Block Diagrams PDF

Exciter AC7B and ESAC7B
Exciter AC7B and ESAC7B

IEEE 421.5 2005 Type AC7B Excitation System Model
VFEMAX -K D I FD Speed
VREF VUEL VRMAX VAMAX K P VT K E +SE (VE )
EC 1 Spdmlt
+ + 0
2 + + VE 1
π
K IA VA 1
π
1 K IR sK DR
Σ Σ Σ
E FD
−
K PR + + K PA +
1 + sTR VC s 1 + sTDR s sTE
− − 5
−
+
3 4 -K L VFE FEX
VRMIN VAMIN VEMIN
VS +
Σ KF 2 FEX = f ( I N )
+ VX = VE S E (VE )
6 sK F 3 VX IN
1 + sTF VFE +
+ KC I FD
Σ Σ +
KE IN =
VE
+
States KD I FD
1 - VE
2 - Sensed Vt K F1
3 - K IR
4 - K DR
5 - VA
6 - Feedback
AC7B supported by PSSE
ESAC7B supported by PSLF with optional speed multiplier
Exciter AC8B
Exciter AC8B
IEEE 421.5 2005 AC8B Excitation System
VFEMAX -K D I FD
VREF VS VPIDMAX VRMAX
VCOMP K E +SE (VE )
2 + 5 1
+
π
1 − + K sK DR KA 1 E FD
1 + sTR Σ +
Σ K PR + IR +
s 1 + sTDR 1 + sTA VΣ
+
sTE
+ R
− FEX
3 4
VPIDMIN VRMIN VEMIN
VUEL VOEL FEX = f ( I N )
VFE
IN
K C I FD
Σ +
K E + S E (VE ) IN =
VE
+
KD I FD
States
1 - VE
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - PID 1
4 - PID 2
5 - VR
Model supported by PSSE
Exciter BPA_EA
Exciter BPA_EA
Continuously Acting DC Rotating Excitation System Model
Regulator
VSTB
VRMAX Exciter
Filter + E FD
VT 1 2 + KA 3 1 4 + 1 1
1 + sTR − Σ Σ 1 + sTA 1 + sTA1
Σ sTE
+ −
−
VRMIN
VREF SE + K E
Stabilizer
5 sK F
1 + sTF
States
1 - E FD
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VR
4 - VR1
5 - VF
Model in the public domain, available from BPA
Exciter BPA EB
Exciter BPA EB
Westinghouse Pre-1967 Brushless Excitation System Model
Regulator Exciter
VSTB VRMAX E FDMAX
Filter +
VT 1 2 + KA 3 1 4 + 1 1 E FD
1 + sTR − Σ Σ 1 + sTA 1 + sTA1 Σ sTE
−
+ −
VRMIN E FDMIN = 0
VREF
Stabilizer SE + K E
5 sK F 6 1
1 + sTF 1 + sTF 1
States
1 - E FD before limit
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VR
4 - VR1
5 - VF
6 - VF1
Exciter BPA EC
Exciter BPA EC
Westinghouse Brushless Since 1966 Excitation System Model
Regulator Exciter
VSTB VRMAX E FDMAX
+
+ KA 2 1 3 + 1 1
VT
− Σ Σ 1 + sTA 1 + sTA1 Σ sTE
E FD
−
+ −
VRMIN E FDMIN = 0
VREF SE + K E
Stabilizer
4 sK F
SE + K E
1 + sTF
States
2 - VR
3 - VR1
4 - VF
Exciter BPA ED
Exciter BPA ED
SCPT Excitation System Model
Regulator Exciter
VREF
VRMAX VBMAX
VT'
+ VB
1 2 KA 3 1 4 + + 1 1 E FD
1 + sTR − Σ + Σ 1 + sTA 1 + sTA1 VR
Σ Σ sTE
+ −
− +
0
VRMIN KE
VS
5 sK F
VTHEV 1 + sTF
π
VT
V=
THEV K PVT + jK I IT
IT Stabilizer
2
 0.78 ⋅ I FD  IFD 1− A
A= 
 VTHEV 
If A > 1, VB = 0
States
1 - EField
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VA
4 - VR
5 - Feedback
Exciter BPA EE
Exciter BPA EE
Non-Continuously Active Rheostatic Excitation System Model
Regulator Exciter
VRMAX E FDMAX
If:
+ K A'
∗
VRH ∆VT ≥ KV , VR =
VRMAX VR + 1 1 E FD
VT'
− Σ 1 + sTRH 2 ∆VT < KV , VR =
VRH Σ sTE
+ −
∆VT ≤ − KV , VR =VRMIN
VRMIN E FDMIN
VREF SE + K E
∆VT
VT'
− Σ * NOTE:
+
If the time constant TRH is equal to
'
VTO zero, this block is represented as K 'A /s
States
1 - EField before limit
2 - VRH
Exciter BPA EF
Exciter BPA EF
Westinghouse Continuous Acting Brushless Rotating Alternator
Excitation System Model
Regulator Exciter
VSO VRMAX E FDMAX
+
+ K A (1 + sTA ) 2 + 1 1
VT − Σ Σ Σ E FD
( TR = 0 ) +
− s
−
sTE
VRMIN E FDMIN = 0
VREF SE + K E
Stabilizer
3 sK F
SE + K E
1 + sTF
States
2 - VR
3 - VF
Exciter BPA EG
Exciter BPA EG
SCR Equivalent Excitation System Model
Regulator
VREF VRMAX
+
KA 2 1 1 E FD
VT
− Σ + Σ 1 + sTA 1 + sTA1 VR
+ −
VRMIN
VSO
3 sK F
1 + sTF
Stabilizer
States
1 - EField
2 - VA
3 - VF
Exciter BPA EJ
Exciter BPA EJ
Westinghouse Static Grand Couple PP#3 Excitation System Model
Regulator
VSO VRMAX E FDMAX
Filter
VT' +
1 + E FD
π
2 KA 3 1 1
1 + sTR − Σ Σ 1 + sTA 1 + sTA1
−
+
VRMIN E FDMIN
VREF
Stabilizer
4 sK F
1 + sTF
States
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VR
4 - VF
Exciter BPA EK
Exciter BPA EK
General Electric Alterrex Excitation System Model
Regulator Exciter
VSO VRMAX E FDMAX
+
+ KA 2 1 3 + 1 1
VT
(TR =0) − Σ Σ 1 + sTA 1 + sTA1 Σ sTE
E FD
−
+ −
VRMIN E FDMIN = 0
VREF SE + K E
Stabilizer
4 sK F
1 + sTF
States
2 - VR
3 - VR1
4 - VF
Exciter BPA FA
Exciter BPA FA
WSCC Type A (DC1) Excitation System Model
VREF VS VRMAX
+ +
VT VC 1 2 VERR 1 + sTC 3 KA VR 1 E FD
IT
VC =VT + ( RC + jX C ) IT
1 + sTR − Σ + Σ 1 + sTB 1 + sTA 4
+
Σ sTE 1
− −
VF VRMIN VFE
SE + K E
5 sK F
1 + sTF
States
1 - EField
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VB
4 - VR
5 - VF
Exciter BPA FB
Exciter BPA FB
WSCC Type B (DC2) Excitation System Model
VREF VS VT VRMAX
+ +
VT VC 1 2 VERR 1 + sTC 3 KA VR 1 E FD
IT
1 + sTR − Σ + Σ 1 + sTB 1 + sTA 4
+
Σ sTE 1
− −
VF VFE
VT VRMIN SE + K E
5 sK F
1 + sTF
States
1 - EField
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VB
4 - VR
5 - VF
Exciter BPA FC
Exciter BPA FC
WSCC Type C (AC1) Excitation System Model
VREF
+
VT VC 1 2
IT
1 + sTR − Σ
VERR
VS VRMAX
+
+ 1 + sTC + VE
π
4 KA 3 1 1 E FD
Σ 1 + sTB 1 + sTA VR Σ sTE
− − FEX
VF 0
VRMIN
FEX = f ( I N )
5 sK F VFE IN
1 + sTF
States KC I FD
1 - VE
Σ +
KE IN =
VE
+
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VR KD I FD
4 - VLL
5 - VF
Exciter BPA FD
Exciter BPA FD
WSCC Type D (ST2) Excitation System Model
VREF
+
VT VC 1 2
IT
1 + sTR − Σ
VERR
VRMAX EFD MAX

+
KA 3 + 1 1 E FD
Σ 1 + sTA
+
VR
Σ Σ sTE
+ −
+ −
VF VRMIN 0
VS VB
KE
4 sK F
1 + sTF
= =
If K P 0. and =
K I 0., VB 1.
π
VT VE
=
VE K PVT + jK I IT
IT
States
1 - EField
K I
I N = C FD FEX = f ( I N ) 2 - Sensed Vt
IFD VE IN FEX
3 - VR
4 - VF
Exciter BPA FE
Exciter BPA FE
WSCC Type E (DC3) Excitation System Model
VREF
+
VT VC 1 2
IT
1 + sTR − Σ
VRMAX
KV
VERR VRMAX − VRMIN VRH 3
sKV TRH
−K V
VRMIN
If VERR ≥ KV , VR =
VRMAX
1 1 E FD
If VERR < KV , VR =
VRH
VR
+
Σ sTE
If VERR ≤ − KV , VR =VRMIN −
States VFE
1 - EField before limit K E + SE
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VRH
Exciter BPA FF
Exciter BPA FF
WSCC Type F (AC2) Excitation System Model
VREF
+
VT VC 1 2
IT
1 + sTR − Σ
VERR
VS VAMAX
4 VRMAX
+ 3
+ 1 + sTC + 1 VE E FD
π
KA + 1
Σ Σ Σ
LV
KB
1 + sTB 1 + sTA −
Gate VR sTE
− VA −
VRMIN
VL − FEX
VF VAMIN
VH
KL Σ 0
+
FEX = f ( I N )
VLR
KH
5 sK F VFE IN
States 1 + sTF
KC I FD
1 - VE Σ +
K E + SE IN =
VE
2 - Sensed Vt +
3 - VA
I FD
4 - VLL KD
5 - VF
Exciter BPA FG
Exciter BPA FG
WSCC Type G (AC4) Excitation System Model
VREF
+
VT VC 1 2
IT
1 + sTR − Σ
VERR
VIMAX (VRMAX − K C I FD )
+ 1 + sTC 3 KA 1
Σ 1 + sTB 1 + sTA E FD
+
VIMIM (VRMIN − K C I FD )
VS
States
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VLL
Exciter BPA FH
Exciter BPA FH
WSCC Type H (AC3) Excitation System Model
VREF
+
VT VC 1 2
IT
1 + sTR − Σ
VERR
−
K LV Σ
+
VAMAX
VLV
1 + sTC 3 + VE 1
π π
4 KA 1
Σ Σ
HV
+ 1 + sTB Gate 1 + sTA VA VR sTE E FD
+ − −
VS FEX
VF VAMIN 0
FEX = f ( I N )
KR
VFE
VN KN IN
5 s + KC I FD
1 + sTF KF Σ K E + SE IN =
VE
EFD
States +
EFDN
1 - VE I FD
KD
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VA
4 - VLL
5 - VF
Exciter BPA FH
Exciter BPA FH
WSCC Type H Excitation System Model
VREF
+
VT VC 1 2
IT
1 + sTR − Σ
VERR
VAMAX
1 + sTC
π
3 + VE 1
π
4 KA 1
+ Σ 1 + sTB 1 + sTA VA VR Σ sTE E FD
+ − −
VS FEX
VF VAMIN VEMIN
FEX = f ( I N )
KR
VFE
VN KN IN
5 s + KC I FD
VE
EFD
States +
EFDN
1 - VE I FD
KD
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VA
4 - VLL
5 - VF
Exciter BPA FJ
Exciter BPA FJ
WSCC Type J Excitation System Model
VREF
+
VT VC 1 2
IT
1 + sTR − Σ
VERR
VRMAX
(VT E FDMAX − K C I FD )
+ 1 + sTC 3 KA 1
+ −
VS (VT E FDMIN − K C I FD )
VRMIN
VF
4 sK F
1 + sTF
States
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VLL
4 - VF
Exciter BPA FK
Exciter BPA FK
WSCC Type K (ST1) Excitation System Model
VREF
+
VT VC 1 2
IT
1 + sTR − Σ
VERR
VIMAX (VT VRMAX − K C I FD )

+ 1 + sTC 3 KA 1
+ −
VIMIM (VT VRMIN − K C I FD )
VS
VF
4 sK F
1 + sTF
States
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VLL
4 - VF
Exciter BPA FL
Exciter BPA FL
WSCC Type L (ST3) Excitation System Model
VREF
+
VT VC 1 2
IT
1 + sTR − Σ
VGMAX
VERR KG
VS VG VRMAX
+ VIMAX − E FDMAX
1 + sTC
π
+
3 + KA 1
Σ KJ
1 + sTB VA Σ 1 + sTA VR E FD
+
VIMIN
VRMIN VB
VREF
VE = K PVT + j ( K I + K P X L ) IT π
VT VE
IT
K I K P = K P e jθ p
I N = C FD
IN FEX = f ( I N )
IFD VE FEX
States
1 - VM
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VLL
Exciter BPA FM through BPA FV
Exciter BPA FM through BPA FV
No block diagrams have been created

Exciter DC3A
Exciter DC3A
IEEE 421.5 2005 DC3A Excitation System Model
VREF VRMAX
EC KV
+
1 VERR VRMAX − VRMIN VRH
1 + sTR
−
2
Σ sKV TRH 3
−K V
VRMIN
VRMAX
VR 1 1
If VERR < KV , VR =
VRH + Σ sTE
VEMIN
+
Σ VX EFD ⋅ S E ( EFD )
=
+ VX
States
1 - EFD
KE
2 – Sensed Vt
3 - VRH

Exciter DC4B
Exciter DC4B
IEEE 421.5 2005 DC4B Excitation System Model
V OEL
V OEL
(OEL=1) (OEL=2)
Alternate OEL Inputs
VUEL VUEL
(UEL=1) (UEL=2) Speed
Alternate UEL Inputs VT
VREF VT VRMAX 1
0 Spdmlt
VRMAX K A 5
KA VR 1
π π
1
Σ
EC LV
2 + − HV Gate 1 + sTA +
1 − + K sK D sTE E FD
1 + sTR +
Σ KP + I +
s 1 + sTD
Gate −
− VT VRMIN VEMIN
3 4
VF +
VX = VE S E (VE )
VRMIN K A
VS Σ
+
KE
States
1 - E FD 6 sK F
2 - Sensed Vt
1 + sTF
3 - PID1
4 - PID2
5 - VR
6 - Feedback
Model supported by PSLF with optional speed multiplier
Exciter ESAC1A
Exciter ESAC1A
IEEE Type AC1A Excitation System Model
VUEL Speed
VS
VAMAX 1 Spdmlt
EC + 4 VRMAX 0
2 1 + sTC +
π
1 KA 1 1 VE
Σ
HV LV E FD
1 + sTR − Σ 1 + sTB 1 + sTA 3 Gate Gate VR sTE
+ − −
VRMIN 0 FEX
VF VAMIN
VREF
VOEL FEX = f ( I N )
VX = VE S E (VE )
VX
5 sK F VFE
+
1 + sTF
KC I FD
Σ +
Σ +
KE IN =
VE
+
States
1 - VE
KD I FD
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VA
4 - VLL
5 - VF
Exciter ESAC2A
Exciter ESAC2A
VFEMAX -K D I FD Speed
VREF VS VAMAX VUEL VOEL K E +SE (VE )
EC Spdmlt
VRMAX 1
4 0
+ + KA + 3 +
π
1 − 1+sTC 1 1 VE E FD
1+sTR 2 Σ Σ Σ
HV LV
KB
1+sTB 1+sTA V Gate Gate VR − sTE
− A
−
VF VRMIN 0 FEX
VAMIN VH
KH FEX =f(I N )
VX =VESE (VE )
5 sK F + VX IN
1+sTF Σ+ KE
K C I FD
IN =
+ VE
Σ
+ KD
I FD
States
VFE
1 - VE
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VA
4 - VLL
5 - VF
Exciter ESAC3A
Exciter ESAC3A
KR
VUEL VFEMAX -K D I FD Speed
EC VREF
VAMAX K E +SE (VE ) 1 Spdmlt
2 0
+
1 + sTC + + VE E FD
π
1 3
π
VC KA 1 1
Σ Σ VR Σ
HV
1 + sTR − 1 + sTB 4
Gate 1 + sTA V A sTE
+ − − FEX
VAMIN VEMIN
VS
VF
VFE FEX = f ( I N )
VX = VE S E (VE )
VX IN
+
KC I FD
Σ +
Σ +
KE IN =
VE
+
States KD I FD
1 - VE
VN KN
2 - Sensed Vt s
3 - VA 5 1 + sTF VN KF
4 - VLL EFD
5 - VF
Exciter ESAC4A
Exciter ESAC4A
VUEL
VREF
VIMAX VRMAX -K C I IFD
+
1 2 1 + sTC 3 KA 1
Σ
HV
EC E FD
1 + sTR − VI 1 + sTB Gate 1 + sTA
+ VRMIN
VIMIN
VS
States
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VLL
Model supported by PSLF and PSSE
PSSE uses nonwindup limit on E FD
Exciter ESAC5A
Exciter ESAC5A
EC VREF VRMAX
+
1 2 KA 3 + 1 1 E FD
1 + sTR − Σ 1 + sTA Σ sTE
−
+ −
VRMIN 0
VS
4 5
V=
X VE ⋅ S E (VE )
sK F (1 + sTF 3 ) VX
(1 + sTF1 )(1 + sTF 2 ) +
If TF2 =0, then sTF3 =0. Σ +

KE
States
1 - EField
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VR
4 - Feedback 1
5 - Feedback 2
Exciter ESAC6A
Exciter ESAC6A
Speed
VREF VUEL VAMAX
EC 1 Spdmlt
+ + VT VRMAX 0
1 2 K A (1 + sTK ) 3 1 + sTC 4 + + 1 VE
π
1 E FD
1 + sTR VC − Σ 1 + sTA 1 + sTB VA Σ VR Σ sTE
+ − −
VT VRMIN FEX
VAMIN 0
VS
FEX = f ( I N )
VX = VE S E (VE )
VHMAX
VX
5 1 + sTJ IN
1 + sTH VH
KH
−
Σ+ VFE +
KC I FD
0 VFELIM Σ +
Σ +
KE IN =
VE
+
KD I FD
States
1 - VE
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - TA Block
4 - VLL
5 - VF
Exciter ESAC8B_GE
Exciter ESAC8B_GE
IEEE Type AC8B with Added Speed Multiplier.
K PR VFEMAX -K D I FD Speed
VREF
VRMAX K E +SE (VE )
VCOMP 1 Spdmlt
+ 0
+ 5 1
π
1 − K IR 3 KA 1 E FD
Σ
2
1 + sTR + s + Σ 1 + sTA VΣ
+
sTE
R
+ − FEX
VRMIN VEMIN
VS sK DR 4 FEX = f ( I N )
VFE
1 + sTDR
IN
K C I FD
Σ +
K E + S E (VE ) IN =
VE
+
KD I FD
States
1 - VE
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - PID 1
4 - PID 2
5 - VR
Model supported by PSLF
=
If VTMULT <> 0, VRMAX V=
T VRMAX and VRMIN VT VRMIN
Exciter ESAC8B_PTI
Exciter ESAC8B_PTI
Basler DECS Model
K PR
VREF
VRMAX
VC
+ +
1 2 K IR 4 KA 5 + 1 1 E FD
1 + sTR − Σ s + Σ 1 + sTA VR Σ sTE
+ + −
VRMIN 0
VS
sK DR 3
1 + sTD VX EFD ⋅ S E ( EFD )
=
VX
+
Σ +
KE
States
1 - E FD
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - Derivative Controller
4 - Integral Controller
5 - VR
Exciter ESDC1A
Exciter ESDC1A
IEEE Type DC1A Excitation System Model
VREF VRMAX
VUEL
EC
+
1 2 1 + sTC KA 3 + 1 1 E FD
1 + sTR VC − Σ 1 + sTB 5
HV
Gate 1 + sTA VR
Σ sTE
−
+ −
VRMIN 0
VS
VF VFE VX EFD ⋅ S E ( EFD )
=
VX +
Σ +
KE
4 sK F
1 + sTF 1
States
1 - E FD
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VR
4 - VF
5 - Lead-Lag
Model supported by PSLF includes spdmlt, exclim, and UEL inputs that are read but not utilized in the Simulator implementation
Exciter ESDC2A
Exciter ESDC2A
IEEE Type DC2A Excitation System Model
VREF VT VRMAX
VUEL
EC
+
1 2 1 + sTC KA 3 + 1 1 E FD
− Σ Σ
HV
1 + sTR VC 1 + sTB 5
Gate 1 + sTA VR sTE
+ −
−
VT VRMIN
VS
VF VX EFD ⋅ S E ( EFD )
=
VFE
VX
+
Σ +
KE
4 sK F
1 + sTF 1
States
1 - E FD
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VR
4 - VF
5 - Lead-Lag
Model supported by PSLF includes spdmlt, exclim, and UEL inputs that are read but not utilized in Simulator
Exciter ESDC3A
Exciter ESDC3A
IEEE Type DC3A with Added Speed Multiplier
VREF VRMAX
KV
VC 1 1 + VERR
VRMAX − VRMIN 3
1 + sTR − Σ sKV TRH
−K V VX
VRMIN
VRH VX EFD ⋅ S E ( EFD )
= Speed
1 Spdmlt
0
VRMAX −
E FD
π
VR 1 2
If VERR ≤ − KV , VR =VRMIN
+ Σ K E + sTE
Else VR = VRH
If exclim <> 0 then 0 else unlimited
States
1 - EField
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VRH
Exciter ESST1A
Exciter ESST1A
IEEE Type ST1A Excitation System Model
V UEL V UEL
(UEL=1) (UEL=3)
Alternate
UEL Inputs
V
S
V
S
(VOS=1) (VOS=2)
Alternate
Stabilizer
V UEL Inputs
(UEL=2)
VAMAX
EC VIMAX VT VRMAX -K C I FD
+ +
(1 + sTC )(1 + sTC1 )
2 1
1 − + KA +
Σ Σ
HV HV LV
1 + sTR VI Gate (1 + sTB )(1 + sTB1 ) 1 + sTA VA Gate Gate E FD
+ − −
VIMIN 3 4 VT VRMIN
VAMIN
VREF
VOEL
VF
I FD
K LR Σ +
0 −
States I LR
5 sK F
1 - VA
1 + sTF
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - LL
4 - LL1
5 - Feedback
Exciter ESST2A
Exciter ESST2A
VUEL
VREF
VRMAX EFD MAX
EC
+
1 + sTC + 1
π
1 2 KA 3 1 E FD
− Σ Σ
HV
1 + sTR VC 1 + sTB Gate 1 + sTA VR sTE
+ −
−
VF VRMIN 0
VS VB
KE
4 sK F
1 + sTF
If= =
K P 0 and K I 0,=
VB 1
π
VT VE
=
VE K PVT + jK I IT
IT
KC I FD
IN = FEX = f ( I N )
IFD VE IN FEX
States
1 - E FD
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VR
4 - VF
Model supported by PSLF includes UEL input that is read but not utilized in Simulator
Exciter ESST3A
Exciter ESST3A
VGMAX
KG
VS VUEL VG
VRMAX VMMAX
EC + VIMAX −
1 + sTC
π
1 2 − HV 4 KA 3 + KM 1
1 + sTR Σ VI Gate 1 + sTB VA 1 + sTA VR Σ 1 + sTM VM E FD
+
VIMIN
VRMIN VMMIN VB
VREF VBMAX
VT VE
IT
K P = K P e jθ P
KC I FD
IN =
IN FEX = f ( I N )
IFD VE FEX
States
1 - VM
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VR
4 - LL
Exciter ESST4B
Exciter ESST4B
IEEE Type ST4B Potential- or Compound-Source Controlled-Rectifier Exciter Model
VS KG
VUEL
VRMAX VMMAX
VCOMP
+ + −
π
1 2 − K 4 1 3 + K IM 1
Σ Σ
LV
K PR + IR K PM +
1 + sTR s VR 1 + sTA s Gate E FD
+
VRMIN VMMIN VOEL

