Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

Research Plan

A. Questions to be Addressed

Bacteria in well water and other pathogens cause a variety

of diseases. Waterborne diseases are caused by microorganisms like

bacteria in well water, viruses, protozoa, and helminths (parasitic

worms). Sickness occurs when water contaminated with these

pathogens is consumed or when food prepared with contaminated

water is eaten. (A Layman's Guide to Clean Water, 2015)This problem

can cost the government millions to treat water and prevent water

pipes from rusting or being entered by pathogens.

Filtration was already practiced since its discovery on

2000 BC by Hellenes, and as time passed, filtration become more

advanced and offered much cleaner end product. With its

advancement, its price also increased exponentially. With a much

higher demand in the market, finding a cheap filter is hard to achieve.

(Lenntech 2017)

With this problem in hand and the increasing demand of

clean water, the researcher came up with a study that aims to

effectively filter water and thus improve is quality in terms of pH Level,

turbidity, and total dissolved solids with the use of simple household

materials entitled; “Water Filtration Through Capillary Action.”

1
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

B. Objectives

The researcher generally aims to determine the water filtration potential of

1 ply paper towel, 2 ply paper towel, and 3 ply paper towel through capillary

action in terms of pH, turbidity and total dissolved solids.

Specifically, the researcher sought to answer these questions as the

objectives:

1. What is the water filtration potential of commercial paper bag, 1 ply

paper towel, 2 ply paper towel and 3 ply paper towel through capillary

action in terms of pH, turbidity and total dissolved solids?

2. Which among the commercial paper bag, 1 ply paper towel, 2 ply paper

towel and 3 ply paper towel has the best water filtration potential

through capillary action?

3. Is there a significant difference in the water filtration potential of

commercial paper bag, 1 ply paper towel, 2 ply paper towel and 3 ply

paper towel through capillary action in terms of pH, turbidity and total

dissolved solids?

Hypothesis:

The researcher hypothesized that there is no significant difference in the

water filtration potential of commercial paper bag, 1 ply paper towel, 2 ply

paper towel and 3 ply paper towel through capillary action in terms of pH,

turbidity and total dissolved solids.

The significance of this study is to have a beneficial usage of common

household materials in water filtration. This is significant to the people who

aim to improve the water quality in the vicinity for their homes through the use
2
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

of 1 ply paper towel, 2 ply paper towel and 3 ply paper towel through capillary

action in terms of pH, turbidity and total dissolved solids.

C. Materials

1 ply paper towel

2 ply paper towel

3 ply paper towel

Paper bag

5 gallons of waste water

24 500 ml beakers

D. Procedure:
a. Collection of Materials

Different varieties of commercially available paper towels and paper bags

will be purchased from a store. The paper towel brand will be coming from the

same brand. The beakers will retrieved from the science equipment cabinet of

Grade Six faculty office. The waste water will be taken from an identified

restaurant through the waste water drainage. Most waste water sample

collected are the dirty water from the sink.

b. Preparation of Different Set-Ups

Five hundred ml of waste water will be poured in 12 beakers. The

beakers by pair will be lined up on separate tables by trial. Three replicates of

each trial will be also be prepared. On the first trial, one ply paper towel will be

the dependent variable rolled in 4 sheets by 4 rolls. The end of the one ply

3
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

paper towel will be submerged in the beaker containing the waste water while

the other end will be placed inside the empty beaker. The second trial will

have 2 ply paper towel as dependent variable. The third trials with 3 ply paper

towel and the last trial with the paper bag. All samples will have the same set

up where the other end is submerged in the waste water while the next end

will be put in an empty beaker.

c. Testing the Capillary Activity of the Different Set-ups

Seven day period will be observed to allow enough time for the

different set-ups to absorb water and transfer the filtered liquid to the other

side of the beaker. The samples of filtered water after capillary action will then

be collected for water quality analysis at Bacolod City Water District.

1. Total dissolved solids

In a laboratory setting, the total dissolved solids is determined by

filtering a measured volume of sample through a standard glass fiber filter.

The filtrate (i.e., filtered liquid) is then added to a preweighed ceramic dish

that is placed in a drying oven at a temperature of 103 C. After the sample

dries, the temperature is increased to 180 C to remove an occluded water,

i.e., water molecules trapped in mineral matrix. Total dissolved solids means

the total dissolved (filterable) solids as determined by use of the method

specified in Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR) Part 136.

