Undergraduate Final Year Project Handbook

Table of Contents

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List of Figures

Fig 1.1 Block Diagram .....................................................................................................................8

Fig 2.1 Use Case Diagram ...............................................................................................................9

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1 Chapter 1
Introduction
Automatic Collision System becoming more and more popular around the world in many

categories. This model is based on two main parts one is Obstacle Avoidance and second is

Location Indication system. Obstacle Avoidance is built to sense any obstacle in its path, to

avoid it and resume its running involving the pre-computation of an obstacle free path.

Ultrasonic sensors were adapted to implement a real-time obstacle avoidance system for car, so

that the car can continually detect surroundings, avoid obstacles, and move toward the target

area. We use an Arduino Mega 2560 with a Motor Driver along with Gear Motors to make the

car, and for sensing use an Ultrasonic Sensors which accurately and efficiently detects any

obstacles in the smart car’s path. Location Indication system is designed and implemented for

tracking the movement of car from any location at any time. The system work with popular

technology that combines a smartphone with an Arduino Mega 2560. The designed in car works

using Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

technology that is one of the most common ways for vehicle tracking. Global System for Mobile

Communication (GSM) and Global Positioning System (GPS) based vehicle location and

tracking system provided effective, real time vehicle location, mapping and reporting this

information value and add by improving this level of service provided. The GPS based vehicle

tracking system is designed to find out the exact location of vehicle and intimate the position to

the concerned authority about through an SMS. The system includes a GPS modem that it

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retrieves the location of a vehicle in terms of its longitude and latitude. The system has a physical

module that it resides in the vehicle to be tracked and a based station that monitors data from the

various vehicles. The onboard module consists of GPS receiver, a GSM modem. This hardware

is fitted on to the vehicle in such a manner that it was not visible to anyone. That system sends

the location data to the monitoring unit continuously therefore it is used as a covert unit. The

location data from tracking system uses to find the location and to give the information to police

when the vehicle is stolen. This gives an edge over other pieces of technology for the same

purpose. The system automatically sends a return reply to that particular mobile indicating the

position of the vehicle in terms of latitude and longitude when a request by user is sent to the

number at the modem. A program has been developed that it is used to locate the exact position

of the vehicle also to navigated track of the moving vehicle on Google map. The system allows

to track the target anytime and anywhere in any weather conditions. This system is user friendly,

easily installable, easily accessible and can be used for various other purpose.

1.1 Brief
Android app is used to control the movement of the car. Android app consist of four buttons

Forward, Back, Right and left to control the movement of car.

This project is consist of two parts.

 Obstacle Avoiding

 Location Detection

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Obstacle Avoiding

For obstacle avoiding Ultrasonic sensors are used to detect the objects, it spread sound

waves at a frequency too high for humans to hear. They then wait for the sound reflect back,

calculating distance based on the time required.

Location Detection

GSM module is provide with a SIM card which uses the regular communication process

as we are using in regular phone. GPS and GSM are used to detect the location of the car, to find

the location of the car send a sms ”L?” to the SIM that is fixed on the GSM module. GPS tracks

the vehicle location and send it to the controller and the Google maps display the location of the

car on the mobile. Then the GSM send the link of location of the car on the mobile in the shape of

SMS, when the link is clicked by user then the Google map is opened. This system is useless

without internet because the location of vehicle can only be presented by the Google maps.

, outcome of your work, tools, methodology used & highlights of discussions in various chapters

of report.

1.1.1 Relevance to Course Modules

A brief explanation of how your project is related to various courses studied during BCS.

1.1.2 Project Background

Vehicle Accidents are the most common sort of personal injury cases. The

most brutal highways collisions, vehicle accidents happen every day. This may be caused by

careless drivers, vehicle defects and improper traffic control devices. The vehicle accidents may

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result to serious property damages and personal injuries. These include motor cycle, car, bus and

truck mishaps. Although our country is finding means to lessen these incidents, vehicle accidents

are continuously increasing and can be categorized as one of the leading causes of death at this

time.