VREF VBMAX VB
π
VE
VE = K PVT + j ( K I + K P X L ) IT
VT
IT
K P = K P e jθ P
KC I FD
IN =
IN FEX = f ( I N )
IFD VE FEX
States
1 - VM
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VA
4 - VR
Model supported by PSLF includes VGMAX input that is read but not utilized in Simulator
Exciter EWTGFC
Exciter EWTGFC
Excitation Control Model for Full Converter GE Wind-Turbine Generators
Reactive Power Control Model
VC VRFQ K IV 5
Q MAX
4 + s +
1 − 1 1 6
∑ ∑
1 + sTR fN 1 + sTFV
K PV 3 +
Q MIN
1 + sTV
Q REF
PFAREF tan
0
π
Pelec 1 7 1 VMAX IQMAX
1 + sTP Q MAX Qgen
1
0 − VREF IQCMD
pfaflg K QI 1 + KVI
+
Q REF ∑ ∑
−1 s − s 2
Q MIN VTERM
varflg VMIN IQMIN
pqflag Converter Current Limit

States
I PMAX
1 - Vref
2 - E qppcmd PORD ÷
I PCMD
3 - K PV
4 - VregMeas VTERM 1
+ Pdbr
− +
5 - K IV Pelec ∑ ∑
6 - QORD − 0
7 - PMeas + 1
K dbr ∑ s
Model supported by PSLF −
0 E BST
Exciter EX2000
Exciter EX2000
IEEE Type AC7B Alternator-Rectifier Excitation System Model
Field Current
Limiter
VRMAX VAMAX K P ⋅ ETRM VEMAX
EC
1 2 + + 1 VE E FD
π π
K IR K IA 1
1 + sTR − Σ K PR +
s Σ K PA +
s
Minimum
VA Gate 1 Σ sTE
+ −
3 −
REF 4 VF − K L VFE VEMIN
FEX
VRMIN VAMIN
Reference 1st PI Controller 2nd PI Controller FEX = f ( I E )
Signal VFE VX = VE S E (VE )
Σ + KF 2
VX
+
+
+ KC I FD
If field current limiter is included, VE MAX is off.
V -K I
Σ Σ +
KE IN =
VE
If field current limiter is excluded, VEMAX = FEMAX D FD +
K E +SE (VE )
States
1 - VE KD I FD
2 - Sensed Vt K F1
3 - VAPI
4 - VRPI
5 - LL
6 - IFD PI
Exciter EX2000 REFERENCE SIGNAL MODEL
Exciter EX2000 Reference Signal Model
Frequency KVHZ
Reactive
SBASE 1 Current
Q ELEC KRCC
Machine MVA BASE ETERM
VREF REFLIMP
+ − REF
+
Σ
Minimum
VUEL
+ Gate 2
VSTB
Reference Signal Model

Exciter EX2000 FIELD CURRENT LIMITER MODEL
Exciter EX2000 Field Current Limiter Model
IFD REF1 Level Output =1 if level exceeded Latch

Detector Gate 1
Inverse Timing OR
IFD REF2 ( I 1, T 1) Output =1 if
( I 2, T 2)
timing expired Latch
Gate 2
( I 3, T 3)
( I 4, T 4)
IFD LIMP
6 To
I FD KIIFD A C
KPIFD + Minimum
Gate 1
s
A C
D
IFD REF3
D
+
Σ IFD LIMN B
− 3rd PI Controller
IFD REF4 B
Switch Operation
1 + sTLEAD 5 IFDADVLIM Output D = B if C =0
Output D = A if C=1
1 + sTLAG
Advance Limit
Field Current Limiter Model

(Over Excitation Limiter)
Exciter EXAC1
Exciter EXAC1
IEEE Type AC1 Excitation System Model
VREF VS VRMAX
EC + +
2
1 1 + sTC + 1 VE
π
− 4 KA 3 1 E FD
1 + sTR VC Σ + Σ 1 + sTB 1 + sTA VR Σ sTE
− − FEX
VF VRMIN 0
FEX = f ( I N )
5 sK F VFE
1 + sTF
KC I FD
Σ +
K E + SE IN =
VE
States
+
1 - VE
2 - Sensed Vt I FD
KD
3 - VR
4 - VLL
5 - VF
Model supported by PSLF also uses VAMIN and VAMAX
Simulator will narrow the limit range as appropriate when loading the DYD file
If VAMIN > VRMIN then VRMIN = VAMIN
If VAMAX < VRMAX then VRMAX = VAMAX
Model supported by PSLF includes speed multiplier that is not implemented in Simulator
Exciter EXAC1A
Exciter EXAC1A
Modified Type AC1 Excitation System Model
VREF VS
VRMAX
EC
2 + +
1 1 + sTC 3 + VE E FD
π
− 4 KA 1 1
1 + sTR VC Σ + Σ 1 + sTB 1 + sTA VR Σ sTE
−
− FEX
VF VRMIN 0
FEX = f ( I N )
VFE
KC I FD
Σ +
K E + SE IN =
VE
+
KD I FD
States
5 sK F
1 - VE
2 - Sensed Vt 1 + sTF
3 - VR
4 - VLL
5 - VF
Exciter EXAC2
Exciter EXAC2
VREF VS
VAMAX
EC VRMAX
+ + 4 3
2 +
1 + 1 + sTC + VE 1 E FD
π
− KA 1
1 + sTR V Σ Σ Σ Σ
LV
KB
1 + sTB 1 + sTA VA
Gate VR sTE
C
− − VRMIN −
VL − FEX
VF VAMIN VH KL Σ 0
+
FEX = f ( I N )
VLR
KH
5 sK F VFE IN
1 + sTF
KC I FD
Σ +
K E + SE IN =
VE
+
I FD
States KD
1 - VE
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VA
4 - VLL
5 - VF
Exciter EXAC3
Exciter EXAC3
VREF VS
K LV Σ −
+
VAMAX VFEMAX
EC VLV
+ +
1 2
1 + sTC 3 + VE 1
π π
4 KA 1 E FD
−
Σ Σ V Σ
HV
1 + sTR + 1 + sTB Gate 1 + sTA VA sTE
VC −
R −
FEX
VF VAMIN 0
FEX = f ( I N )
KR
VFE
VN KN IN
5 s + KC I FD
VE
EFD
+
EFDN
I FD
KD
States
1 - VE
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VA
4 - VLL
5 - VF
Exciter EXAC3A
Exciter EXAC3A
KR
VREF
VAMAX VEMAX Speed
EC
2 +
1 + sTC 3 E FD
π
VE 1
+
π
1 4 KA 1
1 + sTR
−
Σ 1 + sTB + Σ 1 + sTA VA VR
Σ sTE
VC + −
− FEX
VAMIN VEMIN FEX = f ( I N )
VS VFE
VF IN
+ KC I FD
Σ K E + SE IN =
VE
+
VN KN KD I FD
5 s
KF
1 + sTF
EFD
States EFDN
VFEMAX =
( K L1VC +VS +VREF -VC -VF )
1 - VE K FA K L1
2 - Sensed Vt
VEMAX =
( VFEMAX -K D IFD )
3 - VA SE +K E
4 - VLL VLV
VEMIN =
5 - VF FEX
Exciter EXAC4
Exciter EXAC4
VREF VS
EC + + VIMAX VRMAX -K C I IFD
1 2 − 1 + sTC 3 KA 1
1 + sTR Σ Σ 1 + sTB 1 + sTA
E FD
VERR+ VIMIN
VRMIN -K C I IFD
States
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VLL
Exciter EXAC6A
Exciter EXAC6A
VREF
VAMAX Speed
EC VT VRMAX
+
2 VE 1
K A (1 + sTk ) 3 1 + sTC + + 1
π
1 − 4 E FD
1 + sTR Σ 1 + sTA 1 + sTB VA Σ VR Σ sTE
+ − − FEX
VT VRMIN
VS VAMIN 0 FEX = f ( I N )
VHMAX IN
5 1 + sTJ + KC I FD
Σ+ Σ
VH IN =
KH K E + SE
1 + sTH − +
VE
0
VFE
VFELIM
KD I FD
States
1 - VE
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - TA Block
4 - VLL
5 - VF
Exciter EXAC8B
Exciter EXAC8B
Brushless Exciter with PID Voltage Regulator
KVP
VREF
VRMAX
EC Speed
+ VIMAX +
2 5 3 VE 1
1 1 + 1
π
KVI E FD
1 + sTR
−
+
Σ s +Σ 1 + sTA
Σ sTE
+ − FEX
-VIMAX
VS
VRMIN 0 FEX = f ( I N )
sKVD 4
1 + sTVD IN
+ KC I FD
Σ K E + SE IN =
VE
+
VFE
KD I FD
States
1 - VE
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VR
4 - Derivative
5 - Integral
Exciter EXBAS
Exciter EXBAS
Basler Static Voltage Regulator Feeding DC or AC Rotating Exciter Model
VREF VSTB
VRMAX
EC 4 5
+ +
2
1 1 + sTC 3 + VE 1 E FD
π
− + KI KA 1
1 + sTR Σ Σ KP +
s 1 + sTB 1 + sTA Σ sTE
+ + −
−
FEX
VRMIN
VUEL FEX = f ( I N )
VOEL
IN
7 sK F 6 1 + sTF 1 + KC I FD
1 + sTF 1 + sTF 2 Σ K E + SE IN =
VE
+
I FD
KD
States
1 - VE
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VR
4 - PI
5 - LL
6 - Feedback LL
7 - Feedback
Exciter EXBBC
Exciter EXBBC
Transformer-fed Excitation System
VREF
EC
VRMAX E T E FDMAX
1 + 1 + sT3 + T + E FD
− 1 +
1 + sTF Σ 1 + sT4 Σ K 2
T1 Σ 1 + sTE
Σ
+ + − −
VRMIN
E T E FDMIN
XE
1  T1  1
 − 1
K  T2  1 + sT2
I FD
Switch = 0 Switch = 1
Supplemental
Signal
Model supported by PSLF but not yet implemented in Simulator

Exciter EXDC1
Exciter EXDC1
IEEE DC1 Excitation System Model
VS
VRMAX Speed
EC
+
E FD
1 + sTC 3 4
π
1 2 − KA + 1
1 + sTR Σ 1 + sTB 1 + sTA VR Σ sTE 1
+ −
−
VREF VRMIN
VF
K E + SE
5 sK F
1 + sTF 1
States
1 - E FD
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VB
4 - VR
5 - VF
Exciter EXDC2_GE
Exciter EXDC2_GE
IEEE Type DC2 Excitation System Model
Speed
VREF VS VRMAX VT
Vcomp
+
2 + 1 + sTC 3 4 +
π
1 KA 1 E FD
1 + sTR
−
Σ 1 + sTB 1 + sTA Σ 1 + sTE 1
− −
VRMIN VT
K E + SE
sK F
(1 + sTF1 )(1 + sTF 2 )
5 6
States
1 - E FD
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VB
4 - VR
5 - VF1
6 - VF2
Exciter EXDC2_PTI
Exciter EXDC2_PTI
Speed
VREF VS VRMAX VT
Vcomp
+ +
2
1 + sTC 3
π
1 KA 4 + 1 E FD
−
1 + sTR Σ VERR + Σ 1 + sTB 1 + sTA Σ 1 + sTE 1
− −
VRMIN VT
K E + SE
5 sK F
1 + sTF 1
States
1 - E FD
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VB
4 - VR
5 - VF
Model supported by PSEE
Exciter EXDC2A
Exciter EXDC2A
VS
VRMAX VT Speed
EC
+ 3
E FD
1 + sTC 4 +
KA 1
π
1 2 −
1 + sTR Σ 1 + sTB 1 + sTA VR Σ sTE 1
+ − −
VREF VRMIN VT
VF K E + SE
5 sK F
1 + sTF 1
States
1 - E FD
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VB
4 - VR
5 - VF
Exciter EXDC4
Exciter EXDC4
IEEE Type 4 Excitation System Model
VS VRMAX Speed
1
+ E FD
−
π
-K R 1 2 + 1
EC Σ KR sTRH VRH VR
Σ K E + sTE
+ − 1
-1
VREF VRMIN
π
VRMAX
-K V SE
KV
VRMIN
States
1 - E FD
2 - VRH
Exciter EXELI
Exciter EXELI
Static PI Transformer Fed Excitation System Model
K s1
PGEN S MAX
+
 sTW 
3
− sTs 2 8
  Σ 1 + sTs 2
 1 + sTW 
+ − S MAX
4 5 6 Ks2 7
1 + sTs1
EC E FMAX
+
2
1 + 1 1 + + E FD
1 + sTFV
−
Σ VPU Σ sTNU Σ VPI Σ
+ + −
−
E FMIN
States VPNF
VREF
1 - TNU XE
2 - Sensed Vt
− 3
3 - Sensed I FLD 1 I FD
4 - PGEN Washout1 Σ+ 1 + sTFI
5 - PGEN Washout2
6 - PGEN Washout3 D PNF
7 - Lag Stabilizer
8 - Washout Stabilizer
Exciter EXPIC1
Exciter EXPIC1
Proportional/Integral Excitation System Model
VREF VR1
EC VRMAX E FDMAX
2 +
K A (1 + sTA1 ) 3 (1 + sTA3 ) 1
π
1 − + E FD
1 + sTR E T Σ Σ s VA (1 + sTA2 )(1 + sTA4 ) VR E0 Σ sTE
+ 1
− −
4 5 VRMIN E FDMIN
VS VR2 VB
sK F K E + SE
(1 + sTF1 )(1 + sTF 2 )
6 7
VT
IT
=
VE K PVT + jK I IT π
FEX
=If K P 0=
and K I 0, =
then VB 1
=If TE 0,=
then EFD E0
KC I FD
I FD
States VE IN
1 - E FD
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VA
4 - VR1
5 - VR
6 - VF1
7 - VF
Exciter EXST1_GE
Exciter EXST1_GE
IEEE Type ST1 Excitation System Model
VREF
VS VAMAX
Vcomp VIMAX VT VRMAX -K C I IFD
+
+
1 2 1 + sTC 3 1 + sTC1 5 KA 1
1 + sTR − Σ 1 + sTB 1 + sTB1 1 + sTA + Σ + Σ E FD
− VIMIN − −
VT VRMIN -K C I IFD
VAMIN
XE
4 sK F +
1 + sTF
K lr Σ I FD
0 −
Ilr
States
1 - VA
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VLL
4 - VF
5 - VLL1
Exciter EXST1_PTI
Exciter EXST1_PTI
VREF VS
Ec VIMAX VT VRMAX -K C I IFD
+ +
1 2 + 1 + sTC 3 KA 1
1 + sTR − Σ VERR
Σ 1 + sTB 1 + sTA
E FD
− VIMIN
VT VRMIN -K C I IFD
4 sK F
1 + sTF
States
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VLL
4 - VF
Exciter EXST2
Exciter EXST2
VREF VS VRMAX E FDMAX

EC
+ +
1 2 + 1 + sTC 5 KA 3
+ 1 1 E FD
1 + sTR
−
Σ VERR
Σ 1 + sTB 1 + sTA VR + Σ Σ sTE
− + −
VRMIN VB 0
KE
4 sK F
1 + sTF
VE =
If K P 0=
and K I 0, =
then VB 1
VT
IT
=
VE K PVT + jK I IT π
FEX
KC I FD
States
IFD VE IN
1 - E FD
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VR
4 - VF
5 - VLL
Model supported by PSSE does not include TB and TC inputs
Exciter EXST2A
Exciter EXST2A
Modified IEEE Type ST2 Excitation System Model
VREF VS VRMAX E FDMAX
VCOMP
+ +
2 1 + sTC 3 E FD
π
1 5 KA 1 1
+
1 + sTR
−
Σ + Σ 1 + sTB 1 + sTA VR
Σ sTE
VERR
− −
VF VRMIN VB 0
KE
4 sK F
1 + sTF
VE =
If K P 0=
and K I 0, =
VT
IT
=
VE K PVT + jK I IT π then VB 1
KC I FD
IFD VE IN FEX
States
1 - E FD
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VR
4 - VF
5 - VLL
Model supported by PSSE does not include TB and TC inputs
Exciter EXST3
Exciter EXST3
VGMAX
VREF VS KG
VG VRMAX
EC VIMAX − E FD MAX
+ +
2 − 1 + sTC 3 + KA
π
1 1
1 + sTR Σ VERR +
Σ KJ
1 + sTB VA
∑ 1 + sTA VR
VIMIN E FD
VB
VRMIN
VE
VT
IT
K P = K P e jθ P
KC I FD
I FD VE IN FEX
States
1 - VR
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - LL
Exciter EXST3A
Exciter EXST3A
VGMAX
KG
VS VRMAX
VG
EC VIMAX −
1 + 1 + sTC KA
π
2
−
3 + 1
1 + sTR Σ KJ
1 + sTB VA
∑
1 + sTA
+ E FD
VIMIN
VB
VREF VRMIN
VBMAX
VE
VT
IT
Speed
jθ P
K P = K Pe
KC I FD
I FD VE IN FEX
States
1 - VR
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - LL
Exciter EXST4B
Exciter EXST4B
IEEE Type ST4B Excitation System Model
KG
VS
VRMAX VMMAX
EC
+ −
2 4 3 K IM 1
π
1 − K 1 +
Σ K PR + IR ∑ K PM +
1 + sTR s 1 + sTA s VM
E FD
+
VB
VREF VRMIN VMMIN
VBMAX
VT VE
IT VE = K PVT + j ( K I + K P X L ) IT π
K P = K P e jθ P
FEX
K I
I N = C FD FEX = f ( I N )
I FD VE IN
States
1 - VMInt
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VA
4 - VR
Exciter EXWTG1
Exciter EXWTG1
Excitation System Model for Wound-Rotor Induction Wind-Turbine Generators
ωREF R EXT R MAX
+ +
ωR − 1 + sTW 1 2
+ 1 1
∑ KW ∑
1 + sTW 2 + 1 + sTA R EXT (E FD )
sK DP 3 R MIN
PE
1 + sTDP
States
1 - R external
2 - SpeedReg
3 - Washout
Exciter EXWTGE
Exciter EXWTGE
Excitation System Model for GE Wind-Turbine Generators
WindVAR Emulation
VREG VRFQ (VREF ) K IV 5
Q MAX
4 + s +
1 − 1 1 QORD
1 + sTR ∑ ∑
fN
K PV 3 +Q
1 + sTC 6
MIN
1 + sTV
PFAREF (VREF ) tan(⋅) Q REF
(VREF ) Switch = 0
1 QORD from separate model
π
PE 7
(VREF )
1 + sTP Switch = 1
pfaflg
Switch = 0 Switch = −1 Q MAX
Open
QORD Loop QCMD
Switch = 1
Control
varflg Q MIN
States I PMAX
1 - Vref
PORD (VS ) ÷ IPCMD (IFD )
2 - E"QCMD From Wind Turbine Model
3 - K PV VTERM
To Generator
4 - VregMeas VMAX VTERM + XIQMAX Model
QGEN
5 - K IV − − 2
K QI VREF + KVI
6 - QORD QCMD
+
∑ ∑ E Q ''CMD (E FD )
s 1 s
7 - PMeas
Model supported by PSLF VMIN VTERM + XIQMIN
Exciter IEEET1
Exciter IEEET1
4 sK F
1 + sTF
VREF VRMAX
EC
+ −
1 2 KA 3 + 1 E FD
1 + sTR −Σ +
Σ 1 + sTA VR Σ sTE 1
+ −
VRMIN
VS
V=
E S E ⋅ EFD
VE
+
Σ +
KE
States
1 - EField
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VR
4 - VF
Exciter IEEET2
Exciter IEEET2
VREF VRMAX
EC
2 + +
1 KA 3 1 E FD
1 + sTR − Σ + Σ 1 + sTA VR Σ sTE 1
+ − −
VRMIN
VS
V=
E S E ⋅ EFD
1 sK F
VE
1 + sTF 2 1 + sTF 1
+
5 4
Σ +
KE
States
1 - EField
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VR
4 - VF1
5 - VF2
Exciter IEEET3
Exciter IEEET3
VREF VRMAX
EC VBMAX
2 + 3 + 1 E FD
1 KA 1
1 + sTR − Σ + Σ 1 + sTA VR Σ VB K E + sTE
+ − +
0
VRMIN
VS
4 sK F
1 + sTF
VT
IT
V=
THEV K PVT + jK I IT π
2
I FD 1− A
 0.78 ⋅ I FD 
A= 
 VTHEV 
If A > 1, VB = 0
States
1 - EField
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VR
4 - VF
Exciter IEEET4
Exciter IEEET4
SE
VREF VRMAX π
EC
+ 1 −
ΔV -K R 1 ΔV < K V + 1 E FD
− Σ KR sTRH VRH VR Σ K E + sTE 1
-1 2
VRMIN
ΔV > K V
VRMAX
-KV
KV
VRMIN
States
1 - EField
2 - VRH
Exciter IEEET5
Exciter IEEET5
Modified IEEE Type 4 Excitation System Model
SE
VREF VRMAX π
+
ΔV < K V −
− ΔV 1 + 1 E FD
EC Σ sTRH 2 VRH VR
Σ K E + sTE 1
VRMIN
ΔV > K V
VRMAX
-KVV
RMAX
KV
VRMIN
States
1 - EField
2 - VRH
Exciter IEEEX1
Exciter IEEEX1
VREF VS VRMAX
EC + + Regulator
2
1 + 1 + sTC 3 KA 4 + 1 1
E FD
1 + sTR
−
Σ Σ 1 + sTB 1 + sTA VR Σ sTE
VERR −
−
VF
VRMIN
K E + SE
5 sK F
1 + sTF 1
Damping
States
1 - EField
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VB
4 - VR
5 - VF
Exciter IEEEX2
Exciter IEEEX2
IEEE Type 2 Excitation System Model IEEEX2
VREF VS VRMAX
EC + + Regulator
1 2
1 + sTC 3 KA 4
+ 1 1
E FD
1 + sTR
−
Σ VERR +
Σ 1 + sTB 1 + sTA VR Σ sTE
− −
VF
VRMIN
K E + SE
sK F
(1 + sTF1 )(1 + sTF 2 )
Damping
5 6
States
1 - EField
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - LL
4 - VR
5 - VF1
6 - VF2
Exciter IEEEX3
Exciter IEEEX3
VREF VS VRMAX
EC Regulator
+ + 1
1 2
− + KA 3 + 1 E FD
1 + sTR Σ VERR
Σ 1 + sTA VR
Σ K E + sTE
−
+
VF
VRMIN 0
4 sK F
1 + sTF
Damping
VBMAX
VT VTH VB
V= K PVT + jK I IT V − ( 0.78I FD )
2 2
THEV
IT TH
IFD 0
States
1 - EField
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VR
4 - VF
Exciter IEEEX4
Exciter IEEEX4
VREF VRMAX
EC KV
+
1 2 VERR VRMAX − VRMIN 3
1 + sTR
−
Σ sKV TRH VRH
−K V
VRMIN
VRMAX
1 1 E FD
If VERR < KV , VR =
VRH
VR
+
Σ sTE
K E + SE
States
1 - EField
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VRH
Exciter IEET1A
Exciter IEET1A
VREF
VRMAX
E FDMAX
+
+ KA 2 + 1 1 E FD
EC −
Σ Σ 1 + sTA Σ sTE
+ −
−
VRMIN E FDMIN
VS
3 sK F
K E + SE
1 + sTF
States
1 - EField
2 - VR
3 - VF
Exciter IEET1B
Exciter IEET1B
sK F 1 Switch=1
1 + sTF 1
Switch=0 SE
I MAG ψ
XE VREF Bias
VRMAX π
EC VSMAX
+ + −
+ −
1 + + KA 1 + 1 E FD
+
Σ 1 + sTR VT Σ
−
Σ Σ 1 + sTA1 VR 1 + sTA2 VREG Σ sTE
+ +
VSMIN
VRMIN
VS −KE
Model supported by PSSE but not implemented yet in Simulator