High total dissolved solids may affect the aesthetic quality of the water,

interfere with washing clothes and corroding plumbing fixtures. For aesthetic

4
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

reasons, a limit of 500 mg/l (milligrams per liter) has been established as part

of the Secondary Drinking Water Standards.

2. pH level

The most widely accepted method for the hydrogen ion

determination (pH) is the electrometric method. This method is highly

accurate and used in laboratory work and by researchers. The accuracy of the

pH value is 0.1 to 0.0001. The water sample is properly mixed and stirred

using a glass rod. By using a watch glass, sample of water equal to 40ml (5ml

more or less) is added to the beaker. The temperature of the water is allowed

to stabilize by placing the sample stand for 1 hour. In between this time

stirring can be done. After 1 hour, the temperature of the water is measured

and this temperature is adjusted in the pH meter. Hence the pH meter shows

temperature similar to that of the sample. All these adjustment to the

apparatus must be performed and fixed before the test is conducted. Next,

into the water sample, the electrodes are inserted. The beaker is turned and

adjusted so that there is good contact between the electrodes and the water.

Once the reading is shown, it must be read to the nearest tenth of the whole

number. If the value shows to 100th place then it has to be rounded off. The

tenth-place digit is left if the 100th place is less than 5. For values greater than

5 after decimal, it is rounded to 1 unit. If the 100th place is equal to 5, the

nearest even number is taken as rounded value.

5
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

3. Turbidity

To get a more accurate measurement of turbidity, optoelectronic

meters will be used which emit a known intensity of light through a sample

which is scattered/absorbed by the particles in the sample; this scattered light

is then detected and measured to give a turbidity reading. These can be

classed in two categories as stated in ISO 7027-1:2016 Water quality

Determination of turbidity: 1) nephelometry for water of low turbidity (<40

NTU) where the scattered light is measured at a 90° angle 2) turbidity

applicable for highly turbid waters (500-1000 NTU) that are visibly coloured

are measured at 180°.

C.5. Proper Disposal

All wastes will be properly disposed upon every experimental

procedure. Beakers will be diluted in hot water. Laboratory apparatus used in

the experiment will be properly cleaned following the standard operation

procedure of the Bacolod City Water District.

C.6. Statistical Treatment

The researchers will use One-way ANOVA to determine the significant

difference in each treatment. Mean will also be used to derive the average of

all the trials in each of the tests done. Moreover, Pearson – r will be used to

determine the significant relationship between the varying different trials.

6
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

Introduction

Clean drinking water is important for the survival of man, clean bath

water is just as important. However, the government cannot afford to put

water systems to remote rural areas, their only supply are either waters from

deep wells or water pumps. Which means, cleanliness in these sources

cannot be ensured. Stains in rural and urban water sources are still visible

because of the rusting of water pipes. Bacteria in well water and other

pathogens cause a variety of diseases. Waterborne diseases are caused by

microorganisms like bacteria in well water, viruses, protozoa, and helminths

(parasitic worms). Sickness occurs when water contaminated with these

pathogens is consumed or when food prepared with contaminated water is

eaten. (A Layman's Guide to Clean Water, 2015)This problem can cost the

government millions to treat water and prevent water pipes from rusting or

being entered by pathogens.

Filtration was already practiced since its discovery on 2000 BC by

Hellenes, and as time passed, filtration become more advanced and offered

much cleaner end product. With its advancement, its price also increased

exponentially. With a much higher demand in the market, finding a cheap filter

is hard to achieve. (Lenntech 2017)

With this problem in hand and the increasing demand of clean water, the

researcher came up with a study that aims to effectively filter water and thus

improve is quality in terms of pH Level, turbidity, and total dissolved solids

with the use of simple household materials entitled; “Water Filtration Through

Capillary Action.”

7
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

Capillary action is responsible for water mobility. By definition, it is the

movement of water molecules in the porous materials due to its adhesive,

cohesive, and surface tension forces. The said water properties are essential

in the feasibility of the capillary process. The cohesive property of water is

responsible of the compaction of water molecules, the adhesive property is for

the adhesion of the molecules to the the walls of the vessel, and the surface

tension acts to hold the surface intact. Capillary action occurs when the

adhesion to the walls is stronger than the cohesive forces between the liquid

molecules. As stated, capillary action is a process of water transport where

water molecules are attracted to the negative electrons of the paper towel, the

main medium of the process, and thus dragging other water molecules along

moving to another container with improved quality.

