AMBROCIO, LARA KAYE T.

BSAR 5C

WOOD, MASONRY, CONCRETE AND STEEL

CONSTRUCTION

WOOD
1. PINE WOOD - Pine is a soft, white or light-yellow wood
which is light in weight, straight grained. It resists
shrinkage, swelling and warping. Pine is very easy to
shape and stain. Pine decays easily, when it comes in
contact with soil.

2. CEDAR WOOD- Cedar is knotty softwood which has a

red-brown colour with light lines. Cedar is soft as
compared to other softwoods. Its texture is uniform and it
is highly resistant to decay and insects.

3. FIR WOOD- It is often referred to as Douglas Fir. Fir has

straight grain and has reddish brown colour. It is uniform
in texture and non-resinous. It is low resistant to decay.
Fir is hard as compared to other softwoods. It cannot be
stained easily hence generally it is used in raw form or as
painted surface.

4. SPRUCE WOOD- Spruce is strong and hard. It finishes

well and has low resistance to decay. It has a moderate
shrinkage and is light in weight.

5. HEMLOCK WOOD- Hemlock is moderately light-weight

and has moderate strength. It machines well and has
low resistance to decay and non-resinous.

6. CHERRY WOOD- Cherry is sometimes called fruitwood.

It is light to red-brown in colour, hard, strong, warp
resistant, closed grained wood. It resists warping and
checking. It is easy to carve and polish.
 7. MAHOGANY WOOD- Mahogany also known as
Honduras, Mahogany is reddish-brown coloured wood.
It is strong, with a uniform pore structure and poorly
defined annual rings. It is an excellent carving wood
and finishes well. It takes stain very well and hence
gives great finish to the furniture.

8. OAK WOOD- Oak is the most widely used hardwood.

Oak can be distinguished into two basic varieties:
white and red. The red variety is also known as black
oak (a reference to its bark). It has a very distinct
grain and finishes. Oak is a heavy, strong, light
coloured hardwood. It is very easy to work with oak. It has good resistance
towards moisture. Also, it has good resistance towards fungus and yeast.

9. MAPLE WOOD- Maple wood has a fine texture with

great strength. It is so hard and resistant to shocks that
it is often used for a pathway. Maple is resistant to
splitting and is very durable. It is also very easy to
clean maple wood.

10. BEECH WOOD- Beech is a hard, strong and heavy

wood with tiny pores. It is light pink in colour. This is
relatively inexpensive wood. Beech is tough but
dimensionally unstable. It is very easy to work with as it
has good resistance towards splitting. Beech has less
durability for prolonged exterior use.

MASONRY
1. LOAD BEARING MASONRY WORK
- The Load bearing masonry walls are
constructed with bricks, stones or concrete
blocks. These walls directly transfer loads
from the roof to the foundation. These walls
can be exterior as well as interior walls. The
construction system with load bearing walls
are economical than the system with framed
structures.
2. REINFORCED MASONRY WORK
- The reinforced masonry walls can be load
bearing walls or non-load bearing walls.
The use of reinforcement in walls helps it
to withstand tension forces and heavy
compressive loads.

3. HOLLOW MASONRY WALLS

- Hollow or Cavity masonry walls are used to
prevent moisture reaching the interior of the
building by providing hollow space between
outside and inside face of the wall. These
walls also helps in temperature control
inside the building from outside wall as the
hollow space restricts heat to pass through the wall.

4. COMPOSITE MASONRY WALLS

- These walls are constructed with two or more

units such as stones or bricks and hollow
bricks. This type of masonry wall
construction is done for better appearance
with economy.

5. POST-TENSIONED MASONRY WALLS

- Post-tensioned masonry walls are
constructed to strengthen the masonry
walls against the forces that may induce
tension in the wall such as earthquake
forces or wind forces.

6. CEMENT COATING
- It is the covering, typically liquid or semi-liquid,
that is applied to cured concrete for aesthetic
reasons as well as to make the structure or
surface last longer and to reduce maintenance
and repair costs.
 7. CONCRETE PARGING USING LATHES AND SPECIAL MORTAR MIXES
- Installing /restoring decorative limestone, or
natural stone pediments, and architectural
details such as sills, copings, and gargoyles.

8. POURED CNCRETE STAIYS AND WALKWAYS

- It is provide a sturdy, long-lasting transition
between an outdoor surface, such as a patio,
and the entry to your house.

9. PAVEMENT
- It is an outdoor floor or superficial surface
covering. Paving materials include asphalt,
concrete, stones such as flagstone, cobblestone,
and setts, artificial stone, bricks, tiles, and
sometimes wood.