Exciter IEET5A
Exciter IEET5A
SE
VREF
VRMAX π
E FDMAX
+
* −
KA 2 ΔV < K V + 1 1 E FD
− Σ 1 + sTRH VR Σ K E + sTE
E FDMIN
EC
VRMIN ΔV > K V
VTO
+ VRMAX KA
* If TRH equals zero, block becomes
Σ
-KV
s
− ΔVT KV
VRMIN
States
1 - EField
2 - VRH
Exciter IEEX2A
Exciter IEEX2A
IEEE Type 2A Excitation System Model
VREF VS VRMAX
EC + +
1 2 1 + sTC 3 KA 4 1 1 E FD
Σ +Σ Σ
− +
1 + sTR 1 + sTB 1 + sTA VR sTE
VERR −
−
VF
VRMIN 0
5 sK F
K E + SE
1 + sTF 1
States
1 - EField
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - VB
4 - VR
5 - VF
Exciter REXS
Exciter REXS
General Purpose Rotating Excitation System Model
VREF VRMAX States
EC VIMAX 6 Regulator
2 + 1 - VE 6 - Voltage PI
1 − K (1 + sTC1 )(1 + sTC 2 ) KA VR 5
1 + sTR +
ΣV + Σ KVP + VI
s (1 + sTB1 )(1 + sTB 2 ) 1 + sTA
2 - Sensed VT 7 - VI LL1
ERR
− 3 - VF 8 - VI LL2
VS VF − V
IMAX 7 8
VRMIN 4 - Current PI 9 - Feedback
9 5 - VR 10 - Feedback LL
sK F K EFD
1 + sTF
ITERM XC
10
1 + sTF 1 VFMAX Speed
VR VCMAX
1 + sTF 2 1
+ 4 3 +
VE
π
K 1 1 E FD
+ Σ Σ +Σ
K IP + II
−
s 1 + sTP +
−
sTE0
FEX
VFMIN 0
KH FEX = f ( I N )
0 IN
Fbf KC I FD
+
Σ
I FE
1 K E + SE IN =
VE
2 +
I FD
KD
Model supported by PSLF. If flimf = 1 then multiply VRMIN ,VRMAX ,VFMIN , and VFMAX by VTERM .
Exciter REXSY1
Exciter REXSY1
Voltage Regulator VREF F ⋅ VRMAX
EC 6
F= [1.0 + F1IMF (E T -1.0) ] ⋅ (K E +K D +SE )
+ VIMAX
1 2 − K (1 + sTC1 )(1 + sTC 2 ) 1
1 + sTR Σ + Σ KVP + VI
s (1 + sTB1 )(1 + sTB 2 ) 1 + sTA 5
VR
+ −
VF − VIMAX 7 8
F ⋅ VRMIN 0
VS 10 1 + sTF 1 9 sK F
1 I FE
1 + sTF 2 1 + sTF
Fbf 2
E FD
ITERM XC
Exciter Field Current Regulator F ⋅ VFMAX VCMAX

+ VE
+ 4 1
π
K 1 3 1 E FD
Σ + Σ
VR K IP + II
−
s 1 + sTP sTE0
−
FEX
KH F ⋅ VFMIN FEX = f ( I N )
I FE
IN
States
+ KC I FD
1 - VE 6 - Voltage PI Σ K E + SE IN =
VE
2 - Sensed VT 7 - VI LL1 +
3 - VF 8 - VI LL2 KD I FD
4 - Current PI 9 - Feedback
5 - VR 10 - Feedback LL
Exciter REXSYS
Exciter REXSYS
Voltage Regulator VREF
F ⋅ VRMAX
EC 6
F= [1.0 + F1IMP (E T -1.0) ] ⋅ (K E +K D +SE )
+ VIMAX
1 2
− K (1 + sTC1 )(1 + sTC 2 ) 1
1 + sTR Σ + Σ KVP + VI
s (1 + sTB1 )(1 + sTB 2 ) 1 + sTA
VR
− 5
+ VF − VIMAX 7 8
F ⋅ VRMIN 0
VS 10 1 + sTF 1 9 sK F
1 I FE
1 + sTF 2 1 + sTF Fbf
2
E FD
Exciter Field Current Regulator F ⋅ VFMAX

+ 1 VE
+
π
K 4 1 3 1 E FD
Σ + Σ
VR K IP + II
−
s 1 + sTP sTE0
−
FEX
KH F ⋅ VFMIN FEX = f ( I N )
I FE
States IN
+ KC I FD
1 - VE 6 - Voltage PI Σ K E + SE IN =
VE
2 - Sensed VT 7 - VI LL1
+
3 - VF 8 - VI LL2 KD I FD
4 - Current PI 9 - Feedback
5 - VR 10 - Feedback LL
Exciter SCRX
Exciter SCRX
Bus Fed or Solid Fed Static Excitation System Model
CSWITCH =0 CSWITCH =1
ET 1
VREF E FDMAX
EC
+
E FD
1 + sTA 1 2
π
K
−
Σ 1 + sTB 1 + sTE
+
E FDMIN
VS
States
1 - Lead-Lag
2 - VE
Model supported by PSSE has CSWITCH = 1
Exciter SEXS_GE
Exciter SEXS_GE
Simplified Excitation System Model
VREF
E MAX
+ 3 EFDMAX
1 2 1 + sTA KC (1 + sTC ) 4 K 1 E FD
Vcomp 1 + sTR
−
Σ 1 + sTB sTC 1 + sTE
+
E FDMIN
E MIN
Stabilizer
Output
States
1 - EField
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - LL
4 - PI
Exciter SEXS_PTI
Exciter SEXS_PTI
Simplified Excitation System Model
VREF E FDMAX
+
1 + sTA 2 K 1 E FD
EC −
Σ 1 + sTB 1 + sTE
+
E FDMIN
VS
States
1 - EField
2 - LL
Exciter ST6B
Exciter ST6B
IEEE 421.5 2005 ST6B Excitation System Model
I FD
VC
−
1 2
I LR +
1 + sTR KCL Σ K LR
VRMIN VT
VOEL VOEL
(OEL=1) (OEL=2)
Alternate OEL Inputs K FF 1 VRMULT
0
VAMAX
VRMAX VB
− − +
+
VA E FD
+ +
π
− K IA sK DA VR 1
Σ
HV
Gate Σ K PA + +
s 1 + sTDA Σ KM Σ
LV
Gate 1 + sTS
+ + − VRMIN 1
3 4
VUEL VAMIN
VREF VS
States VG sKG
1 - E FD 5 1 + sTG
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - PID1
4 - PID2
5 - VG
ST6B supported by PSSE
ESST6B supported by PSLF with optional VRMULT
Exciter ST7B
Exciter ST7B
IEEE 421.5 2005 ST7B Excitation System Model
VC 1 1 + sTG
1 + sTR 1 + sTF
V OEL V OEL
(OEL=1) Alternate (OEL=2)
VDROOP OEL Inputs
VS
VMAX
+ +
VSCL + +
Σ Σ Σ Σ
LV HV
Gate
K PA
Gate VREF_FB
+ + VMIN
Alternate UEL Inputs
VREF VUEL V UEL

(UEL=1) (UEL=2)
VOEL V UEL
(OEL=3) (UEL=3)
VT VRMAX
1 + sTC + 1 E FD
HV
Gate
LV
Gate 1 + sTB Σ LV
Gate
HV
Gate 1 + sTS
+
VT VRMIN
VT VRMIN + + VT VRMAX
Σ Σ
− −
sK IA
KL
1 + sTIA
ST7B supported by PSSE
KH
ESST7B supported by PSLF
Not implemented yet in Simulator
Exciter TEXS
Exciter TEXS
General Purpose Transformer-Fed Excitation System Model
Constant
Source Voltage
Generator
Terminal Voltage
−
I LR K CL
+ Σ K LR
1 0
VREF VRMAX 0
K FF
VIMAX VRMAX
+ +
2 K 4 +
πV Σ
1 − +
Σ KVP + VI Σ Σ Σ
EC LV
KM E FD
1 + sTR s + − + Gate VR −
+ + E
− VIMAX VRMIN
VRMIN XC
VS
sKVD 3 1 KG
I FD
1 + sTVD 1 + sTG
States
1 - Feedback
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - Derivative Controller
4 - Integral Controller
Exciter URST5T
Exciter URST5T
IEEE Proposed Type ST5B Excitation System Model
VUEL
EC
VRMAX /K R VRMAX /K R VRMAX VT
VRMAX
1
1 2 + 1 + sTC1 3 1 + sTC 2 4 1 E FD
− Σ Σ Σ
HV LV +
KR
1 + sTR Gate Gate 1 + sTB1 1 + sTB 2 1 + sT1
+ + −
VRMIN
VRMIN /K R VRMIN /K R VRMIN VT
VREF KC I FD
VOEL VSTB
States
1 - VR
2 - Sensed Vt
3 - LL1
4 - LL2
Exciter WT2E
Exciter Model WT2E
Tw Time constant
Kw Speed regulator gain
Tp Field current bridge time constant in sec.
Kp Potential source gain in p.u.
Kpp Potential source gain in p.u.
Kip Field current regulator proportional gain
Rmax Maximum external rotor resistance in p.u.
Rmin Minimum external rotor resistance in p.u.
Slip_1 to Slip_5 Slip 1 to Slip 5
Power_Ref_1 to Power_Ref_5 Power factor regulator 1 to power factor regulator 5
States:
1 – Rexternal
2 – Speed
3 – Pelec

Exciter WT2E1
Exciter WT2E1
Rotor Resistance Control Model for Type 2 Wind Generator
Power-Slip Curve
1 2 R MAX
Speed
1 + sTSP
− 1 1
Σ KP +
sTI
+
R MIN
1 3
Pelec
1 + sTPC
States
1 - R external
2 - Speed
3 - Pelec
Exciter WT3E and WT3E1
Exciter WT3E and WT3E1

Electrical Control for Type 3 Wind Generator
Reactive Power Control Model States

VC VRFQ K IV 5 1 - Vref 6 - QORD
Q MAX
4 + s + 2 - E qppcmd 7 - PMeas
1 − 1 1 6
∑ ∑
1 + sTR fN 1 + sTFV 3 - K PV 8 - PowerFilter
K PV 3 +
Q MIN 4 - VregMeas 9 - SpeedPI
1 + sTV
5 - K IV 10 - PORD
PFAREF tan
1
π
Pelec 7
1 + sTP VMAX VTERM
XIQMAX vltflg
−1 1 Q MAX
Qelec
− VREF −
+ K QI 1 + KQV >0 2
Q REF ∑ ∑ E QCMD
0 s s 0
Q MIN
varflg VMIN
Active Power (Torque) Control Model XIQMIN
Speed
Speed Speed
PMAX
( P = 100%, ω P100 )
RPMAX I PMAX
( P = 60%, ω P 60 ) +
8 9 + 1 10
Pelec
( P = 40%, ω P 40 ) 1
1 + sTPWR −
∑ K PP +
K IP
π ∑ sTFP ÷
( P = 20%, ω P 20 ) s − I PCMD
( PMIN , ω PMIN ) RPMIN
P PMIN VTERM
=
WT3E supported by PSLF with =
RPMAX Pwrat and =
RPMIN -Pwrat , TFV TC
WT3E1 supported by PSSE uses vltflg to determine the limits on E QCMD . When vltflg > 0 Simulator always uses XI QMAX and XI QMIN .
Exciter WT4E1
Exciter WT4E1
Electrical Control for Type 4 Wind Generator
VRFQ
VC K IV Q MAX States:
+ s 5 + 1 – Vref 6 - Qord
1 − 1
∑ ∑ 2 - Eqppcmd 7 - Pmeas
1 + sTRV 4 1 + sTFV 6 3 – Kpv 8 - TPower
K PV + 4 – VregMeas 9 - Kip
Q MIN
1 + sTV 3 5 – Kiv 10 - Feedback
Q REF
PFAREF tan
0
π
Pelec 1 1 VMAXCL IQMAX
1 + sTP 7 Q MAX Qelec
1
0 − IQCMD
pfaflg K QI + KVI
+
∑ ∑
1
s s 2
−
Q MIN VTERM
varflg VMINCL IQMIN
PREF pqflag
dPMAX Converter Current Limit
− +
I PMAX
+ − PORD
Pelec
1
1 + sTPWR 8 ∑ K PP +
K IP
s
∑ ÷ I PCMD
−
9
dPMIN
0.01
sK F
VTERM
10 1 + sTF
Model supported by PSSE but not yet implemented in Simulator

Machine Model CSVGN1

Static Shunt Compensator CSVGN1
Other Signals
VOTHSG VMAX 1. CBASE / SBASE
− +
K (1 + sT1 )(1 + sT2 ) 1
V +
Σ (1 + sT3 )(1 + sT4 ) 1 + sT5
π −
Σ Y
− 3
1 2
VREF VMIN
RMIN / RBASE
MBASE / SBASE
States:
1 – Regulator1
2 – Regulator2
3 – Thyristor
RBASE = MBASE
Note : V is the voltage magnitude on the high side of generator step-up transformer if present.


Other Signals
− +
VERR K (1 + sT1 )(1 + sT2 ) 1
V +
Σ (1 + sT3 )(1 + sT4 ) 1 + sT5 π −
Σ Y
− 3
1 2
VREF VMIN
RMIN / RBASE
MBASE / SBASE
1, if VERR > VOV States:

RMIN / RBASE if VERR < −VOV 1 – Regulator1
2 – Regulator2
3 – Thyristor
RBASE = MBASE
Note : V is the voltage magnitude on the high side of generator step-up transformer if present.


Other Signals
− +
VERR K (1 + sT1 )(1 + sT2 ) 1
VIB +
Σ (1 + sT3 )(1 + sT4 ) 1 + sT5 π −
Σ Y
− 3
1 2
VREF VMIN
RMIN / RBASE
MBASE / SBASE
1, if VERR > VOV

RMIN / RBASE if VERR < −VOV States:
1 – Regulator1
2 – Regulator2
3 – Thyristor
RBASE = MBASE


Static Var Compensator CSVGN5
VOTHSG ( I ) Regulator
VEMAX 
Filter 1st Stage 2nd Stage
+
1 − + 1 + sTS 2 1 + sTS 4
1 + sTs1 Σ Σ 1 + sTS 3 1 + sTS 5
K SVS
VOLT(IBUS) 1 + 2 3
or
VOLT(ICON(M)) VREF ( I ) −VEMAX
VERR BR BMAX
If VERR > DVLO : BR' = '

BMAX + K SD (VERR − DV ) 1
4
MBASE ( I )
If DVHI < VERR < DVLO : BR' = BR '
1 + sT6
BR BSVS SBASE
If VERR < DVHI : BR =
' '
BMIN VAR ( L)
States: Fast Override BMIN

1 – Filter
2 – Regulator1 Thyristor Delay
3 – Regulator2
4 – Thyristor If DV = 0, If DV > 0,
DVLO = BMAX
'
/ K SVS DVLO = DV
DVHI = BMIN
'
/ K SVS DVHI = − DV


Static Var Compensator CSVGN6
Other
Signals
VOTHSG ( I ) VMAX VEMAX
Filter
+
1 − + 1 + sTS 2 1 + sTS 4 BR
1 + sTs1 Σ Σ 1 + sTS 3 1 + sTS 5
K SVS
VOLT(IBUS)
or
1 + 2 3
VOLT(ICON(M)) VEMIN
VREF VMIN
BIAS
VERR BR BMAX
If VERR > DVLO : BR' = '

BMAX + K SD (VERR − DV ) 1 4
+
+
States:
1 – Filter
If DVHI < VERR < DVLO : BR' = BR
BR' 1 + sT6 BSVS Σ
2 – Regulator1 If VERR < DVHI : BR =
' '
BMIN +
3 – Regulator2
4 – Thyristor Fast Override BMIN
1 2 BSHUNT
Thyristor Delay
Position 1 is normal (open)
If DV = 0, If DV > 0, If VERR > DV 2, switch will
DVLO = BMAX
'
/ K SVS DVLO = DV close after TDELAY cycles.
DVHI = BMIN
'
/ K SVS DVHI = − DV

Machine Model GENCC
Machine Model GENCC

Generator represented by uniform inductance ratios rotor
modeling to match WSCC type F
X d − X d'
X d' − X d''
+ −
Eq'
E fd 1 1 Eq'
Σ Σ
States:
1 – Angle − sTdo' + sTdo''
2 – Speed w − −
3 – Eqp
4 – Eqpp
5 – Edp X d − X d'' id
6 - Edpp X d' − X d''
X d' − X d
Se
d axis
E1
π
Xq
Xd
q axis

Machine Model GENCLS
Machine Model GENCLS

Synchronous machine represented by “classical” modeling or
Thevenin Voltage Source to play Back known
voltage/frequency signal
Responding
System
Recorded Z ab = 0.03
Voltage on 100 MVA base
A B
States:
1 – Angle
2 – Speed w Responding
I ppd System
gencls
B
Responding
System
I ppd Z ab = 0.03
gencls on 100 MVA base
A B

Machine Model GENROU
Machine Model GENROU

Solid Rotor Generator represented by equal mutual
inductance rotor modeling
X d'' − X l
X d' − X l
Pfd
− Pkd +
1 1 X d' − X d'' Pd''
E fd
+ Σ sTdo' + Σ ''
sTdo X d' − X l + Σ
− −
X d' − X d'' X d' − X l

( X d' − X l ) **2
+ d − AXIS
+
id
Σ +
X d − X d' Σ +
Lad i fd + States:
1 – Angle
2 – Speed w
Pd'' 3 – Eqp
4 – PsiDp
Se P '' 5 – PsiQpp
6 – Edp
Xq − Xl
Pq''
(Xd − Xl )
***q − AXIS identical , swapping d and q substripts
Machine Model GENSAL
Machine Model GENSAL

Salient Pole Generator represented by equal mutual
inductance rotor modeling
X d'' − X l
X d' − X l
− +
Pkd Pd''
1 Pfd 1 X d' − X d''
E fd
+ Σ sTdo' + Σ ''
sTdo X d' − X l + Σ
− −
X d' − X d'' X d' − X l

( X d' − X l ) **2
d − AXIS
Se Pfd
+ +
+
id
Σ +
X d − X d' Σ +
Lad i fd
− Pq''
1 Pkd
States:
1 – Angle Σ ''
sTqo
2 – Speed w − q − AXIS
3 – Eqp iq
4 – PsiDp X q − X q''
5 – PsiQpp

Machine Model GENTPF
Machine Model GENTPF

Generator represented by uniform inductance ratios rotor
modeling to match WSCC type F
X d − X d'
Se
X d' − X d''
+ −
ϕ d''
E fd 1 Eq' 1 '
E
− Σ sTdo'
Se + Σ sTdo''
q
− −
X d − X d'' id
X d' − X d''
X d' − X d''
States:
1 – Angle Se= 1. + fsat (ϕ ag )
2 – Speed w
3 – Eqp Q − Axis Similar except:
4 – Eqpp
(ϕag )
Xq
5 – Edp Se= 1. +
6 – Edpp Xd

Machine Model GENTRA
Machine Model GENTRA

Salient Pole Generator without Amortisseur Windings
1
E fd
+ Σ '
sTdo + Σ
− −
Se
X d'
d − AXIS
+
id
Lad i fd
Σ +
X d − X d'
States:
1 – Angle
2 – Speed w
3 - Eqp
q − AXIS
iq
Xq

Machine Model GENWRI
Machine Model GENWRI

Wound-rotor Induction Generator Model with Variable External
Rotor Resistance
PELEC
fS
+
−
PMECH 1 ωr slip
+ Σ ÷ 2Hs − Σ ω0
R 2Tpo =
( Ls − Ll ) R2Tpo is a constant which is equal to T0' times
ω0 ( Ls − L' ) the total rotor resistance.