Objectives

The researcher generally aims to determine the water filtration potential of

1 ply paper towel, 2 ply paper towel, and 3 ply paper towel through capillary

action in terms of pH, turbidity and total dissolved solids.

Specifically, the researcher sought to answer these questions as the

objectives:

1. What is the water filtration potential of commercial paper bag, 1 ply

paper towel, 2 ply paper towel and 3 ply paper towel through capillary

action in terms of pH, turbidity and total dissolved solids?

8
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

2. Which among the commercial paper bag, 1 ply paper towel, 2 ply paper

towel and 3 ply paper towel has the best water filtration potential

through capillary action?

3. Is there a significant difference in the water filtration potential of

commercial paper bag, 1 ply paper towel, 2 ply paper towel and 3 ply

paper towel through capillary action in terms of pH, turbidity and total

dissolved solids?

Hypothesis:

The researcher hypothesized that there is no significant difference in the

water filtration potential of commercial paper bag, 1 ply paper towel, 2 ply

paper towel and 3 ply paper towel through capillary action in terms of pH,

turbidity and total dissolved solids.

The significance of this study is to have a beneficial usage of common

household materials in water filtration. This is significant to the people who

aim to improve the water quality in the vicinity for their homes through the use

of 1 ply paper towel, 2 ply paper towel and 3 ply paper towel through capillary

action in terms of pH, turbidity and total dissolved solids.

9
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

Methodology

Research Design

This research study employed three basic stages including the

experimentation, water quality evaluation, and data gathering and

interpretation. For the water quality evaluation, the water underwent three

tests determining its pH level, turbidity, and total dissolved solids.

Flowchart of Procedures

Collection of Materials

Preparation of Different Set-Ups

Testing the Capillary Activity of the Different

Set-ups

pH Level Total Dissolved

Turbidity Substance

Statistical Data

Proper Disposal

10
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

Materials

1 ply paper towel

2 ply paper towel

3 ply paper towel

Paper bag

5 gallons of waste water

24 500 ml beakers

Procedure:

A. Collection of Materials

Different varieties of commercially available paper towels and paper bags

were purchased from a store. The paper towel brand came from the same

brand. The beakers were retrieved from the science equipment cabinet of

Grade Six faculty office. The waste water were taken from an identified

restaurant through the waste water drainage. Most waste water sample

collected are the dirty water from the sink.

B. Preparation of Different Set-Ups

Five hundred ml of waste water were poured in 12 beakers. The

beakers by pair were lined up on separate tables by trial. Three replicates of

each trial were also prepared. On the first trial, one ply paper towel wase the

dependent variable rolled in 4 sheets by 4 rolls. The end of the one ply paper

towel will be submerged in the beaker containing the waste water while the

other end will be placed inside the empty beaker. The second trial was 2 ply

paper towel as dependent variable. The third trials with 3 ply paper towel and

11
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

the last trial with the paper bag. All samples had the same set up where the

other end is submerged in the waste water while the next end will be put in an

empty beaker.

C. Testing the Capillary Activity of the Different Set-ups

Seven day period was observed to allow enough time for the

different set-ups to absorb water and transfer the filtered liquid to the other

side of the beaker. The samples of filtered water after capillary action were

then be collected for water quality analysis at Bacolod City Water District.

a. Total dissolved solids

In a laboratory setting, the total dissolved solids was determined by

filtering a measured volume of sample through a standard glass fiber filter.

The filtrate (i.e., filtered liquid) is then added to a preweighed ceramic dish

that is placed in a drying oven at a temperature of 103 C. After the sample

dries, the temperature is increased to 180 C to remove an occluded water,

i.e., water molecules trapped in mineral matrix. Total dissolved solids means

the total dissolved (filterable) solids as determined by use of the method

specified in Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR) Part 136.

High total dissolved solids may affect the aesthetic quality of the water,

interfere with washing clothes and corroding plumbing fixtures. For aesthetic

reasons, a limit of 500 mg/l (milligrams per liter) has been established as

part of the Secondary Drinking Water Standards.