This is very much evident in the news bulletins that we see daily. Hundreds or even thousands of

lives have been affected by these tragedies leaving them desperate and suffering.

The problem of collision detection or contact determination between two or more object is

fundamental to computer animation, physical based, modeling, computer simulated environments

and robot motion planning as well. Depending on the content of applications, it is also called with

many different names, such as interference detection, clash detection, intersection tests, etc.

The project background is based on the following things are as follows:

 You can locate your stolen vehicle easily using your mobile without any extra cost.

 The device ensures vehicle security and smooth fleet management.

 You can easily install it in any vehicle such as cars, boats and motorbikes. An SMS will

inform. you whether the vehicle is stationary or on the move.

 You can also use it to keep tab on your driver. It reduces vehicle abuse and ultimately

results in significant cost-savings for individuals, fleet owners and the like.

Tacking of vehicle is a process in which we track the vehicle location in form of Latitude and

Longitude (GPS coordinates). GPS Coordinates are the value of a location. This system is very

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efficient for outdoor application purpose.

1.2 Literature Review

Global Positioning Systems (GPS) were designed by the United States

Government and military, which the design was intended to be used as surveillance. The GPS was

invented as a collaborative effort by the United States‟ Department of Defense and Dr. Ivan

Getting as a means to create a satellite course-plotting system, primarily used for navigation

purposes. The idea for a global positioning system was initially planned to be used by military and

intelligence organizational during the Cold War. GPS has developed into a larger and more

advanced satellite network collection that orbits Earth at fixed points in space to send signals to

anyone with a GPS receiver. The design of GPS is partly similar to the design of ground-based

radio navigation system. it was possible to pinpoint where the satellite was along its orbit. The first

satellite navigation system was first successfully tested in 1960. In 1967, the U.S. Navy introduced

the timation satellite which demonstrated the ability to place accurate clocks in space that is the

technology used by the GPS system. In the 1970s, the ground-based Omega Navigation System,

based on signal phase comparison, became the first world-wide radio navigation system. GPS is

small tracking device that is installed in a car and it will supply feedback data from tracking

software that loads from a satellite. This is done by fetching the information of the vehicle like

location, distance, etc. by using GPS and GSM. The information of the vehicle is obtained after

every specified time interval defined by the user. Then this periodic information of location is

transmitted to monitoring or tracking server. This transmitted information is displayed on the

display unit by using the Google earth to display the vehicle location in the electronic Google

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maps. This system uses Global Positioning System (GPS) which is used to receive the coordinates

of latitude and longitude form the satellite during the critical information. We all know that

tracking system is now-a-days a very important in modern world. This system can be used in the

monitoring our car, also in tracking the theft of the vehicle and in many more other applications.

This system uses microcontroller, Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global System for Mobile

Communication (GSM). Only one GPS device is used in this system and GSM enable a two way

communication process. GSM modem is provide with a SIM card which uses the same and regular

communication process as we are using in regular phone. GPS tracks the vehicle location and send

it to the controller and the Google maps display the location of the Vehicle on the display unit, this

system is useless without net because the location of vehicle can only be presented by the Google

maps. In the other system an SMS of the coordinate of the location is send to the user on request

which does not require an access to internet. By considering all these factors the upcoming

implementation should introduce many more facilities which will make the system user friendly

and efficient.

1.2.1 Analysis from Literature Review (in the context of your project)
This section provides an analytical discussion of your work in comparison with discussion in

literature review.

1.2.2 Methodology and Software Lifecycle for This Project

A brief discussion of methodology and SDLC model selected for this project.

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1.3 Rationale behind Selected Methodology

Why you selected above methodology (such as structural and Object Oriented) and software life

cycle for this project?

1.3.1 Rationale behind Selected Methodology

It is the example of third and last level heading. Please do not insert further levels in numbers. Use

different format style e.g. italic to highlight the important text.

1.4 Problem Definition

This chapter discusses the precise problem to be solved. It should extend to include the outcome.

1.4.1 Problem Statement

Problem statement goes here.

1.5 Deliverables and Development Requirements

Deliverables and development requirements.

1.5.1 Current System (if applicable to your project)

A brief description of an existing system.