R2 is the internal rotor resistance
R 2Tpo R2ex is the internal rotor resistance
T0' =
( R 2ex + R 2 )
eq = ωsϕ d' − Li' d − Ra iq
ϕ fd =
−
(
ϕ fd + S d + ( Ls − L ) id
+ ( slip )ϕ fq
'
) −ωsϕ q' + Li' q − Ra id
ed =
'
T0
(ϕ + S + ( L − L ) i ) + ( slip)ϕ (ϕ ) + (ϕ )
2 2
'
=ϕ' '
d
'
q
ϕ fq
fq q s q
=
−
= f (ϕ )
' fd
T 0 Se '
sat
ϕ = ϕ fd
'
= S (ϕ )
d '
Sd
ϕ = ϕ fq
' States: e d
= S (ϕ )
q
1 – Epr '
2 – Epi Sq e d
3 – Speed wr

Machine Model GEWTG
Machine Model GEWTG

Generator/converter model for GE wind turbines –
Doubly Fed Asynchronous Generator (DFAG) and
Full Converter (FC) Models
Eq'' cmd
(efd ) 1 −1 I sorc
From High Voltage
exwtge 1 + 0.02s X '' Reactive Current
Management
s10
LVLP & rrpwr
I Pcmd
(ladifd ) 1 I Plv Low Voltage
From 1 + 0.02s Active Current
Management
exwtge
s21
LVPL
1.11 Vterm
V
1
LVPL
1 + 0.02s
States: V s32 jX ''
1 – Eq xerox brkpt
(0.5pu) (0.9pu)
2 – Ip
LowVoltage Power Logic
3 – Vmeas
Figure 1. DFAG Generator / Converter Model

Machine Model GEWTG
Generator/converter model for GE wind turbines –
Doubly Fed Asynchronous Generator (DFAG) and
Full Converter (FC) Models
Eq'' cmd
(efd ) 1 I sorc
From −1 High Voltage
exwtge 1 + 0.02s Reactive Current
Management
s0
LVLP & rrpwr
I Pcmd
(ladifd ) 1 I Plv Low Voltage
From 1 + 0.02s Active Current
Management
exwtge
s1
LVPL
1.11 Vterm
V
1
LVPL
1 + 0.02s
V s2
xerox brkpt
(0.5pu) (0.7pu)
LowVoltage Power Logic
Figure 1. Full Converter Generator / Converter Model

Machine Model MOTOR1
Machine Model MOTOR1

“Two-cage” or “one-cage” induction machine
ψ dr 2
ωo SLIP Lm= Ls − Ll
− L'm =
1. / (1. / Lm + 1. / Llr1 ) =
L' − Ll
+
ωo Rr 2 ψ qr 2 1.
States: Σ Llr 2 + Σ Llr 2 L''m =
1. / (1. / Lm + 1. / Llr1 + 1. / Llr 2 ) =
L'' − Ll
1 – Epr
−
2 – Epi To' Llr1 Lm / (ωo Rr1 L=
= '
m) ( Llr1 + Lm ) / (ωo Rr1 )
3 – Ekr
4 - Eki ψ dr1 To'' Llr 2 L'm / (ωo Rr 2 L
= =''
m) ( Llr 2 + L'm ) / (ωo Rr 2 )
5 – Speed wr ωo SLIP
+ +
+
ωo Rr1 ψ qr1 1. ψ q''
− Ed'' =
Σ Llr1 + Σ Llr1 + Σ L''
m sat
+
− ψ mq iqs
Σ − L''m sat
Se K sat= 1. + Se (ψ m )
ψ md
2
+ ψ mq
2
ψm ψ md ids
ψ qr1 Σ − L''m sat
ωo SLIP +
+
+
ωo Rr1 ψ dr1 1. Eq'' = ψ d''
Σ Llr1 + Σ Llr1 + Σ ''
Lm sat
− +
ψ qr 2 1.
ωo SLIP L''m sat =
K sat / Lm + 1. / Llr1 + 1. / Llr 2
+ + ψ dr 2
ωo Rr 2 1.
Σ Llr 2 + Σ Llr 2
−
Machine Model SVCWSC

Static Var device compatible with WSCC Vx/Wx models
Voltage Clamp Logic
if Vbus<V1vcl, Kvc = 0.
if Vbud>V2vcl for Tdvcl sec., Kvc =1.
V1MAX KVC *V2 MAX BMAX

VEMAX
VBUS + Fast BSVS
Σ Σ Σ
1+sTC − + 1+sTS2 1+sTS4 1
K SVS Over
1+sTS1 1+sTS3 1+sTS5 Ride 1+sTS6
− + +
VEMIN
V1MIN KVC *V2 MIN BMIN
XC VRET VSCS + VS
VS (from external PSS)
π
Input 1 K S1 1+sT8
1+sTS7 1+sTS9
VSCSMAX
+
VSCS
Σ
sTS13 K S3
1+sTS14
+
VSCSMIN
Input 2 K S2 1+sT11
1+sTS10 1+sTS12

Generator Other Model LCFB1
Turbine Load Controller Model LCFB1
Freq
−
1.0
+ Σ KP
Fb Lrmax
Lrmax
− eMAX +
Pmwset K1 2
+ + +
Σ − db
db s Σ Σ Pref
− −eMAX +
1 − Lrmax
− Lrmax Pref 0
1
1 + sTPELEC
Pgen
Frequency Bias Flag - fbf, set to 1 to enable or 0 to disable
Power Controller Flag - pbf, set to 1 to enable or 0 to disable
States
1 - Pelec Sensed
2 - KI
Generator Other Model COMP
Voltage Regulator Current Compensating Model COMP
𝑉�𝑇 𝑉𝐶𝐶 = |𝑉�𝑇 − 𝑗 ∙ 𝑋𝑒 ∙ 𝐼𝑇̅ | VCT
𝐼𝑇̅ ECOMP

Generator Other Model COMPCC
Voltage Regulator Current Compensating Model for Cross-Compounds Units COMPCC
IT1 VT
IT2
𝐼𝑇1 + 𝐼𝑇2
𝐸𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶1 = 𝑉𝑇 − � � ∙ (𝑅1 + 𝑗 ∙ 𝑋1 ) + 𝐼𝑇1 ∙ (𝑅2 + 𝑗 ∙ 𝑋2 )
2
𝐼𝑇1 + 𝐼𝑇2
𝐸𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶2 = 𝑉𝑇 − � � ∙ (𝑅1 + 𝑗 ∙ 𝑋1 ) + 𝐼𝑇2 ∙ (𝑅2 + 𝑗 ∙ 𝑋2 )
2

Generator Other Model GP1
Generic Generator Protection System GP1
Trip Signal
52G Alarm
1 Only
flag
0 𝑘
𝑇1 =
1.05 − 𝑎
GSU T1
PT
VT 𝑘
Generator 𝑇2 =
Protection 𝑠2 − 𝑎
CT I
(GP) T2
Ifd
pick up 1.05*pick up s2
Excitation
System Notes: = isoc or ifoc*affl
Field a = asoc or afoc
Shunt k = ksoc or kfoc

Generator Other Model IEEEVC
Voltage Regulator Current Compensating Model IEEEVC
𝑉�𝑇 𝑉𝐶𝐶 = |𝑉�𝑇 + (𝑅𝐶 + 𝑗 ∙ 𝑋�𝐶 ) ∙ 𝐼𝑇̅ | VCT
𝐼𝑇̅ ECOMP

Generator Other Model MAXEX1 and MAXEX2
Maximum Excitation Limiter Model MAXEX1 and MAXEX2
EFDDES*EFDRATED
+ 0 VOEL
EFD -
�⬚ KMX
VLOW
(EFD1, TIME1)
Time (sec.)
(EFD2, TIME2)
(EFD3, TIME3)
EFD (p.u. of Rated)

Generator Other Model MNLEX1
Minimum Excitation Limiter Model MNLEX1
MELMAX
IREAL +
�⬚
𝐾𝑀 + - 𝑠𝐾𝐹2
�⬚ EFD
PQSIG 1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑀 1 + 𝑠𝑇𝐹2
+
1 0 VUEL
𝐾
XADIFD

𝑄𝑜 ∙ 𝐸𝑇2 (𝑅 ∙ 𝐸2𝑇 )2 MELMAX

- - Q
+ 𝐾𝑀 VUEL
Q
+ �⬚ X 2
�⬚
+
�⬚
1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑀 Qo Radius
PQSIG
+ -
P
2
X 0
𝑠𝐾𝐹2
1 + 𝑠𝑇𝐹2
P

𝑄
𝑉𝑇 MELMAX
+ Q/V
+ + 𝐾𝑀 VUEL
Qo �⬚ �⬚
+ �⬚
1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑀
(1.0 p.u.) PQSIG
+ -
P/V
B
𝑠𝐾𝐹2 0
1 + 𝑠𝑇𝐹2 B = Slope
Qo
(1.0 p.u. V)
𝑃
EFD
𝑉𝑇

Generator Other Model OEL1
Over Excitation Limiter for Synchronous Machine Excitation Systems OEL1
Generator
CT
PT
Field
Winding Voltage Reference Voltage
Regulator Runback Reference
Field
Current
Transformer
Overexcitation
Limiter

Generator Other Model REMCMP
Voltage Regulator Current Compensating Model REMCMP
Remote bus Remote bus number

Governor BPA GG
Governor BPA GG
WSCC Type G Governor Model
PMO
+ PMAX
'
KΔω 1 + sT2 2 1 3 1 4 1 + sFT5 1 PM -Pe
1
1 + sT1 − Σ 1 + sT3 1 + sT4 1 + sT5
+
Σ
PM −
Pe
States
1 - Pmech
2 - Lead-Lag 1
3 - Integrator 3
4 - Integrator 4
Governor BPA GH
Governor BPA GH
WSCC Type H Hydro-Mechanical Governor Turbine Model
PILOT VALVE GATE SERVO TURBINE

P0 XR P UP PMAX(P.U.)
+ 1
1 3 1 2 1 − sTW PM
Σ
'
KΔω
1
− TG (1 + sTP ) s 1 + sTW /2
−
P DOWN PMIN =0
+
Σ R
+
SDd Td 4
1 + sTd
States
1 - Pmech
2 - P gate valve
3 - y3
4 - Feedback
Governor BPA GIGATB, BPA GJGATB, BPA GKGATB, and BPA GLTB
Governor BPA GIGATB, BPA GJGATB, BPA GKGATB, and

BPA GLTB

Governor BPA GSTA
Governor BPA GSTA

WSCC Type S Steam System Governor
And Nonreheat Turbine (Type A) Model
P0 PMAX(P.U.)
P UP
+
KΔω
1 1 + sT2 3 1 1 2 PGV 1 1 PM
1 + sT1 − Σ T3 s 1 + sTCH
−
P DOWN PMIN(P.U.)
States
1 - Pmech
2 - P gate valve
3 - Lead-lag
Governor BPA GSTB
Governor BPA GSTB

WSCC Type S Steam System Governor and Tandem Compound
Single Reheat Turbine (Type B) Model
P0 PMAX(P.U.)
P UP
+
KΔω
1 1 + sT2 2 1 1 1
1 + sT1 − Σ T3 s
PGV
−
PM
+ Σ + Σ
+ +
FHP FIP FLP
States
1 3 1 4 1 5
1 - P gate valve
2 - Lead-lag 1 + sTCH 1 + sTRH 1 + sTCO
3 - y3
4 - y4
5 - y5
Governor BPA GSTC
Governor BPA GSTC

WSCC Type S Steam System Governor and Tandem Compound
Double Reheat Turbine (Type C) Model
P0 PMAX(P.U.)
P UP
+
KΔω
1 1 + sT2 2 1 1 1
1 + sT1 − Σ T3 s PGV
−
PM
+ Σ + Σ + Σ
+ + +
FVHP FHP FIP FLP

States
1 - P gate valve
3 4 5 6
2 - Lead-lag 1 1 1 1
3 - y3 1 + sTCH 1 + sTRH 1 1 + sTRH 2 1 + sTCO
4 - y4
5 - y5
6 - y6
Governor BPA GWTW
Governor BPA GWTW

WSCC Type W Hydro Governor System
And Hydro Turbine (Type W) Model
P0
PMAX/100
+
KΔω 1 + sT2 PGV 1 − sTW 1 PM
(1 + sT1 )(1 + sT3 ) − Σ 1 + 0.5sTW
2 3 PMIN/100
States
1 - Pmech
2 - y0
3 - y1
Governor CCBT1
Governor CCBT1
Steam Plant Boiler/Turbine and Governor Model
8 9
π
1 1 1
Σ + Σ
1
7 1 + sTW +
−
sTD − 1 − ah Σ sTRH +
1 KP π +
1 + sTF
ah Σ
+
−
6
Σ Bias π
MAX4 Pmech
MAX7 + 2
− − VMAX
KP4 +
KI 4
K P7 +
sK D 7 + Σ Plmref •Press ref 1 Pgen
s 1 + sTD 7 Press ref Σ 1 + sTG
MIN4 K PLM rvalve
− 14 MIN7 TPLM = 50 VMIN
Σ MAX2 1 + sTPLM 15 1
+ + K IGOV 1 + sTPelec
4
12 0 K PGOV +
+
Σ
K
Σ KP2 + I 2
s MAX1 -1
s 13
+ − rpelec
MAX3
5 K 3 − −
KI 3
MIN2 K P1 + I 1
s + Σ −
K P3 + MAX5 +
s MIN1 ωref Speed
MIN3 K 10
K P5 + I 5
− s
Pmech Σ −
+ MIN5 MAX6 +
+ +
Σ 11
K P6 +
KI 6 Σ Σ
1.0 − 1.0 −
+ s
1r Σ L ref + −
Σ
-dbd Valve Bias
KB MIN6
+dbd
Speed
Proportional-integral blocks 1-6 also have rate limits not shown in the block diagram
Governor CRCMGV
Governor CRCMGV
Cross Compound Turbine-Governor Model
Reference
PMAX(HP)
Speed (HP) 1/ R( HP ) 1 + 1 + sF( HP )T5( HP ) +
1 + sT1( HP ) − Σ (1 + sT )(1 + sT )(1 + sT ) Σ Pmech(HP)
3( HP ) 4( HP ) 5( HP ) −
0
2 3 4
(D )(E )
High-Pressure Unit 2
H ( HP ) T − HP
Reference
PMAX(LP)
+
Speed (LP) 1/ R( LP ) 5 + 1 + sF( LP )T5( LP ) +
− Σ 1 + sT1( LP ) − Σ (1 + sT )(1 + sT )(1 + sT ) Σ Pmech(LP)
States 3( LP ) 4( LP ) 5( LP ) −
0
1 - HPInput 6 7 8
2 - HPState1
( −D )(E )
3 - HPState2 Low-Pressure Unit 2
H ( LP ) T − HP
4 - HPState3
5 - LPInput
6 - LPState1
7 - LPState2
8 - LPState3
Governor DEGOV
Governor DEGOV
Woodward Diesel Governor Model
TMAX
1+Speed
− (1 + sT3 ) K (1 + sT4 ) Pmech

Δω
Speed 1 + sT1 + s 2T2T1 s (1 + sT5 )(1 + sT6 ) e − sTD
π
  
TMIN Engine
Electric Control Box
  
1 2 Actuator
3 4 5
States
1 - Control box 1
2 - Control box 2
3 - Actuator 1
4 - Actuator 2
5 - Actuator 3
Governor DEGOV1
Governor DEGOV1
Woodward Diesel Governor Model
Pref TMAX
1+Speed
+
− (1 + sT3 ) K (1 + sT4 ) Pmech
Δω
Speed − Σ 1 + sT1 + s 2T2T1 s (1 + sT5 )(1 + sT6 ) e − sTD π
−
  
Electric Control Box T Engine
MIN
 
1 2 Actuator
3 4 5
0 Droop Control
DROOP 6 1 SBASE Pelec
1
1 + sTE MBASE
States
1 - Control box 1
2 - Control box 2
3 - Actuator 1
4 - Actuator 2
5 - Actuator 3
6 - Droop Input
Governor G2WSCC
Governor G2WSCC
Double Derivative Hydro Governor and Turbine
Represents WECC G2 Governor Plus Turbine Model
Pref
Δω + +
(Speed) 1 2 sK1 3 + 6
Σ Σ
eps − KI
db1 1 + sTD 1 + sTF s
+ −
s2 K2 (TT =0)
(1 + sTF ) 2 1 Pelec
R
4 5 7 1 + sTT
States
1 - Pmech
VELOPEN PMAX
2 - TD
3 - K1
KG 8 9 GV PGV 1 + sAturbTturb 1 Pmech
Σ
1
+ 1 + sTP s db2 1 + sBturbTturb 4 - K 2 first
N GV
− 5 - K 2 second
VELCLOSE PMIN
6 - Integrator
7 - Pelec Sensed
Model supported by PSLF 8 - Valve
GV1, PGV1...GV6, PGV6 are the x,y coordinates of NGV block 9 - Gate
Governor GAST_GE
Governor GAST_GE
Gas Turbine-Governor Model
5 1
1 + sTLTR
−
if (D V >L INC ) R LIM =L TRAT
else R LIM =R MAX DV Σ +
VMAX
R LIM
− PGV
dbb
K A (1 + sT4 )
3
Pref 1 + 1 + AsT2
Σ Σ Σ
LV 1
+ 1 + BsT2
1 + sT5 GATE sT1 2 GV Pmech
−
1 VMIN
R FIDLE
+ − 4 1
FIDLE Σ KT Σ + 1 + sT3
+
eps −
db0 L MAX
States
1 - Input LL
Δω 2 - Integrator
(Speed) 3 - Governor LL
Model supported by PSLF 4 - Load Limit
GV1, PGV1...GV6, PGV6 are the x,y coordinates of PGV vs. GV block 5 - Temperature
Governor GAST_PTI
Governor GAST_PTI
Speed Dturb
1
R VMAX
− −
1 1 1 2
+
Pmech
Σ Σ
LV
Load ref
+ Gate 1 + sT1 1 + sT2
VMIN
+ −
3 1
Σ KT Σ 1 + sT3
+ +
States A T (Load Limit)

1 - Fuel Valve
2 - Fuel Flow
3 - Exhaust Temperature
Governor GAST2A
Governor GAST2A
States
MAX TC Radiation
1 - Speed Governor Thermocouple Shield
2 - Valve Positioner + Turbine
1 + sT5 − 1 K
Σ K4 + 5
Temperature
3 - Fuel System Control* f1
sτ T 1 + sT4 1 + sT3 Turbine
Exhaust
4 - Radiation Shield w f1
5 - Thermocouple 6
5 4 e− sETD
6 - Temp Control MAX K6 Valve Fuel
Fuel Positioner 2 System 3 Wf
7 - Turbine Dynamics 1 Control Fuel
+
+ W ( sX + 1) Flow
π
Low A 1
Reference
Σ sY + Z
Value
Select
K3 e− sT
+
Σ C + sB 1 + sτ F e− sECR
− −
Speed Speed
MIN Governor Control KF
Gas Turbine
Dynamics
7
1
1 + sTCD
Δω Pmech
Turbine
w f2
π
TRATE
f2
MBASE
+
1.0 +
Σ
* Temperature control output is set to output of speed governor when temperature control input changes from positive to negative

 
f1 =TR -A f1 1.0-w  -Bf1 Speed ( ) (
f 2 =A f2 -Bf2 w f2 -C f2 Speed ) ( )
 f1 
Governor GASTWD
Pelec Governor GASTWD

Woodward Gas Turbine-Governor Model
SBASE
MAX Radiation
TRATE Thermocouple
Shield
Turbine
Pe sT5 + 1 − 1 K
Temperature
Σ K4 + 5 f1
K DROOP Control*
sτ T 1 + sT4 1 + sT3 Turbine
Exhaust
+ 5
1 + sTD MAX 6 4 w f1 e− sETD
TC Setpoint for
1 Temperature Control
KP
K6 Valve Fuel
Fuel Positioner 2 System 3 W
− Control f
Speed + + Fuel
π
Reference KI A 1
Σ +
Σ
Low Flow
+ Σ s + Value
Select
K3 e− sT C + sB 1 + sτ F e− sECR
− + −
Speed
sK D Control KF
7
1
8 9
States MIN 1 + sTCD
1 - Power Transducer Δω Pmech
Turbine
w f2
π
TRATE Gas Turbine
2 - Valve Positioner f2 Dynamics
MBASE
3 - Fuel System
4 - Radiation Shield
+
5 - Thermocouple 1.0 +
6 - Temp Control Σ
7 - Turbine Dynamics
8 - PID 1
* Temperature control output is set to output of speed governor when temperature control input changes from positive to negative
( ) ( )
9 - PID 2
Model supported by PSSE f =T -A 1.0-w -B ( Speed ) f =A -B w -C ( Speed )
1 R f1 f1 f1 2 f2 f2 f2 f2
Governor GGOV1
Governor GGOV1 – GE General Governor-Turbine Model