12
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

b. pH level

The most widely accepted method for the hydrogen ion

determination (pH) is the electrometric method. This method is highly

accurate and used in laboratory work and by researchers. The accuracy of the

pH value is 0.1 to 0.0001. The water sample was properly mixed and stirred

using a glass rod. By using a watch glass, sample of water equal to 40ml (5ml

more or less) was added to the beaker. The temperature of the water is

allowed to stabilize by placing the sample stand for 1 hour. In between this

time stirring can be done. After 1 hour, the temperature of the water was

measured and this temperature is adjusted in the pH meter. Hence the pH

meter shows temperature similar to that of the sample. All these adjustment to

the apparatus must be performed and fixed before the test is conducted. Next,

into the water sample, the electrodes are inserted. The beaker is turned and

adjusted so that there is good contact between the electrodes and the water.

Once the reading is shown, it must be read to the nearest tenth of the whole

number. If the value shows to 100th place then it has to be rounded off. The

tenth-place digit is left if the 100th place is less than 5. For values greater than

5 after decimal, it is rounded to 1 unit. If the 100th place is equal to 5, the

nearest even number is taken as rounded value.

c. Turbidity

To get a more accurate measurement of turbidity, optoelectronic meters

will be used which emit a known intensity of light through a sample which is

scattered/absorbed by the particles in the sample; this scattered light is then

detected and measured to give a turbidity reading. These can be classed in

13
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

two categories as stated in ISO 7027-1:2016 Water quality Determination of

turbidity: 1) nephelometry for water of low turbidity (<40 NTU) where the

scattered light is measured at a 90° angle 2) turbidity applicable for highly

turbid waters (500-1000 NTU) that are visibly coloured are measured at

180°.

C.5. Proper Disposal

All wastes were properly disposed upon every experimental procedure.

Beakers were diluted in hot water. Laboratory apparatus used in the

experiment were properly cleaned following the standard operation procedure

of the Bacolod City Water District.

C.6. Statistical Treatment

The researchers used One-way ANOVA to determine the significant

difference in each treatment. Mean was also used to derive the average of all

the trials in each of the tests done. Moreover, Pearson – r will be used to

determine the significant relationship between the varying different trials.

14
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

Results and Discussion

After the samples have been brought to Bacolod City Water District, only

the samples using the 3 ply paper towel were accepted for analysis since the

other samples did not reach the minimum amount for water quality testing.

Discussed in this part of the study are the results of the water quality analysis

in terms of ph level, turbidity and total dissolved solids (TDS).

Figure 1.pH Level of Untreated Water Sample and Water Samples

Treated with 3 Ply Paper Towel through Capillary Action

7.5

7.4

7.3

7.2

7.1
Untreated
7 Treated (3 Ply Paper Towel)

6.9

6.8

6.7

6.6
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

Figure 1 illustrates the pH Levels of of Untreated Water Sample and

Water Samples Treated with 3 Ply Paper Towel through Capillary Action.

Based on the standard PH scale, 7 is the neutral pH level while less than

seven is already acidic and value greater than 7 is basic. Results show

untreated water has values below 7 which indicate acidity. While water treated

through capillary action has ph values greater than 7 which indicate alkalinity.

15
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

According to Watkins (2017), water with a pH level between 6 and 8.5 is safe

to drink because it is neither acidic nor alkaline enough to be dangerous in the

human body. Water with a pH of less than 6 can be corrosive and filled with

toxic metals. Water with a pH of higher than 8.5 can be hard, which poses

less of a health risk than acidic water but can taste bad and leave scale

deposits on dishes, sinks, and more.

Figure 2.Turbidity of Untreated Water Sample and Water Samples

Treated with 3 Ply Paper Towel through Capillary Action

16

14

12

10

8 Untreated
Treated (3 Ply Paper Towel)
6

0
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

Figure 1 illustrates the turbidity of Untreated Water Sample and Water

Samples Treated with 3 Ply Paper Towel through Capillary Action. Results

show that untreated water has higher turbidity compared to treated water

through capillary action. Turbidity is important in water supplies because it

creates a potential health hazard, unpleasant appearance and operational

difficulties. The most important of this is the potential health hazard.

16
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

Suspended particles in turbid water may shelter microorganisms when water

is disinfected. The turbidity should be < 5NTU for water to be safe for

consumption. The samples tested for turbidity have value lower than 5.

