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Homework 1

Section 2.1 11
4
Show that y  t   is a solution of the initial value problem y '  y  4  y  ,
1  5e 4t
y  0  1 . Sketch this solution and discuss its interval of existence. Include
the initial condition on your sketch.

Answer
4
Since y  t   is a solution of the initial value problem y '  y  4  y  ,
1  5e 4t
we can get,

dy 0  1  5e   4  5e   4  
4 t 4 t
80e4t
 
1  5e4t  1  5e4t 
2 2
dt

On the right side of the equation, we have,

4 t
4  4  16  5e 80e4t
y 4  y   4    
1  5e4t  1  5e4t  1  5e4t 
4 t
 1  5e
2 2

Therefore, the left side of the equation equals the right side of the equation.
4 4
When t  0 , y  0   4 t
  1 .
1  5e 1 5
So, the initial condition y  0   1 is satisfied.

ln  5 
Clearly, the denominator 1  5e  0 , thus, t 
4 t

4
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 ln 5 
The interval of existence is  , 
 4 
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Section 2.1 18
In Exercises 17–20, plot the direction field for the differential equation by
hand. Do this by drawing short lines of the appropriate slope centered at each

of the integer valued coordinates  t , y  , where 2  t  2 and 1  y  1 .

y '  y2  t

Answer

The direction field of the differential equation y '  y 2  t is shown below.

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Section 2.1 20
In Exercises 17–20, plot the direction field for the differential equation by
hand. Do this by drawing short lines of the appropriate slope centered at each

of the integer valued coordinates  t , y  , where 2  t  2 and 1  t  1.

t2 y
y' 
1 y2

Answer

t2 y
The direction field of the differential equation y '  is shown below.
1 y2
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Section 2.2 12
In Exercises 1–12, find the general solution of the indicated differential
equation. If possible, find an explicit solution.
2 xy  2 x
y' 
x2 1

Answer
Rewrite the equation into:

dy 2 x  y  1 1 2x
  dy  2 dx
dx x 1
2
y 1 x 1
Compute integration in both sides,

1 2x
 y  1 dy   x 2
1
dx  ln y  1  ln x 2  1  C

Simplify the equation above, we have,

y  1  eC x 2  1  y  eC  x 2  1  1  y  C1  x 2  1  1
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Section 2.2 16
In Exercises 13–18, find the exact solution of the initial value problem.
Indicate the interval of existence.

y '  e x y , y  0  0

Answer
Rewrite the equation into:
dy 1
 e x  e y  y dy  e x dx
dx e
Compute integration in both sides,

e dy   e x dx  e  y  e x  C
y

Simplify the equation above, we have,

y   ln  C  e x 

Since, y  0   0 , plug in the value,

0   ln  C  e0   C  2

Therefore, the exact solution to the given differential equation is,

y   ln  2  e x 

The interval of existence of this function is,

x   ,ln 2
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Section 3.1 10
Suppose a population is growing according to the logistic equation,

dP  P
 rP  1  
dt  K
Prove that the rate at which the population is increasing is at its greatest
when the population is at one-half of its carrying capacity. Hint: Consider the
second derivative of P.

Answer
Find the second derivative of the model,
d  dP  d   P  
  rP 1  
dt  dt  dt   K  
dP  P   1 dP  dP  2 P 
r 1    rP   r 1  
dt  K   K dt  dt  K 

d 2P
Set  0 , to get the critical points.
dt 2

dP  2 P  K
r 1  0 P
dt  K  2

K dP  P
Plug in P  to the equation  rP  1  
2 dt  K

 K
dP K  rK
 r 1  2  = 0
dt 2 K 4
 
dP K
Thus, reaches maximum at P  .
dt 2
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Section 3.1 12
A population, obeying the logistic equation, begins with 1000 bacteria, then
doubles itself in 10 hours. The population is observed eventually to stabilize
at 20,000 bacteria. Find the number of bacteria present after 25 hours and the
time it takes the population to reach one-half of its carrying capacity.

Answer
The logistic function can be expressed as,
KP0ert
P t  
K  P0  ert  1
,where P0 is the initial value, K is the final value, r is determine by the
speed of growth rate.

So, based on the content, P0  1000 , K  20000 , P 10  2P  0

KP0e10 r 2 KP0e0 e10 r 2

  
K  P0  e  1 K  P0  e  1
10 r 0
K  P0  e  1 K
10 r

Plug in the data,

e10 r 2 19
  e10 r 
20000  1000  e  1 20000
10 r
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After 25 hours, the number of bacteria is,
KP0e25r
P  25   5083.7465
K  P0  e25r  1
Now, find t that the population to reach one-half of its carrying capacity,
KP0ert 20000
 P t    10000
K  P0  e  1
rt
2
Thus, we have,

e rt  19
So, the time is,
t  log 19 19  10  39.4055
9