If D m >0, (Speed)
Dm
If D m <0, (Speed+1)
**D m
−
Ldref Pmech
( Ldref / K turb ) + w fnl +
1 + sTSA
Σ
π
6 1 10
Σ − 1 + sTFload 1 + sTSB
+
5
K Pload
1 + sTC
+ 1.0
7 1 + sTB
Σ
K Iload +
aset s
+ Timestep
Speed s Low
−
1 + sTA 9 Σ K A ∆t +
Σ Value e
− sTeng
+ Select
K Pgov VMAX
VMAX K turb
− maxerr +
Pref + 4
Σ +
Σ -db
db
K Igov
s
+
Σ 1
1 + sTACT
π +
Σ
+ 1.1r
3
8 − minerr + −
VMIN
sK Dgov Flag
K IMW r VMIN w fnl
s 1 + sTDgov 2 0 1
−2
-1.1r governor output 1.0 (Speed+1)
Pmwset 1 valve stroke
−1 States
+ Σ − 1 Rselect 1 - Pelec Measured 5 - Turbine LL
Pelec 1 2 - Governor Differential Control 6 - Turbine Load Limiter
1 + sTPelec 3 - Governor Integral Control 7 - Turbine Load Integral Control
Model supported by PSLF 4 - Turbine Actuator 8 - Supervisory Load Control
Model supported by PSSE does not include non-windup limits on K IMW block 9 - Accel Control
R UP , R DOWN , R CLOSE , and R OPEN inputs not implemented in Simulator 10 - Temp Detection LL
Governor GGOV2
Governor GGOV2 - GE General Governor-Turbine Model
If D m >0, (Speed)
Dm
**D m
−
Ldref PMECH
Σ
1 + sTsa
π
6 10
Σ
1
− +
1 + sT fload 1 + sTsb 5
K pload s5 s9
1 + sTc
Speed
+ 1.0 1 + sTb
7 s4
+
Σ
Kiload
fsrt
aset s s6
Frequency-
+ Timestep dependent
Σ Σ
Speed s − + limit
K a ∆t fsra − sTeng
1 + sTa 9
e
+ Low ropen
s8 K pgov Value vmax
VMAX K turb
− maxerr + Select
Pref + 4
Σ +
Σ -db
db
K igov +
s 23
Σ fsrn
1
1 + sTact
π +
Σ
+ 1.1r −
s +
8 minerr −
VMIN s3
sK dgov vmin
Flag
K imw r rclose w fnl
s 1 + sTdgov s21 0 1
−2
s7
1
Pmwset −1 valve stroke
+ Σ − 1 Rselect States
PELEC 1 - Pelec Measured 5 - Turbine LL
1
1 + sTPelec 2 - Governor Differential Control 6 - Turbine Load Limiter
s0
3 - Governor Integral Control 7 - Turbine Load Integral Control
4 - Turbine Actuator 8 - Supervisory Load Control
9 - Accel Control
Model supported by PSLF 10 - Temp Detection LL
Governor GGOV3

If D m >0, (Speed)
Dm −
**D m PMECH
Ldref
Σ
1 + sTsa
π
6 10 5 +
Σ
1
− 1 + sT fload 1 + sTsb 1 + sTc
K pload 1 + sTb
+ 1.0
7 − sTeng
+Σ
Kiload e
aset s
Timestep
+ K turb
Σ Σ
Percieved s − +
K a ∆t 11
Speed 1 + sTa 9
+ Low 1 + sTcd
K pgov VMAX
Value
VMAX 1 + sTbd
− Maxerr + Select
Pref + 3
+
π
4
Σ Σ
-db
db
K igov
s
+ Σ 1
1 + sTact
+
Σ
+ 1.1r − +
8 Minerr −
VMIN Flag
sK dgov 2 VMIN
K imw R w fnl
1 + sTdgov 0 1
s
−2
1 valve stroke
Pmwset −1 States
+ Σ − 1
Rselect 1 - Pelec Measured 5 - Turbine LL 9 - Accel Control
PELEC 1 2 - Governor Differential Control 6 - Turbine Load Limiter 10 - Temp Detection LL
1 + sTPelec 3 - Governor Integral Control 7 - Turbine Load Integral Control 11 - Fuel System Lead Lag
Model supported by PSLF 4 - Turbine Actuator 8 - Supervisory Load Control
dnrate, R UP , R DOWN , R CLOSE , and R OPEN inputs not implemented in Simulator
slope = 1
dnhi
Measured ffa Filtered Percieved
Speed Speed Speed
dnlo
ffb
slope = ffc
Nonlinear Speed Filter

Rate limit dnrate not used in Simulator
Governor GPWSCC
Governor GPWSCC
PID Governor-Turbine Model
KP
Pref
Δω + +
(Speed) − 1 2 K1 3 + CV
err
db1
Σ 1 + sTD s Σ
− + Tt = 0
sK D 4 1 Pelec
R
1 + sT f 5 1 + sTt
(Tt > 0)
VELOPEN PMAX

Σ
1
1 + sTP s db2 1 + sBturbTturb
N GV
+ −
VELCLOSE PMIN
States
1 - Pmech 5 - Pelec Sensed
2 - TD 6 - Valve
Model supported by PSLF 3 - Integrator 7 - Gate
GV1, PGV1...GV6, PGV6 are the x,y coordinates of NGV block
4 - Derivative
Governor HYG3
Governor HYG3
PID Governor, Double Derivative Governor, and Turbine Δω = (speed-1)pu
Pref Rgate
States
K2
1 - TD
+ +
− 2 - K1
Δω − 1 1 KI 3 +
db1
Σ 1 + sTD s Σ 3 - Ki
− +
sK1 2
4 - Valve
7 1 5 - Gate
Relec Pelec 1 + sT f
1 + sTt cflag>0 6 - TW
Pref
+ 7 - Pelec Sensed
+ cflag<0
Δω 1 1 sK1 2 + KI 3
1 + sTD 1 + sT f +
Σ −
Σ s
8 - K 2 First
db1 − 9 - K 2 Second
−
s2 K2 8 7 1 Pelec
Relec
(1 + sT ) 1 + sTt
2
f 9 Rgate
CV
VELOPEN PMAX
CV
KG 4 5
Σ
1 GV
+ 1 + sTP s db2
−
VELCLOSE PMIN
π Δω
Dturb
PGV −
PGV q 6 Pmech
÷ π π
1
−
Σ +
Σ +
Σ
N GV H At
q/PGV sTW
GV H0 + −
qNL
Model supported by PSLF Note: cflag determines numbering of states GV1, PGV1...GV6, PGV6 are the x,y coordinates of NGV block
Governor HYGOV
Governor HYGOV
Hydro Turbine-Governor Model
Pref G MAX
+
Δω 1 + sTn 1 1 1 + sTr 2 1 3
db1 1 + sTnp − 1 + sT f rTr s 1 + sTg
−
Δω
R G MIN
rate limit - Velm Dturb
db2
π
PGV
N GV GV
g
GV
−
π π
Pmech
÷ − 1 4
PGV q/PGV
H
Σ sTW
+
Σ At
+
Σ
+ −
Hdam=1 qNL
States
1 - Filter Output
2 - Desired Gate
3 - Gate
4 - Turbine Flow
Model supported by PSSE and PSLF
Rperm shown as R, Rtemp shown as r
GV0, PGV0...GV5, PGV5 are the x,y coordinates of N GV block
Ttur, Tn, Tnp, db1, Eps, db2, Bgv0...Bgv5, Bmax, Tblade not implemented in Simulator
Governor HYGOV2
Governor HYGOV2
Pref
VGMAX G MAX
Δω +
K I + sK P 1  1 + sT1  2 1 + sT2 3 5
Σ
Speed − 1
KA  
s − 1 + sT4 s
 sT3 
−
-VGMAX G MIN
sRtempTR
R 1 + sTR
Pmech 6 1 − sT5
PMAX
1 + sT6
States
1 - Filter Output
2 - Governor
3 - Governor Speed
4 - Droop
5 - Gate
6 - Penstock
The G MAX G MIN limit is modeled as non-windup in PSSE but as a windup limit in Simulator.
Governor HYGOV4
Governor HYGOV4
Pref PMAX
UO
+
1 1 1 1 2
Δω db1 − Σ 1 + sTp Tg s db2
−
UC
PMIN
Σ + R perm
+
π
3 sTr Rtemp
1 + Tr s
GV
Dturb
PGV
q − Pmech
÷ π π
− 1 4
PGV q/PGV
H
Σ sTW
+
Σ At +
Σ
+ −
N GV Hdam qNL
GV
States
1 - Velocity
2 - Gate
3 - Rtemp
4 - TW
Bgv0...Bgv5, Bmax, Tblade not implemented in Simulator
GV0, PGV0...GV5, PGV5 are the x,y coordinates of N GV block
Governor HYST1
Governor HYST1
Hydro Turbine with Woodward Electro-Hydraulic PID Governor,
Surge Tank, and Inlet Tunnel
Σ +
Pref
−
R perm
1 + sTreg Pgen
+ 1
Δω − Ki 2 1 1
Σ Σ
4 + 5
Kp +
s 1 + sTa 1 + sTa
+
sK d 3
1 + sTa
G MAX
PGV 7
Pmech
1 +
Σ
6 8
G (s)
1 + sTb 9
−
G MIN GV
Dturb
Not yet implemented in Simulator

Governor IEEEG1
Governor IEEEG1
IEEE Type 1 Speed-Governor Model
Δω
SPEED HP
PMECH HP
+
Σ +
Σ +
Σ PM1
db1 + + +
Pref PMAX K1 K3 K5 K7
UO 3 4 5 6
PGV
2 +
K (1 + sT2 ) − 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 + sT1
Σ T3 s db2 1 + sT4 1 + sT5 1 + sT6 1 + sT7
− GV
UC
PMIN K2 K4 K6 K8
+ + +
+ Σ Σ Σ
States + + PMECH LP
PM2
1 - Governor Output
2 - Lead-Lag
3 - Turbine Bowl
4 - Reheater
5 - Crossover
6 - Double Reheat
Model supported by PSLF includes hysteresis that is read but not implemented in Simulator
Model supported by PSSE does not include hysteresis and nonlinear gain
GV1, PGV1...GV6, PGV6 are the x,y coordinates of PGV vs. GV block
Governor IEEEG2
Governor IEEEG2
IEEE Type 2 Speed-Governor Model
Pref
PMAX
+
K (1 + sT2 ) − 1 − sT4
Σ
Δω 2 1
1 + 0.5sT4
Pmech
Speed (1 + sT1 )(1 + sT3 ) 3
PMIN
States
1 - Pmech
2 - First Integrator
3 - Second Integrator

Governor IEEEG3_GE
Governor IEEEG3_GE
IEEE Type 3 Speed-Governor Model IEEEG3
PREF PMAX
Δω
UO
+ PGV
Speed − 1 2 1 1 3 PGV KTURB (1 + ATURB sTW ) Pmech
Σ
GV
db1 1 + sTP TG s db2 1 + BTURB sTW 1

−
UC GV
PMIN
Σ + RPERM
+
4 RTEMP sTR
1 + sTR
States
1 - Pmech
2 - Servomotor position
3 - Gate position
PSLF model includes db1, db2, and Eps read but not implemented in Simulator 4 - Transient droop
Governor IEEEG3_PTI
Governor_IEEEG3_PTI
IEEE Type 3 Speed-Governor Model IEEEG3
PREF UO PMAX
+   a a   1
Δω − 1 1 3 a23 1 +  a11 − 13 21  sTW 
Σ
2 Pmech
Speed TG (1 + sTP ) s   a23  
− 1 + a11sTW
UC PMIN
Σ +
RPERM
+
4 RTEMP sTR
1 + sTR
States
1 - Pmech
2 - Servomotor position
3 - Gate position
4 - Transient droop
Governor IEESGO
Governor IEESGO
IEEE Standard Model IEEESGO
PO
+
K1 (1 + sT2 ) 1 − PMAX 1 3 Pmech
Speed
(1 + sT1 )(1 + sT3 ) 2
Σ PMIN 1 + sT4
1 − K2 +
Σ
+ +
1 − K2
K2 K3
1 + sT5 4
1 + sT6 5
States
1 - First Integrator
2 - Second Integrator
3 - Turbine T4
4 - Turbine T5
Model supported by PSSE 5 - Turbine T6
Governor PIDGOV
Governor PIDGOV - Hydro Turbine and Governor Model PIDGOV
Σ +
PREF
− 1
0 Feedback signal
States
R perm
SBASE Pelec 1 - Mechanical Output
1 + sTreg
MBASE 2 - Measured Delta P
2
3 - PI
+
Δω − Ki 3 1 1 6 4 - Reg1
Σ Σ
4 +
Kp +
Speed s 1 + sTa 1 + sTa 5 - Derivative
+
6 - Reg2
7 - Gate
sK d 5
1 + sTa
G MAX
VelMAX Power 3
1 1 7 1 − sTZ 1 + Pmech
+
Σ Tb s 2
1 + sTZ 2 Σ
− 1 Gate −
VelMIN G
MIN
TZ = ( A tw ) *Tw
Dturb
Model supported by PSSE (G0,0), (G1,P1), (G2,P2), (1,P3) are x,y coordinates of Power vs. Gate function
Governor TGOV1
Governor TGOV1
Steam Turbine-Governor Model TGOV1
VMAX
1 1 2 1 + sT2 1 Pmech
PREF
+ Σ R 1 + sT1 1 + sT3
+
Σ
− −
VMIN
Δω
Speed
Dt
States
1 - Turbine Power
2 - Valve Position

Governor TGOV2
Governor TGOV2
Steam Turbine-Governor with Fast Valving Model TGOV2
K
VMAX
+
1 1 1 1− K v 3 + PMECH
Σ Σ
Reference 2
+ R 1 + sT1 1 + sT3 1 + sTt 4
− −
VMIN
Δω Dt
Speed
TC
Intercept Valve Position
TI : Time to initiate fast valving.

TB
TA : Intercept valve, v, fully closed TA
seconds after fast valving initiation.
TA
TB : Intercept valve starts to reopen TB 1.
0.
TC : Intercept valve again fully open TC
States
seconds after fast valving initiation. 1 - Throttle
TI (TI
+ TA ) (T I
+ TB ) (T I
+ TC ) 2 - Reheat Pressure
Time, seconds
3 - Reheat Power
4 - Intercept Valve
Governor TGOV3
Governor TGOV3
Modified IEEE Type 1 Speed-Governor with Fast Valving Model
+ PMECH
Σ +
Σ
+ +
PREF PRMAX
K1 K2 K3
UO PMAX
Δω 1 + 0.8
Flow
K (1 + sT2 ) − 1 1 1 3 + 1 4 6 1
Σ Σ
Speed 2 5
v
1 + sT1 T3 s 1 + sT4 sT5 1 + sT6
− − 0 0.3
UC PMIN Intercept Valve
Position
TC
Intercept Valve Position
TI : Time to initiate fast valving.

TB States
TA : Intercept valve, v, fully closed TA
TA 1 - LL
TB : Intercept valve starts to reopen TB 1. 2 - StateT3
0. 3 - StateT4
TC : Intercept valve again fully open TC 4 - StateT5
TI (T
I
+ TA ) (T I
+ TB ) (T I
+ TC ) 5 - StateT6
Time, seconds 6 - Intercept Valve

Model supported by PSSE Gv1,Pgv1 ... Gv6, Pgv6 are x,y coordinates of Flow vs. Intercept Valve Position function
Governor TGOV5
Governor_TGOV5 - IEEE Type 1 Speed-Governor Model Modified to Include Boiler Controls

PMECH HP
+
Σ +
Σ +
Σ PM 1
+ + +
VMAX K1 K3 K5 K7
−
UO
K (1 + sT2 )
π
− 1 1 1 ms 1 1 1
1 + sT1 Σ T3 s 1 + sT4 1 + sT5 1 + sT6 1 + sT7
∆ω +
SPEEDHP UC
∆f PO VMIN K2 K4 K6 K8
+ + +
K MW PM 2
B PELEC 1 + sTMW RMAX
LMAX +
Σ +
Σ +
Σ
− PMECH LP
− 1
MW
+
Σ Desired
+
Σ + Σ K14
s ms
−
π
Demand MW −
C2 + Σ RMIN
LMIN
K13 + PE
(Pressure Error)
KL
PO
PT π
K12 PSP
+
PSP
π
− DPE
π
Σ DPE CMAX
+ PO Dead Band +
K I (1 + sTI )(1 + sTR ) PT
C3 s (1 + sTR1 ) PE
Σ − Σ −
+ C1
CMIN 1 − +
Fuel Dynamics
sCB PD
K9 Σ
+
Desired
MW
+
Σ Σ −
ms
+ +
K11
Model supported by PSSE K10
Governor_TGOV5 - IEEE Type 1 Speed-Governor Model Modified to Include Boiler Controls
States:
1 – Governor Output
2 – Speed Lead-Lag
3 – Turbine Bowl
4 – Reheater
5 – Crossover
6 – Double Reheat
7 – PELEC
8 – PO
9 – FuelDyn1
10 – FuelDyn2
11 – Controller1
12 – Controller2
13 – PD
14 – Delay1
15 – Delay2
16 – Delay3
17 – Delay4

Governor URGS3T
Governor URGS3T
WECC Gas Turbine Model
5 1 States
1 + sTLTR 1 - Input LL
− 2 - Integrator
Σ
If (D V >L INC ), then R LIM = L TRAT + 3 - Governor LL
else, R LIM = R MAX DV
4 - Load Limit
5 - Temperature
VMAX
R LIM 3
−
Pref Pmech
err K a (1 + sT4 ) 1 1 + AsT2 PGV
+
Σ db1
1 + sT5
LV
GATE
+
Σ sT1
+
Σ 1 + BsT2 db2
+
Σ
− 2 − GV
−
1
VMIN FIDLE
4 1
1 +
R
FIDLE + Σ − KT Σ 1 + sT3
+ −
L MAX
Speed
Dturb

GV1, PGV1...GV5, PGV5 are the x,y coordinates of PGV vs. GV block
Governor WT12T1
Governor WT12T1
Two-Mass Turbine Model for Type 1 and Type 2 Wind Generators
From
WT12A
Model
+ +
− 1 1
Σ Σ 2Ht s
ωbase
+
+ + K shaft 2
Dshaft Σ Σ− s
−
Damp
+ −
+ 1
Σ Σ− 2H g s
3
ωbase
Tmech Speed
+
+ Rotor
Telec Σ ωbase 1 4
angle
s
− deviation
Initial rotor slip

States
H t =H×H tfrac
H g =H-H t 1 - TurbineSpeed
π×Freq1)
2H t ×H g ×(2 2 2 - ShaftAngle
K shaft = 3 - GenSpeed
H×ω0
Model supported by PSSE 4 - GenDeltaAngle
Governor W2301
Governor W2301
Woodward 2301 Governor and Basic Turbine Model
Speed
Pref Ref
+ +
Pelec 1 − 1 + 0.5Rho ⋅ s 2
Σ Σ
1 +
Gamma
1 + sTp Beta ⋅ s(1.05 − Alpha)
−
PI
Controller
Speed
1 + 2Beta ⋅ s
Gmax
1 1 + sKtTturb 4
Σ Σ
3 + + Pmech
Valve Servo 1 + sTV 1 + sTturb
− −
Turbine
Gmin
gnl
D
States
1 - PelecSensed
2 - PI
Gain, Velamx read but not implemented in Simulator. 3 - Valve
Model supported by PSLF 4 - Turbine
Governor WEHGOV
Governor WEHGOV
Woodward Electric Hydro Governor Model
sK D 5 Pilot Valve Distribution Valve

1 + sTD
Gmax+DPV GTMXOP*Tg
− +
+ ERR (*) 1 +
Σ
2
Σ Σ
1 1
Pref KP States
1 + 1 + sTP − sTDV
− − + − 1 - Pilot Valve
0 1 Speed deadband Gmax+DICN
Gmin-DPV GTMXCL*Tg 2 - DistributionValve
Feedback
signal KI 6
Feedback Gmax 3 - Gate
7 0 s signal=1
RpermPE
Feedback 4 - Turbine Flow
signal=0 13 1
Gmin-DICN
1 + sTPE Tg 5 - Derivative
Gate position, g s
RpermGate 6 - Integrator
Pelec SBASE=(*)Out 0 if ERR < (Speed deadband)
Out =
ERR ( I ) − (Speed deadband) if ERR > (Speed deadband)
Gmin 7 - PelecSensed
MBASE = Out ERR ( I ) + (Speed deadband) if ERR < −(Speed deadband)
Governor and Hydraulic Actuators Speed Dturb

g π
Gate Flow Steady-State Pmss Pmss −
π
Pmech
π
1
÷
position, g − 4
Σ
Flow, q ss
Σ
H
q/q ss sTW +
H 0 =1 +
Gate Flow
Turbine Flow, q

Turbine Dynamics
(Gate 1, Flow G1)...(Gate 5, Flow G5) are x,y coordinates of Flow vs. Gate function
(Flow P1, PMECH 1)...(Flow P10, PMECH 10) are x,y coordinates of Pmss vs. Flow function
Governor WESGOV
Governor WESGOV
Westinghouse Digital Governor for Gas Turbine Model
KP
Reference
+
Δω + 1
1 2 3 Pmech
Speed * −
Σ sTI + Σ (1 + sT1 )(1 + sT2 ) 4
−
Pelec 1 1 ** Droop
1 + sTpe
Digital Control ***
*Sample hold with sample period defined by Delta TC.