The following figure is a sample figure, Figure 2.1. You are required to follow the same style of

numbering and caption for the whole report.

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Figure 2.1: Sample picture

The following table (Table 2.1) is sample table; you are required to follow the same style of

numbering and caption for the whole report.

Table 32.1: Sample Table

Header 1 Header 2 Header 3

Text Text Text

The following list style is the sample to consistently follow in the whole report.

• List items 1

• List items 2

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2 Chapter 2
Software Requirement Specification (SRS)
2.1 Requirement Analysis
The following parts of Software Requirements Specification (SRS) report should be included in

this chapter.

2.2 Use Cases Diagram(s)

2.2.1 Detailed Use Case
2.3 Functional Requirements
2.4 Non-Functional Requirements

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3 Chapter 3
Hardware Components

3.1 Introduction

The core function of our project is to develop an obstacle avoidance and tracking system. we have

made use of the following components that has effective operation and usage. In this section,

hardware part, i.e. hardware components used for the project are discussed in details. The heart of

the project that is, as microcontroller we used Arduino Mega 2560. Initially, we worked on obstacle

avoidance with Ultrasonic sensors and then getting geo coordinates i.e. latitude and longitude and

for this we made use of the GPS module to capture location, speed and time of last received data

in accordance. GPS is used for the satellite based navigation systems, mapping etc.

Whereas GPRS is used for video calling, SMS etc.

3.2 Components Used

3.2.1. Arduino Mega 2560

3.2.2. A7 GPRS+GPS Module.

3.2.3. Ultrasonic sensors.

3.2.4. Motor Driver

3.2.5. HC-05 Bluetooth Module.

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3.2.6. Gear Motor.

3.2.7. Wheels.

3.2.8. Battery.

3.2.1. Arduino Mega 2560

The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560. It has
54 digital input/output pins (of which 15 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog
inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything
needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

Fig.3.1: Arduino Mega 2560

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A7 module is a GSM/GPRS/GPS function module. It supports GSM/GPRS Quad-Band

(850/900/1800/1900） network. Also, it supports voice calls, SMS messages, GPRS data service

and GPS function. We can use it make a simple phone. The module is controlled by AT command

via UART and supports 3.3V and 4.2V logical level.

Features:

 Support the GSM / GPRS four bands, including 850,900,1800,1900MHZ

 Support China Mobile and China Unicom’s 2G GSM network worldwide
 Support voice calls
 Support SMS text messaging
 Support GPRS data traffic, the maximum data rate, download 85.6Kbps, upload 42.8Kbps
 Support GPS and AGPS
 Supports two serial ports, a serial port to download an AT command port
 AT command supports the standard AT and TCP / IP command interface
 Support digital audio and analog audio support for HR, FR, EFR, AMR speech coding
 Support ROHS, FCC, CE, CTA certification
 SMT 42PIN

Fig. 3.2: A7 GPRS+GPS Module

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3.2.3. Ultrasonic sensors.

As the name indicates, ultrasonic sensors measure distance by using ultrasonic waves.

The sensor head emits an ultrasonic wave and receives the wave reflected back from the target.

Ultrasonic Sensors measure the distance to the target by measuring the time between the emission

and reception.

Fig:3.3: Ultrasonic sensors.

3.2.4. Motor Driver

This dual bidirectional motor driver is based on the very popular L298 Dual H-
Bridge Motor Driver IC. This module will allow you to easily and independently control two
motors of up to 2A each in both directions.

It is ideal for robotic applications and well suited for connection to a microcontroller requiring
just a couple of control lines per motor.

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Fig.3.4: Motor driver

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3.2.5. HC-05 Bluetooth Module.
Hc-05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth module, designed for

transparent wireless serial connection setup. It can be used in master or slave configuration. Serial

port is fully qualified Bluetooth V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) 3Mbps Module with complete

2.4GHz radio transceiver and baseband. It uses CSR Bluecore 04-External single chip Bluetooth

system with CMOS technology and with AFH (Adaptive Frequency Hopping Feature). It has the

footprint as small as 12.7mmx27mm.

