TO STUDY ABOUT THE CANCER BIOLOGY/ONCOLOGY

Project Report

In

BIOLOGY

2019-2020

Submitted in partial fulfillment

Of the requirement of class XII (CBSE)

S.SRIDHAR

[Reg. No. ]

Under the guidance of

Mrs.U.M.Sheela M.Sc., B.Ed.,

Ramco Vidyalaya School (CBSE)

R R Nagar
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify the project entitled “To Study about the cancer biology/Oncology” is done
by S.Sridhar of class XII of Ramco Vidyalaya (CBSE), R R Nagar, has completed his
project as a part of the paper of BIOLOGY under my supervision. He has taken proper care
and shown at most sincerity in the completion of this project.

I certify that this project is up to my expectation and as per the guidelines issued by CBSE.

Principal sign

Submitted for the viva-voce conducted on , at Ramco Vidyalaya, R R Nagar.

Internal examiner External examiner

 DECLARATION

I declare that the project titled

“TO STUDY ABOUT THE CANCER BIOLOGY”

Was completely conducted by me with the help of subject teacher Mrs.U.M.Sheela M.Sc.,
B.Ed., I hereby declare that this project was done only out of my own interest and effort and
all the information provided in this project is true to my knowledge.

Date:

Place:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I whole heartedly thank my school principal, subject teacher and my co-students for their
cooperation toward me to complete this project.

I also thank my family for supporting me.

S.Sridhar
 Preface
Soaps and detergents remove dirt and grease from skin and clothes. But all soaps are not
equally effective in their cleaning action. Soaps are the Na and K salts of higher fatty acids
such as Palmitic acid, steric acid and Oleic acid.

The cleansing action of soaps depends on the solubility of the long alkyl chain in grease and
that of the –COONa or the -COOK part in water.

Whenever soap is applied on a dirty wet cloth, the non polar alkyl group dissolves in grease
while the polar –COONa part dissolves in water.

In this manner, an emulsion is formed between grease and water which appears as foam. The
washing ability of soap depends on foaming capacity, as well as the water used in
cleaning.

The salts of Ca and Mg disrupt the formation of micelle formation. The presence of such
salts makes the water hard and the water is called hard water. These salts thus make the soap
inefficient in its cleaning action.

Sodium Carbonate when added to hard water reacts with Ca and Mg and precipitates them
out. Therefore sodium carbonate is used in the treatment of hard water. This project aims at
finding the foaming capacity of various soaps and the action of Ca and Mg salts on their
foaming capacity.
 INDEX

S.NO CONTENTS PG.NO

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 HUMAN CANCER CELLS 1

3 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 2
HEALTHY AND CANCER CELLS

4 CANCER CELL DIVISION 3

5 CAUSES OF CANCER 4

6 CANCER TYPES-SYMPTOMS, 5
PREVENTION

7 CANCER TREATMENT 5

8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 5
 INTRODUCTION
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the
potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Not all tumors
are cancerous; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body
possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding,
prolonged, unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel movements.
While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they may have other
causes.

Over 100 types of cancers affect humans. These diseases are

characterized by a cellular malfunction. Healthy cells are programmed
to ‘Know what to do and when to do it’. Cancerous cells do not have
this programming and therefore replicate and grow out of control.
Cancerous cells in together are called Neoplasm

HYPOTHESIS :-
1.Cancer remain unidentified in initial stage.
2.Carcinogens induces cancer which are prevent in environment due to
pollution.
3.Normal genes of body become defective and cause cancer.
4.Lack of awareness in public to identify the cancer.
The cancer is an incurable disease but it can be treated by combination
of surgery, drugs and radiation therapy.
 HUMAN CANCER CELLS
Cancer cells are cells that divide relentlessly, forming solid tumors or
flooding the blood with abnormal cells.

Cancer cells have distinguishing histological features visible under the

microscope. The nucleus is often large and irregular and the cytoplasm
may also display abnormalties.

The shape, size, protein composition and texture of the nucleus are
often altered in malignant cells. The nucleus may acquire grooves, folds
or intendentations, chromatin may aggregate or disperse and the
nucleolus can become enlarged.

Different combinations of abnormalities are characteristics of different

cancer types, to the extent that nuclear appearance can be used as a
marker in cancer diagnostics and staging.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NORMAL AND
CANCER CELLS
CHARACTERISTICS NORMAL CELLS
Cell reproduction Cell reproduction is need to
replenish the cell population
that ages or becomes damaged
or destroyed. Normal cells
reproduce properly
Cell communication Cells communicate with other
cells through chemical
signals. These signals help
normal cells to know when to
reproduce and when to stop
reproducing. Cell signals are
usually transmitted into a cell
by specific proteins
Cell specialization Normal cells have the ability
to differentiate or develop into
specialized cells. For
example, cells can develop
into heart cells, brain cells,
lung cells or any other cell of
specific type
Cell death
CANCER CELLS
These cells may have gene
mutations or chromosome
mutations that affect the
reproductive properties of the
cells. The don’t experience
biological aging and maintain
their ability to replicate and
grow.
Cancer cells lose the ability to
communicate with other cells
through chemical signals.
They also lose sensitivity to
anti-growth signals from
surrounding cells. These
signals normally restrict
cellular growth