**Sample hold with sample period defined by Delta TP.
***Maximum change is limited to A lim between sampling times.
States
1 - PEMeas
2 - Control
3 - Valve
4 - PMech

A lim read but not implemented in Simulator
Governor WNDTGE
Governor WNDTGE
Pdbr + Wind Turbine and Turbine Control Model for GE Wind Turbines
Pelec + Σ
Trip
Spdwl Wind Pmech Rotor 7 8 ω Over/Under Signal
Power States
Model 9 10 Speed Trip
Model
ω+ 1 - Pitch
ωrotor Pelec
− 6 2 - Pitch Control
Σ
1
Blade Anti-windup on ωref −0.67 Pelec
2
+ 1.42 Pelec + 0.51
Pitch PIMax & PIRat
Pitch Limits 1 + s5 3 - Torque Control
θ ωerr
Anti-windup on
ω
PWmax & PWrat 4 - Pitch Compensation
1 θ cmd 2
Σ
1
K pp + K ip / s Power Limits
1 + sTp +
5 - Power Control
π
3 1 5 Pord
+ K ptrq + K itrq / s 6 - Speed Reference
1 + sTpc
PImin & -PIRat Pitch Control Torque 7 - Mech Speed
Anti-windup on Pitch Limits Control
PWmin & -PWrat 8 - Mech Angle
Σ +
4
Pitch K pc + K ic / s 9 - Elect Speed
− Power Response
Compensation Rate Limit 10- ElectAngle
p stl
11- Washout
Wind
+ sTW 11
Wind Pavl
Σ
Speed 1 Active Power 1 PsetAPC perr 12- Active Power
Power 1 + sTpav Control − 1 + sTW wsho
(glimv) Model (optional) +
Pmax plim
+
Σ
WTG Ter Pavf 12 0 Pord
Bus Freq + p set 1
fbus Frequency
Auxiliary
Σ Response To gewtg
apcflg Pmin Release
Curve Trip Signal
Signal + PMAX
(glimit) if fflg set
(psig) if (fbus < fb OR 1
fbus > fc) fflg

Apcflg is set to zero. Limits on states 2 and 3 and trip signal are not implemented. Simulator calculates initial windspeed Spdwl.
Governor WNDTGE
Wind Turbine and Turbine Control Model for GE Wind Turbines
Two - Mass Rotor Model ω0

+
+ ωrotor Turbine Speed
Σ
+
Tmech + 1
Σ
1 7
ωbase 1 8
Pmech 2H s s
Tmech = ωmech −
ωmech + ω0 Dtg Σ Σ Ktg Tshaft
+ +
Telec −
1 9 ωelec 10
Σ ωbase
1 1
− 2H g s s
Pelec −
Telec =
ωelec + ω0 ω
∆ω +
+
Σ Generator Speed
ω0
Wind Power Model

ρ
Pmech = Ar vw3C p ( λ ,θ )
2
λ = Kb (ω / vw )
4 4
C p ( λ ,θ ) = ∑∑ α ijθ i λ j
=i 0=j 0
See charts for curve fit values

Governor WNDTRB
Governor WNDTRB
Wind Turbine Control Model
90
BPR MX
K P (1 + sT1 )
π
1 1 2 1 3 Pmech
Σ
Rotor speed cos
ωr + 1 + sT2 s 1 + sTa
−
-BPR MX Pwo
0
ωref
States
1 - Input
2 - Blade Angle (Deg)
3 - Blade Pitch Factor
Governor WPIDHY
Governor WPIDHY
Woodward PID Hydro Governor Model
States
1 - Mechanical Output
2 - Measured Delta P
Per Unit Output

PREF (1, P3 )
(MBASE)
(G2 , P2 ) 3 - PID1
− (G1 , P1 ) 4 - PID2
PELEC
+
Σ 0 1.0
5 - PID3
(G0 , 0) 6 - Velocity
Gate Position (pu)
7 - Gate
REG
1 + sTREG sK D
2 PMAX
Vel MAX G MAX
Δω +
+ 3 1 − sTW
Speed − 6 7 GP 1
Σ + Σ
1 1 1
KP 4 T
(1 + sTA ) 1 + sTB 1+ s W
2
s
5 2
+ Vel MIN G MIN PMIN
Ki
s
+
−
D Σ
PMECH

Governor WSHYDD
Governor WSHYDD
WECC Double-Derivative Hydro Governor Model
Pref
Δω + +
(Speed) 1 2 sK1 3 + 6
−
Σ Σ
err KI
db1 1 + sTD 1 + sTF s
+ −
TT = 0
s2 K2 Pelec
7 1
(1 + sTF ) R
2
(TT > 0) 1 + sTT

4 5
VELOPEN PMAX
KG 8 9 GV PGV 1 + sAturbTturb Pmech

Σ
1 Trate
+ 1 + sTP s db2 1 + sBturbTturb MVA
N GV 1
−
VELCLOSE PMIN
States
1 - Pmech 6 - Integrator
2 - TD 7 - Pelec Sensed
3 - K1 8 - Valve
Model supported by PSSE 4 - K 2 first 9 - Gate
Inputs GV1, PGV1...GV5, PGV5 are the x,y coordinates of NGV block 5 - K 2 second
Governor WSHYGP
Governor WSHYGP
WECC GP Hydro Governor Plus Model
KP
Pref
Δω + +
− 1 2 KI 3 +
Σ Σ
(Speed) err CV
db1 1 + sTD s
− + Tt = 0
sK D 4 5 1 Pelec
R
1 + sT f (Tt > 0) 1 + sTt
VELOPEN PMAX

Σ
1 Trate
+ 1 + sTP s db2 1 + sBturbTturb MVA
N GV
−
VELCLOSE PMIN
States
1 - Pmech 5 - Pelec Sensed
2 - TD 6 - Valve
3 - Integrator 7 - Gate
Model supported by PSSE 4 - Derivative
Governor WSIEG1
Governor WSIEG1
WECC Modified IEEE Type 1 Speed-Governor Model
GV0
PMAX
UO
+
Δω 1 + sT2 1 2 GV PGV
Σ
err CV 1 1
K −
db1 1 + sT1 T3 s db2 N GV
−
UC
PMIN
PMECH HP
+
Σ +
Σ +
Σ PM1
+ + + States
1 - Lead-lag
K1 K3 K5 K7
2 - Governor Output
1 1 1 1 3 - Turbine 1
3 4 5 6
1 + sT4 1 + sT5 1 + sT6 1 + sT7 4 - Turbine 2
5 - Turbine 3
K2 K4 K6 K8
6 - Turbine 4
Iblock = 1 : if PMIN =0, PMIN =Pinitial + + +
Iblock = 2 : if PMAX =0, PMAX =Pinitial +
Σ +
Σ +
Σ
PMECH LP
Iblock = 3 : if PMIN =0, PMIN =Pinitial PM2

: if PMAX =0, PMAX =Pinitial

Governor WT1T
Governor WT1T
Wind Turbine Model for Type-1 Wind Turbines
From
Generator
Pgen Model
− 1
+ Tacc ω
÷
1 1 To
Pmech Σ 2H s
Generator
Model and
From − Governor
Model
Governor
Model
Damp
Type 1 WTG Turbine One - mass Model
ωt
ω0
−
Tmech 1 ∆ω ωt
÷
1
Σ Σ
From 1 t States
Governor Pmech + s
2Ht
Model − 1 - TurbineSpeed
∆ω tg + ∆ω tg 2 2 - ShaftAngle
Σ−
1
Dshaft K
s 3 - GenSpeed
From Telec + 1 ∆ωg ωg 4 - GenDeltaAngle
Generator
Model
Pgen ÷ − Σ 2H g
1
s
Σ
+
3
ω0 1 4 H t =H×H tfrac
ωg s H g =H-H t
Type 1 WTG Turbine Two - mass Model π×Freq1)
2H t ×H g ×(2 2
K=
H
Governor WT3T
Governor WT3T
Wind Turbine Model for Type-3 (Doubly-fed) Wind Turbines
From
Generator
Simplified Model
Aerodynamic Model
Pgen
Blade
Pitch −
Σ π
+ Pmech + Tacc 1 ω
÷
1 To Pitch
Σ
1
− Σ
θ
K aero Control Model
From + 2H s and Converter
− +
Pitch Control − Control Model
Model
θ0 Pmo
Damp
Type 3 WTG Turbine One - mass Model

Theta 2  1 
=
When windspeed > rated windspeed, blade pitch initialized to θ 1 − 2 
0.75  VW 
ωt
ω0
−
Tmech 1 ∆ω ωt
÷
1
Σ Σ
1 t
Pmech + s States
2Ht
−
1 - TurbineSpeed
∆ω tg + ∆ω tg 2
Σ−
1 2 - ShaftAngle
Dshaft K
s
3 - GenSpeed
Telec + 1 ∆ωg ωg
Pgen ÷ − Σ 2H g
1
s 3
Σ 4 - GenDeltaAngle
+ ω0 1 4 H t =H×H tfrac
ωg s H g =H-H t
Type 3 WTG Turbine Two - mass Model π×Freq1)
2H t ×H g ×(2 2
K=
H
Governor WT3T1
Governor WT3T1
Mechanical System Model for Type 3 Wind Generator
Blade
Pitch
+
Σ π
+ −
Σ
From θ
Paero initial
K aero
WT3P1 Model +
−
Initial θ 1
Pitch 0 1 + State 1
Angle
+ +
− 1 ∆ω t
Σ Σ ωbase
1
+
Tmech 2Ht s
∆ω tg + + K shaft
Σ
2
Dshaft
− −
Σ s
Damp
+ − ∆ωg
+
Σ
1 3
ωbase
Tmech Σ− 2H g s
+
+ ωg 4
1
Σ ωbase
Rotor
Telec Angle
s Deviation
−
H t =H×H tfrac ω0 Initial rotor slip
H g =H-H t
π×Freq1)
2H t ×H g ×(2 2
K shaft =
H×ω0
Governor BBGOV1
European Governor Model BBGOV1

PELEC
SWITCH = 0
SWITCH ≠ 0
1
1 + sT1
PO
∆ω f cut +
− K LS −
PMAX
−  
Σ Σ
Speed 1 sK D
KS KP  
+ + 1 + sTD
 1 sTN 
f cut − +
K LS PMIN
1 KG
s K LS
Σ
1 + PMECH
1 − K2
1 + sT4
+ +
1 − K3
K2
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 + sT5
K3
1 + sT6
Governor IVOGO
IVO Governor Model IVOGO
REF
MAX 1 MAX 3
+ MAX 5
SPEED K1 ( A1 + sT1 ) K3 ( A3 + sT3 ) K5 ( A5 + sT5 )
− Σ A2 + sT2 A4 + sT4 A6 + sT6
PMECH
MIN 5
MIN1 MIN 3
1 2 3 4 5 6
Governor TURCZT
Czech Hydro and Steam Governor Model TURCZT

Frequency Bias
f MAX Power Regulator
BSFREQ +
Σ f DEAD
K KOR KP
− f MIN + Hydro Converter
−
YREG
+
Σ Σ Σ
NTREF
1 +
dFREF NTMAX
1 + sTEHP
− + Frequency Bias −
PELEC SBASE 1 1
KM
MBASE 1 + sTC sTI
K STAT
sDEAD
Measuring Transducer NTMIN
Governor
1 2 3 4 5 6
Steam Unit
HP Part K HP
+
Regulation Valves 1
Σ
1 PMECH
VMAX GMAX 1 + sTHP Reheater
KM
1 +
1 − K HP
SWITCH = 1 1 + sTR
YREG +
Σ
1 1
TU s
− SWITCH = 0
−
Σ
1 PMECH
VMIN GMIN 2
KM
+
1 Hydro Unit
3
1 + s TH 2
Turbine
Governor URCSCT
Combined Cycle on Single Shaft Model URCSCT
Plant
Output (Steam Turbine Rating,
( MW ) Steam & Gas Turbine Rating)
( STOUT C , POUT C )
( STOUT B, POUT B)
( STOUT A, POUT A)
Steam Turbine Output (MW)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Governor HYGOVM
Hydro Turbine-Governor Lumped Parameter Model HYGOVM
H SCH
(V ) SCHARE
QSCH SURGE
H LAKE CHAMBER
(V )
TUNNEL
TUNL / A, TUNLOS
SCHLOS
QTUN PENSTOCK
PENL / A, PENLOS
H BSCH
H TAIL
TURBINE (V )
QPEN
Hydro Turbine Governor Lumped Parameter Model

Governor HYGOVM

2
QPEN
π
At PENLOS
2
Gate + Q At
PEN
+
π
Relief Valve 2
÷
O2 O gv
INPUT + Σ − Σ + Σ s PENL A
H BSCH + −
OUTPUT
H BSCH QPEN
−
+
Σ
H TAIL
H LAKE
+ + Σ − Q 2TUN
H SCH
gv TUNLOS
SCHLOS gv
sTUNL A
sTUNL A
Q 2 SCH
π QSCH π
QTUN
Σ +
−
QPEN
1 2 3 4 5 6
LEGEND :
gv Gravitational acceleration At Turbine flow gain
TUNL/A Summation of length/cross section of tunnel O Gate + relief valve opening
SCHARE Surge chamber cross section HSCH Water level in surge chamber
PENLOS Penstock head loss coeficient QPEN Penstock flow
FSCH Surge chamber orifice head loss coeficient QTUN Tunnel flow
PENL/A Summation of length/cross section of penstock, QSCH Surge chamber flow
scroll case and draft tube
Hydro Turbine Governor Lumped Parameter Model

Governor HYGOVM

Jet Deflector MXJDOR
1
Σ
+ 1
Tg s Deflector
− Position
MXJDCR
Speed Governor 0.01 + Σ Gate Servo

GMAX + MXGTOR or
Speed MXBGOR
Reference −
1 1 + sTr + 1
Σ Σ
+ 1
1 + sT f rsTr Tg s Gate
− − Opening
GMIN MXGTCR or
R MXBGCR
−
RVLMAX
1 2 3 4 5 6
RVLVCR +
Σ
1
s Relief Valve
Relief Valve Opening
0
LEGEND :
R Permanent droop MXBGCR Maximum buffered gate closing opening
r Temporary droop GMAX Maximum gate limit
Tr Governor time constant GMIN Minimum gate limit
Tf Filter time constant RVLVCR Relief valve closing rate
Tg Servo time constant RVLMAX Maximum relief valve limit
MXGTOR Maximum gate opening rate MXJDOR Maximum jet deflector opening rate
MXGTCR Maximum gate closing rate MXJDCR Maximum jet deflector closing rate
MXBGOR Maximum buffered gate opening rate
Governor HYGOVT
Hydro Turbine-Governor Traveling Wave Model HYGOVT

H SCH
(V ) SCHARE
QSCH SURGE
H LAKE CHAMBER
(V )
TUNNEL SCHLOS
QTUN
H BSCH PENSTOCK
H TAIL
TURBINE (V )
QPEN
Time
TUNNEL
(TUNLGTH , TUNSPD, TUNARE , TUNLOS )
Tunnel Inlet
Constraint
Surge Chamber
Constraints


DELT * ICON ( M + 3) 

 Space



Flows VAR(L + 46 ) VAR(L + 45 + ICON(M + 2))= QTUN
Heads VAR(L +66 ) TUNLGTH / ( ICON ( M + 2) + 1) VAR(L +65 + ICON(M + 2))= H BSCH
Hydro Turbine Governor Traveling Wave Model

Governor HYGOVT
Surge Chamber
QTUN 1
+ Σ QSCH sSCHARE H SCH + Σ H BSCH
+
QPEN
π Q 2 SCH
SCHLOS
Time
PENSTOCK
( PENLGTH , PENSPD, PENARE , PENLOS )
Surge Chamber
Constraints
Turbine
Constraint


DELT * ICON ( M + 1) 

 Space



Flows VAR(L +6 ) = QPEN VAR(L + 55 + ICON(M))
Heads VAR(L + 26 ) = H BSCH PENLGTH / ( ICON ( M ) + 1) VAR(L + 25 + ICON(M))

Governor HYGOVT

Jet Deflector MXJDOR
1
Σ
+ 1
Tg s Deflector
− Position
MXJDCR
Speed Governor 0.01 + Σ Gate Servo

GMAX + MXGTOR or
Speed MXBGOR
Reference −
1 1 + sTr + 1
Σ Σ
+ 1
1 + sT f rsTr Tg s Gate
− − Opening
GMIN MXGTCR or
R MXBGCR
−
RVLMAX
RVLVCR +
Σ
1 2 3 4 5 6 1
s Relief Valve
Relief Valve Opening
LEGEND : 0
R Permanent droop MXBGCR Maximum buffered gate closing opening
r Temporary droop GMAX Maximum gate limit
Tr Governor time constant GMIN Minimum gate limit
Tf Filter time constant RVLVCR Relief valve closing rate
Tg Servo time constant RVLMAX Maximum relief valve limit
MXGTOR Maximum gate opening rate MXJDOR Maximum jet deflector opening rate
MXGTCR Maximum gate closing rate MXJDCR Maximum jet deflector closing rate
MXBGOR Maximum buffered gate opening rate
Governor TGOV4
Modified IEEE Type 1 Speed-Governor Model with PLU and EVA Model TGOV4
Generator Power sTREVA

EVA > Rate Y
1 + sTREVA Level
IV #1
TIV 1
AND
OR
− IV # 2
EVA > TIV 2
Σ Unbalance
Level
Y
Reheat Pressure
CV #1
TCV 1
Generator Current sTRPLU
PLU > Rate Timer Y
1 + sTRPLU Level CV # 2
TCV 2
AND LATCH
CV # 3
+ TCV 3
PLU >
−
Σ Unbalance
Level
Y
CV # 4
TCV 4
N
1 2 3 4 5 6 PLU and EVA Logic Diagram

Governor TWDM1T
Tail Water Depression Hydro Governor Model TWDM 1T

VELM OPEN GATE MAX
+ 1 1 1 1
N REF Σ 1 + sT f e 1 + sTr
rTr s c 1 + sTg g
−
Speed + Σ VELM CLOSE GATE MIN
+
÷ π h
−
Σ
1
sTW q
+
Σ π At +
Σ 1.0
PMECH
+ − −
1 qNL Dturb 0.
Tail Water Depression Model 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 Speed
∆f < F2
AND Trip Tail
OR Water
∆FREQ 1 Depression
s∆f < sF2 TF 2 LATCH
1 + sT ft ∆f
Measured Frequency
∆f < F1 TF 1 LATCH
Tail Water Depression Trip Model

Governor TWDM2T
Tail Water Depression Hydro Governor Model TWDM 2T

VELMX GATMX
TWD Lock MAX
∆ω
SPEED− 1 1 1 1
Σ s
+
+
Σ LOGIC
(1 + sTA )
2
1 + sTB s
+ +
Reg TWD Lock MIN Two VELMN GATMN
Trip
1 + sTREG KP
PREF
sK D
−
+
Σ
PELECT
÷ π h
−
Σ
1
sTW q
+
Σ π At +
Σ 1.0
PMECH
+ − −
1 qNL 0.
Dturb
Tail Water Depression Model 2
1 2 3 4 5 6
∆f < F2
AND Trip Tail
OR Water
∆FREQ 1 Depression
s∆f < sF2 TF 2 LATCH
1 + sT ft ∆f
Measured Frequency
∆f < F1 TF 1 LATCH
Tail Water Depression Trip Model

Governor SHAF25
25 Masses Torsional Shaft Governor Model SHAF25
State # State number containing delta speed

Var # Variable number containing electrical torque
Xd - Xdp Xd - X'd
Tdop T'do
Exciter # Exciter number
Gen # Generator number
H 1 to H 25 H of mass 1 to H of mass 25
PF 1 to PF 25 Power fraction of 1 to power fraction of 25
D 1 to D 25 D of mass 1 to D of mass 25
K 1-2 to K 24-25 K shaft mass 1-2 to K shaft 25-25

Governor HYGOVR
Fourth Order Lead-lag Governor and Hydro Turbine Model
HYGOVR
Pref
gmax
db1
+
Δω - CV
2 3 4 5 - 6
1
R
gmin
Pelec
10
Velop Pmax
db2
CV + GV
7 8
-
Velcl Pmin
Δω
π
States: 1 – Input Speed 5 – LL78 9 – Flow
2 – LL12 6 – Governor 10 – Pelec
3 – LL34 7 – Velocity Dturb
4 – LL56 8 – Gate
-
GV Pgv H - q + + Pmech
π π At
q/Pgv
+ 9 -
qn1
H0

Governor WT2T
Governor Model WT2T
H Inertia
Damp Damping factor
Htfrac Turbine inertia fraction
Freq1 First shaft torsional frequency
DShaft Shaft damping factor

Line Relays SERIESCAPRELAY
Line Relay Model SERIESCAPRELAY
Tfilter Voltage filter time constant in sec.

tbOn Switching time On in sec.
tbOff Switching time Off in sec.
V1On First voltage threshold for switching series capacitor ON in p.u.
t1On First time delay for switching series capacitor ON in sec.
V2On Second voltage threshold for switching series capacitor ON in p.u.
t2On Second time delay for switching series capacitor ON in sec.
V1Off First voltage threshold for switching series capacitor OFF in p.u.
t1Off First time delay for switching series capacitor OFF in sec.
V2Off Second voltage threshold for switching series capacitor OFF in p.u.
t2Off Second time delay for switching series capacitor OFF in sec.
Model supported by ???

Line Relays OOSLEN
Out-of-step relay with 3 zones OOSLEN
“Lens” “Tomato”
x x
Rf Rf
Alpha R Alpha R
Wl Wl
Rr Rr
Nf Nt Nfar

Line Relays TLIN1
Under-voltage or Under-frequency Relay Tripping Line Circuit Breaker(s) TLIN1
Time
t1
v1 Input
Nf Nt Nfar

Load Characteristic CIM5

Induction Motor Load Model
Type 1 Type 2
RA + jX A RA + jX A jX 1
jX 1 jX 2 jX 2
jX m jX m R1
R1 R2 s R2
s s s
Impedances on Motor MVA Base

Model Notes:
1. To model single cage motor: set R 2 = X 2 = 0.
2. When MBASE = 0.; motor MVA base = PMULT *MW load. When MBASE > 0.; motor MVA base = MBASE
3. Load Torque, TL = T(1+ Dω ) D
4. For motor starting, T=Tnom is specified by the user in CON(J+18). For motor online studies, T=T0 is calculated
in the code during initialization and stored in VAR(L+4).
5. V| is the per unit voltage level below which the relay to trip the motor will begin timing. To display relay, set
V| =0
6. T| is the time in cycles for which the voltage must remain below the threshold for the relay to trip. TB is the
breaker delay time cycles.