Figure 3.Total Dissolved Solids Present in Untreated Water Sample and

Water Samples Treated with 3 Ply Paper Towel through Capillary Action

450

400

350

300

250
Untreated
200 Treated (3 Ply Paper Towel)

150

100

50

0
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

Figure 3 illustrates the total dissolved solids present in untreated water

samples using 3 Ply Paper Towel through Capillary Action. Results show that

the treated water samples have lower amount of total dissolved solids while

more total dissolved solids were recorded for untreated water. Total dissolved

solids (TDS) comprise inorganic salts (principally calcium, magnesium,

potassium, sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates) and some small

amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water. The Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA) establishes standards for drinking water which fall

17
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

into two categories -- Primary Standards and Secondary Standards. primary

Standards are based on health considerations and Secondary Standards are

based on taste, odor, color, corrosivity, foaming, and staining properties of

water. There is no Primary drinking water standard for total dissolved solids,

but the Secondary standard for TDS is 500 mg/L. The samples tested have

values lower than 500 mg/L, therefore the samples still have dissolved solids

present during testing.

Table 1. Significant Difference in the pH Level of Untreated Water

Sample and Water Samples Treated with 3 Ply Paper Towel through
Capillary Action
Std.
pH Mean T Df P
Dev
Untreated 6.9567 .04933 -3.058 4
.146
Treated (3 Ply Paper Towel) 7.2567 .16258 -3.058 2.365

Table 4 is on Significant Difference in the pH Level of Untreated Water

Sample and Water Samples Treated with 3 Ply Paper Towel through Capillary

Action. The results above were statistically processed using t-test. As shown in

table 1, the obtained p - value is equal to 0.41, which higher than the standard

value of significance 0.05, hence, if p is greater than 0.05 there is no

significant relationship between the different samples of untreated and treated

water using three ply paper towel in terms of pH level.

18
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

Table 2. Significant Difference in the Turbidity of Untreated Water

Sample and Water Samples Treated with 3 Ply Paper Towel through
Capillary Action

Turbidity Mean Std. Dev T Df P

Untreated 13.5800 .67639 17.279 4
.000
Treated (3 Ply Paper Towel) 1.3800 1.01887 17.279 3.476

Table 2 is on Significant Difference in the Turbidity of Untreated Water

Sample and Water Samples Treated with 3 Ply Paper Towel through Capillary

Action. The results above were statistically processed using t-test. As shown in

table 2, the obtained p - value is equal to 0.00, which lower than the standard

value of significance 0.05, hence, if p is lesser than 0.05 there is a significant

relationship between the different samples of untreated and treated water

using three ply paper towel in terms of turbidity. In this case, untreated water

has high turbiduty level compared to treated water through capillary action.

Table 3. Significant Difference in the Total Dissolved Solids of Untreated

Water Sample and Water Samples Treated with 3 Ply Paper Towel
through Capillary Action

Total Dissolved solids Mean Std. Dev T Df P

Untreated 398.0000 17.69181 7.102 4
Treated (3 Ply Paper 198.6667 45.28061 7.102 2.597 .002
Towel)

Table 3 is on Significant Difference in the total dissolved water of Untreated

Water Sample and Water Samples Treated with 3 Ply Paper Towel through

Capillary Action. The results above were statistically processed using t-test. As

shown in table 2, the obtained p - value is equal to 0.002 , which is lower than

the standard value of significance 0.05, hence, if p is lesser than 0.05 there is

19
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

a significant relationship between the different samples of untreated and

treated water using three ply paper towel in terms of total dissolved solids. In

this case, untreated water has high amount of total dissolved solids compared

to treated water through capillary action.

Summary of Findings

After conducting the experiment and sample undergoing water quality

assessment to check ph level, turbidity and total dissolved solids, the

following findings have been formulated.

There is no significant relationship between the different samples of

untreated and treated water using three ply paper towel in terms of pH level

after treating waste water through capillary action.

There is a significant relationship between the different samples of

untreated and treated water using three ply paper towel in terms of turbidity.

In this case, untreated water has high turbidity level compared to treated

water through capillary action

There is a significant relationship between the different samples of

untreated and treated water using three ply paper towel in terms of total

dissolved solids. In this case, untreated water has high amount of total

dissolved solids compared to treated water through capillary action.