10. DRY STACK STONE

- They are usually mortar-less, built of local stone,
and reflect each area's vernacular architecture
and cultural heritage.

CONCRETE
1. REINFORCED CONCRETE
- The reinforced cement concrete is defined as the
concrete to which reinforcement is introduced to
bear the tensile strength. Plain concrete is weak in
tension and good in compression.

2. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
- This is a special technique in which the bars or
the tendons used in the concrete is stressed
before the actual service load application.
3. PRECAST CONCRETE
- Various structural elements can be made and cast
in the factory as per the specifications and bought
to the site at the time of assembly. Such concrete
units are called as the precast concrete.

4. LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE

- Concrete that have a density lesser than

1920kg/m3 will be categorized as lightweight
concrete. The use of lightweight aggregates in
concrete design will give us lightweight
aggregates. Aggregates are the important
element that contributes to the density of the
concrete.

5. READY MIX CONCRETE

- The concrete that mix and bathed in a central
mixing plant is called as ready-mix concrete.
The mixed concrete is brought to the site with
the help of a truck-mounted transit mixer. This
once reached in the site can be used directly
without any further treatment.

6. STAMPED CONCRETE
- Stamped concrete is an architectural concrete
where realistic patterns similar to natural
stones, granites, and tiles can be obtained by
placing impression of professional stamping
pads. These stamping is carried out on the
concrete when it is in its plastic condition.

7. ASPHALT CONCRETE
- Asphalt concrete is a composite material,
mixture of aggregates and asphalts commonly
used to surface roads, parking lots, airports, as
well as the core of embankment dams.
 8. ROLLER COMPACTED CONCRETE
- These concretes have cement content in lesser
amount and filled for the area necessary. After
compaction, these concretes provide high
density and finally cures into a strong
monolithic block.

9. RAPID STRENGTH CONCRETE

- As the name implies these concretes will
acquire strength with few hours after its
manufacture. Hence the formwork removal is
made easy and hence the building
construction is covered fastly. These have a
wide spread application in the road repairs as
they can be reused after few hours.

10. GLASS CONCRETE

- The recycled glass can be used as aggregates
in concrete. Thus, we get a concrete of
modern times, the glass concrete. This
concrete will increase the aesthetic appeal of
the concrete. They also provide long-term
strength and better thermal insulation also.

STEEL CONSTRUCTION
1. SHORT-SPAN COMPOSITE BEAMS AND
COMPOSITE SLABS WITH METAL DECKING
- The components of such system consist of steel
beam with shear studs fixed on its top flange
that create a composite action between the
beam and composite slab.

2. SLIMDEK FLOOR SYSTEM

- It is composed of asymmetric steel beam
that carry a slab with 225mm thickness.
3. CELLULAR COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH COMPOSITE SLABS AND STEEL
DECKING
- It is composed of cellular beams that
support composite slab that consist of
steel deck profile and top concrete. The
span of the beams ranges from 10m to
18m and openings are provided in close intervals.

4. SLIMFLOR BEAMS WITH PRECAST CONCRETE

- Slimflor consist of slim beam and

precast concrete slab that rests on the
beam and reinforced concrete is used
to join units together. Composite
beams and non-composite beams can
be used in this type of floor system.

5. LONG-SPAN COMPOSITE BEAMS AND COMPOSITE SLABS WITH

METAL DECKING
- It is composed of primary and
secondary steel beams and
composite slab. There are two main
beam arrangements for this floor
system. The slab is supported by long
span beams at spacing of 3 to 4m
and act as secondary beams. These
secondary beams are carried by short span primary beams.

6. COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH PRECAST CONCRETE UNITS

- This floor system is composed of
hollow or solid precast concrete
units placed on steel beams on
which shear studs are welded.
7. NON-COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH PRECAST CONCRETE UNITS
- It consists of precast concrete units
placed on steel beam flanges or shelves
which are bolted or welded to the web of
the beams. The shelves are used to
decrease the overall thickness of floor
system. Overall floor thickness is around
800mm.

8. I-BEAM
- This is a beam with an I or H-shaped
cross-section. The horizontal elements of the
I are flanges, and the vertical element is the
"web". I-beams are usually made of
structural steel and are used in construction
and civil engineering.

9. HOLLOW STEEL SECTION

- HSS is a metal profile that has a hollow, tubular
cross section. HSS units can be square,
rectangular, circular, or elliptical. HSS
structures are rounded, with radiuses that are
about twice the thickness of the wall.
Engineers commonly use HSS sections in
welded steel frames for which units experience
loading in different directions.