Type 1 Type 2
jX 1 jX 2 jX 2
jX m jX m R1
R1 R2 s R2
s s s

Model Notes:
3. Load Torque, TL = T ( Aω2 + Bω + C0 + DωE )
D
4. For motor starting, T=Tnom is specified by the user in CON(J+22). For motor online studies, T=T0 is calculated
in the code during initialization and stored in VAR(L+4).
V| =0

Load Characteristic CIMW
Load Characteristic CIMW

Type 1 Type 2
jX 1 jX 2 jX 2
jX m jX m R1
R1 R2 s R2
s s s

Model Notes:
3. Load Torque, TL = T ( Aω2 + Bω + C0 + DωE ) where C0=1 − Aω2 − Bω0 − DωE0 .
D
4. This model cannot be used formotor starting studies. T0 is calculated in the code during initialization and
stored in VAR(L+4).
V| =0

Load Characteristic CLOD
Load Characteristic CLOD

Complex Load Model
P + jQ
Tap
R + jX
PO
PO = Load MW input on system base
I I Constant P = PRO *V K P
MVA
Q = QRO *V 2
M M V V
Large Small Discharge Transformer Remaining
Motors Motors Motors Saturation Loads

Load Characteristic EXTL
Load Characteristic EXTL

Complex Load Model
Pinitial Qinitial
PMLTMX QMLTMX
+ +
π − Σ
1
Pinitial
KP
s
π − Σ
1
Qinitial
KQ
Pactual PMULT Qactual s QMULT
PMLTMN QMLTMN
States:
1 – PMULT
2 - QMULT
Load Characteristic IEEL
Load Characteristic IEEL

Complex Load Model
= ( )
P Pload a1v n1 + a2v n2 + a3v n3 (1 + a7 ∆f )
=Q Qload (a v
4
n4
)
+ a5v n5 + a6v n6 (1 + a8 ∆f )

Load Characteristic LDFR
Load Characteristic LDFR

Complex Load Model
m
ω 
P = PO  
 ωO 
n
ω 
Q = QO  
 ωO 
r
ω 
I p = I po  
 ωO 
s
ω 
I q = I qo  
 ωO 

Load Characteristic BPA INDUCTION MOTOR I
Load Characteristic BPA Induction MotorI

RS + jX S jX R
MECHANICAL
LOAD
jX m RR
R= T , EMWS
s
Model Notes:
Mechanical Load Torque, T = ( Aω 2 + Bω + C )TO
where C is calculated by the program such that
Aω 2 + Bω + C =
1.0
ω = 1− ω

Load Characteristic BPA TYPE LA
Load Characteristic BPA Type LA

Load Model
=P P0 ( PV
1
2
2 + P3 + P4 (1 + ∆f * LDP ) )
+ PV

Load Characteristic BPA TYPE LB
Load Characteristic BPA Type LB

Load Model
=P P0 ( PV
1
2
2 + P3 ) (1 + ∆f * LDP )
+ PV

Load Characteristic DLIGHT
Load Characteristic Model DLIGHT
Real Power Coefficient Real Power Coefficient

Reactive Power Coefficient Reactive Power Coefficient
Breakpoint Voltage Breakpoint Voltage
Extinction Voltage Extinction Voltage
Model supported by PW
Load Characteristic LD1PAC
Load Characteristic Model LD1PAC

Pul Fraction of constant power load Vc1off Voltage 1 contactor disconnect load in p.u.
TV Voltage input time in sec. Vc2off Voltage 2 contactor disconnect load in p.u.
Tf Frequency input time constant in sec. Vc1on Voltage 1 contactor re-connect load in p.u.
CompPF Compressor Power Factor Vc2on Voltage 2 contactor re-connect load in p.u.
Vstall Compressor Stalling Voltage in p.u. Tth Compressor heating time constant in sec.
Rstall Compressor Stall resistance in p.u. Th1t Compressor motors begin tripping
Xstall Compressor Stall impedance in p.u. Th2t Compressor motors finished tripping
Tstall Compressor Stall delay time in sec. fuvr Fraction of compressor motors with
LFadj Vstall adjustment proportional lo loading undervoltage relays
factor uvtr1 to uvtr2 Undervoltage pickup level in p.u.
KP1 to KP2 Real power coefficient for running states, ttr1 to ttr2 Undervoltage definite time in sec.
p.u.P/p.u.V
NP1 to NP2 Real power exponent for running states
KQ1 to KQ2 Reactive power coefficient for running
states, p.u.Q/p.u.
NQ1 to NQ2 Reactive power exponent for running states
Vbrk Compressor motor breakdown voltage in
p.u
Frst Restarting motor fraction
Vrst Restart motor voltage in p.u.
Trst Restarting time delay in sec.
CmpKpf Real power frequency sensitivity,
p.u.P/p.u.
CmpKqf Reactive power frequency sensitivity,
p.u.Q/p.u.

Load Characteristic WSCC
Load Characteristic Model WSCC
p1 Constant impedance fraction in p.u.

q1 Constant impedance fraction in p.u.
p2 Constant current fraction in p.u.
q2 Constant current fraction in p.u.
p3 Constant power fraction in p.u.
q3 Constant power fraction in p.u.
p4 Frequency dependent power fraction in p.u.
q4 Frequency dependent power fraction in p.u.
lpd Real power frequency index in p.u.
lqd Reactive power frequency index in p.u.

Load Characteristic CMPLD
Composite Load Model CMPLD
Vsec_measured Vsec_init
Discrete Tap
Change Control
Polynomial load
V4 Vsec V3 Pfar + jQfar
r4 x4
i4 isec 2nd motor
Polynomial load 1st motor

Psec + jQsec

Load Characteristic CMPLDW
Composite Load Model CMPLDW
Substation
System bus Load

(230, 115, 69 – kV) Bus
Low-side Feeder
R.X.
M Motor A
LTC
M Motor B
Bss Bf1 Bf2
M Motor C
M Motor D
Electronic Load Static Load

Load Characteristic MOTORW
Two-cage or One-cage Induction Machine for Part of a Bus Load Model MOTORW
E'q - + E''q
- 1 1 1 1
�⬚ + + �⬚
+ �⬚
�⬚
𝑇𝑝𝑝 𝑠 𝑇𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑠 d-axis
- - +
ωo SLIP TPO Lp-Lpp

ωo SLIP
+ id
�⬚ Ls-Lp
+
ωo SLIP TPO ωo SLIP
-
1 E'd - E''d
+ 1 1 + 1
�⬚ + �⬚ + �⬚ �⬚
𝑇𝑝𝑝 𝑠 𝑇𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑠 q-axis
- + +
Lp-Lpp
+ Iq
�⬚ Ls-Lp
-

Load Relays DLSH
Rate of Frequency Load Shedding Model DLSH
f1 to f3 Frequency load shedding point

t1 to t3 Pickup time
Frac1 to frac3 Fraction of load to shed
tb Breaker time
df1 to df3 Rate of frequency shedding point

Load Relays LDS3
Underfrequency Load Shedding Model with Transfer Trip LDS3
Tran Trip Obj Transfer Trip Object

SC Shed Shunts
tb1 to tb5 Breaker time
ttb Transfer trip breaker time

Load Relays LDSH
Underfrequency Load Shedding Model LDSH

frac1 to frac3 Fraction of load to shed
tb Breaker time

Load Relays LDST
Time Underfrequency Load Shedding Model LDST

z1 to z4 Nominal operating time
tb Breaker time
frac Fraction of load to shed
freset Reset frequency
tres Resetting time

Load Relays LSDT1
Definite-Time Underfrequency Load Shedding Relay Model LSDT1
Tfilter Input transducer time constant

tres Resetting time
Bus Frequency Definite Time

Shed (p.u.)
Characteristic

Load Relays LSDT2
Definite-Time Undervoltage Load Shedding Relay Model LSDT2
Rem Bus Remote Bus

Voltage Mode Voltage mode: 0 for deviation; 1 for absolute
tres Resetting time
v1 to v3 Voltage load shedding point

Shed (p.u.)
Characteristic

Load Relays LSDT8
Definite-Time Underfrequency Load Shedding Relay Model LSDT8

tres Resetting time
df1 to df3 Rate of frequency shedding point

Shed (p.u.)
Characteristic

Load Relays LSDT9
Definite Time Underfrequency Load Shedding Relay Model LSDT9

tres Resetting time

Shed (p.u.)
Characteristic

Load Relays LVS3
Undervoltage Load Shedding Model with Transfer Trip LVS3
FirstTran Trip Obj First Transfer Trip Object

SecondTran Trip Obj First Transfer Trip Object
SC Shed Shunts
ttb1 to ttb2 Transfer trip breaker time

Load Relays LVSH
Undervoltage Load Shedding Model LVSH

tb Breaker time

Machine Model CBEST
EPRI Battery Energy Storage Model CBEST
PINIT
PMAX IACMAXVAC
+ POUT
PAUX 1 + PAC 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
�⬚ 1 1
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
-PMAX - IACMAXVAC
POUT > 0 𝑂𝑈𝑈 𝐸𝐹𝐹 States:

5
𝑠 1 – VLL1
+ 2 – VLL2
POUT EOUT 3 – IQ
�⬚
4 – EnergyIn
𝐼𝑁𝑁 𝐸𝐹𝐹 + 5 - EnergyOut
4
POUT < 0 𝑠
VREF VMAX IQMAX

ECOMP
+ IQ
- POUT
(1 + 𝑠𝑇1 )(1 + 𝑠𝑇1 ) 𝐾𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
�⬚
(1 + 𝑠𝑇3 )(1 + 𝑠𝑇4 ) π
+ 𝑠 3 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
- 1 2
VOTHSG VMIN
-IQMAX 𝑃𝐴𝐴 2
𝐼𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 = �𝐼𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
2
−� �
DROOP 𝑉𝐴𝐴

Machine Model CIMTR1
Induction Generator Model CIMTR1
Tp T' - Transient rotor time constant

Tpp T'' – Sub-transient rotor time constant in sec.
H Inertia constant in sec.
X Synchronous reactance
Xp X' – Transient Reactance
Xpp X'' – Sub-transient Reactance
Xl Stator leakage reactance in p.u.
E1 Field voltage value E1
SE1 Saturation value at E1
Switch Switch
Ra Stator resistance in p.u.
States:
1 – Epr
2 – Epi
3 – Ekr
4 – Eki
5 – Speed wr

Induction Motor Model CIMTR2

D Damping
States:
1 – Epr
2 – Epi
3 – Ekr
4 – Eki
5 – Speed wr

Induction Generator Model CIMTR3

Switch Switch
SYN-POW Mechanical power at synchronous speed (p.u. > 0)
States:
1 – Epr
2 – Epi
3 – Ekr
4 – Eki
5 – Speed wr

Induction Motor Model CIMTR4

D Damping
SYN-TOR Synchronous torque (p.u. < 0)
States:
1 – Epr
2 – Epi
3 – Ekr
4 – Eki
5 – Speed wr

Machine Model CSTATT
Static Condenser (STATCON) Model CSTATT
VREF VMAX Limit Max

|V| + VAR(L)
- 1
(1 + 𝑠𝑇1 )(1 + 𝑠𝑇1 ) 𝐾 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
�⬚ �⬚
+ (1 + 𝑠𝑇3 )(1 + 𝑠𝑇4 ) 𝑠 3+ 𝑋𝑡 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 ISTATC
- 1 2 -
VAR(L+1)
VOTHSG VMIN ET
Limit Min
DROOP
Limit Max = VT + XTICMAX0

Limit Min = VT + XTILMAX0 States:
Limit Max ≤ Elimit 1 – Regulator 1
Where: 2 – Regulator 2
ICMAX0 = ICMAX when VT ≥VCUTOUT 3 – Thyristor
𝐼𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ∙ 𝑉𝑇
𝐼𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶0 = otherwise
𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
ILMAX0 = ILMAX when VT ≥VCUTOUT
𝐼𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ∙ 𝑉𝑇
𝐼𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿0 = otherwise
𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
Note: |V| is the voltage magnitude on the high side of generator step-up transformer, if present.

Machine Model GENCLS_PLAYBACK
Machine Model GENCLS_PLAYBACK

Synchronous machine represented by “classical” modeling or
Thevenin Voltage Source to play Back known
voltage/frequency signal
Responding
System
Recorded Z ab = 0.03
Voltage on 100 MVA base
A B
States:
1 – Angel Responding
2 – Speed w
I ppd System
gencls
B
Responding
System
I ppd Z ab = 0.03
gencls on 100 MVA base
A B

Machine Model GENDCO
Round Rotor Generator Model Including DC Offset Torque

Component GENDCO

D Damping
Xd Xd – Direct axis synchronous reactance
Xq Xq – Quadrature axis synchronous reactance
Xdp X'd – Direct axis synchronous reactance
Xqp X'q – Quadrature axis synchronous reactance
Tdop T'do – Open circuit direct axis transient time constant
Tqop T'qo – Quadrature axis transient time constant
Tdopp T''do – Open circuit direct axis subtransient time constant
Tqopp T''qo – Quadrature axis subtransient time constant
S(1.0) Saturation factor at 1.0 p.u. flux
Ta Ta

Machine Model GEPWTwoAxis
Model GENPWTwoAxis

D Damping
States:
1 – Angel
2 – Speed w
3 – Eqp
4 – Edp
Model supported by PW
Machine Model GENIND
Two Cage or One Cage Induction Generator Model GENIND
ψdr2 ωo SLIP
-
Ψqr2
𝜔𝑜 ∙ 𝑅𝑟2 1
+ �⬚ �⬚
𝐿𝑙𝑙2 + 𝐿𝑙𝑙2
-
ψdr1 ωo SLIP
- +
Ψqr1 -E''d = ψ'q
+ �⬚ �⬚ �⬚ L''m sat
𝐿𝑙𝑙1 + 𝐿𝑙𝑙1 +
+
States: -
1 – Epr Ψmq iqs
�⬚ L''m sat
2 – Epi -
3 – Ekr Se Ksat = 1 + Se(ψm) 1
𝐿′′𝑚 𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
4 – Eki �ψ2𝑚𝑚 + ψ2𝑚𝑚 𝐾𝑠𝑠𝑠 ⁄𝐿𝑚 + 1⁄𝐿𝑙𝑙1 + 1⁄𝐿𝑙𝑙2
5 – Speed wr Ψm Ψmd
- L''m sat
�⬚
Ψqr1 ωo SLIP ids
+ +
Ψdr1
+ �⬚ �⬚ �⬚ L''m sat
𝐿𝑙𝑙1 + 𝐿𝑙𝑙1 + E''q = ψ'd
-
+
𝐿𝑚 = 𝐿𝑠 − 𝐿𝑙
Ψqr2 ωo SLIP 𝐿′𝑚 = 1/(1/𝐿𝑚 + 1/𝐿𝑙𝑙1 ) = 𝐿′ − 𝐿𝑙
+ 𝐿′′𝑚 = 1/(1/𝐿𝑚 + 1/𝐿𝑙𝑙1 + 1/𝐿𝑙𝑙2 )
Ψdr2
𝜔𝑜 ∙ 𝑅𝑟2 1 = 𝐿′′ − 𝐿𝑙
+ �⬚ �⬚
𝐿𝑙𝑙2 + 𝐿𝑙𝑙2 𝑇𝑜 = 𝐿𝑙𝑙1 ∙ 𝐿𝑚 /(𝜔𝑜 ∙ 𝑅𝑟1 ∙ 𝐿′𝑚 )
′
- = (𝐿𝑙𝑙1 + 𝐿𝑚 )/(𝜔𝑜 ∙ 𝑅𝑟1 )

𝑇𝑜′′ = 𝐿𝑙𝑙2 ∙ 𝐿′𝑚 /(𝜔𝑜 ∙ 𝑅𝑟2 ∙ 𝐿′′𝑚 )
= (𝐿𝑙𝑙2 + 𝐿′𝑚 )/(𝜔𝑜 ∙ 𝑅𝑟2 )
Machine Model GENROE
Round Rotor Generator Model GENROE

D Damping factor in p.u.
States: Xdpp X''d – Direct axis subtransient reactacne
1 – Angle Xl Stator leakage reactance in p.u.
2 – Speed w
3 – Eqp
4 – PsiDp
5 – PsiQpp
Tdopp T''do – Open circuit direct axis subtransient time constant
6 – Edp Tqopp T''qo – Quadrature axis subtransient time constant
Rcomp Compensating resistance for voltage control in p.u.
Xcomp Compensating reactance for voltage control in p.u.

Machine Model GENSAE
Salient Pole Generator Model GENSAE

D D
States:
1 – Angle Xdpp X''d – Direct axis subtransient reactacne
2 – Speed w Xl Stator leakage reactance in p.u.
3 – Eqp Tdop T'do – Open circuit direct axis transient time constant
4 – PsiDp Tqop T'qo – Quadrature axis transient time constant
5 – PsiQpp Tdopp T''do – Open circuit direct axis subtransient time constant
Tqopp T''qo – Quadrature axis subtransient time constant
Rcomp Compensating resistance for voltage control in p.u.
Xcomp Compensating reactance for voltage control in p.u.

Machine Model GENTPJ
Generator Represented by Uniform Inductance Ratios Rotor

Modeling to Match WSCC Type F Model GENTPJ
𝐿𝑑 − 𝐿′𝑑
Se
𝐿′𝑑 − 𝐿′′𝑑
+ -
Efd E'q E''q φ''d
1 + 1
�⬚ ′
Se �⬚
𝑠𝑇𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑇′′𝑑𝑑
+
- -
𝐿𝑑 − 𝐿′′𝑑 𝐿′𝑑 − 𝐿′′𝑑

𝐿′𝑑 − 𝐿′′𝑑 id
𝑆𝑒 = 1 + 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓�𝜑𝑎𝑎 + 𝐾𝑖𝑖 ∙ 𝐼𝑡 ∙ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑖𝑑 )�
Q – Axis similar except: States:

1 – Angle
𝐿𝑞 2 – Spped w
𝑆𝑒 = 1 + 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓�𝜑𝑎𝑎 + 𝐾𝑖𝑖 ∙ 𝐼𝑡 ∙ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑖𝑑 )� 3 – Eqp
𝐿𝑑 4 – Eqpp
5 – Edp
6 – Edpp

Machine Model STCON
Static Synchronous Condenser Model STCON

Xt Vt∠ ∥θ qset
+
iterm 6 𝐾𝑖𝑖 qterm
Vint∠ ∥θ iterm, qterm �⬚
𝑠 -
pterm = 0 3
UMAX = S2
R Kp
|iterm| + + UMAX
1 Vint
+ 1 - VMAX
1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑓 �⬚ �⬚ + �⬚ π
5 Vctr 1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑓 UMIN
1
+ + 𝐾𝑖
4
UMIN = S3
If qterm ≥ 0 Vref Vsig 𝑠 2
+
𝐾𝑖𝑖 5 >I
If S4 max
VMIN
5 - �⬚
𝑠
3
𝐾𝑖𝑖 𝐾𝑖𝑖
+ If S4
5 < (I - Imxeps) + �⬚ 4
�⬚ States:
Vmax 𝑠 max 𝑠
and Vmin 1 – Vsens
- -
vterm > vthresh 2 – Integrator
3 – Umax
If qterm ≤ 0 4 – Umin
+ 5 – ItermSens
𝐾𝑖𝑖
𝐾𝑖𝑖 If S4
5 >I
max + �⬚ 6 – Qerr
5 - �⬚ 𝑠 3
𝑠 Vmax
-
4
𝐾𝑖𝑖 If S4
5 < (Imax - Imxeps)
+ �⬚
Vmin 𝑠 and
- vterm > vthresh
Static Var Device Model SVCWSC

Voltage Clamp Logic
If Vbus < V1vd, Kvc = 0.
If Vbus > V2vd for Tdvcl sec., Kvc = 1.
V1MAX Kvc·V2MAX BMAX

VeMAX
Vbus + 1 + 𝑠𝑇𝐶 1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑠2 1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑠4 Fast 1 Bsvs
�⬚ - �⬚ �⬚ KSVS Over
1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑠1 + 1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑠3 𝑏 + 𝑠𝑇𝑠5 1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑠6
Ride
- + + VeMIN
1 V1MIN 2 Kvc·V2MIN 3 BMIN
XC Vref 4
Vscs + Vs
Vs (from external PSS)
Input 1 𝐾𝑠1 1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑠8

1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑠7 5 1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑠9 + VscsMAX
6 𝑠𝑠𝑠13
�⬚ KS3 Vscs
1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑠14 States:
Input 2 𝐾𝑠2 1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑠11 + 9 VscsMIN 1 – LLVbus
2 – Regulator1
1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑠10 1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑠12
8 3 – Regulator2
7 4 – Thyristor
5 – Transducer1
6 – LL1
7 – Transducer2
8 - LL2
9 – WO13
Machine Model VWSCC
Static Var Device Model VWSCC
BMAX
VeMAX
Vbus + 1 + 𝑠𝑇𝐶 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑇𝑠2 1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑠4 Fast 1 Bsvs
�⬚ - �⬚ �⬚ e-sTd1 KSVS Over
1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑠1 + 𝐵 + 𝑠𝑇𝑠3 1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑠5 1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑠6
Ride
- + + VeMIN
1 Vref 2 3 BMIN 4
XC Vscs
(from Stabilizer)
States:
1 – LLVBus
2 – Regulator1
3 – Regulator2
4 – Thyristor

