phase function for distortion less transmission is -⍵td.
The transfer function of an ideal LPF is given by:

0, ⎹⍵⎸˂⍵c
H(⍵)⎸ = {
1, ⎹⍵⎸ > ⍵𝑐
Band-pass filter: An ideal band-pass filter
transmits, without any distortion, all of the
signals of frequencies within a certain
frequency band ⍵2-⍵1 radians/ second and
attenuates completely the signals of
frequencies outside this band. (⍵2-⍵1) is the
bandwidth of the band-pass filter. The corresponding phase function for
distortion less transmission is -⍵td.

1, ⎹⍵1⎸˂⍵˂⎹⍵2⎸
H(⍵)⎸ = {
0, ⍵˂⍵1⎸and ⍵ > ⍵2|

Band-reject filter: An ideal band-

rejection filter rejects totally all of the
signals of frequencies within a certain
frequency band ⍵2-⍵1 radians/second
and transmits without any distortion all
signals of frequencies outside this
band. (⍵2-⍵1) is the rejection band.
The corresponding phase function for
distortion less transmission is -⍵td.

0, ⎹⍵1⎸˂⍵˂⎹⍵2⎸
H(⍵)⎸ = {
1, ⍵˂⍵1⎸and ⍵ > ⍵2|

All-pass filter: An all pass filter transmits signals of all frequencies without any
distortion, that is, its bandwidth is ∞.
⎹H(⍵)⎸=1 (for all frequencies)
 PHYSICAL REALIZATION OF FILTERS

All ideal filters are non-causal systems. Hence none of them is physically
realizable. Physical realizability implies that it is physically possible to
construct that system in real time. A physically realizable system cannot have a
response before the input is applied. This is known as causality condition. It
means the unit impulse response h(t) of a physically realizable system must be
causal. This is the time domain criterion of physical realizability. In the
frequency domain, this criterion implies that a necessary and sufficient
condition for a magnitude function H(ω) to be physically realizable is:
∞ ln |𝐻(𝜔)|
∫−∞ 1+𝜔2 dꞷ <∞
The magnitude function ⎹H(ω)|must, however, be square-integrable before the
paley-wiener criterion valid, that is,
∞
∫−∞ |𝐻 (𝜔)2 |dꞷ <∞
A system whose magnitude function violets the paley-wiener creation has non-
causal impulse response, the response exists prior to the application of the
driving function.
The following conclusions can be drawn from the paley- wiener criterion:
1. The magnitude function |𝐻(𝜔)| may be zero at some discrete frequencies,
but it cannot be zero over a finite band of frequencies since this will cause
the integral in the equation of paley-wiener creation to become infinite.
That means ideal filters are not physically realizable.
2. The magnitude function |(𝜔)| cannot fall off to zero faster than a function
of exponential order. It implies, a realizable magnitude characteristic
cannot have too great to total attenuation.