10. BEARING PILE

- When builders can’t find a structure on a
shallow foundation, they use bearing piles
to design a deep foundation system.
Bearing piles are H-shaped to effectively
transfer loads through the pile to the tip.
Bearing piles work best in dense soils that
offer most resistance at the tip. Individual
piles can bear more than 1,000 tons of weight.
AMBROCIO, LARA KAYE T.

BSAR 5C

CONSTRUCTION AND VERNACULAR TERMS

1. BEAM “Biga”
-A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam's
axis. Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending.
2. FORMWORKS “Porma”
- Formwork is temporary or permanent molds into which concrete or similar materials are
poured. In the context of concrete construction, the falsework supports the shuttering
molds.
3. COLUMN “Poste”
- In a relational database, a column is a set of data values of a particular simple type, one
value for each row of the database. A column may contain text values, numbers, or even
pointers to files in the operating system.
4. CEILING JOIST “Kostilyahes”
- Ceiling Joists are the horizontal members that provide a structure to fix the ceiling, and
support and fix the diagonal rafters that define the roof shape and are attached at the top
to a ridge beam.
5. CORRUGATED ROOF/ G.I. SHEET “Hiero canalado galbanisado”
-Corrugated roof is a roofing profile when it comes to galvanized color roofing. Their
design in a way similar to a “wave-like” structure. They offer an alternative design to
roofing when compared to rib-type and tile span profiles. One of the notable feature it has
is its durability.
6. CRUSHED STONE “Escondro”
-Crushed stone or angular rock is a form of construction aggregate, typically produced by
mining a suitable rock deposit and breaking the removed rock down to the desired size
using crushers.
7. DOWNSPOUT “Tubo de bandaha”
-A downspout, waterspout, downpipe, drain spout, roof drain pipe, leader is a pipe for
carrying rainwater from a rain gutter. Downspouts are usually vertical and usually extend
down to ground level. There is generally a bend of 70 degrees at the bottom.
8. GUTTER “Alulod”
-A rain gutter, eavestrough or surface water collection channel is a component of a water
discharge system for a building.
9. FLOORING “Suelo”
-Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor, or for the work of
installing such a floor covering. Floor covering is a term to generically describe any finish
material applied over a floor structure to provide a walking surface.
10. MORTAR “Paupo”
-Mortar is a workable paste used to bind building blocks such as stones, bricks, and
concrete masonry units, fill and seal the irregular gaps between them, and sometimes
add decorative colors or patterns in masonry walls.
11. HAND RAIL “Gabay”
-A handrail is a rail that is designed to be grasped by the hand so as to provide stability or
support. Handrails are commonly used while ascending or descending stairways and
escalators in order to prevent injurious falls. Handrails are typically supported by posts or
mounted directly to walls.
12. HINGE “Bisagra”
-A hinge is something that connects two objects and lets them rotate. The most common
examples are the hinges that connect doors to walls or door frames. To open a door on
hinges, one pushes the side far from the hinges and the door rotates around the side with
hinges.
13. PIPE “Tubo”
- A pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, usually but not necessarily of circular
cross-section, used mainly to convey substances which can flow — liquids and gases,
slurries, powders and masses of small solids.
14. PLASTERING “Palitada”
- Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and
ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English "plaster" usually
means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly refers to
external applications.
15. SEPTIC TANK “Poso Negro”
- A septic tank is an underground chamber made of concrete, fiberglass, or plastic
through which domestic wastewater flows for basic treatment. Settling and anaerobic
processes reduce solids and organics, but the treatment efficiency is only moderate.
Septic tank systems are a type of simple onsite sewage facility.
16. CORNICE “Kornisa”
- In architecture, a cornice is generally any horizontal decorative molding that crowns a
building or furniture element – the cornice over a door or window, for instance, or the
cornice around the top edge of a pedestal or along the top of an interior wall.
17. GABLE ROOF “Dos Aguas”
- A gable roof is the classic, most commonly occurring roof shape in those parts of the
world with cold or temperate climates. It consists of two roof sections sloping in opposite
directions and placed such that the highest, horizontal edges meet to form the roof ridge.
18. HIP ROOF “Quatro Aguas”
- A hip roof, hip-roof or hipped roof, is a type of roof where all sides slope downwards to
the walls, usually with a fairly gentle slope. Thus a hipped roof house has no gables or
other vertical sides to the roof. A square hip roof is shaped like a pyramid.
19. WATER CLOSET “Inidoro”
- A toilet is a piece of hardware used for the collection or disposal of human urine and
feces.
20. LABORER “Piyon”
- A laborer or labourer is a person who works in manual labour types, especially in the
construction and factory industries. Laborers are employed in the construction industry,