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7 Chapter 4
Implementation
This chapter will discuss implementation details supported by UML diagrams (if applicable). You

will not put your source code here. Any of the following sections may be included based on your

project.

7.1 Algorithm
Mention the algorithm(s) used in your project to get the work done with regards to major modules.

Provide a pseudocode OR a natural language explanation regarding the functioning of main

features. Be sure to use the correct syntax and semantics for algorithm representations.

7.1.1 External APIs

Describe the APIs used in the following table.

Table 8 Details of APIs used in the project

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Name of API Description of API Purpose of usage List down the

function/class name in

which it is used

7.2 User Interface

Details about user interface with descriptions.

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8 Chapter 5
Testing and Evaluation
This chapter may include the following sections. (Students are required to perform the testing both

manually and automatedly).

8.1 Manual Testing

8.1.1 System testing
Once the system has been successfully developed, testing has to be performed to ensure that the

system working as intended. This is also to check that the system meets the requirements stated

earlier. Besides that, system testing will help in finding the errors that may be hidden from the

user. There are few types of testing which includes the unit testing, functional testing and

integration testing. The testing must be completed before it is being deploy for user to use.

8.1.2 Unit Testing

8.1.2.1 Unit Testing 1: Login as FYP Committee

8.1.2.2 Testing Objective: To ensure the login form is working correctly

No. Test case/Test script Attribute and Expected result Result

value

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1. Verify user login after Username: Successfully log into Pass

click on the „Login‟ L001 the main page of the

button on login form with Password: system as FYP

correct input data 1234 Committee member.

2.

8.1.2.3 Unit Testing 2: Edit Profile

8.1.3 Testing Objective: To ensure the edit profile form is working properly.

No. Test case/Test script Attribute and Expected result Result

value

1.

2.

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8.2 Functional Testing

The functional testing will take place after the unit testing. In this functional testing, the

functionality of each of the module is tested. This is to ensure that the system produced meets the

specifications and requirements.

8.2.1 Functional Testing 1: Login with different roles

8.2.1.1 Objective: To ensure that the correct page with the correct navigation bar is
loaded.

No. Test case/Test script Attribute and Expected result Result

value

1. Login as a Username: L001 Main page for the Pass

„FYP Password: 1234 FYP Committee

Committee‟ member. member is loaded

with the FYP

Committee

navigation bar

2.

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8.3 Integration Testing

No. Test case/Test script Attribute and Expected result Result

value

1. Login as “FYP Username: L001 Login successful Pass

Committee” member Password: 1234 and the FYP

Committee page

with its navigation

bar is loaded and in

the view profile

page

2. Upload student record - File successfully Pass

for Project 1 uploaded and

return to the upload

page. Student

records are

updated.

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3. View supervising - The list of Pass

student supervisees shown

on the screen.

8.4 Automated Testing

Tools used:

Tool Name Tool Description Applied on [list of related Results

test cases / FR / NFR]

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9 Chapter 6
Conclusion and Future Work
This chapter concludes the project and highlights future work.

9.1 Conclusion
9.2 Future Work

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References
References to any book, journal paper or website should properly be acknowledged. Please

consistently follow the style. The following are few examples of different resources i.e. journal

article, book, and website.

1. Lyda M.S. Lau, Jayne Curson, Richard Drew, Peter Dew and Christine Leigh,

(1999), Use Of VSP Resource Rooms to Support Group Work in a Learning Environment,

ACM 99, pp-2. (Journal paper example)

2. Hideyuki Nakanishi, Chikara Yoshida, Toshikazu Nishmora and TuruIshada,

(1996), FreeWalk: Supporting Casual Meetings in a Network, pp 308-314 (paper on web)

http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/240080/p308-nakanishi.pdf

3. Ali Behforooz& Frederick J.Hudson, (1996), Software Engineering Fundamentals,

Oxford University Press. Chapter 8, pp255-235. (book reference example)

4. Page Author, Page Title, http://www.bt.com/bttj/archive.htm, Last date accessed.

(web

site)

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APPENDIX A
(if any name it)

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