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Designation: D2578 − 17
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D2578 − 17
TABLE 2 Interlaboratory Study Results.
Treatment Average
Repeatability Reproducibility
Power, Wetting
Material Standard Standard r R
W/ft2 Tension,
Deviation, Sr Deviation, SR
/min dyne/cm
PP film 20 39.45 0.74 1.97 2.06 5.52
PP film 1.6 36.27 0.32 1.85 0.90 5.19
PP film 0.5 33.07 0.38 0.87 1.06 2.43
(SDS) before use and ensure that the appropriate Personal in less than 2 s, proceed to the next lower surface mixture. A
Protective Equipment (PPE) is used, especially when preparing clean, new cotton applicator must be used each time to avoid
new solutions. contamination of the solutions (even for successive dips into
8.4 All tests should be performed with adequate ventilation. the same solution).
NOTE 7—The solution is considered as wetting the test specimen when
9. Sampling it remains intact as a continuous film of liquid for at least 2 s. The
9.1 The minimum amount of film required for this test “reading” of the liquid film behavior should be made in the center of the
liquid film. Shrinking of the liquid film about its periphery does not
depends upon the skill of the operator. This usually amounts to indicate lack of wetting. Breaking of the liquid film into droplets within 2
one sample across the entire width of a roll in order to obtain s indicates lack of wetting. Severe peripheral shrinkage may be caused by
a representative value. too much liquid being placed upon the film surface. Experience with the
test will give excellent insight into “reading” the liquid film behavior.
9.2 Extreme care must be taken to prevent the surface of the
film sample from being touched or handled in the areas upon 11.4 Proceeding in the direction indicated by the results of
which the test is to be made. 11.3, continue repeating 11.1 through 11.3 until it is possible to
select the ethyl Cellosolve-formamide mixture that comes
9.3 Usually it will be adequate to make one determination at nearest to wetting the film surface for exactly 2 s. The surface
each location 1⁄4, 1⁄2, 3⁄4 of the way across the width of the film, tension of this mixture in dynes per centimetre is called the
to arrive at an average value for the sample or to determine wetting tension of the polyethylene or polypropylene film
when treatment is uneven. specimen.
10. Conditioning NOTE 8—Since the surface tension of the formamide/ethyl cellosolve
solutions can change, for example, through evaporation of one or both
10.1 Conditioning—Condition the test specimens at 23 6 components, or through contamination, and is dependent upon
2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) and 50 6 10 % relative humidity for not temperature, the actual surface tension of the solution that wet the film for
less than 40 h prior to test in accordance with Procedure A of exactly 2 s should be measured. This can be accomplished very simply
Practice D618 unless otherwise specified by agreement or the with a surface tensiometer.6
relevant ASTM material specification. In cases of 11.5 Experience with this test has shown that on occasion
disagreement, the tolerances shall be 61°C (61.8°F) and erroneous wetting tension results can be obtained when the
65 % relative humidity. final wetting tension is determined by working progressively to
10.2 Test Conditions—Conduct the tests at 23 6 2°C (73.4 lower surface tension mixtures when practicing 11.1 – 11.4. It
6 3.6°F) and 50 6 10 % relative humidity unless otherwise is recommended that the test analyst should check the reported
specified by agreement or the relevant ASTM material speci- wetting tension of the film by working progressively to higher
fication. In cases of disagreement, the tolerances shall be 61°C surface tension mixtures.
(61.8°F) and 65 % relative humidity.
12. Report
NOTE 6—In specific cases, such as control testing, where the condi-
tioning requirements cannot be met and the data are of direct assistance to 12.1 Report the average value of the wetting tension of each
the operation, other conditioning procedures can be used and recorded in sample to the nearest 0.5 dynes/cm.
the report.
12.2 If the polyethylene or polypropylene film has been
11. Procedure unevenly treated, it may not be possible to arrive at a single
value of wetting tension. In this case, report the individual
11.1 Wet the very tip of a cotton applicator with one of the values whenever the largest value exceeds the smallest by more
mixtures. Use only a minimum amount of liquid as an excess than 1 dyne/cm.
of reagent can affect the end point of the test.
11.2 Spread the liquid lightly over an area of approximately 13. Precision and Bias7
6.5 cm2 (1 in.2) of the test specimen. Do not try to cover a 13.1 Precision:
larger area lest there be insufficient liquid to give complete 13.1.1 Table 2 is based on an interlaboratory study con-
coverage.
11.3 Note the time required for the continuous film of liquid 6
The Fisher Surface Tensiometer, Model 20, has been found satisfactory for this
formed in 11.2 to break up into droplets. If the continuous film
application.
holds for 2 s or more, proceed to the next higher surface 7
Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters, Request RR:D20-
tension mixture, but if the continuous film breaks into droplets 1236.
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D2578 − 17
ducted in 1995 in accordance with Practice E691 involving specific to their laboratory and materials, or between specific
three materials and thirteen laboratories. Each test result was laboratories. The principles 13.1.3 – 13.2 would then be valid
the average of three individual determinations. Each laboratory for such data.
obtained three test results for each material on two days. 13.1.3.1 Sr = the within laboratory standard deviation for the
13.1.2 The values of the repeatability standard deviation Sr, individual material. It is obtained by pooling the within-
reproducibility standard deviation SR, the 95 % repeatability laboratory standard deviations of the test results from all of the
and reproducibility limits on the difference between two test participating laboratories.
results, r and R, respectively, for different treatment levels have 13.1.3.2 SR = the between-laboratories reproducibility, ex-
been determined and are shown in Table 2. The results pressed as standard deviation.
demonstrate that the precision of the results depends on the 13.1.3.3 r = the within-laboratory critical interval between
treatment level (wetting tension) of the film, the higher the two results = 2.8 × Sr. The two test results should be judged not
treatment level, the higher the variability between single test equivalent if they differ by more than the r dyne/cm for that
results obtained in different laboratories, or the lower the treatment level.
precision. 13.1.3.4 R = the between-laboratories critical interval be-
13.1.3 Definitions: tween two results = 2.8 × SR. The two test results should be
Warning—The following explanations of r and R are only judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the R dyne/cm
intended to present a meaningful way of considering the for that treatment level.
approximate precision of this test method. The data in Table 1 13.1.3.5 Any judgment in accordance with 13.1.3.1 and
should not be rigorously applied to the acceptance or rejection 13.1.3.2 would have an approximate 95 % (0.95) probability of
of material, as those data are specific to the interlaboratory being correct.
study and may not be representative of other lots, conditions, 13.2 Bias—No statement can be made about the bias of this
materials, or laboratories. Users of this test method should test method because wetting tension is defined in terms of the
apply the principles outlined in Practice E691 to generate data test method.
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee D20 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D2578 - 09)
that may impact the use of this standard. (December 15, 2017)
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