Conclusion

Based on the data gathered by the researcher, it was determined that

there is no significant relationship between the different samples of untreated

20
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

and treated water using three ply paper towel in terms of pH level after

treating waste water through capillary action. Therefore the pH level of

untreated water is only slightly altered when in capillary action using 2 ply

paper towel . However, significant relationship is determined between the

different samples of untreated and treated water using three ply paper towel in

terms of turbidity and total dissolved solids. Therefore, by using 3 ply paper

towel through capillary action turbidity of water decreases. Similarly, total

dissolved solids are lessened significantly when water is filtered through

capillary actions.

Recommendation

The researcher recommends using other media to test the capillary

abilities of other objects for water filtration. The researcher also recommends

to conduct additional experiments such as presence of microorganisms in

treated water through capillary action.

21
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

References

Tchobanoglous, G., & Schroeder, E.E. Water quality: Characteristics,

modeling, modification. United States.

Mitchell, A.W. and Furnas, M.J. 2001. River logger - A new tool to monitor
riverine suspended particle fluxes. Wat. Sci. Tech. 43(9):115-120.

Mitchell, A.W. Reghenzani, J.R. and Furnas, M.J. 2001. Nitrogen levels in the
Tully river - A long-term view. Sci and Tech. 43(9):99-106.

Akoto O. and Adiyiah, J., (2007),”Chemical analysis of drinking water from

some communities in the Brong Ahafo region", International Journal of
Environmental Science and Technology, 4(2), pp 211214.

APHA, AWWA, WPCF, (2003), "Standard Methods for Examination of Water

and Wastewater", 20th Edition, American Public Health Association,
Washington, DC. 4.

Boominathan, R. and Khan, S.M., (1994), "Effect of distillery effluents on pH,

dissolved oxygen and phosphate content in Uyyakundan channel
water", Envionmental Ecology, 12 (4), pp 850853.

22
Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

Appendices

23
Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

24
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

T-Test

25
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

Notes
Output Created 27-SEP-2019 08:13:56
Comments
Input Active Dataset DataSet10
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data File 6
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User defined missing values are
treated as missing.
Cases Used Statistics for each analysis are
based on the cases with no
missing or out-of-range data for
any variable in the analysis.
Syntax T-TEST GROUPS=Sample(0 1)
/MISSING=ANALYSIS
/VARIABLES=phlevel
/CRITERIA=CI(.95).
Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.00
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.13

Group Statistics
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
pH level untreated water 3 6.9567 .04933 .02848
treated water 3 7.2567 .16258 .09387

Independent Samples Test

Levene's
Test for
Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence
Std. Interval of the
Error Difference
Sig. (2- Mean Differen Low
F Sig. t df tailed) Difference ce er Upper

26
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

pH level Equal 3.244 .0 -3.058 4 .038 -.30000 .09809 - -.02765

variances .572
assumed 35
Equal -3.058 2.36 .075 -.30000 .09809 - .06538
variances 5 .665
not assumed 38

T-Test

Group Statistics
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
turbidity untreated water 3 13.5800 .67639 .39051
treated water 3 1.3800 1.01887 .58825

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
Std. 95% Confidence
Sig. Mean Error Interval of the
(2- Differe Differen Difference
F Sig. t df tailed) nce ce Lower Upper
turbidity Equal 1.03 0.00 17.27 4 .000 12.200 .70607 10.23964 14.16036
variances 8 9 00
assumed
Equal 17.27 3.476 .000 12.200 .70607 10.11744 14.28256
variances 9 00
not
assumed

27
 Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

T-Test

Group Statistics
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Total Dissolved untreated 3 398.0000 17.69181 10.21437
Solids water
treated water 3 198.6667 45.28061 26.14277

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test
for Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
Mea 95% Confidence
n Std. Interval of the
Sig. Diffe Error Difference
(2- renc Differen
F Sig. t df tailed) e ce Lower Upper
Total Dissolved Equal variances 2.453 0.02 7.10 4 .002 199. 28.0673 121.405 277.260
Solids assumed 2 3333 8 80 87
3
Equal variances 7.10 2.59 .009 199. 28.0673 101.626 297.040
not assumed 2 7 3333 8 12 54
3

28
Water Filtration Through Capillary Action

29