such as road paving, building, bridges, tunnels, railway tracks.
21. FOREMAN “Kapatas”
- A construction foreman is the worker or skilled tradesperson who is in charge of a
construction crew. This role is generally assumed by a senior worker.
22. CARPENTER “Karpintero”
- Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the cutting,
shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, ships,
timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc.
23. PLUMBER “Tubero”
- A plumber is tradesperson who specializes in installing and maintaining systems used
for potable water, sewage and drainage in plumbing systems.
24. MASON “Kantero”
- A mason is a skilled tradesperson who works in the masonry profession. Masons work
with different types of materials including block, brick and stone to build structures.
25. ARCHITECT “Arkitekto”
- An architect is a person who plans, designs and reviews the construction of buildings.
To practice architecture means to provide services in connection with the design of
buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings that have human
occupancy or use as their principal purpose.
26. REINFORCING BARS “Kabilya”
- It is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a tension device in reinforced concrete
and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and aid the concrete under tension..
27. WINDOW LEAF “Pohas”
- These are temporary frames, set beyond the corners of the intended foundation at
different elevations, then used to carry design lines to show the limits of the base.
28. CABINET HINGE “Espolon”
- The hinges on framed cabinets are installed on the frame and the cabinet door sits on
the outside of the face frame.
29. TRUSS “Kilo”
- In engineering, a truss is a structure that consists of two-force members only, where the
members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object.
30. CEMENT BRICKS “Ladrilyo”
- It is a type of brick made from a mixture of cement and sand, molded under pressure
and cured under steam at 200°F (93°C) and used as backing brick and where there is no
danger of attack from acid or alkaline conditions.
31. SCAFFOLDING “Andamyo”
- It is a temporary structure on the outside of a building that is made usually of wooden
planks and metal poles, used by workers while building, repairing, or cleaning the
building.
32. STAKE “Istaka”
- The process of interpreting construction plans and marking the location of proposed
new structures, such as roads or buildings, is also known as the Site Layout Survey.
33. BALLUSTERS “Barandillas”
- It is a short pillar or column, typically decorative in design, in a series supporting a rail or
coping.
34. TOP CHORD “Tahilan”
- It is an inclined or horizontal member that establishes the upper edge of a truss that
subjected to compressive and bending stresses.
35. BOTTOM CHORD “Tirante Barakilan”
- It is the bottom horizontal or inclined member of a truss also called a scissors truss that
establishes the lower edge of a truss that carries a combined stress of both tension and
bending of the truss.
36. KING POST “Kilo Mayor”
- It is a central vertical post used in architectural or bridge designs, working in tension to
support a beam below from a truss apex above.
37. SCRATCH COAT “Rebokada”
- The first coat applied to the plaster with the lines scratched on its surface to improve the
bond with the next coat.
38. CONCRETE SLAB “Larga Masa”
- It is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal
surface made of cast concrete.
39. EARTH FILL “Escombro”
- It is composed of natural earth materials that can be installed and compacted by
conventionally operated construction equipment.
40. DOOR HEAD “Sumbrero Pintuan”
- The uppermost part of a door frame or a horizontal projection above a door.
41. DOOR JAMB “Hamba Pintuan”
- In architecture,it is the side-post or lining of a doorway or other aperture.
42. EAVES “Sopo/Alero”
- It is the edges of the roof that overhang the face of the wall and, as a rule, extend
beyond the side of the building.
43. FASCIA BOARD “Senepa”
- It is a long, straight board that runs along the lower edge of the roof fixed directly to the
lower edges of the roof trusses and usually does all the work of supporting the lower edge
of the bottom row of tiles.
44. FLOOR BOARDS “Dotal”
- It is a flat piece of material designed for a special purpose, a long plank forming part of a
wooden floor in a building.
45. FLOOR JOIST “Soleras”
- It is a horizontal structural component used in framing for the span of an open space,
often between beams that subsequently transfer loads to vertical members.
46. SOLDERING BAR “Estanyo”
- It is made entirely of high-purity metal, contains a low proportion of dross and is ideal for
dip and wave soldering.
47. MEZZANINE FLOOR “Entresuelo”
- It is an intermediate floor in a building that is partially open to a double-height ceiling
floor below which does not extend over the entire floor area of the building.
48. PUTTY “Masilya”
- It is basically a white cement-based powder that is formulated into a smooth mixture and
added to the wall before adding the paint.
49. LANDING “Pahingahan”
- It is a raised floor or platform built at a place where the path of the stairs changes,
between the flight of the stairs or at the top of the flight of the stairs.
50. RABBET “Vaciada”
- It is a recess or groove cut into the edge of a piece of machinable material, usually
wood.