Machine Model WT1G
Generator Model for Generic Type-1 Wind Turbines WT1G
States:
ψdr2 ωo SLIP 1 – Epr
- 2 – Epi
Ψqr2
𝜔𝑜 ∙ 𝑅𝑟2 1 3 – Ekr
+ �⬚ �⬚
𝐿𝑙𝑙2 + 𝐿𝑙𝑙2 4 – Eki
-
ψdr1 ωo SLIP
- +
Ψqr1 -E''d = ψ'q
+ �⬚ �⬚ �⬚ L''m sat
𝐿𝑙𝑙1 + 𝐿𝑙𝑙1 +
+
-
Ψmq iqs
�⬚ L''m sat
-
Se Ksat = 1 + Se(ψm) 1
𝐿′′𝑚 𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
�ψ2𝑚𝑚 + ψ2𝑚𝑚 𝐾𝑠𝑠𝑠 ⁄𝐿𝑚 + 1⁄𝐿𝑙𝑙1 + 1⁄𝐿𝑙𝑙2
Ψm Ψmd
- L''m sat
�⬚
Ψqr1 ωo SLIP ids
+ +
Ψdr1
+ �⬚ �⬚ �⬚ L''m sat
𝐿𝑙𝑙1 + 𝐿𝑙𝑙1 + E''q = ψ'd
-
+
𝐿𝑚 = 𝐿𝑠 − 𝐿𝑙
Ψqr2 ωo SLIP 𝐿′𝑚 = 1/(1/𝐿𝑚 + 1/𝐿𝑙𝑙1 ) = 𝐿′ − 𝐿𝑙
+ 𝐿′′𝑚 = 1/(1/𝐿𝑚 + 1/𝐿𝑙𝑙1 + 1/𝐿𝑙𝑙2 )
Ψdr2
𝜔𝑜 ∙ 𝑅𝑟2 1 = 𝐿′′ − 𝐿𝑙
+ �⬚ �⬚
𝐿𝑙𝑙2 + 𝐿𝑙𝑙2 𝑇𝑜 = 𝐿𝑙𝑙1 ∙ 𝐿𝑚 /(𝜔𝑜 ∙ 𝑅𝑟1 ∙ 𝐿′𝑚 )
′
- = (𝐿𝑙𝑙1 + 𝐿𝑚 )/(𝜔𝑜 ∙ 𝑅𝑟1 )

𝑇𝑜′′ = 𝐿𝑙𝑙2 ∙ 𝐿′𝑚 /(𝜔𝑜 ∙ 𝑅𝑟2 ∙ 𝐿′′𝑚 )
= (𝐿𝑙𝑙2 + 𝐿′𝑚 )/(𝜔𝑜 ∙ 𝑅𝑟2 )
Machine Model WT1G1
Direct Connected Type 1 Generator Model WT1G1
Tpo T' – Open circuit transient rotor time constant

Tppo T'' – Open circuit sub-transient rotor time constant in sec.
Ls Synchronous reactance
Lp L' – Transient Reactance
Lpp L'' – Sub-transient Reactance
Ll Stator leakage reactance (p.u. > 0)
States:
1 – Epr
2 – Epi
3 – Ekr
4 – Eki

Machine Model WT2G
Model WT2G
Ls Synchronous reactance, (p.u. > 0)

Lp Transient reactance, (p.u. > 0)
Ll Stator leakage reactance, (p.u. > 0)
Tpo Transient rotor time constant in sec.
spdrot Initial electrical rotor speed, p.u. of system frequency
Accel Factor Acceleration factor
States:
1 – Epr
2 – Epi
3 – Ekr
4 – Eki

Machine Model WT2G1
Induction Generator with Controlled External Rotor Resistor Type 2

Model WT2G1
Xa Stator reactance
Xm Magnetizing reactance
X1 Rotor reactance
R_Rot_Mach Rotor resistance
R_Rot_Max Sum of R_Rot_Mach and total external resistance
Power_Ref1 to Power_Ref_5 Coordinate pairs of the power-slip curve
Slip_1 to Slip_5 Power-Slip
States:
1 – Epr
2 – Epi
3 – Ekr
4 – Eki

Machine Model WT3G
Generator/converter Model for Type-3 (Double-Fed) Wind Turbines WT3G
E''q ̅
𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
E''q cmd 1 −1 IYinj
(efd) 1 + 0.02𝑠 𝑋′′
From 1 T
exwtge
IP cmd 1 IP Low Voltage IXinj

Active Current
(ladifd) 1 + 0.02𝑠 Regulation
From
2
exwtge
Vterm∠ θ
3
jX''
States:
1 – Eq
2 – Ip
3 – Vmeas

Machine Model WT3G1
Double-Fed Induction Generator (Type 3) Model WT3G1
Eq ̅
Eq cmd 1 −1 IYinj
(efd) 1 + 0.02𝑠 𝑋𝑒𝑒
From 1 T
Converter
States:
Control
1 – Eq
2 – Iq IP cmd 1 IP IXinj
3 – Vmeas
1 + 0.02𝑠
4 – PLL1
5 – Delta 2 Pllmax Vterm∠ θ
𝐾𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 4
𝑠
jX''
-Pllmax
+ Pllma
VY 𝐾𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝜔𝑜 5
δ
� 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑉 + �⬚
𝑠
T
-1 𝜔𝑜
3 -Pllmax
VX
Notes: 1. 𝑉�𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 and 𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

̅ are complex values on network reference frame.
2. In steady-state, VY = 0, VX = Vterm, and δ = θ.
3. Xeq = Imaginary (ZSOURCE)

Machine Model WT3G2
Double-Fed Induction Generator (Type 3) Model WT3G2
1 −1
High Voltage ̅
WEPCMD Reactive Current
1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑋𝑒𝑒 Logic
1
T
Rip_LVPL LVPL Low Voltage
WIPCMD + 1 Reactive Current
�⬚
𝑠𝑇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 Logic
2
-
LVPL
1 VT
GLVPL
1 + 𝑠𝑇_𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
LVPL
V
VLVPL1 VLVPL2
PLLMAX
𝐾𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 4 States:
𝑠 1 – Eq
+ PLLMAX 2 – Iq
VY PLLMIN
𝐾𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝜔𝑜 5 3 – Vmeas
VT + �⬚ 4 – PLL1
3 -1 𝜔𝑜 𝑠
T 5 – Delta
PLLMIN
VX
Angle of VT
Model supported by PSEE If KPLL = 0 and KIPLL = 0
Machine Model WT4G1
Wind Generator Model with Power Converter WT4G1

States:
1 – Eq
2 – Iq
3 – Vmeas 1
High Voltage ̅
WEPCMD Reactive Current
1 + 𝑠𝑇𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 1 Logic
Rip_LVPL LVPL Low Voltage

WIPCMD + 1 Reactive Current
�⬚
𝑠𝑇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 Logic
- 2
LVPL
1 VT
GLVPL
1 + 𝑠𝑇_𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 3
LVPL
V
VLVPL1 VLVPL2

Machine Model WT4G
Model WT4G
Tiqcmd Q command time constant

Tipcmd P command time constant
VLVPL1 Low voltage regulation breakpoints
VLVPL2 Low voltage regulation breakpoints
GLVLP Low voltage regulation breakpoints
VHVRCR High Voltage limit in p.u.
CurHVRCR High voltage reactive current limit
RIP_LVPL Maximum Ip rate in p.u.
T_LVLP Voltage sensor time constant
States:
1 – Eq
2 – Ip
3 – Vmeas

Stabilizer BPA SF, BPA SP, BPA SS, and BPA SG
Stabilizer BPA SF, BPA SP, BPA SS, and BPA SG

Stabilizer Models
 K QV 2
 VT =VTO − VT
 1+sTQV
 3 4 5 6
 − ' ' '
CHOICE OF  sTQ 1+sT 1+sT 1+sT
INPUT SIGNALS
e ts K QS + Σ 1+sTQ1
Q1 Q2
1+sTQ2
Q3
1+sTQ3
 +
1+sTQ

 SHAFT SLIP, K QS
 ∆ FREQ. OR
 ACCEL. POWER 1+sTQS ∆VT
 1
If VCUTOFF ≤ 0.0, then VS =VS' VSMAX

If VCUTOFF >0.0, then
VS'
VS =V if ∆VT ≤ VCUTOFF
'
S
VST
VS =0.0 if ∆VT >VCUTOFF

States ∆VT =VTO − VT VSMIN
1 - K QS ZERO
2 - K QV
3 - TQ
4 - TQ1
5 - TQ2
6 - TQ3
Stabilizer BPA SH, BPA SHPLUS, and BPA SI
Stabilizer BPA SH, BPA SHPLUS, and BPA SI

Stabilizer Models

Stabilizer IEE2ST
Stabilizer IEE2ST
IEEE Stabilizing Model with Dual-Input Signals
K1 1
Input Signal #1
1+sT1
3 4 5
+
sT3 1+sT5 1+sT7
Σ 1+sT4 1+sT6 1+sT8
+
K2 2
Input Signal #2
1+sT2
Output Limiter
LSMAX
VS = VSS if (VCU > VCT > VCL )
1+sT9 6
VS = 0 if (VCT < VCL ) VST
1+sT10 VSS
VS = 0 if (VCT > VCU )
LSMIN
States
1 - Transducer1
2 - Transducer2
3 - Washout
4 - LL1
5 - LL2
6 - Unlimited Signal
Stabilizer IEEEST
Stabilizer IEEEST
IEEE Stabilizing Model
Filter
1+A 5s+A 6s 2 1+sT1 1+sT3
Input Signal
(1+A1s+A 2s 2 )(1+A 3s+A 4s 2 ) 1+sT2 1+sT4
5 6
1 2 3 4
Output Limiter
LSMAX
VS = VSS if (VCU > VCT > VCL )
sT5 7
KS VS = 0 if (VCT < VCL ) VST
1+sT6 VSS
VS = 0 if (VCT > VCU )
LSMIN
States
1 - Filter 1
2 - Filter 2
3 - Filter 3
4 - Filter Out
5 - LL1
6 - LL2
Model supported by PSLF with time delay that is not implemented in Simulator
Stabilizer PFQRG
Stabilizer PFQRG
Power-Sensitive Stabilizing Unit
Reactive
Power
J=1 MAX To Voltage

+ 1
Regulator
KI
Σ KP +
s
VST
+
J=0 Supplementary
-MAX Signal
Reference Signal,
Power Reactive power or
Factor Power Factor
States
1 - PI
Stabilizer PSS1A
Stabilizer PSS1A
Single-Input Stabilizer Model
Filter
1 sT5 1
Input Signal KS
1 + sT6 1+sT6 1 + A1 s+A2 s 2
Output Limiter
LSMAX If (Vcu and (Vct > Vcu))
VST = 0.0
1+sT1 1+sT3 Vllout If (Vcl and (Vct < Vcu)) VST
1+sT2 1+sT4 VST = 0.0
LSMIN Else
VST = Vllout
Model supported by PSLF with time delay that is not implemented in Simulator
Stabilizer PSS2A
Stabilizer PSS2A
IEEE Dual-Input Stabilizer Model
1 2 3 7 8
Input Signal #1 sTW1 sTW2 1  1+sT8 
N
+ 1+sT1 1+sT3
1+sTW1 1+sTW2 1+sT6
+
Σ  M  Σ K S1
1+sT2 1+sT4
+  (1+sT9 )  −
9 − 18
K S3 K S4 VSTMAX
A+sTA 19
4 5 6
1+sTB VST
Input Signal #2 sTW3 sTW4 K S2
VSTMIN
1+sTW3 1+sTW4 1+sT7
States
1 - WOTW1 11 - RampFilter3
3 - Transducer1 13 - RampFilter5
7 - LL1 17 - RampFilter9
9 - RampFilter1 19 - LLGEOnly
10 - RampFilter2
Model supported by PSSE without TA ,TB lead/lag block and with K S4 = 1
Stabilizer PSS2B
Stabilizer PSS2B
IEEE Dual-Input Stabilizer Model
1 2 3 7 8 20
VS1MAX
N
VS1 sTW1 sTW2 1 +  1+sT8  + 1+sT1 1+sT3 1+sT10
1+sTW1 Σ  M  Σ K S1
1+sT2 1+sT4 1+sT11
1+sTW2 1+sT6  (1+sT9 )  −
+
VS1MIN 9 − 18
K S3 K S4 VSTMAX
A+sTA 19
VS2MAX 4 5 6
1+sTB VST
VS2 sTW3 sTW4 K S2
1+sTW3 1+sTW4 1+sT7 VSTMIN
VS2MIN
States
9 - RampFilter1 19 - LLGEOnly
10 - RampFilter2 20 - LL3
Model supported by PSSE without TA ,TB lead/lag block and with K S4 = 1
Stabilizer PSSSB
Stabilizer PSSSB
IEEE PSS2A Dual-Input Stabilizer Plus Voltage Boost Signal
Transient Stabilizer and Vcutoff
1 2 3 7 8
N +
Input 1 sTW1 sTW2 1 +  1+sT8  1+sT1 1+sT3 ΔVT =VT0 -VT
1+sTW1 1+sTW2 1+sT6 Σ  M  Σ K S1
1+sT2 1+sT4
+  (1+sT9 )  − VSTMAX
9 − 18 ΔVT >Vcutoff
K S3 K S4
0
4 5 6
VSTMIN
+
K S2 ≤0
Σ
Input 2 sTW3 sTW4
VST
1+sTW3 1+sTW4 1+sT7 +
19 20 Vcutoff
Vtl
States
1 sTd2
1 - WOTW1 11 - RampFilter3 1+sTd1 1+sTd2
0
3 - Transducer1 13 - RampFilter5 0
1
4 - WOTW3 14 - RampFilter6 VK
Sw1
9 - RampFilter1 19 - TransducerTEB
10 - RampFilter2 20 - WOTEB
Stabilizer PTIST1
Stabilizer PTIST1
PTI Microprocessor-Based Stabilizer
+ Tap +
Δω +
π
Ms P'M K(1+sT1 )(1+sT3 ) −
1+sTF Σ Σ (1+sT2 )(1 + sT4 )
Selection Σ VST
+ − Table
Et
1
Pe on machine MVA base
1+sTP

Stabilizer PTIST3
Stabilizer PTIST3
PTI Microprocessor-Based Stabilizer
Δω Ms + P'M + K(1+sT1 )(1+sT3 ) 1+sT5 (A 0 +A1s+A 2s 2 )(A 3 +A 4s+A 5s 2 )

1+sTF Σ Σ (1+sT2 )(1 + sT4 ) 1+sT6 (B0 +B1s+B2s 2 )(B3 +B4s+B5s 2 )
+ −
1
Pe on machine MVA base
1+sTP
1 Et
DL
Tap +
Switch = 0
Selection −
Σ π
Table
− DL
Averaging Limit VST
Function Function AL
Switch = 1
− AL

Stabilizer ST2CUT
Stabilizer ST2CUT
Stabilizing Model with Dual-Input Signals
1
Input Signal #1 K1
1+sT1
3 4 5 6
+
sT3 1+sT5 1+sT7 1+sT9
Σ 1+sT4 1+sT6 1+sT8 1+sT10
+
Input Signal #2 K2
1+sT2
2 Output Limiter
LSMAX
VS = VSS if (VCU +VTO >VT >VCL +VTO )
VS = 0 if (VT < VTO +VCL ) VST
VSS
LSMIN VS = 0 if (VCT > VTO +VCU )
VTO = initial terminal voltage

VT = terminal voltage
States
1 - Transducer1
2 - Transducer2
3 - Washout
4 - LL1
5 - LL2
Stabilizer STAB1
Stabilizer STAB1
Speed-Sensitive Stabilizing Model
H LIM
1 1+sT1 2 1+sT2 3
Ks
Speed (pu) VST
1+sT 1+sT3 1+sT4
-H LIM
States
1 - Washout
2 - Lead-lag 1
3 - Lead-lag 2
Stabilizer STAB2A
Stabilizer STAB2A
K3 4
1+sT3 H LIM
+ 2
 K5 
3
 K sT 
Pe on machine − 2 2  Σ   VST
MVA base  1+sT2  + 1+sT5 
− -H LIM
1 − 3 K4 5 6
States
1 - Input State 1
2 - Input State 2
3 - Input State 3
4 - T3
5 - Output State 1
6 - Output State 2
Stabilizer STAB3
Stabilizer STAB3
Pref
VLIM
1 −
1 1 2 -sK X 3
Pe on machine
MVA base 1+sTt +
Σ 1+sTX1 1+sTX2
VST
-VLIM
States
1 - Int Tt
2 - Int TX1
Stabilizer STAB4
Stabilizer STAB4
Power-Sensitive Stabilizer
Pref 3
2 4 5 6
L2
−
1 1 sK X 1+sTa 1+sTb 1 1
Pe on machine
MVA base 1+sTt +
Σ 1+sTX2 1+sTX1 1+sTc 1+sTd 1+sTe
VST
L1
States
1 - Input
2 - Reset
3 - LL1
4 - LL2
5 - Td
Stabilizer STBSVC
Stabilizer STBSVC
WECC Supplementary Signal for Static var Compensator
1 2
Input Signal #1 K S1 1+sTS8

1+sTS7 1+sTS9
5 VSCS
+
sTS13
Σ K S3
1+sTS14
K S3 VST
+
3 4 -VSCS
Input Signal #2 K S2 1+sTS11
1+sTS10 1+sTS12
States
1 - Transducer1
2 - LL1
3 - Transducer2
4 - LL2
5 - Washout
Stabilizer WSCCST
Stabilizer WSCCST
WSCC Power System Stabilizer
VT0
States
−
VT +
K qv 1 1 - Transducer1
Σ 1+sTqv 2 - Transducer2
3 - WashoutTq
+
k 1 sT2 Vs' 4 - LL1
f(U)
1+sT1 1+sT2
+
Σ K qs +
Σ 5 - LL2
+
6 - LL3
Kt
signal j
−−−−−− −
1 2 sT3 s U
speed 1
accpw 2 1+sTqs 1+sT3 1+sT4
−
Σ
freq 3 +
ΔVT =VT0 -VT

ΔVT >Vcutoff
VSMAX 0
sTq 3 1+sTq1' 4 1+sTq2' 5 1+sTq3' 6

+ ≤0
1+sTq 1+sTq1 1+sTq2 1+sTq3 Σ VS
+
VSLOW Vcutoff
0
Vtl
1 1 sTd2
VK
1+sTd1 1+sTd2
Model supported by PSLF Sw1
Blocks in gray have not been implemented in Simulator
Stabilizer WT12A1 and WT1P
Stabilizer WT12A1 and WT1P

Pseudo Governor Model for Type 1 and Type 2 Wind Turbines
Speed
KP
PI MAX
− + 3 4
ωref + 1 1
Σ Σ 1+sT1 1+sT2
Pmech
+ +
PI MIN
1 1
1 KI
Pgen
1+sTPE − Σ K droop s 2
+
Pref
States
1 - Pgen
2 - KI
3 - T1
4 - Pmech
1
WT12A1 supported by PSSE with K I =
TI
WT1P supported by PSLF
Stabilizer WT2P
Stabilizer Model WT2P
Tpe T'e – Time constant in sec.

Kdroop Droop gain
Kp PI proportional gain
Ki PI proportional gain
Pimax Maximum pitch in deg.
Pimin Minimum pitch in deg.
T1 Lead/lag time constant in sec.
T2 Lead/lag time constant in sec.
Kw Speed gain in p.u.

Stabilizer WT3P and WT3P1
Stabilizer WT3P and WT3P1

Pitch Control Model for Type 3 Wind Generator
Theta MAX Theta MAX

RTheta MAX
2 + 1 1
+ +
Σ Σ Σ
K
ω K PP + IP Pitch
s sTP
− + −
-RTheta MAX
ωref Theta MIN Theta MIN
+ K IC 3
PORD Σ K PC +
s
−
Pset 0
States
1 - Pitch
2 - PitchControl
3 - PitchComp
WT3P supported by PSLF
TP =TPI , Theta MAX =PI MAX , Theta MIN =PI MIN , and RTheta MAX = PI RATE
WT3P1 supported by PSSE with no non-windup limits on pitch control
Switched Shunt Relay CAPRELAY
Switched Shunt Relay CAPRELAY
Rem Bus Remote Bus

Tfilter Voltage filter time constant in sec.
tbClose Circuit breaker closing time for switching shunt ON in sec.
tbOpen Circuit breaker closing time for switching shunt OFF in sec.
V1On First voltage threshold for switching shunt capacitor ON in sec.
T1On First time delay for switching shunt capacitor ON in sec.
V2On Second voltage threshold for switching shunt capacitor ON in sec.
T2On Second time delay for switching shunt capacitor ON in sec.
V1Off First voltage threshold for switching shunt capacitor OFF in sec.
T1Off First time delay for switching shunt capacitor OFF in sec.
V2Off Second voltage threshold for switching shunt capacitor OFF in sec.
T2Off Second time delay for switching shunt capacitor OFF in sec.

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Exciter AC7B and ESAC7B

Exciter AC7B and ESAC7B

VRMAX EFD MAX

VIMAX (VT VRMAX − K C I FD )

Exciter BPA FM through BPA FV

No block diagrams have been created

Model supported by PSSE

If TF2 =0, then sTF3 =0. Σ +

VRMIN VMMIN VOEL

pqflag Converter Current Limit

Exciter EX2000 Reference Signal Model

Reference Signal Model

Model supported by PSSE

Exciter EX2000 Field Current Limiter Model

IFD REF1 Level Output =1 if level exceeded Latch

Field Current Limiter Model

Model supported by PSLF but not yet implemented in Simulator

VREF VS VRMAX E FDMAX

ωREF R EXT R MAX

Model supported by PSSE but not implemented yet in Simulator

Exciter Field Current Regulator F ⋅ VFMAX VCMAX

Exciter Field Current Regulator F ⋅ VFMAX

VREF VUEL V UEL

Exciter Model WT2E

Model supported by PSLF

Exciter WT3E and WT3E1

Reactive Power Control Model States

Model supported by PSSE but not yet implemented in Simulator

Machine Model CSVGN1

Model supported by PSSE

Machine Model CSVGN3

1, if VERR > VOV States:

Model supported by PSSE

Machine Model CSVGN4

1, if VERR > VOV

Model supported by PSSE

Machine Model CSVGN5

If VERR > DVLO : BR' = '

States: Fast Override BMIN

Model supported by PSSE

Machine Model CSVGN6

If VERR > DVLO : BR' = '

Model supported by PSSE

Machine Model GENCC

Model supported by PSLF

Machine Model GENCLS

Model supported by PSLF

Machine Model GENROU

X d' − X d'' X d' − X l

Machine Model GENSAL

X d' − X d'' X d' − X l

Model supported by PSLF

Machine Model GENTPF

Model supported by PSLF

Machine Model GENTRA

Model supported by PSLF

Machine Model GENWRI

ω0 ( Ls − L' ) the total rotor resistance.

Model supported by PSLF

Machine Model GEWTG

Model supported by PSLF

Figure 1. Full Converter Generator / Converter Model